7897:. He was the father and teacher of a long line of rationalist philosophers and scholars. Non-Jewish students of Delmedigo classified him as an "Averroist", however, he saw himself as a follower of Maimonides. Scholastic association of Maimonides and Ibn Rushd would have been a natural one; Maimonides, towards the end of his life, was impressed with the Ibn Rushd commentaries and recommended them to his students. The followers of Maimonides (Maimonideans) had therefore been, for several generations before Delmedigo, the leading users, translators and disseminators of the works of Ibn Rushd in Jewish circles, and advocates for Ibn Rushd even after Islamic rejection of his radical views. Maimonideans regarded Maimonides and Ibn Rushd as following the same general line. In his book, Delmedigo portrays himself as defender of Maimonidean Judaism, and — like many Maimonideans — he emphasized the rationality of Jewish tradition.
5276:
Moses' claim to greatness lay merely in his ability to calculate the right moment for the crossing. He also emphasized that the
Egyptian magicians were able to reproduce several of Moses' "miracles," proving that they could not have been so unique. According to scholars, Hiwi's gravest mistake was having the Pentateuch redacted to reflect his own views - then had those redacted texts, which became popular, distributed to children. Since his views contradicted the views of both Rabbanite and Karaite scholars, Hiwi was declared a heretic. In this context, however, we can also regard Hiwi, while flawed, as the very first critical biblical commentator; zealous rationalistic views of Hiwi parallel those of
5345:(d. 956). In his brief survey of Arabic translations of the Bible, al-Masʿūdī states that the Israelites rely for exegesis and translation of the Hebrew books—i.e., the Torah, Prophets, and Psalms, twenty-four books in all, he says—on a number of Israelites whom they praise highly, almost all of whom he has met in person. He mentions Abū ʾl-Kathīr as one of them, and also Saadia ("Saʿīd ibn Yaʿqūb al-Fayyūmī"). Regardless of what we do not know, Saadia traveled to Tiberias (home of the learned scribes and exegetes) to learn and he chose Abū 'l-Kathīr Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Katib al-Tabariya. The extent of Abū ʾl-Kathīr's influence on Saadia's thought cannot be established, however."
6795:
6651:
6544:
5662:
11072:(1972) early concerns about the much-criticized notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski and published in 1933. Popper writes of learning in 1935 of the consequences of Tarski's theory, to his intense joy. The theory met critical objections to truth as correspondence and thereby rehabilitated it. The theory also seemed, in Popper's eyes, to support metaphysical realism and the regulative idea of a search for truth. Popper coined the term critical rationalism to describe his philosophy. Contemporary Jewish philosophers who follow Popper's philosophy include
9328:. Process philosophy suggests that fundamental elements of the universe are occasions of experience. According to this notion, what people commonly think of as concrete objects are actually successions of these occasions of experience. Occasions of experience can be collected into groupings; something complex such as a human being is thus a grouping of many smaller occasions of experience. In this view, everything in the universe is characterized by experience (not to be confused with consciousness); there is no mind-body duality under this system, because "mind" is simply seen as a very developed kind of experiencing entity.
9124:
7629:("Dialogues of Love"), written in Italian, was one of the most important philosophical works of his time. In an attempt to circumvent a plot hatched by local Catholic Bishops to kidnap his son, Judah sent his son from Castile to Portugal with a nurse, but by order of the king the son was seized and baptized. This was a devastating insult to Judah and his family, and was a source of bitterness throughout Judah's life and the topic of his writings years later; especially since this was not the first time the Abravanel Family was subjected to such embarrassment at the hands of the Catholic Church.
8000:
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8779:
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5951:
5874:
5576:
5471:
47:
8119:
9191:
9031:", Shneur Zalman explained the inner meaning, or "soul", of the Jewish mystical tradition in intellectual form, by means of analogies drawn from the human realm. As explained and continued by the later leaders of Chabad, this enabled the human mind to grasp concepts of Godliness, and so enable the heart to feel the love and awe of God, emphasised by all the founders of hasidism, in an internal way. This development, the culminating level of the Jewish mystical tradition, in this way bridges philosophy and mysticism, by expressing the transcendent in human terms.
