Mauritians of Chinese origin

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the traditions of their fathers; however, daughters were usually raised as Catholics. Therefore, some Chinese had to convert to Catholicism in order to marry. However, until the end of the 19th century, more than 92% of the Chinese were still following their traditional Chinese religions. Other reasons leading to the increase in Christianity of conversion were the social benefits of being Catholics; local schools also introduced Roman Catholic faith to their students; there were also many similarities in rites shared between Chinese religions and Catholicism which gave them a sense of familiarity; but the major reason is related to the tolerance of the Catholic church who allowed Chinese converts to continue their ancestor worship as it was considered a cultural practice instead of a religious practice. Many Hakka converted due to social pressure and interactions with the Catholic communities; e.g. Catholic neighbours would convince them to convert. Converting to Catholicism also allowed them to send their children to Catholic schools. The rate of conversion speeded up in the early 20th century; it is estimated that 17% of the Chinese were Christians in 1911 and by 1921, 28% of the Chinese and Sino-Mauritians in the country had become Christians.From the 1940s to 1960s, there were also many Catholic missionaries who worked on converting the Chinese and Sino-Mauritians to Catholicism, leading to a significant impact on the increase in the conversion speed. From the 1950s and onwards, Chinese religions re-emerged leading to the construction of more pagodas.By 1980s, 66% of the Sino-Mauritians were Catholic and a small amount converted to Protestantism.

973:), of their (patrilineal), of their Chinese immigrant ancestor (i.e. the first generation Chinese immigrant who arrived to Mauritius) who had his full name turned into a last name during the immigration process. Therefore, when a baby is born in Mauritius (second generation), he is registered with the surname of his father and therefore inherit a three-syllables surname; this pattern of surname is later followed by the subsequent generations. The variation in Sino-Mauritian surname spelling is mostly due to the pronunciation of Chinese names into Latin script. Throughout the immigration process, some Chinese migrants had their first name turned into their surname while others had their Chinese nicknames (e.g. in the form of " 5680: 376:

came to work in textile factories came from all regions of China and some of them decided to remain in Mauritius instead of returning to China after the completion of their work contract; these Chinese women married Sino-Mauritian men and settled with their families in Mauritius. However, the local Sino-Mauritian community in Mauritius declined in numbers as some decided to immigrate to Canada, the US, and Australia.

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falling student numbers, as more Sino-Mauritians sent their children to mainstream schools, and in the 1970s stopped their weekday classes, retaining only a weekend section. However, their student numbers began to experience some revival in the mid-1980s; in the 1990s, they established a weekday pre-school section. Most of their teachers are local Sino-Mauritians, though some are expatriates from mainland China.

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church in separate cars; the church procession and services are the same as Catholic Mauritian creole wedding, but not all the Chinese guests attend as many older generations were not Christian and the latter would directly go to the reception hall and wait for the couple to arrive. They also perform the tea ceremony. Some couple consult the

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reluctant to marry with other ethnic communities and started organizing marriage with Chinese women back home to maintain their community's blood purity, some women even became known as "marriage breakers" as they attempted to break mixed marriage of Chinese men to make them remarry a Chinese spouse. The earliest migrants were largely

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and to introduce them to life in a Western-ruled colonial society, the traders sent those relatives on their way, with capital and letters of introduction, to establish businesses in neighbouring countries. For example, between 1888 and 1898, nearly 1,800 Chinese departed from Port Louis with ports on the African mainland—largely

1810:(Chinese almanac) to find auspicious dates and time for their tea ceremony to take place while others decide to have the tea ceremony between the church ceremony and the reception hall ceremony which made the couple and bridal party to make a detour to their house to perform the tea ceremony before going to the reception hall. 1291:. Typically, some syncretism occurred, incorporating elements of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and traditional ancestor worship. Sino-Mauritian Christians, especially members of the older generations, sometimes retain certain traditions from Buddhism. Catholics Sino-Mauritians still frequent Chinese pagodas. 997:. When they walked on streets however, they would wear European shoes and large umbrellas; the wealthy Chinese merchants would carry leather bags. The picture of Ahime Choisanne stored in the Kwan Tee Pagoda in Les Salines shows him wearing formal official uniform of the Qing dynasty (Mandarin robe with 1801:

On the day of the wedding, they offer offerings to their ancestors and the grooms eat 2 hard boiled eggs (symbol of fertility). Their bridal bed needs to be made by 2 women who are considered having a successful and fortunate marriage and who have a son and a daughter; this is followed by a young boy

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Nowadays, many Sino-Mauritians have Catholic weddings and their wedding celebrations are almost similar to those of the Mauritian Creoles, but they also fuses some form of traditional Confucian or Buddhist traditions involving gift exchange between families and dowry, processions between each other's

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After the 1980s, China reopened up to the world and migration from China to Mauritius slowly restarted and therefore, the old marriage network of the Hakka was re-established, allowing Hakka women from Meixian to marry the local Hakka Sino-Mauritians. Simultaneously, Chinese women migrant workers who

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During the 1880s, despite the continuous influx of immigrants, Mauritius' Chinese population declined; Chinese traders, legally unable to purchase land in Mauritius, instead brought their relatives from China over to Mauritius. After training them for a few years to give them a handle on the business

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By 1819, there was already a burial site for the Chinese community in Mauritius in Port Louis. The early Chinese graves in Mauritius (e.g. those dating from the late 1830s) were made of stones; each gravestone would 3 perpendicular rows of characters engraved on them and coloured in red. Despite the

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are Catholics, a result of conversions during the colonial era. During the colonial era, some of the earliest converts to Catholicism were Chinese men who married with Christian Creole women. In this form of interethnic marriage, boys born of Chinese men could be baptized but they would still follow

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s readers are in their forties or older; it has subscribers not just in Mauritius, but Réunion, Madagascar, Canada, China, Australia and Hong Kong as well. The paper's local readership has been boosted slightly by guest workers from China, but the circulation barely exceeded 1,000 copies in 2001. By

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in China, are known as 'Fokien', 'Fukien' or 'Hokkien' people in Mauritius; this is in reference of the ancestral province location. Due to their intermarriage with other ethnic groups (mostly creole and Indian), people who are born with mixed ancestral are perceived as "Sino-creoles"; Sino-creoles,

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Sino-Mauritians who trace their Cantonese ancestors from the province of Guandong are known as the "Namshun" (南顺) or "Cantonese" in Mauritius. Sino-Mauritian of Cantonese origins in Mauritius have their own separate associations, societies, and events; for example, the Nam Shun Society (Namshun Fooy

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Despite being a minority group in Mauritius, thee Sino-Mauritians and their ancestors have contributed to the social and economic development of the Mauritian community and have influenced the multicultural society of Mauritius. They are a small community which has distinguished themselves from the

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When the couple arrive to the reception hall, string of red firecrackers are set. The couple and their bridesmaid walk round the hall and food is served. Speeches and toasts are not very common. There is also a cake cutting moment and following this event, the guests start to disperse. Most Chinese

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The Mauritian constitution recognizes only four communities, classified according to both origins and religions, which includes "Sino-Mauritian" (who originate from China) and the "General population". The "General population" category include 1. Descendants of European settlers and Creole people,

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Nowadays, a majority of Sino-Mauritians also identify as Catholic Christians. Other Sino-Mauritians are Protestant. Despite their identifying as Catholics, there is however a long tradition of religious parallelism among the Sino-Mauritian families, and as such, elements of Chinese religions still

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is consumed all over the island by people of all backgrounds. Fried noodles is one of the most popular dishes. Mauritians from all ethnic origin and background also enjoy the various vegetables and meat balls (Niouk Yen, Sow Mai, Van Yen, Fee Yen) which originate from the Hakka cuisine in Meixian.

