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570:: "a horizon calendar (the medicine wheel) and a meridian or noontime calendar." According to the Medicine Wheel website, the "large circle measures 213 feet (approximately 65 meters) around. The 28 spokes radiating from its center represent the number of days in the lunar cycle. Six spokes extending well beyond the Wheel are aligned to the horizon positions of sunrises and sunsets on the first days of the four seasons."
94:
117:, the southernmost archeological wheel still extant. The term "medicine" was not applied not necessarily because of any healing that was associated with that medicine wheel, but denotes that the sacred site and rock formations were of central importance and attributed with religious, hallowed, and spiritual significance.
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Successive groups of people added new layers of rock, and some of their arrowheads, from that time until the coming of
Europeans to Alberta. Curiously, the site does not seem to have been used between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago. Archaeologists do not know when the spokes and surrounding circle
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The most common variation between different wheels are the spokes. There is no set number of spokes for a medicine wheel to have although there are usually 28, the same number of days in a lunar cycle. The spokes within each wheel are rarely evenly spaced, or even all the same length. Some medicine
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While alignment with the cardinal directions is common, some medicine wheels are also aligned with astronomical phenomena involving the Sun, Moon, some stars, and some planets in relation to the Earth's horizon at that location. The wheels are generally considered to be sacred sites, connected in
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Sometimes there is a passageway, or a doorway, in the circles. The outer ring of stones will be broken, and there will be a stone path leading in to the center of the wheel. Some have additional circles around the outside of the wheel, sometimes attached to spokes or the outer ring, and sometimes
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put forth the suggestions that some of the wheels had astronomical significance, where spokes on a wheel could be pointing to certain stars, as well as sunrise or sunset, at a certain time of the year, suggesting that the wheels were a way to mark certain days of the year. In a paper for the
882:
Alice B. Kehoe and Thomas F. Kehoe, 1979, Solstice-Aligned
Boulder Configurations in Saskatchewan. Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 48, Mercury Series, National Museum of Man, Ottawa. (Translated into French by P. Ferryn, published 1978 Kadath 26:19-31, Brussels,
530:, it had been built up by successive generations who would add new features to the circle. Due to that and its long period of use (with a gap in its use between 3000 and 2000 years ago, archaeologists believe that the function of the medicine wheel changed over time.
50:
follow a similar pattern of a central circle or cluster of stones, surrounded by an outer ring of stones, along with "spokes" (lines of rocks) radiating from the center out to the surrounding ring. Often, but not always, the spokes may be aligned to the
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wheels will have one particular spoke that is significantly longer than the rest. The spokes may start from the center cairn and go out only to the outer ring, others go past the outer ring, and some spokes start at the outer ring and go out from there.
510:
Stone medicine wheels have been built and used for ceremonies for millennia, and each one has enough unique characteristics and qualities that archaeologists have encountered significant challenges in determining with precision what each one was for.
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were constructed, or even if they were constructed at the same time. The long period of use and construction of the central cairn at the
Majorville Wheel suggests that such sites may have served different functions over the years.
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structures. A few cobble arrangements form the outlines of human figures, most of them obviously male. Perhaps the most intriguing cobble constructions, however, are the ones known as medicine wheels.
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Scattered across the plains of
Alberta are tens of thousands of stone structures. Most of these are simple circles of cobble stones which once held down the edges of the famous tipi of the
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168:." Others, however, were of a more esoteric nature. Extremely large stone circles – some greater than 12 meters across – may be the remains of special
326:, Wyoming. This 75-foot-diameter (23 m) wheel has 28 spokes, and is part of a vast set of old Native American sites that document 7,000 years of their history in that area.
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Bear
Nicholas, Andrea (April 2008). "The Assault on Aboriginal Oral Traditions: Past and Present". In Hulan, Renée; Eigenbrod, Renate (eds.).
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The
Majorville Cairn and Medicine Wheel Site, James M Calder, National Museum of Man Series, Archaeology Survey of Canada No. 62, Ottawa, 1977
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From the air, a medicine wheel often looks like a wagon wheel lying on its side. The wheels can be large, reaching diameters of 75 feet.