11199:
7375:
6524:'s importance in the history of medieval Jewish philosophy lies in his attempt to deal, systematically, with the question of the immortality of the soul. Secondly, Hillel played a major role in the controversies of 1289–90 concerning the philosophical works of Maimonides. Thirdly, Hillel was the first devotee of Jewish learning and Philosophy in Italy, bringing a close to a period of relative ignorance of Hakira in Verona (Italy). And finally, Hillel is one of the early Latin translators of "the wise men of the nations" (non-Jewish scholars).
8628:
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5798:
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6169:
7723:... And we have heard that a book had already been written for them, which they call Bahir, that is 'bright' but no light shines through it. This book has come into our hands and we have found that they falsely attribute it to Rabbi Nehunya ben Haqqanah. haShem forbid! There is no truth in this... The language of the book and its whole content show that it is the work of someone who lacked command of either literary language or good style, and in many passages it contains words which are out and out heresy.
8371:
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7840:
6162:, a work to which Maimonides was indebted, received little notice from later philosophers. "True philosophy", according to Ibn Daud, "does not entice us from religion; it tends rather to strengthen and solidify it. Moreover, it is the duty of every thinking Jew to become acquainted with the harmony existing between the fundamental doctrines of Judaism and those of philosophy, and, wherever they seem to contradict one another, to seek a mode of reconciling them".
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13986:
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795:
789:
5352:, which has been variously interpreted as secretary, government official, (biblical) scribe, Masorete, and book copyist. For lack of further information, some scholars have tried to identify Abū ʾl-Kathīr with the Hebrew grammarian Abū ʿAlī Judah ben ʿAllān, likewise of Tiberias, who seems to have been a Karaite Jew. However, al-Masūdī unequivocally describes Abu ʾl-Kathīr (as well as his student Saadia) as an ashmaʿthī (Rabbanite).
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law is binding. Although every ordinance has the power of conferring happiness in its observance, it is not true that every law must be observed, or that through the neglect of a part of the law, a Jew would violate the divine covenant or be damned. Contemporary
Orthodox Jews, however, vehemently disagree with Albo's position believing that all Jews are divinely obligated to fulfill every applicable commandment.
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6597:). Ibn Falaquera did not hesitate to modify Islamic philosophic texts when it suited his purposes. For example, Ibn Falaquera turned Alfarabi's account of the origin of philosophic religion into a discussion of the origin of the "virtuous city". Ibn Falaquera's other works include, but are not limited to Iggeret Hanhagat ha-Guf we ha-Nefesh, a treatise in verse on the control of the body and the soul.
4831:
5456:(Twenty Chapters) of which 15 survive. One of the oldest surviving witnesses to early Kalām, it begins with epistemological investigations, turns to proofs of the creation of the world and the subsequent existence of a Creator, discusses the unity of the Creator (including the divine attributes), and concludes with theodicy (humanity and revelation) and a refutation of other religions (mostly lost).
8715:
7337:
6507:, translator of Maimonides. Due to these family ties Anatoli was introduced to the philosophy of Maimonides, the study of which was such a great revelation to him that he, in later days, referred to it as the beginning of his intelligent and true comprehension of the Scriptures, while he frequently alluded to Ibn Tibbon as one of the two masters who had instructed and inspired him. Anatoli wrote the
8683:
7382:
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9312:
anthropomorphic descriptions of haShem are, at best, imperfect metaphors. Kaplan's theology went beyond this to claim that haShem is the sum of all natural processes that allow man to become self-fulfilled. Kaplan wrote that "to believe in haShem means to take for granted that it is man's destiny to rise above the brute and to eliminate all forms of violence and exploitation from human society."
7420:
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5055:. This meant abandoning foundational Jewish belief structures. Some scholars suggest that the major impetus for the formation of Karaism was a reaction to the rapid rise of Shi'i Islam, which recognized Judaism as a fellow monotheistic faith but claimed that it detracted from monotheism by deferring to rabbinic authority. Karaites absorbed certain aspects of Jewish sects such as the followers of
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6869:
5685:
5092:
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6850:. Moses believed that Judaism was a guide to the highest degree of theoretical and moral truth. He believed that the Torah had both a simple, direct meaning accessible to the average reader as well as a deeper, metaphysical meaning accessible to thinkers. Moses rejected the belief in miracles, instead believing they could be explained, and defended man's free will by philosophical arguments.