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The bride typically wears a white dress and her father helps place a headdress and a veil on her; the groom's mother gives a new set of gold jewelry to his new daughter-in-law as dowry when the groom's party goes to pick up the bride. The mother of the bride gives her a bouquet and they go to the

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in Hakka). There were numerous reasons for their arrival in Mauritius, including their desire to escape starvation or seek fortune. During that period of time, Chinese women were allowed to come in Mauritius and contributed to an increase growth of the Chinese community; moreover, the Hakka were

965:; this is the result of surname alternation during the administrative process of the past Chinese immigration system to Mauritius, often happened through the stop over in Hong Kong during the Colonial period. Most Sino-Mauritians use the full Chinese name, which includes the Chinese surname (姓; 223:

In 1829, the British brought a group of Chinese migrants to work on sugar plantations; harsh working conditions the Chinese migrants to start a failed revolt. Between 1840 and 1843 alone, 3,000 Chinese contract workers arrived on the island. By 1846, it is estimated that an influx of 50 Chinese

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cadres on 20 October 1941, grew to enroll 500 students, but by the end of the 1950s, that had shrunk to just 300; they stopped classes entirely in the 1960s, although their alumni association remains prominent in the Sino-Mauritian community. The Chinese Middle School also faced the problem of

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Two Chinese-medium middle schools were established in the first half of the 20th century. The Chinese Middle School (华文学校, later called 新华中学 and then 新华学校) was established on 10 November 1912 as a primary school; in 1941, they expanded to include a lower middle school. Their student population

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as their ancestral language although only fewer than one-quarter of census respondents who identified Chinese as their ancestral language also indicated it as the language spoken in the home. Few Sino-Mauritian youth speak Chinese; those who do use it primarily for communication with elderly

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province. Most of these migrants from Fujian were merchants and therefore according to the law they were not allowed to bring their families with them, were not allowed to buy lands unless they abandoned their Chinese citizenship and adopted British citizenship; therefore, this led to many

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Firecrackers which is traditionally used in Chinese culture are used during major festivals of Mauritians, including those of non-Chinese origins, e.g. Gregorian New Year, Divali and Christmas. Firecrackers are also set-off on the eve of the Gregorian-calendar based New Year's Eve.

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and French orally, while English—the language of administration and education—remains primarily a written language. In the 1990 census, roughly one-third of Sino-Mauritians stated Mauritian Creole as both their ancestral and currently spoken language. The other two-thirds indicated

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arrived in Mauritius to marry the local Hakka Chinese men in Mauritius. Until 1997, investors and merchants from Hong Kong were encouraged to come to Mauritius to start their own trading business but only few people from Hong Kong permanently migrated to Mauritius.

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During the colonial period, the Chinese migrants who came to Mauritius were known to be "clanish" in nature. The 3 main Chinese subgroups (Fukien, Namshun, and Hakka) in Mauritius each had their own recognized leaders. Recognized leaders during that period were:

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Today, most Sino-Mauritians are businesspeople, with a "virtual monopoly" on retail trade. After the Franco-Mauritian population, they form the second-wealthiest group on the island. They own restaurants, retail and wholesale shops, and import-and-export firms.

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By 1901, the Sino-Mauritian population had shrunk to 3,515 individuals, among them 2,585 being business owners. The 1921 census in Mauritius counted that Indian women there had a total of 148 children fathered by Chinese men. These Chinese were mostly traders.

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women due to both a lack of Chinese women and the higher numbers of Indian women on the island. From the late 1800s to the mid-1900s, a third wave of Chinese migrants came to Mauritius. This time, most of them were Hakka Chinese from the region of

305:(modern-day Guangdong), came to dominate numerically; as in other overseas Chinese communities, rivalry between Hakka and Cantonese became a common feature of the society. The Hakka-Cantonese tensions led to the resettlement of many Cantonese in 1331:

Pagodas also shelter ancestral cult altars and ancestral tablets. Following Chinese tradition, religious services are typically conducted one week after death at the Pagoda and the ancestral tablet of the deceased with his name written in

1309:(Kwan Tee; the god of wealth, also the god of war and the righteous and the benefactor) is an important deity for Sino-Mauritians, especially for those working in the business field. In Chinese Pagodas, altars can also be found for 368:. Foreign investors from Hong Kong and Taiwan, and the factories they built in the EPZs, helped Mauritius to become the third-largest exporter of woollen knitwear in the world. Along with the investors came a new influx of Chinese 628:

Four Chinese-language newspapers continued to be published in Mauritius as of 2014. A monthly news magazine also began publication in 2005. The newspapers are printed in Port Louis, but not widely distributed outside the city.

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relatives, especially those who did not attend school and thus had little exposure to English or French. None use it to communicate with their siblings or cousins. Among those members of the community who do continue to speak

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The Catholic Church of Mauritius also recognise the dual religion system practice by the Sino-Mauritians to preserve their distinct traditions, including ancestral worship which remains a significant aspect of their everyday

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Brautigam, Deborah (2003), "Local Entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: Networks and Linkages to the Global Economy", in Aryeetey, Ernest; Court, Julius; Weder, Beatrice; et al. (eds.),

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Chinese cuisine is an integral part of Mauritian cuisine. Mauritians, regardless of their origins, appreciate Chinese cuisine and consume Chinese food; the most common Chinese dishes consumed by Mauritians are:

815: 723:(镜报) was established in 1976. It is published on a weekly basis every Saturday. At its peak, they had a staff of eight people. Their editor-in-chief, Mr. Ng Kee Siong (黄基松), began his career at the 1734:

has likely been valued, preserved, and transmitted from generation to generation. Sino-Mauritians are also observed to have deep knowledge on the preparation and administration of herbal remedies.

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Descendants of Chinese migrants who married with a member of a non-Chinese community in Mauritius, e.g. descendants of the Fukien male migrants who married women of a non-Chinese ethnic community.