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groups, as well as Native groups whose ancestors did not traditionally use medicine wheels as a structure. It has also been
502:, turtle-shaped stone piles with the legs, head, and tail pointing out the directions and aligned with astronomical events.
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606:, who first published his invention in 1972. It has been adopted as a visual icon and teaching tool by a number of
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55:(East, South, West, and North). In other cases, some stones may be aligned with astronomical phenomena. These
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Global
Psychosomatic Medicine and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: Theory, Research, Education, and Practice
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2018:
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1200:. ed. Kenneth Brecher and Michael Feirtag Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1979, p. 1-24.
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469:, that a medicine wheel "consists of at least two of the following three traits: (1) a central stone
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1980:
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posits the possible point of origin, or parallel tradition, to other round structures such as the
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554:, and one at Fort Smith, Montana, there was no statistical evidence for stellar alignments.
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territory, the common theory is that they were built by the prehistoric ancestors of the
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311:. The majority of the approximately 70 documented stone structures still extant are in
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Physical medicine wheels made of stone have been constructed by a number of different
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1985:
1965:
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1193:. ed. Anthony F. Aveni (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1977) p. 147-169.
1155:
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1027:
910:
893:
Schaefer, Bradley E. (1986). "Atmospheric
Extinction Effects on Stellar Alignments".
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University and college buildings listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
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communities, who have often added additional elements from non-Native cultures.
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480:, and/or (3) two or more stone lines radiating outward from a central point."
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various ways to the builders' particular culture, lore and ceremonial ways.
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In defining the commonalities among different stone medicine wheels, the
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John A. Eddy, "Astronomical
Alignment of the Big Horn Medicine Wheel",
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which built them, or by more specific names in that nation's language.
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19:
This article is about the stone monuments. For the historic site, see
3190:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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2193:
1586:
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1455:
1415:
1053:
Dream Catchers: How Mainstream America Discovered Native Spirituality
751:"Medicine Wheels, Sun Circles, and the Magic of World Center Shrines"
165:
109:(2005) holds that the term "medicine wheel" was first applied to the
1148:"Archaeological Finds: Legacies of Appropriation, Modes of Response"
364:
186:
2562:
2526:
2476:
2338:
2123:
1368:
1234:, (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984) p. 191-217.
652:
642:
498:
Other North American Indigenous peoples have made somewhat-similar
690:"Royal Alberta Museum: Collections and Research: Archaeology: FAQ"
522:, Alberta, has been dated at 3200 BCE (5200 years ago) by careful
465:
cites the definition given by John Brumley, an archaeologist from
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2053:
1930:
1852:
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1435:
1380:
1342:
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895:
Journal for the History of Astronomy, Archaeoastronomy Supplement
662:
615:
546:
stated that the claimed alignments for three wheels studied, the
312:
304:
300:
296:
114:
1218:
Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations
1189:
John A. Eddy. "Medicine Wheels and Plains Indian Astronomy", in
93:
1915:
1637:
1576:
1465:
1385:
1350:
1272:
O. Richard Norton, "Early Indian Sun-Watching Sites are Real",
1210:
330:
288:
153:
1117:"The Medicine Wheel as a Symbol of Native American Psychology"
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1141:
470:
348:
3283:
Religious places of the Indigenous peoples of North America
2619:
1372:
145:
21:
Medicine Wheel/Medicine Mountain National Historic Landmark
505:
120:
1265:
John Eddy, "Probing the Mystery of the Medicine Wheels",
1220:, (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1983) p. 141-148.
1279:
Vickers, J. Rod, "Medicine Wheels: A Mystery in Stone",
961:"5 Fake Indians: Checking a Box Doesn't Make You Native"
614:
by non-Indigenous people, usually those associated with
354:
283:
Stone medicine wheels are sited throughout the northern
1251:
Von Del Chamberlain, "Prehistoric American Astronomy".
1196:
John A. Eddy. "Medicine Wheels and Plains Indians", in
683:
681:
679:
677:
848:
Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective
1299:
Stanford University Solar Center Medicine Wheel Page
1024:
Aboriginal Oral Traditions: Theory, Practice, Ethics
934:. Valley City State University. 2005. Archived from
742:
674:
2792:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1294:
Medicine Wheel Park at Valley City State University
1026:. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Pub Co Ltd. pp. 7–43.