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appeals to his readers for a broader cultivation of the classic languages and the non-Jewish branches of learning. To
Anatoli, all men are formed in the image of God, although the Jews stand under a particular obligation to further the true cognition of God simply by reason of their election, "the Greeks had chosen wisdom as their pursuit; the Romans, power; and the Jews, religiousness"
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coordinated pogroms of Europe resulted in the cross-pollination of variations on
Rationalism incubated within diverse communities. This period is also marked by the intellectual exchange among leaders of the Christian Reformation and Jewish scholars. Of particular note is the line of Rationalists who migrated out of Germany, and present-day Italy into Crete, and other areas of the
8457:
4978:
jurisprudence, mathematics, astronomy, logic and philosophy. Jewish scholars influenced
Islamic scholars and Islamic scholars influenced Jewish scholars. Contemporary scholars continue to debate who was Muslim and who was Jew—some "Islamic scholars" were "Jewish scholars" prior to forced conversion to Islam, some Jewish scholars willingly converted to Islam, such as
6639:
believes in everything, but only in that which can be verified by proof...and not to be of the second unthinking category which disbelieves from the start of its inquiry," since "certain things must be accepted by tradition, because they cannot be proven." Scholars continue to debate whether ibn Kaspi was a heretic or one of
Judaisms most illustrious scholars.
5287:, have been published (Davidson, 1915; Schirmann, 1965). Ḥīwī's criticisms are also noted in Abraham ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch. Sa'adya Gaon denounced Hiwi as an extreme rationalist, a "Mulhidun", or atheist/deviator. Abraham Ibn Daud described HIwi as a sectarian who "denied the Torah, yet used it to formulate a new Torah of his liking".
5775:). Despite his conversion to Islam, his works continued to be studied at the Jewish Baghdad Academy, a well-known academy, into the thirteenth century. He was a follower of Avicenna's teaching, who proposed an explanation of the acceleration of falling bodies by the accumulation of successive increments of power with successive increments of velocity.
7274:" and Ismailism suggests the adoption of this work as one of the main sources of what would become known as "Jewish Ismailism" as found in Late Medieval Yemenite Judaism. "Jewish Ismailism" consisted of adapting, to Judaism, a few Ismaili doctrines about cosmology, prophecy, and hermeneutics. There are many examples of the
6370:("Gaon of Baghdad") as "one whom people accustom from his youth to believe that there is none like him in his generation," and he sharply attacked the "monetary demands" of the academies. Samuel ben Ali was an anti-Maimonidean operating in Babylon to undermine the works of Maimonides and those of Maimonides' patrons (the
4761:, thus organizing emergent ideas that are not necessarily Jewish into a uniquely Jewish scholastic framework and world-view. With their acceptance into modern society, Jews with secular educations embraced or developed entirely new philosophies to meet the demands of the world in which they now found themselves.
5919:" but adopts some of Sufi tenets rather than Ismaili. According to Bahya, the Torah appeals to reason and knowledge as proofs of God's existence. It is therefore a duty incumbent upon every one to make God an object of speculative reason and knowledge, in order to arrive at true faith. Baḥya borrows from
6634:
was a fierce advocate of
Maimonides to such an extent that he left for Egypt in 1314 in order to hear explanations on the Guide of the Perplexed from Maimonides' grandchildren. When he heard that the Guide of the Perplexed was being studied in the Muslim philosophical schools of Fez, he left for that
6527:
Defending
Maimonides, Hillel addressed a letter to his friend Maestro Gaio asking him to use his influence with the Jews of Rome against Maimonides' opponents (Solomon Petit). He also advanced the bold idea of gathering together Maimonides' defenders and opponents in Alexandria, in order to bring the
6511:
exhibiting his broad knowledge of classic Jewish exegetes, as well as Plato, Aristotle, Averroes, and the
Vulgate, as well as with a large number of Christian institutions, some of which he ventures to criticize, such as celibacy and monastic castigation, as well as certain heretics and he repeatedly
9331:
Intrinsic to this worldview is the notion that all experiences are influenced by prior experiences, and will influence all future experiences. This process of influencing is never deterministic; an occasion of experience consists of a process of comprehending other experiences, and then reacting to
8999:
considered the fusion of religion and philosophy as difficult because classical philosophers start with no preconditions for which conclusions they must reach in their investigation, while classical religious believers have a set of religious principles of faith that they hold one must believe. Most
8047:
Moses ben Jehiel Ha-Kohen Porto-Rafa (Rapaport), was a member of the German family "Rafa" (from whom the
Delmedigo family originates) that settled in the town of Porto in the vicinity of Verona, Italy, and became the progenitors of the renowned Rapaport rabbinic family. In 1602 Moses served as rabbi
5271:
was a member of the latter. Hiwi is generally considered to be the very first "Jewish" philosopher to subject the Pentateuch to critical analysis. Hiwi is viewed by some scholars as an intellectually conflicted man torn between Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Gnostic Christianity, and Manichaean thought.