683:(formerly 中国时报; now 华侨时报) was founded in 1953. The editor-in-chief, Long Siong Ah Keng (吴隆祥), was born in 1921 in Mauritius; at age 11, he followed his parents back to their ancestral village in 2124:

Most ancestors of Sino-Mauritans were originally from Southern China, and therefore Standard Mandarin was not an ancestral language of any Sino-Mauritians. Standard Mandarin is taught in schools

1321:(the God of Good Fortune). The goddess Mazu is usually prayed by Sino-Mauritians to seek for protection for their relatives who travel abroad and to wish for their safe and good return home. 2521:

New Homelands: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa

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Dick Christophe Ng Sui WA: Barrister and politician. Chairman of ICT Regulatory Authority of Mauritius. Former Commissioner of the Independent Police Complaints Commission. 2018-2019.

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By the 1860s, shops run by Sino-Mauritians could be found all over the island. Some members of the colonial government thought that further migration should be prohibited, but Governor

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and came to Mauritius to work through the British colonial network, while others were merchants and craftsmen. These migrants were known as the Cantonese and Namshun (南顺) in Mauritius.

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which impact their daily lives. For example, the number 4 (四 si) continues to be associated with its homonym death (死 si), and therefore is considered an unlucky number to be avoided.

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Some Chinese legends and stories continue to persist and to be transmitted in the Sino-Mauritian community due to their associations with the major festivals in which they partake in.

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Sino-Mauritians continue to perform some traditional Chinese dances, like the dragon dance. The lion dance and dragon dance holds an important place in the Sino-Mauritian culture.

2959: 2930: 324:, but with the strain on the local economy's ability to absorb them, many found that Mauritius would only be their first stop; they went on to the African mainland (especially 5250: 1047:

on birthday celebrations. Despite being one of the smallest community in Mauritius, Sino-Mauritian cuisine is the most present in the restaurants throughout the island.

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Chinese and Sino-Mauritians working in retail trail provided basic necessities and staple food to the Mauritian community, they created a micro-credit system with the

1722:

Fengshui is important to the Sino-Mauritian community and their ancestors. The site location of the first pagoda in Mauritius, Kwan Tee Pagoda, was based on Fengshui.

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Pagoda at Les Salines, which is the oldest Chinese pagoda in Mauritius and in the Southern hemisphere. Port Louis also houses one of the oldest Chinatowns in Africa.

864:

Chinese martial arts are practiced within the Sino-Mauritian community and are no more exclusive to their community in Mauritius. Some of these martial arts are:

772:. It began as a daily newspaper solely in Chinese, but then changed to an eight-page format, including one page each of English and French news. It mostly prints 665:

newspaper. It was founded in 1932. The rivalry between Beijing-friendly and Taipei-friendly newspapers reached its peak in the 1950s; then-editor-in-chief of the

901:

Most Chinese immigrants who came to Mauritius during the colonial period easily rebuilt their clan network in Mauritius; these clan networks came to function as

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and localization of Chinese cuisine. Sino-Mauritians also follow and/or have maintained some Chinese food traditions and customs. For example, the tradition of

505:, wide divergence with Meixian Hakka has developed in terms of vocabulary and phonology. Other of varieties of Chinese spoken in Mauritius aside Hakka are: 727:

in 1942 at the age of 25. After 18 years there, the paper was forced to shut down. He and a team of fellow journalists founded a paper to replace it, the

255:, recognizing the role that Sino-Mauritians played in providing cheap goods to less well-off members of society, resisted the restrictionists' lobbying. 4380: 3841: 2016:: National badminton player; Sportswoman of the Year, 2004 and 2009; Ranked number one badminton player in the African continent on several occasions 1888:

Chinese martial arts (Wushu, Kungfu, and Taichi) in Mauritius is no more exclusive to the Sino-Mauritians and are now practiced by many Non-Chinese.

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majority of Sino-Mauritians identifying as Catholics, some Sino-Mauritian families still preserve traditional Chinese funeral rites and traditions.

895: 643:(华侨商报) was once the largest and most influential Chinese-language newspaper in Mauritius. It stopped publishing in the 1960s, and merged with the 3891: 220:

intermarriages with women of the Creole and Indian communities in order to build their own families or buy land under the name of their spouses.

200:

on board British, French, and Danish ships; they found employment as blacksmiths, carpenters, cobblers, and tailors, and quickly formed a small

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The first wave of migration from China to Mauritius occurred in the early 1800s, the Chinese migrants who came to Mauritius were mainly from

1798:

Traditionally, the parents of the bride throw a dinner party approximately one week before the wedding for her close relatives and friends.

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Eriksen, Thomas Hylland (2004), "Ethnicity, class, and the 1999 Mauritian riots", in May, Stephen; Modood, Tariq; Squires, Judith (eds.),

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Koon; 南顺会馆) in Port Louis. The Nam Shun society is an association for the Sino-Mauritians whose ancestors mainly originated from Nam Hoi (

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The surname of Sino-Mauritians are typically composed of 2 or 3 syllables-long instead of being one-syllable long as found in typical

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for the Chinese immigrants and their descendants. Chinese Societies and clan associations continue to exist in present-day Mauritius.

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Eisenlohr, Patrick (2004), "Register levels of Ethno-National Purity: The ethnicization of language and community in Mauritius",

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For the one-month-old celebration of a Sino-Mauritian baby, the parents and the grandparents of the child make offerings to the

739:, was also solicited to lend a hand. The paper is printed by Dawn Printing, which is currently run by Ng Kee Siong's son David. 5971: 5735: 5271: 4804: 4767: 1852:(lit. "shop notebook") to sell food on credit for their customers who would their arrears during the sugarcane harvest season. 167:

Like members of other communities on the island, some of the earliest Chinese in Mauritius arrived involuntarily, having been "

3263: 1761: 179:; however, they soon went on strike to protest their kidnapping. The authorities responded by deporting them back to Sumatra. 4763: 4370: 4332: 4314: 4276: 4235: 4186: 3790: 3597: 3446: 3339: 2763: 2265: 5956: 5326: 4726: 3384: 313:. By the end of the 19th century, the Hakkas became the dominant group outnumbering the Cantonese and Fukienese together. 5966: 5926: 5473: 4106: 3154: 5398: 4994: 4716: 3125: 2707: 2598: 2529: 2495: 1994:: Architect. Past Secretary General of African Union of Architects. Past President of International Union of Architects 1772:

throughout the island. In 2013, there were 11 pagodas in Mauritius all found in Port Louis. Port Louis also houses the

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and returned to Mauritius. He left Mauritius again in 1952 to work for a Chinese paper in India, but a position at the

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Between the 1950s and 1980s, there was a considerable reduction of contacts with China due to the establishment of the

176: 5260: 3658: 3298: 1340:, descendants of the deceased can practice the ancestral rites before the Ancestral tablets as a sign of respect. 981:

in their surname rely on oral transmission from generations to generations to be aware of their ancestral surname.

3727:"'Being Chinese' in Mauritius and Madagascar: Comparing Chinese diasporic communities in the western Indian Ocean" 1730:

Natural remedies (local or imported from China) are still used in the Sino-Mauritian community in Mauritius where

790:

Nowadays, the Sino-Mauritians is a minority community in Mauritius which is facing numerous challenges, including

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migrants came to Mauritius per year. By mid-century, the total resident Chinese population reached five thousand.