599:, with associated correspondences and meanings, by
389:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
211:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
125:Intentionally erecting massive stone structures as
595:The medicine wheel has been adapted into a visual
318:One of the prototypical medicine wheels is in the
2823:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1232:Living the Sky. The Cosmos of the American Indian
721:. Springer International Publishing. p. 94.
176:
3269:
1227:(Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1977) p. 70-71.
351:building sites are also found in North America.
3215:National Register of Historic Places portal
1678:
1244:Anthony F. Aveni, "Native American Astronomy".
708:
2747:
1664:
1324:
1150:. In Young, James O; Brunk, Conrad G (eds.).
1021:
1615:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
821:"Medicine Wheel National Historic Landmark"
2754:
2740:
1671:
1657:
1331:
1317:
954:
952:
2763:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2179:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
449:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:is a well-documented activity of ancient
99:Medicine Wheel in Bighorn National Forest
40:Medicine Wheel in Bighorn National Forest
1262:Issue 184 (June 1974) p. 1035-1043.
1114:
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988:
986:
926:
924:
892:
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573:
550:, one at Moose Mountain in southeastern
92:
33:
1338:
1115:Thomason, Timothy C (27 October 2013).
1046:
1040:
1017:
1015:
958:
949:
886:
506:Cultural value, attribution and meaning
121:Stone structures as sacred architecture
59:may be called "medicine wheels" by the
3288:Indigenous culture of the Great Plains
3270:
557:
16:Ancient stone circles in North America
2735:
1652:
1312:
1154:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 23.
1135:
992:
983:
921:
876:
714:
491:floating free of the main structure.
355:Structure, fabrication and patterning
74:. The structures are associated with
1276:Issue 24 (August 1987) p. 63-70
1152:The Ethics of Cultural Appropriation
1088:
1082:
1012:
748:
540:Journal for the History of Astronomy
387:adding citations to reliable sources
358:
209:adding citations to reliable sources
180:
68:Indigenous cultures in North America
2650:Norse colonization of North America
1486:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
1248:Issue 37 (June 1984) p. 24-32.
1056:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
340:Larger astronomical and ceremonial
13:
3178:National Historic Preservation Act
1255:Issue 4 (July 1976) p. 10-19.
1178:
329:Medicine wheels are also found in
14:
3299:
1595:Anishinabek Educational Institute
1287:
1089:Shaw, Christopher (August 1995).
959:Chavers, Dean (15 October 2014).
27:. For the Ben Allison album, see
3220:
3219:
3208:
993:Beyer, Steve (3 February 2008).
363:
185:
2670:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
374:needs additional citations for
196:needs additional citations for
88:
3131:Federated States of Micronesia
2777:Architectural style categories
1304:A Report on the Medicine Wheel
844:
838:
813:
804:
526:of known artifact types. Like
177:Locality, siting and proxemics
1:
1446:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
1269:151:1, 140-46 (January 1977).
767:10.1080/2052546.1985.11909246
668:
514:One of the older wheels, the
2635:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2585:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1605:Canadian residential schools
1123:. The Jung Center of Houston
564:Valley City State University
7:
2019:Bandelier National Monument
1893:List of Mississippian sites
1680:Pre-Columbian North America
1238:
845:Jarzombek, Mark M. (2014).
705:(accessed: January 2, 2008)
621:
10:
3304:
3183:Historic Preservation Fund
3162:American Legation, Morocco
2439:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2044:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1753:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
648:Original Keetoowah Society
577:
18:
3203:
3170:
3149:
3124:Lists by associated state
3123:
3082:
2815:
2769:
2708:
2680:Three Sisters agriculture
2535:
2467:
1999:
1728:
1686:
1628:
1610:Hannahville Indian School
1585:
1552:
1514:
1367:
1349:
1283:8(3):6-7, Winter 1992–93.
1198:Astronomy of the Ancients
1191:Native American Astronomy
851:. John Wiley & Sons.
516:Majorville medicine wheel
3105:Northern Mariana Islands
2219:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1778:Buttermilk Creek complex
1620:U.S. residential schools
1600:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
1183:
749:Hall, Robert L. (1985).