7213:
is essential in belief in God. Albo freely criticizes Maimonides' thirteen principles of belief and Crescas' six principles. According to Albo, "belief in the Messiah is only a 'twig' unnecessary to the soundness of the trunk"; not essential to Judaism. Nor is it true, according to Albo, that every
6531:
Hillel wrote a commentary on the 25 propositions appearing at the beginning of the second part of the Guide of the Perplexed, and three philosophical treatises, which were appended to Tagmulei ha-Nefesh: the first on knowledge and free will; the second on the question of why mortality resulted from
5360:
school of Abu Ali al-Jubba'i in composing his works. It was Saadia who laid foundations for Jewish rationalist theology which built upon the work of the Muʿtazila, thereby shifting Rabbinic Judaism from mythical explanations of the rabbis to reasoned explanations of the intellect. Saadia advanced
5275:
Hiwi espoused the belief that miraculous acts, described in the Pentateuch, are simply examples of people using their skills of reasoning to undertake, and perform, seemingly miraculous acts. As examples of this position, he argued that the parting of the Red Sea was a natural phenomenon, and that
9229:
Some Orthodox rationalists in Israel take a "restorationist" approach, reaching back in time for tools to simplify Rabbinic Judaism and bring all Jews, regardless of status or stream of Judaism, closer to observance of Halacha, Mitzvot, Kashrut and embrace of Maimonides' "13 Principles of Faith".
6374:
family from North Africa). To illustrate the reach of the Maimonidean Controversy, Samuel ben Ali, the chief opponent of Maimonides in the East, was excommunicated by Daud Ibn Hodaya al Daudi (Exilarch of Mosul). Maimonides' attacks on Samuel ben Ali may not have been entirely altruistic given the
5853:
doctrines. Like the Ismailis, Natan'el al-Fayyumi argued that God sent different prophets to various nations of the world, containing legislations suited to the particular temperament of each individual nation. Ismaili doctrine holds that a single universal religious truth lies at the root of the
5463:
Since al-Muqammiṣ made few references to specifically Jewish issues and very little of his work was translated from Arabic into Hebrew, he was largely forgotten by Jewish tradition. Nonetheless, he had a significant impact on subsequent Jewish philosophical followers of the Kalām, such as Saʿadya
9238:
are two groups who reject mysticism as a "superstitious innovation" to an otherwise clear and succinct set of Laws and rules. According to these rationalists, there is shame and disgrace attached to failure to investigate matters of religious principle using the fullest powers of human reason and
6638:
Ibn Kaspi began writing when he was 17 years old on topics which included logic, linguistics, ethics, theology, biblical exegesis, and super-commentaries to Abraham Ibn Ezra and Maimonides. Philosophic systems he followed were Aristotle's and Averroes'. He defines his aim as "not to be a fool who
8405:
With expulsion from Spain came the dissemination of Jewish philosophical investigation throughout the Mediterranean Basin, Northern Europe and the Western Hemisphere. The center-of-mass of Rationalism shifted to France, Italy, Germany, Crete, Sicily and Netherlands. Expulsion from Spain and the
6386:
by Jews, was a profound shock to Jews throughout the Diaspora and caused all to pause and reflect upon what was being done to the fabric of Jewish culture. This compelled many anti-Maimonideans to recant their assertions and realize what cooperation with Christians meant to them, their texts and
7660:
also known as the "Book of our Tradition". "Book of our Tradition" does not refer to mysticism of any kind - it chronicles "our tradition of scholarship and study" in two Babylonian Academies, through the Geonim, into Talmudic Yeshivas of Spain. In Talmudic times there was a mystic tradition in
7106:
deals with concepts such as the nature of God, the eternity of the Torah, the coming of the Messiah, and the Resurrection of the dead. Duran believed that Judaism has three dogmas only: the existence of God, the Torah's Divine origin, and Reward and Punishment; in this regard he was followed by
5641:
in Europe. His role has been compared to that of Philo. Ibn Gabirol occidentalized Greco-Arabic philosophy and restored it to Europe. The philosophical teachings of Philo and ibn Gabirol were largely ignored by fellow Jews; the parallel may be extended by adding that Philo and ibn Gabirol both