5794: 3838: 5771: 5730: 5710: 5453: 5062: 4427: 2659: 2632: 276: 5634: 3234: 5818: 5776: 5383: 4780: 4395: 4391: 2573: 1975: 1027: 1082:

Sino-Mauritian, like all Mauritians regardless of their origins, celebrates on the Gregorian calendar-based

5129: 4974: 4915: 4910: 4822: 4618: 4603: 4495: 3917: 1789: 1731: 735:. Another editor and journalist, Mr. Poon Yune Lioung POON YOW TSE (冯云龙), who studied foreign languages at 115: 2825: 5789: 5277: 5144: 2080: 1827:

other communities in Mauritius by being pioneers and being an indispensable part of the economic entity.

1785: 3814: 2517: 5740: 5511: 5428: 5321: 5300: 5238: 5233: 5139: 5134: 4941: 4657: 4593: 4562: 4541: 4531: 4135: 3367: 2787: 2090: 2085: 3687: 731:. It was while working there that he met Chu Vee Tow and William Lau, who would help him to establish 5830: 5679: 5446: 5255: 5245: 5228: 5207: 5202: 5023: 4878: 4623: 4598: 4567: 4515: 4510: 4479: 4464: 4420: 3995: 1965:曾繁兴: Cabinet Minister, 1995–2000; as a poet, Tsang has written a number of poems on the Hakka culture 192:

In the 1780s, thousands of voluntary Chinese migrants (estimated to be more than 3,000) set sail for

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Chinese legends and stories which continue to persist within the Sino-Mauritian community, include:

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Sino-Mauritians continued to maintain the personal ethnic networks connecting them to relatives in

3100: 1059:(Chinese almanac) to find auspicious dates and time for diverse events in their lives, including: 5835: 5715: 5305: 5295: 4936: 4931: 4858: 4536: 4500: 4474: 4469: 4102: 2043: 794:

and the loss of ancestral values; with the young Sino-Mauritians losing their Chinese identity.

5857: 5804: 5705: 5619: 5596: 5489: 5393: 5160: 4640: 4505: 4223: 3948:"An ethnopharmacological survey of natural remedies used by the Chinese community in Mauritius" 1959:朱梅麟: First Chinese Cabinet Minister, 1967–1976; First Chinese Member, Legislative Council, 1949 1004: 365: 127: 3264:"[Video] Fête de La Lune ou Fête de la mi-automne : une histoire d'amour éternel" 2485: 208:, in Port Louis. Even after the British takeover of the island, migration continued unabated. 5895: 5725: 5688: 5494: 5371: 4245: 2519: 1962: 1280: 684: 444:

in the Mauritian demographic census despite being a subgroup of the Sino-Mauritian community.

86: 3038: 352:; nearly all Chinese migration from China was stopped. During this period, Hakka women from 5919: 5867: 5799: 5754: 5700: 5484: 5057: 3815:"Mauritius, Religion And Social Profile | National Profiles | International Data | TheARDA" 1956: 1943: 1755: 1193: 845: 785: 497: 472: 4629: 457:

Children born of a Mauritian of non-Chinese origin who married a Chinese spouse from China

119: 8: 5629: 5609: 5549: 5420: 5366: 4979: 4883: 4827: 4798: 4791: 4757: 4750: 2654:. Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture, Ministry of Arts & Culture. p. 41. 1236: 819: 769: 736: 3006: 5935: 5900: 5890: 5885: 5660: 5577: 5331: 5091: 4873: 4853: 4848: 4721: 4212: 4158: 4078:"MasterChef's Brendan Pang on multicultural food and the recipe to dumpling perfection" 4058: 4050: 3972: 3947: 3756: 3357: 2781: 2758:. Khun Eng Kuah-Pearce, Evelyn Hu-DeHart. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 2006. 2490:. Vol. 1 of European expansion and indigenous response, v. 1. BRILL. p. 199. 1936: 1743: 1333: 692: 483:

In a 2001 Business Magazine survey, 10 of the 50 largest companies were Chinese owned.

252: 1317:(also known as Tin Hao; the goddess of the sea and the protector of sailors), the God 1043:

which are shared with family members. It is also customary for Sino-Mauritians to eat

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Sino-Mauritians may have a European name (usually a French name) as their first name.

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is still followed and holds an important place within the Sino-Mauritian community.

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Children born of a mixed marriage between a Sino-Mauritian and a non-Chinese person.

5875: 5644: 5408: 5403: 5388: 5045: 4863: 4706: 4701: 4635: 4443: 4204: 4150: 4034: 3967: 3959: 3738: 2966:, People's Republic of China: Chinese Language Education Foundation, archived from 2937:, People's Republic of China: Chinese Language Education Foundation, archived from 2159: 2095: 2037: 2025: 1337: 1136: 1114: 1040: 1014:

Nowadays, Sino-Mauritians mainly wear Western-style clothing in their daily lives.

906: 891: 601: 514: 492: 429: 285: 123: 61: 57: 49: 3555: 2260:. Joshua Eisenman (1st ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 5781: 5665: 5378: 5265: 5096: 5001: 4984: 4307:

Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational era

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Paul Younger Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies McMaster University (2009).

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In the 19th century, Chinese men living in Mauritius working as shopkeepers wore

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however, are often proud of their ancestors and perceived themselves as Chinese.

400: 396: 237: 53: 5106: 3509: 2549:"What Inter-Ethnic Marriage in Mauritius Tells Us About The Nature of Ethnicity" 768:, was founded in 2005. With regards to its editorial line, it is a supporter of 5850: 5845: 5604: 5111: 4691: 4246:"Tu dimunn pu vini kreol: The Mauritian creole and the concept of creolization" 2351: 2055: 2013: 1433: 1259: 1071: 1032: 369: 280: 265: 5101: 4363:

Colour, Confusion, and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa

4208: 4154: 4111: 4038: 3963: 3861: 3633: 1991: 1090:(1 January). They also follow some Traditional Chinese festival and holidays: 5950: 5614: 5572: 5028: 4736: 4046: 3845: 3800: 3752: 3456: 3349: 2773: 2728: 2275: 2031: 2019: 1044: 502: 361: 298: 65: 3133: 1500: 175:

in the 1740s to work in Mauritius in a scheme hatched by the French admiral

5582: 5567: 5559: 5074: 3981: 3743: 2586: 2007: 1815: 1681: 1325: 1288: 977:") turned into their surname. Sino-Mauritians who lacks their forefather's 582: 551: 541: 425: 325: 90: 82: 4023:"'Tiger in Paradise': Reading Global Mauritius in Shifting Time and Space" 3780: 3726: 3436: 3329: 2753: 2255: 5528: 5016: 2999:"访毛里求斯《镜报》主编冯云龙 (An Interview with Mauritius Mirror Editor Feng Yunlong)" 2487:

Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation

1878:

Dragon and Lion dance have become a common feature in Mauritian culture.