2419:Town Creek Indian Mound
2389:Sierra de San Francisco
2244:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
628:Medicine wheel (symbol)
580:Medicine wheel (symbol)
320:Bighorn National Forest
148:lodge, stones used as "
111:Big Horn Medicine Wheel
25:Medicine wheel (symbol)
3100:Minor Outlying Islands
3083:Lists by insular areas
2797:Keeper of the Register
2074:Coso Rock Art District
1961:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1864:List of Hopewell sites
1416:Grand Medicine Society
995:"Selling Spirituality"
592:
548:Bighorn medicine wheel
174:
164:; these are known as "
102:
70:, notably many of the
43:
29:Medicine Wheel (album)
23:. For the symbol, see
2802:National Park Service
2782:Contributing property
2482:Arlington Springs Man
2324:Portsmouth Earthworks
1050:(21 September 2004).
999:Singing to the Plants
932:"Medicine Wheel Park"
755:Plains Anthropologist
590:medicine wheel symbol
587:
574:Medicine wheel symbol
158:
96:
37:
3157:District of Columbia
2690:Transoceanic contact
2580:Container Revolution
2154:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2119:Etowah Indian Mounds
1476:Seven fires prophecy
1091:"A Theft of Spirit?"
965:Indian Country Today
463:Royal Alberta Museum
383:improve this article
205:improve this article
142:Royal Alberta Museum
107:Royal Alberta Museum
3250: /
2610:Green Corn Ceremony
2424:Turkey River Mounds
2214:Lake Jackson Mounds
2034:Blue Spring Shelter
1496:Traditional beliefs
1267:National Geographic
1230:Ray F. Williamson,
1206:Canada's Stonehenge
1142:George P Nicholas;
1070:on 14 December 2018
907:1986JHAS...17...32S
558:Medicine Wheel Park
127:sacred architecture
80:Indigenous Canadian
53:cardinal directions
46:Historically, most
3254:44.826°N 107.922°W
2695:Underwater panther
2369:Rosenstock Village
2239:Marmes Rockshelter
2224:L'Anse aux Meadows
1529:Birch bark scrolls
1501:Underwater panther
1225:The Night Sky Book
761:(109). : 181–193.
715:Leigh, H. (2019).
593:
473:, (2) one or more
335:Assiniboine people
103:
44:
3233:
3232:
2787:Historic district
2729:
2728:
2721:Pre-Columbian era
2522:Spirit Cave mummy
2319:Plum Bayou Mounds
2229:Lynch Quarry Site
1748:Ancient Beringian
1646:
1645:
1161:978-1-4443-5083-8
858:978-1-118-42105-5
728:978-3-030-12584-4
638:Cahokia Woodhenge
604:Hyemeyohsts Storm
588:A version of the
518:located south of
459:
458:
451:
433:
281:
280:
273:
255:
150:foundation stones
61:Indigenous nation
3295:
3265:
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3259:44.826; -107.922
3255:
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3213:
3212:
3211:
3136:Marshall Islands
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2665:Projectile point
2502:Leanderthal Lady
2429:Upward Sun River
2404:Stallings Island
2394:Shell ring sites
2344:Recapture Canyon
2259:Moorehead Circle
2104:El Fin del Mundo
2089:Cueva de la Olla
1895:
1882:Maritime Archaic
1866:
1696:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1562:Birchbark biting
1373:myth and stories
1333:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1211:Official website
1203:Gordon Freeman.