10649:
Stroumsa, S. (1993) 'On the Maimonidean Controversy in the East: the Role of Abu 'l-Barakat al-Baghdadi', in H. Ben-Shammai (ed.) Hebrew and Arabic Studies in Honour of Joshua Blau, Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. (On the role of Abu 'l-Barakat's writings in the resurrection controversy of the twelfth
8433:
came to besiege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members rescued German-speaking Jews in Palestine and brought them back to the safety of Worms, Germany, to repay the favor. Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of halakic questions sent from Germany to
6405:
Contemporary Kabbalists, Tosafists and Rationalists continue to engage in lively, sometimes caustic, debate in support of their positions and influence in the Jewish world. At the center of many of these debates are "Guide for the Perplexed", "13 Principles of Faith", "Mishnah Torah", and his
5459:
In 915 CE, Sa'adya Gaon left for Palestine, where, according to al-Masʿūdī (Tanbīh, 113), he perfected his education at the feet of Abū 'l-Kathīr Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Katib al-Tabari (d. 320/932). The latter is also mentioned by Ibn Ḥazm in his K. al-Fiṣlal wa 'l-niḥal, iii, 171, as being,
9311:
philosophy. Dewey's naturalism combined atheist beliefs with religious terminology in order to construct a philosophy for those who had lost faith in traditional Judaism. In agreement with the classical medieval Jewish thinkers, Kaplan affirmed that haShem is not personal, and that all
4977:
trade dominance was being usurped by coordinated Christian and Islamic forced-conversions, and torture, compelling Jewish scholars to understand nascent economic threats. These investigations triggered new ideas and intellectual exchange among Jewish and Islamic scholars in the areas of
9679:
In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries there have also been many philosophers who are Jewish or of Jewish descent, and whose Jewish background might influence their approach to some degree, but whose writing is not necessarily focused on issues specific to Judaism. These include:
7823:
Some of the Monarchies of Asia Minor and European welcomed expelled Jewish Merchants, scholars and theologians. Divergent Jewish philosophies evolved against the backdrop of new cultures, new languages and renewed theological exchange. Philosophic exploration continued through the
6991:. The pogroms of 1391, against Jews of Spain, forced Isaac to flee to Algiers - where he lived out his life. Isaac's responsa evidence a profound knowledge of the philosophical writings of his time; in one of Responsa No. 118 he explains the difference between the opinion of
6332:: there can be no contradiction between the truths which God has revealed and the findings of the human intellect in science and philosophy. Maimonides departed from the teachings of Aristotle by suggesting that the world is not eternal, as Aristotle taught, but was created
5175:
The spread of Islam throughout the Middle East and North Africa rendered Muslim all that was once Jewish. Greek philosophy, science, medicine and mathematics was absorbed by Jewish scholars living in the Arab world due to Arabic translations of those texts; remnants of the
7073:
Gerondi, who in turn was a student of Reuben ben Nissim Gerondi. Crescas was a rabbi and the head of the Jewish community of Aragon, and in some ways of all Hispanic Jewry, during one of its most critical periods. Among his fellow students and friends, his best friend was
5355:
In "Book of the Articles of Faith and Doctrines of Dogma" Saadia declares the rationality of the Jewish religion with the caveat that reason must capitulate wherever it contradicts tradition. Dogma takes precedence over reason. Saadia closely followed the rules of the
5782:("The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"); a philosophical commentary on the Kohelet, written in Arabic using Hebrew aleph bet; and the treatise "On the Reason Why the Stars Are Visible at Night and Hidden in Daytime." According to Hibat Allah,
8060:
Abraham ben Judah ha-Levi Minz was an Italian rabbi who flourished at Padua in the first half of the 16th century, father-in-law of Meïr Katzenellenbogen. Minz studied chiefly under his father, Judah Minz, whom he succeeded as rabbi and head of the yeshiva of Padua.