565: 294: 168: 111: 69: 3438:

CultureShock! Mauritius : a Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette

1997:

Lawrence Wong: CEO of LaTrobe. President of Mauritius Cycling Federation

364:, which would play an important role in the 1980s, with the rise of the 5880: 5084: 5067: 5038: 5011: 4989: 4054: 4022: 1807: 1765: 1056: 662: 616: 337: 329: 321: 310: 193: 147: 36: 5523: 3334:. Toyin Falola, Daniel Jean-Jacques. Santa Barbara, California. 2016. 3299:"Nouvel An chinois : traditions et superstitions | KOZÉ magazine" 333: 306: 5536: 5469: 5438: 3892:"PAGODES DE PORT-LOUIS : Les merveilles de la diaspora chinoise" 1275:) still follow some form of Chinese-related religions (which include 1094:

List of Traditional Festivals / Holidays followed by Sino-Mauritians

878: 688: 570: 510: 340:. After World War II, immigration from China largely came to an end. 302: 245: 233: 201: 197: 3996:"[Diaporama] Chinatown: A cultural and traditional heritage" 5079: 4412: 3946:

Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Muthoorah, Luviksha Drushilla (2014).

2483: 1942:

Brendan Pang: Australian cook and restaurant-owner who competed in

1300: 1284: 1269:

continue to exist even among the Christian Sino-Mauritian families.

1087: 885:

Chinese clans, Chinese associations and society, and name structure

615:

exceeded 1,000. The Chung-Hwa Middle School (中华中学), established by

232:

A second wave of migration from China mainly came from the city of

98: 2590:

From alien to citizen: the integration of the Chinese in Mauritius

1760:

Significant cultural landmarks of the Sino-Mauritian include: the

236:(Canton). In the mid-1800s, they mainly came from the district of 5050: 5033: 4116: 1773: 1694: 1689: 1568: 1565:(God of wealth, god of war and the righteous and the benefactor) 1562: 1512: 1494: 1486:(God of wealth, god of war and the righteous and the benefactor) 1483: 1459: 1456: 1384: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1228: 1008: 873: 868: 841: 546: 506: 172: 4228:

Common Denominators: Nation-building and Compromise in Mauritius

1795:

houses and performing prayers and rites at their family altars.

834:

The Story of Dragon Boat Festival related to the consumption of

372:, who signed on for three-year stints in the garment factories. 1769: 1276: 990: 836: 773: 412: 353: 269: 241: 216: 212: 94: 3441:. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Ptd Ltd. 162: 4349:(7), All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese: 38–43 4343:"毛里求斯华人今昔 (Mauritius' Overseas Chinese, Today and Yesterday)" 4325:

Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora

4305:

Nyíri, Pál (2007), "Chinese in the Soviet Union, 1922–1989",

379: 349: 151: 3235:"Mauritians of Chinese origin: Paradise island's next dodo?" 1908:

Fengshui is being adopted by Mauritians of diverse origins.

1253: 776:

newswire reports, with the last page devoted to local news.

491:

Most Sino-Mauritian youth are at least trilingual: they use

182: 1866:

Noodles (fried or boiled), dumplings, chopsuey, Pekin duck.

1591: 1506: 1314: 1154: 828: 779: 3155:"'Le Cernéen' s'en prend aux Chinois pro-Pékin de Maurice" 2620: 2554:. p. 15,16. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 1898:

Mauritians are curious to know their Chinese zodiac sign.

831:, associated with Chinese New Year's firecracker tradition 1821: 802: 384: 320:

Until the 1930s, Chinese migrants continued to arrive in

4112:"Lawrence Wong (La Trobe) - Leading Through Uncertainty" 747:

2006, that number had fallen to seven hundred. In 2010,

411:

Sino-Mauritians who trace their ancestors from province

3583:

Les Sino-mauriciens, discrétion, action et solidarité…*

2651:

Mauritius in the Making: Across the Censuses, 1846–2000

1925: 1272:

Nowadays, Sino-Mauritians (even Catholic Sino-Mauritian

956: 424:

Nowadays, most Sino-Mauritians living in Mauritius are

3126:"在毛里求斯领略浓郁的客家风情 (The rich Hakka culture of Mauritius)" 1344:

List of Chinese pagoda in Mauritius and deity worship

1166:

Celebration of the anniversary of the goddess Tin Hao

596:

Not restricted or defined by any Chinese ethnic groups

4181:, United Nations University Press, pp. 106–128, 4143:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development

3945: 2862: 2860: 691:, where he graduated from high school and went on to 447:

The Sino-creoles community in Mauritius can include:

4381:"毛里求斯华人社会语言概况 (The Language Use of Sino-Mauritians)" 4136:"Language Use of Mauritian Adolescents in Education" 3725:

Guccini, Federica; Zhang, Mingyuan (14 April 2021).

3331:

Africa : an encyclopedia of culture and society

2587:

Huguette Ly-Tio-Fane Pineo, Edouard Lim Fat (2008).

2352:"Chinese Languages spoken in Mauritius: An Overview" 1742:

Sino-Mauritians maintain certain beliefs related to

1594:(Goddess of the sea), also called Tin Hao / Tin Hau 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3025: 3023: 1559:Close to the Champ de Mars race course, Port Louis 2857: 1779: 1066:The time to light firecrackers on Chinese New Year 669:, Too Wai Man (杜蔚文), even received death threats. 531:Chinese language and dialects spoken in Mauritius 4133: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2142: 2140: 2115:and 2. Any person born from inter-ethnic marriage 1749: 5948: 3147: 3084: 3020: 1301:Traditional Chinese religion and Chinese pagodas 4253:Creolization Seminar, Transnational Communities 4075: 3177: 3175: 2755:Voluntary organizations in the Chinese Diaspora 2708:"Foreign workers in Mauritius face torrid time" 2369: 2367: 2365: 440:The Sino-creoles are typically categorized as " 4271:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 78–95, 2384: 2382: 2182: 2180: 2137: 1050: 797: 5454: 4428: 3952:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 3037:, Mauritius, 13 November 2008, archived from 2647: 2196: 2194: 632: 187: 4360: 3724: 3434: 3172: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2484:Marina Carter, James Ng Foong Kwong (2009). 2400: 2362: 1706: 406: 16:Ethnic group of Chinese origins in Mauritius 4269:Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights 2593:. Éditions de l'océan Indien. p. 174. 2379: 2177: 1814:wedding will also end with dances, and the 1509:(Protector of sailors), also called Ma Chou 1381:Joseph-Rivière road, Chinatown, Port Louis 948: 710:later expanded to eight full-colour pages. 258: 163:Chinese migration from Sumatra to Mauritius 5461: 5447: 4435: 4421: 4134:Bissoonauth, Anu; Offord, Malcolm (2001), 4020: 3598:"Republic of Mauritius- Mauritian Cuisine" 3579: 3362:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3132:, Beijing, 1 February 2007, archived from 2705: 2356:Mauritius 50: 'Hand in Hand?' Research Day 2191: 695:. After graduation, he signed on with the 428:(客家) who can trace their ancestry back to 380:Demographics, distribution, and employment 343: 5012:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese 4194: 4175: 3971: 3742: 3731:The Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 3685: 3586:(in French). France: CILF. pp. 1–23. 2981: 2693: 2543: 2541: 2257:China and Africa: a century of engagement 1254:Dual religion systems and other religions 1077: 183:Chinese migration from China to Mauritius 4361:Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dianne (1996), 4291:L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde 3918:"Jubilé d?or de la pagode ?Fook Soo Am?" 3430: 3428: 3426: 2706:Ackbarally, Nasseem (28 November 2006), 2624:Chinese Diaspora in Western Indian Ocean 1978:杨钦俊: Chief Justice, Mauritius, 2008–2013 1283:); a minority of Sino-Mauritians follow 1102:Approximate month on Gregorian calendar 780:Culture of Mauritians of Chinese origins 301:-speakers from Meixian, further east in 39:, with small numbers all over the island 5423:of France in the western Indian Ocean. 4284: 4266: 4243: 4222: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3712: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3031:"Culture chinoise: L'art et la manière" 2866: 2852: 2812: 2800: 2524:. Oxford University Press. p. 33. 2212: 2186: 2146: 2022:: African Badminton Champion 2018, 2017 1678:Foot of the Pouce mountain, Port Louis 1336:will be deposited behind the altar. On 1055:Some Sino-Mauritian still refer to the 5949: 5468: 3941: 3939: 3856: 3854: 3778: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3379: 3377: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3258: 3256: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2925: 2923: 2627:. Ed. de l'océan indien. p. 287. 2538: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 1822:Significant contributions to Mauritius 1227:Celebration of the anniversary of god 803:Chinese literature / legends / stories 389: 385:Ethnic subgroups and cultural identity 5442: 4416: 4304: 4179:Asia and Africa in the Global Economy 3886: 3884: 3882: 3681: 3679: 3533: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 2723: 2721: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2253: 1737: 818:, associated with the Moon Festival ( 650: 537:Fujianese (Fukien / Fokien / Hokkien) 521:Chinese dialects spoken in Mauritius 4442: 4378: 4340: 3767: 3403: 2996: 2914: 2681: 2373: 2249: 2247: 2245: 1939:: film, television, and stage actor. 1926:Notable Mauritians of Chinese origin 957:Surname structure of Sino-Mauritians 157: 30:Regions with significant populations 5962:Mauritian people of Chinese descent 4322: 4027:Journal of African Cultural Studies 3936: 3851: 3615: 3539: 3493: 3463: 3385:"Preserving Chinatown in Mauritius" 3374: 3317: 3253: 3202: 3052: 2920: 2621:Huguette Ly Tio Fane-Pineo (1985). 2388: 2350:Lefort, Julie (13 September 2018). 2288: 2236: 2224: 2200: 1725: 279:, Chinese men in Mauritius married 150:who trace their ethnic ancestry to 13: 3879: 3839:Mauritius: A New Balance of Nature 3718: 3676: 3659:"Republic of Mauritius- Festivals" 3573: 3282: 3065: 2997:Zhao, Haiyan (17 September 2001), 2718: 2406: 2294: 2028:: National beach volleyball player 1818:is becoming increasingly popular. 851: 706:Originally a four-page paper, the 609: 227: 14: 5983: 2242: 1571:(God of wealth), called Choy Sun 1477:Ahime Choïsanne (Liog Choi Sine) 1328:(god of Heaven) and to Guan Yin. 527:Chinese ethnic group in Mauritius 5678: 4244:Eriksen, Thomas Hylland (1999), 4076:Eshita Srinivas (14 July 2023). 2034:: International football referee 1613:Volcy Pougnet street, Mauritius 1515:(月老星君; God of love and marriage) 4095: 4069: 4014: 3988: 3910: 3832: 3807: 3706: 3688:"Fête mine: tout un symbolisme" 3686:Rédaction, La (4 August 2018). 3651: 3590: 3527: 3435:NgCheong-Lum, Roseline (2010). 3187:, 20 April 2007, archived from 3118: 2952: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2846: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2746: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2641: 2614: 2580: 2511: 2394: 2118: 2108: 2058:: British-born badminton player 1780:Wedding and pre-wedding customs 1242:Mid-September to early October 859: 435: 277:late 19th to early 20th century 177:Charles Hector, Comte d'Estaing 4365:, Hong Kong University Press, 3066:Yu, Longhui (8 October 2007), 2282: 2254:Shinn, David Hamilton (2012). 2230: 2218: 2206: 2152: 1750:Significant cultural landmarks 969:) and Chinese first name (名字, 672: 1: 4392:South China Normal University 3898:(in French). 10 February 2013 2903:Bissoonauth & Offord 2001 2891:Bissoonauth & Offord 2001 2879:Bissoonauth & Offord 2001 2131: 1099:Name of Festivals / Holidays 1028:List of Sino-Mauritian dishes 713: 461: 4568:Democratic Republic of Congo 4293:, Université Laval de Québec 3580:Nallatamby, Pravina (2016). 3305:(in French). 28 January 2017 3161:, Mauritius, 7 February 2005 3101:"Tradition versus modernity" 1790:Traditional Chinese marriage 1732:Traditional Chinese medicine 1656:Tank Wen street, Port Louis 993:and braided their hair in a 729:New Chinese Commercial Paper 136:Mauritians of Chinese origin 116:Chinese people in Madagascar 7: 5957:Asian diaspora in Mauritius 3476:"The Sino Mauritian Family" 2081:Mauritian of African origin 2074: 1802:who performs a somersault. 1786:Chinese pre-wedding customs 1717: 1128:Public Holiday in Mauritius 1051:Chinese calendar and zodiac 984: 913:List of clans in Mauritius 798:Chinese arts and literature 764:(华声报), also referred to as 754: 486: 10: 5988: 5967:Chinese diaspora in Africa 4127: 4021:Aumeerally, N. L. (2005). 