1173:
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1128:
1112:
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1066:. Archived from
1044:
1038:
1037:
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1009:
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1005:
990:
981:
980:
978:
976:
967:. Archived from
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918:
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823:. Archived from
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746:
740:
739:
737:
735:
712:
706:
704:
702:
701:
692:. Archived from
685:
633:Archaeoastronomy
562:Joe Stickler of
544:Bradley Schaefer
454:
447:
443:
440:
434:
432:
398:"Medicine wheel"
391:
367:
359:
276:
269:
265:
262:
256:
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220:"Medicine wheel"
213:
189:
181:
170:ceremonial dance
57:stone structures
3303:
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3294:
3293:
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3278:Medicine wheels
3268:
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3209:
3207:
3199:
3166:
3145:
3119:
3078:
2811:
2765:
2760:
2730:
2725:
2716:Genetic history
2704:
2558:Ceremonial pipe
2531:
2512:Minnesota Woman
2469:
2463:
2284:Ocmulgee Mounds
2264:Morrison Mounds
2209:Kolomoki Mounds
2199:Kimball Village
2059:Candelaria Cave
2001:
1995:
1976:Suwannee Valley
1911:Old Cordilleran
1891:
1862:
1730:
1724:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1647:
1642:
1624:
1581:
1548:
1510:
1363:
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1179:Further reading
1176:
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1136:
1126:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1095:New Age Journal
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1073:
1071:
1064:
1048:Jenkins, Philip
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624:
612:misappropriated
582:
576:
568:solar calendars
560:
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435:
392:
390:
380:
368:
357:
324:Big Horn County
291:, specifically
277:
266:
260:
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214:
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202:
190:
179:
123:
91:
76:Native American
48:medicine wheels
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3115:Virgin Islands
3112:
3107:
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3097:
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3090:American Samoa
3086:
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3026:
3024:South Carolina
3021:
3016:
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2996:
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2989:North Carolina
2986:
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2816:Lists by state
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2807:Property types
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2640:Mound Builders
2637:
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2625:Medicine wheel
2622:
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2615:Horned Serpent
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2354:Roberts Island
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2296:
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2289:Old Stone Fort
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2254:Moaning Cavern
2251:
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2204:Kincaid Mounds
2201:
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2084:Cuarenta Casas
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2046:
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2039:Bluefish Caves
2036:
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2016:
2011:
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2000:Archaeological
1997:
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1798:Caloosahatchee
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1783:Caborn-Welborn
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1729:Archaeological
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1539:Ottawa dialect
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1441:Medicine wheel
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1411:Gitche Manitou
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1288:External links
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3064:West Virginia
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2536:Miscellaneous
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2508:
2507:Melbourne Man
2505:
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2497:La Brea Woman
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2492:Kennewick Man
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2329:Poverty Point
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2114:Effigy Mounds
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3029:South Dakota
3019:Rhode Island
3014:Pennsylvania
2994:North Dakota
2700:Water glyphs
2655:Oasisamerica
2645:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2624:
2605:Folsom point
2595:Effigy mound
2575:Clovis point
2543:Aridoamerica
2444:Wickiup Hill
2399:Spiro Mounds
2379:Salmon Ruins
2374:Russell Cave
2169:Helen Blazes
2164:Grimes Point
2144:Fort Juelson
2134:Fort Ancient
2109:El Vallecito
2069:Chaco Canyon
2009:Angel Mounds
1971:Steed-Kisker
1921:Paleo-Arctic
1843:Glacial Kame
1828:Fort Ancient
1720:Post-Classic
1691:
1440:
1426:Jingle dress
1421:Jiibayaabooz
1396:Dreamcatcher
1281:Alberta Past
1280:
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1223:Jamie Jobb,
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1216:E.C. Krupp,
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1151:
1144:Alison Wylie
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694:the original
658:Sandpainting
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467:Medicine Hat
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381:Please help
376:verification
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293:South Dakota
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203:Please help
198:verification
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89:Nomenclature
85:ceremonies.
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3257: /
3245:107°55′19″W
3150:Other areas
3110:Puerto Rico
2944:Mississippi
2859:Connecticut
2685:Thunderbird
2553:Black drink
2517:Peñon woman
2454:Winterville
2434:Velda Mound
2414:Taos Pueblo
2309:Parkin Park
2294:Orwell site
2279:Nodena site
2174:Holly Bluff
2149:Four Mounds
2139:Fort Center
2064:Casa Grande
2014:Anzick site
1906:Monongahela
1833:Fort Walton
1808:Coles Creek
1773:Belle Glade
1758:Anishinaabe
1572:Ribbon work
1451:Mudjekeewis
1406:Elbow witch
1359:Clan system
1340:Anishinaabe
864:17 February
533:Astronomer
3272:Categories
3242:44°49′34″N
3059:Washington
2979:New Mexico
2974:New Jersey
2849:California
2630:Metallurgy
2590:Eden point
2487:Buhl Woman
2359:Rock Eagle
2349:River Styx
2274:Mummy Cave
2269:Moundville
2249:Mesa Verde
2234:Marksville
1981:Tchefuncte
1941:Plaquemine
1877:Las Palmas
1793:Calf Creek
1788:Cades Pond
1544:Potawatomi
1524:Algonquian
1401:Drumkeeper
1391:Deer Woman
942:2008-01-03
831:2008-01-05
700:2007-12-27
669:References
608:pan-Indian
601:pretendian
542:Professor
528:Stonehenge
500:petroforms
475:concentric
409:newspapers
342:petroforms
315:, Canada.