5770:
Historians differ over the motive for his conversion to Islam. Some suggest it was a reaction to a social slight inflicted upon him because he was a Jew, while others suggest he was forcibly converted at the edge of a sword (which prompted Maimonides to comment upon
5224:. Hai was competent to argue with followers of Qadariyyah and Mutazilites, sometimes adopting their polemic methods. Through correspondence with Talmudic Academies at Kairouan, Cordoba and Lucena, Hai Gaon passes along his discoveries to Talmudic scholars therein.
8833:(the Jewish Enlightenment) is indebted. He has been referred to as the father of Reform Judaism, although Reform spokesmen have been "resistant to claim him as their spiritual father". Mendelssohn came to be regarded as a leading cultural figure of his time by both
10668:
A short biographical article about Rabeinu Shem Tov Ben Yosef Falaquera, one of the great Rishonim who was a defender of the Rambam, and the author of the Moreh HaMoreh on the Rambam's Moreh Nevuchim. Published in the Jewish Quarterly Review journal (Vol .1
9332:
it. This is the "process" in "process philosophy". Process philosophy gives God a special place in the universe of occasions of experience. God encompasses all the other occasions of experience but also transcends them; thus process philosophy is a form of
5560:; Daud Ibn Chizkiya Gaon Ha-Nasi and Yitzhak Ibn Chizkiya Gaon Ha-Nasi. Though not a philosopher, he did build the infrastructure to allow philosophers to thrive. In 1070 the gaon Isaac ben Moses ibn Sakri of Denia, Spain traveled to the East and acted as
9406:, spiritualised worship. Many philosophers do not consider this a form of philosophy, as Kabbalah is a collection of esoteric methods of textual interpretation. Mysticism is generally understood as an alternative to philosophy, not a variant of philosophy.
7506:, well versed in rabbinic literature and in the learning of his time, devoting his early years to the study of Jewish philosophy. The Ibn Yahya family were renowned physicians, philosophers and accomplished aides to the Portuguese Monarchy for centuries.
9269:. Perhaps the most difficult question that monotheists have confronted is "how can one reconcile the existence of this view of God with the existence of evil?" or "how can there be good without bad?" "how can there be a God without a devil?" This is
7601:
after living among Christians for six years. Conversions outside Judaism, coerced or otherwise, had a strong impact upon young Isaac, later compelling him to forfeit his immense wealth in an attempt to redeem Iberian Jewry from coercion of the
7644:, Judah defines love in philosophical terms. He structures his three dialogues as a conversation between two abstract "characters": Philo, representing love or appetite, and Sophia, representing science or wisdom, Philo+Sophia (philosophia).
6328:; in reaction to the attacks on Avicennian Aristotelism, Maimonides embraced and defended a stricter Aristotelism without Neoplatonic additions. The principles which inspired all of Maimonides' philosophical activity was identical those of
5445:, as some argue); al-Mukkamas was a student of physician, and renowned Christian philosopher, Hana. His close interaction with Hana, and his familial affiliation with Islam gave al-Mukkamas a unique view of religious belief and theology.
9076:, Rosenzweig reacted against Hegel's idealism and developed an existential approach. Rosenzweig, for a time, considered conversion to Christianity, but in 1913, he turned to Jewish philosophy. He became a philosopher and student of
8425:, German-speaking Jews, descendants of Jews who migrated back to Jerusalem after Charlemagne's invitation was revoked in Germany many centuries earlier, who lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century, were influenced by prevailing
9023:, Hasidut is seen as able to unite all parts of Torah thought, from the schools of philosophy to mysticism, by uncovering the illuminating Divine essence that permeates and transcends all approaches. Interpreting the verse from
10375:"A literary History of Persia" Book IV, Chapter X. ON THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE, FROM THE ACCESSION OF AL-MUTA WAKKIL TO THE ACCES SION OF SULTAN MAHMUD OF GHAZNA, Page 339, by EDWARD G. BROWNE, M.A.