3924:(in French). 2 August 2004 2091:Mauritian of Indian origin 2086:Mauritian of French origin 1783: 1753: 1245:15th day of the 8th month 1224:24th day of the 6th month 1145:15th day of the 1st month 1021: 1017: 783: 697:Chinese Commercial Gazette 641:Chinese Commercial Gazette 634:Chinese Commercial Gazette 350:People's Republic of China 188:Late 1700s and early 1800s 5972:China–Mauritius relations 5913: 5866: 5826: 5817: 5762: 5753: 5696: 5687: 5676: 5653: 5595: 5558: 5545: 5519: 5510: 5503: 5480: 5417: 5359: 5314: 5288: 5221: 5195: 5188: 5153: 5122: 4950: 4924: 4903: 4896: 4841: 4815: 4735: 4677: 4670: 4581: 4555: 4524: 4488: 4457: 4450: 4394:: 238–244, archived from 4285:Leclerc, Jacques (2007), 4209:10.1017/S0047404504031033 4155:10.1080/01434630108666442 4039:10.1080/13696850500448261 3964:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C775 3072:China Radio International 2572:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1707:Burial site and practices 1667: 1645: 1623: 1602: 1558: 1545:Namshun Fooy Koon Pagodas 1543: 1524: 1468: 1444: 1429:Magon street, Port Louis 1414: 1395: 1371: 1367:Ancestor shrine or altar 1348: 1202:5th day of the 5th month 1105:Date of Chinese calendar 840:and the commemoration of 600: 530: 407:Fokien / Fukien / Hokkien 110: 105: 81: 76: 48: 43: 34: 29: 2401:Yap & Leong Man 1996 2101: 1480:Les Salines, Port Louis 1446:Heen Foh Lee Kwon Pagoda 1218:(lit. "Noodle festival) 1142:February or early March 949:Names of Sino-Mauritians 725:Chinese Commercial Paper 623: 471:have greatly influenced 419: 272:—as their destinations. 259:Late 1800s and mid-1900s 4224:Eriksen, Thomas Hylland 3638:www.namshunfooykoon.com 3107:, Mauritius, 2 May 2006 2733:www.namshunfooykoon.com 2044:Christophe Lim Wen Ying 366:export-processing zones 344:Mid-1900s to late 1900s 297:-speaking; but, later, 288:(梅县; commonly known as 4255:, University of Oxford 3958:(Suppl 1): S387–S399. 3862:"About Cohan Tai Biou" 3744:10.26443/jiows.v4i2.79 3510:"Clans & Surnames" 3480:www.kwonghatongmru.com 2786:: CS1 maint: others ( 2648:Monique Dinan (2002). 1976:Bernard Yeung Sik Yuen 1835:List of Contributions 1762:Chinatown of Mauritius 1281:Chinese Folk religions 1179:Fete des morts chinois 1078:Festivals and holidays 1035:cuisine includes both 844:, associated with the 432:, Guangdong province. 128:Chinese South Africans 4379:Zhao, Huijun (1999), 4341:Song, Shuyun (2001), 3366:) CS1 maint: others ( 1963:Joseph Tsang Mang Kin 1634:Pope Hennessy street 1526:Law Kwan Chung Pagoda 751:stopped publication. 106:Related ethnic groups 87:Chinese folk religion 5176:United Arab Emirates 5068:Straits-Born Chinese 4401:on 29 September 2011 4347:At Home and Overseas 3785:. London: Kuperard. 3779:Cleary, Tim (2011). 2964:Overseas Chinese Net 2935:Overseas Chinese Net 1970:Government officials 1957:Moilin Jean Ah-Chuen 1944:MasterChef Australia 1884:Chinese martial arts 1858:Chinese food culture 1768:and the presence of 1756:Culture of Mauritius 1305:In the present day, 1258:The majority of the 1194:Dragon Boat Festival 1124:1st day of the year 1121:January or February 903:mutual aid societies 846:Dragon Boat Festival 786:Culture of Mauritius 498:some form of Chinese 240:. Some of them were 5550:Islets of Mauritius 5421:overseas department 4727:Trinidad and Tobago 4230:, Berg Publishers, 4197:Language in Society 4000:Le Defi Media Group 3844:26 January 2013 at 3514:Hakka Mauritians 客家 3268:Le Defi Media Group 3239:Le Defi Media Group 3191:on 20 February 2012 3009:on 18 February 2012 2941:on 6 September 2008 1831: 1497:(Giver of Children) 1491:Dabo Xianjun (大帛仙君) 1345: 1287:; they also follow 1237:Mid-autumn Festival 1095: 1063:Their wedding date; 921:Chinese characters 914: 820:Mid-Autumn Festival 770:Chinese unification 737:Tsinghua University 561:Cantonese (Namshun) 522: 469:Chinese restaurants 442:General population" 390:Cantonese / Namshun 244:who passed through 26: 5795:Telecommunications 5661:Chagos Archipelago 5635:Rivière du Rempart 5429:Hong Kong Diaspora 4697:Dominican Republic 4327:, Kodansha Globe, 4323:Pan, Lynn (1994), 2826:"Student Outreach" 2010:: National swimmer 1937:Patrick Kwok-Choon 1844:Microcredit system 1830: 1744:Chinese numerology 1738:Chinese numerology 1343: 1334:Chinese characters 1210:Kwan Tee Festival, 1093: 912: 703:enticed him back. 693:Guangxi University 667:Chinese Daily News 659:Chinese Daily News 652:Chinese Daily News 520: 253:John Pope Hennessy 144:Chinese Mauritians 24: 5944: 5943: 5909: 5908: 5841:Franco-Mauritians 5813: 5812: 5749: 5748: 5736:Political parties 5731:National Assembly 5711:Foreign relations 5674: 5673: 5591: 5590: 5529:Cargados Carajos 5436: 5435: 5375: 5355: 5354: 5274: 5184: 5183: 5063:Chinese nationals 4990:Peranakan Chinese 4892: 4891: 4805:by city and state 4801: 4794: 4760: 4753: 4666: 4665: 4573:Republic of Congo 4372:978-962-209-424-6 4334:978-1-56836-032-4 4316:978-0-415-44686-0 4278:978-0-521-60317-1 4237:978-1-85973-959-4 4188:978-92-808-1089-9 3866:kwanteepagoda.org 3792:978-1-85733-546-0 3715:, pp. 82, 92 3560:kwanteepagoda.org 3556:"Kwan Tee Pagoda" 3448:978-981-261-993-8 3391:. 10 January 2019 3341:978-1-59884-665-2 3184:A window on China 2970:on 6 October 2008 2765:978-988-220-382-2 2712:Mail and Guardian 2267:978-0-8122-0800-9 2050:Elodie Poo-cheong 1923: 1922: 1704: 1703: 1432:Buddhist temple ( 1251: 1250: 1199:Late May or June 1173:Tomb sweeping day 1024:Mauritian cuisine 946: 945: 816:Houyi and Chang'e 792:deculturalization 607: 606: 602:Standard Mandarin 515:Standard Mandarin 473:Mauritian culture 328:), as well as to 158:Migration history 133: 132: 5979: 5929: 5922: 5824: 5823: 5785: 5760: 5759: 5694: 5693: 5682: 5532: 5517: 5516: 5508: 5507: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5440: 5439: 5399:Papua New Guinea 5369: 5270: 5193: 5192: 4901: 4900: 4797: 4790: 4764:British Columbia 4756: 4749: 4675: 4674: 4455: 4454: 4444:Overseas Chinese 4437: 4430: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4400: 4385: 4375: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4337: 4319: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4281: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4250: 4240: 4219: 4191: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4140: 4122: 4121: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3975: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3888: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3858: 3849: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3776: 3765: 3764: 3746: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3630: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3506: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3472: 3461: 3460: 3432: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3361: 3353: 3326: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3295: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3231: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3097: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3063: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3005:, archived from 3003:ChinaNews.com.cn 2994: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2869:, pp. 80–81 2864: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2777: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2553: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2481: 2404: 2403:, pp. 36–37 2398: 2392: 2386: 2377: 2371: 2360: 2359: 2347: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2251: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2189: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2096:Mauritian Creole 2038:Nathalie Lee Baw 