231:newspapers
166:tipi rings
137:peoples.
135:megalithic
131:monolithic
3069:Wisconsin
3034:Tennessee
2939:Minnesota
2914:Louisiana
2675:Stickball
2364:Rock Hawk
2194:Key Marco
1986:Troyville
1966:St. Johns
1951:Red Ocher
1710:Formative
1587:Education
1567:Quillwork
1516:Languages
1481:Shingebis
1471:Pukwudgie
1456:Nanabozho
1253:Astronomy
915:0142-7253
901:: 32–42.
775:0032-0447
535:John Eddy
439:July 2015
261:June 2023
154:tent-pegs
101:, Wyoming
83:religious
3225:Category
3054:Virginia
3004:Oklahoma
2984:New York
2959:Nebraska
2949:Missouri
2934:Michigan
2924:Maryland
2909:Kentucky
2889:Illinois
2864:Delaware
2854:Colorado
2844:Arkansas
2563:Chanunpa
2548:Ballgame
2527:Vero man
2477:Anzick-1
2449:Windover
2409:SunWatch
2339:Rassawek
2159:Glenwood
2049:Brewster
1901:Mogollon
1872:La Jolla
1858:Hopewell
1818:Deptford
1731:cultures
1369:Religion
1239:Articles
1146:(2012).
883:Belgium)
791:11613719
783:25668537
687:Source:
653:Rock art
643:Inukshuk
622:See also
346:Hopewell
3171:Related
3074:Wyoming
3049:Vermont
2954:Montana
2894:Indiana
2874:Georgia
2869:Florida
2839:Arizona
2829:Alabama
2712:Related
2570:Chunkey
2470:remains
2459:Wupatki
2299:Paquime
2189:Huápoca
2054:Cahokia
2024:Bastian
1931:Patayan
1853:Hohokam
1838:Fremont
1813:Comondú
1768:Baytown
1763:Avonlea
1743:Alachua
1715:Classic
1705:Archaic
1693:Periods
1630:Housing
1506:Wendigo
1461:Nokomis
1436:Manitou
1381:Aayaase
1343:culture
1260:Science
1167:8 March
903:Bibcode
663:Temenos
616:New Age
520:Bassano
423:scholar
313:Alberta
305:Alberta
301:Montana
297:Wyoming
245:scholar
115:Wyoming
3009:Oregon
2964:Nevada
2904:Kansas
2879:Hawaii
2834:Alaska
2770:Topics
2129:Folsom
2094:Cutler
2029:Benson
1916:Oneota
1848:Glades
1823:Folsom
1803:Clovis
1700:Lithic
1638:Wigwam
1577:Wampum
1534:Ojibwe
1466:Powwow
1386:Baykok
1351:Family
1158:
1127:1 June
1100:1 June
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331:Ojibwa
289:Canada
247:
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152:" or "
3141:Palau
3039:Texas
2919:Maine
2884:Idaho
2660:Piasa
2468:Human
2099:Eaker
2002:sites
1936:Plano
1738:Adena
1184:Books
779:JSTOR
471:cairn
430:JSTOR
416:books
349:mound
252:JSTOR
238:books
3095:Guam
3044:Utah
2999:Ohio
2899:Iowa
2620:Kiva
1169:2020
1156:ISBN
1129:2023
1102:2023
1076:2023
1058:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1006:2023
977:2023
911:ISSN
866:2020
853:ISBN
798:2023
787:PMID
771:ISSN
736:2023
723:ISBN
402:news
307:and
224:news
146:tipi
140:The
133:and
105:The
97:The
78:and
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2124:Eva
1554:Art
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