6487:
to study logic, mathematics, and astronomy under Maimonides. Philosophically, Yosef's dissertation, in Arabic, on the problem of "Creation" is suspected to have been written before contact with Maimonides. It is entitled
10432:
Davidson, Israel, ed. Sa'adya's Polemic against Hiwi Al-Balkhi: A Fragment Edited from a Genizah Ms, Texts and Studies of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America,
10223:"Christianity, Judaism and other Greco-Roman cults: studies for Morton Smith at sixty", Volume 12, Part 1, Pg 110, Volume 12 of Studies in Judaism in late antiquity, by Jacob Neusner ann Morton Smith, Brill 1975,
9133:
Rationalism has re-emerged as a popular perspective among Jews. Contemporary Jewish rationalism often draws on ideas associated with medieval philosophers such as Maimonides and modern Jewish rationalists such as
8523:
declaration, scholars have re-examined the works of Spinoza and find them to reflect a body of work and thinking that is not unlike some contemporary streams of Judaism. For instance, while Spinoza was accused of
6592:
against attacks of anti-Maimonideans. He knew the works of the Islamic philosophers better than any Jewish scholar of his time, and made many of them available to other Jewish scholars – often without attribution
10533:
A'asam, Abdul-Amîr al-Ibn al-Rawandi's Kitab Fahijat al-Mu'tazila: Analytical Study of Ibn al-Riwandi's Method in his Criticism of the Rational Foundation of Polemics in Islam. Beirut-Paris: Editions Oueidat,
5332:
in 915CE to study with Abū 'l-Kathīr Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyāʾ, "a Jewish theologian and Bible translator. He is not mentioned in any Jewish source, and apart from the Andalusian heresiographer and polemicist
4804:
communities had later more ambivalent interaction with secular culture than in Western Europe. In the varied responses to modernity, Jewish philosophical ideas were developed across the range of emerging
6342:
in exile, and with it "we lost our science and philosophy — only to be rejuvenated in Al Andalus within the context of interaction and intellectual investigation of Jewish, Christian and Muslim texts.
5767:, was a Jewish philosopher and physicist and father-in-law of Maimonides who converted to Islam in his twilight years - once head of the Baghdad Yeshiva and considered the leading philosopher of Iraq.
6838:
composed commentaries on Islamic philosophical works. As an admirer of Averroes, he devoted a great deal of study to his works and wrote commentaries on a number of them. His best-known work is his
6779:, Isaac Alfasi, and Maimonides. Gersonides held that God does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts. "Gersonides, bothered by the old question of how God's foreknowledge is compatible with
6588:
whose family fled Spain to Narbonne. Ibn Falaquera lived an ascetic live of solitude. Ibn Falaquera's two leading philosophic authorities were Averroes and Maimonides. Ibn Falaquera defended the
5786:
consists in the main of critical remarks jotted down by him over the years while reading philosophical text, and published at the insistence of his friends, in the form of a philosophical work.
9281:, many people have re-examined classical views on this subject. How can people still have any kind of faith after the Holocaust? This set of Jewish philosophies is discussed in the article on
5325:("Book of the Articles of Faith and Doctrines of Dogma"); it was the first systematic presentation and philosophic foundation of the dogmas of Judaism, completed at Sura Academy in 933 CE."
8568:(Messianic Kabbalists who followed Sabbatai Tzvi). Although anti-Maimonidean, Emden should be noted for his critical examination of the Zohar concluding that large parts of it were forged.
8616:
wrote that if we were to accept the Kabbalah, then the Christian trinity would indeed be compatible with Judaism, as the Trinity closely resembles the Kabbalistic doctrine of the Sefirot.
7492:
ends with the statement that "Maimonides compiled these articles merely in accordance with the fashion of other nations, which set up axioms or fundamental principles for their science".