2026:Elodie Li Yuk Lo 1832: 1829: 1726:Chinese medicine 1659:Buddhist temple 1637:Buddhist temple 1474:29 January 1842 1426:Sister Fee Fong 1387:(God of wealth) 1346: 1342: 1338:Chinese New Year 1176:, also known as 1137:Lantern Festival 1115:Chinese New Year 1096: 1092: 1041:Chinese red eggs 915: 911: 892:Hahime Choisanne 661:(中华日报) is a pro- 523: 519: 493:Mauritian Creole 399:) and Shun Tak ( 206:camp des Chinois 138:, also known as 124:Sino-Seychellois 120:Sino-Réunionnais 50:Mauritian Creole 27: 23: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5905: 5876:Creole language 5862: 5809: 5783: 5745: 5683: 5670: 5649: 5625:Plaines Wilhems 5587: 5554: 5541: 5530: 5499: 5476: 5467: 5437: 5432: 5431: 5413: 5351: 5310: 5284: 5217: 5180: 5149: 5118: 4995:Bangka-Belitung 4985:Benteng Chinese 4946: 4920: 4888: 4837: 4811: 4731: 4662: 4577: 4551: 4520: 4484: 4446: 4441: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4383: 4373: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4317: 4296: 4294: 4279: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4238: 4189: 4167: 4165: 4138: 4130: 4125: 4110: 4107:Wayback Machine 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4074: 4070: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3944: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3819:www.thearda.com 3813: 3812: 3808: 3793: 3777: 3768: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3684: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3631: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3508: 3507: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3474: 3473: 3464: 3449: 3433: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3375: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3328: 3327: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3203: 3194: 3192: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3085: 3076: 3074: 3064: 3053: 3044: 3042: 3041:on 3 March 2016 3029: 3028: 3021: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2833:Cid.harvard.edu 2828: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2779: 2778: 2766: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2585: 2581: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2482: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2363: 2348: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2268: 2252: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2077: 2062:Alicia Kok Shun 1928: 1850:carnet laboutik 1824: 1792: 1782: 1758: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1720: 1709: 1684:(Jade Emperor) 1669:Tien Tan Pagoda 1550:Kwan Tee Pagoda 1470:Kwan Tee Pagoda 1397:Fok Tiak pagoda 1303: 1260:Sino-Mauritians 1256: 1161:March or April 1080: 1053: 1037:Chinese cuisine 1030: 1022:Main articles: 1020: 987: 963:Chinese surname 959: 951: 887: 862: 854: 852:Dance and music 805: 800: 788: 782: 759: 718: 677: 655: 637: 626: 612: 610:Chinese schools 588:Meixian dialect 489: 464: 438: 422: 409: 397:Nanhai district 392: 387: 382: 370:migrant workers 346: 261: 230: 228:Circa mid-1800s 190: 185: 165: 160: 140:Sino-Mauritians 64:(predominantly 25:Sino-Mauritians 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5985: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5931: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5851:Sino-Mauritian 5848: 5846:Indo-Mauritian 5843: 5838: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5790:Sugar industry 5787: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5372:from Hong Kong 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5327:Czech Republic 5324: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5272:from Hong Kong 5266:United Kingdom 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4792:from Hong Kong 4783: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4761: 4754: 4751:from Hong Kong 4741: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4376: 4371: 4358: 4338: 4333: 4320: 4315: 4302: 4282: 4277: 4264: 4241: 4236: 4220: 4192: 4187: 4173: 4149:(5): 381–400, 4129: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4120:. 12 May 2020. 4094: 4082:Lifestyle Asia 4068: 4033:(2): 161–180. 4013: 3987: 3935: 3909: 3878: 3850: 3831: 3806: 3791: 3766: 3717: 3705: 3675: 3650: 3614: 3589: 3572: 3538: 3526: 3492: 3462: 3447: 3402: 3373: 3340: 3316: 3281: 3252: 3201: 3171: 3146: 3136:on 7 July 2011 3130:Economic Daily 3117: 3083: 3051: 3019: 2980: 2951: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2856: 2845: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2764: 2745: 2717: 2714:, South Africa 2698: 2694:Brautigam 2003 2686: 2674: 2660: 2640: 2633: 2613: 2600:978-9990305692 2599: 2579: 2537: 2531:978-0199741922 2530: 2510: 2497:978-9004175723 2496: 2405: 2393: 2378: 2361: 2293: 2281: 2266: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2205: 2190: 2176: 2151: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2117: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2056:Nicki Chan-Lam 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2014:Karen Foo Kune 2011: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1894:Chinese zodiac 1890: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1823: 1820: 1781: 1778: 1770:Chinese pagoda 1754:Main article: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1736: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1580:Tin Hao Pagoda 1576: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1513:Yuelao xingjun 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364:Minor deities 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1302: 1299: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1212:also known as 1206: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1084:New Year's Eve 1079: 1076: 1072:Chinese zodiac 1068: 1067: 1064: 1052: 1049: 1033:Sino-Mauritian 1019: 1016: 986: 983: 958: 955: 950: 947: 944: 943: 941: 939: 935: 934: 932: 930: 926: 925: 922: 919: 907:social centres 896:Affan Tank Wen 886: 883: 882: 881: 876: 871: 861: 858: 853: 850: 849: 848: 832: 827:The legend of 825: 814:The legend of 804: 801: 799: 796: 784:Main article: 781: 778: 758: 753: 717: 712: 676: 671: 654: 649: 636: 631: 625: 622: 611: 608: 605: 604: 599: 591: 590: 585: 580: 574: 573: 568: 563: 557: 556: 555: 554: 544: 539: 533: 532: 529: 488: 485: 463: 460: 459: 458: 455: 452: 437: 434: 421: 418: 408: 405: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 345: 342: 307:Reunion Island 266:Port Elizabeth 260: 257: 229: 226: 189: 186: 184: 181: 164: 161: 159: 156: 131: 130: 108: 107: 103: 102: 79: 78: 74: 73: 46: 45: 41: 40: 32: 31: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5984: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 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5512:Outer islands 5509: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5452: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 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4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4309:, Routledge, 4308: 4303: 4292: 4288: 4287:"Île Maurice" 4283: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3940: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3847: 3846:archive.today 3843: 3840: 3835: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3737:(2): 91–117. 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3664: 3663:www.govmu.org 3660: 3654: 3639: 3635: 3634:"NSFK Pagoda" 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3603: 3602:www.govmu.org 3599: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3535: 3530: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3069: 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