6999:
on free will, and gives his own views on the subject. He was an adversary of Kabbalah who never spoke of the Sefirot; he quotes another philosopher when reproaching kabbalists with "
4859:, and a means of arriving at it. To this end Philo chose from philosophical tenets of Greeks, refusing those that did not harmonize with Judaism such as Aristotle's doctrine of the
9141:
Cohen was a German Jewish neo-Kantian philosopher who turned to Jewish subjects at the end of his career in the early 20th century, picking up on ideas of Maimonides. In America,
9084:, is his new philosophy in which he portrays the relationships between haShem, humanity and world as they are connected by creation, revelation and redemption. Orthodox rabbi
9000:
Haredim contended that one cannot simultaneously be a philosopher and a true adherent of a revealed religion. In this view, all attempts at synthesis ultimately fail. Rabbi
5642:
exercised considerable influence in secular circles; Philo upon early Christianity and Ibn Gabirol upon the scholars of medieval Christianity. Christian scholars, including
10774:
D. Blumenthal, "An Illustration of the Concept 'Philosophic Mysticism' from Fifteenth Century Yemen," and "A Philosophical-Mystical Interpretation of a Shi'ur Qomah Text."
6783:, suggests that what God knows beforehand is all the choices open to each individual. God does not know, however, which choice the individual, in his freedom, will make."
5216:); Hai Gaon augments Talmudic scholarship with non-Jewish studies. Hai Gaon was a savant with an exact knowledge of the theological movements of his time so much so that
10994:
5250:. From the 10th century on, Spain became a center of philosophical learning as is reflected by the explosion of philosophical inquiry among Jews, Muslims and Christians.
7270:
was a scholar and philosopher in Yemen heavily influenced by Nethanel ben al-Fayyumi, Maimonides, Saadia Gaon and al-Ghazali. The connection between the "Epistle of the
7102:, is important. He was also a student of philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and especially of medicine, which he practiced for a number of years at Palma, in Majorca.
2853:
6320:) in Cordoba, Spain. When his family fled Spain, for Fez, Maimonides enrolled in the Academy of Fez and studied under Rabbi Yehuda Ha-Kohen Ibn Soussan — a student of
10479:
6820:
6676:
6566:
5700:
10897:
10399:"The Messiah in Isaiah 53: The Commentaries of Sa'adya Gaon, Salmon Ben Yeruham, and Yefet Ben Eli 52:13-53:12", Trade paperback (1998) by Sa'adia, Joseph Alobaidi
10566:
6842:("Treatise on the Perfection of the Soul"). Moses began studying philosophy with his father when he was thirteen, later studying with Moses ben David Caslari and
5747:. His philosophical works are "Meditation of the Soul", an ethical work written from a rationalistic religious viewpoint, and an apologetic epistle addressed to
8705:
8689:
8673:
8657:
8641:
7974:" (Ethics of the Fathers), published in Salonica in 1563; and a collection of sermons delivered upon various occasions, particularly funeral orations, entitled "
3431:
9239:
intellect. One cannot be considered wise, or perceptive, if one does not attempt to understand the origins, and establish the correctness, of one's beliefs.
3086:
2781:
9529:
5239:
5007:
The story of the Bahshamiyya Muʿtazila and Qadariyah is as important, if not more so, as the intellectual symbiosis of Judaism and Islam in Islamic Spain.
719:
6528:
controversy before a court of Babylonian rabbis, whose decision would be binding on both factions. Hillel was certain the verdict would favor Maimonides.
2973:
7171:("Book of Principles"), a classic work on the fundamentals of Judaism. Albo narrows the fundamental Jewish principles of faith from thirteen to three -
6199:
5236:
7669:(the work of the chariot); Maimonides interprets these texts as referring to Aristotelian physics and metaphysics as interpreted in the light of Torah.
10284:
De Callataÿ, Godefroid; Moureau, Sébastien (2017). "A Milestone in the History of Andalusī Bāṭinism: Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī's Riḥla in the East".
4181:
9068:(Jehuda Leib Schwarzmann), a Russian-Jewish philosopher. One of the most influential Jewish existentialists in the first half of the 20th century was
10444:
8880:
1945:
6324:. Maimonides strove to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and science with the teachings of Torah. In some ways his position was parallel to that of
5283:
Saʿadya Gaon dedicated an entire treatise, written in rhyming Hebrew, to a refutation of Ḥīwī's arguments, two fragments of which, preserved in the
12443:
10183:
6794:
6650:
6543:
6371:
5661:
5247:
2968:
13960:
12833:
4951:. For the next five centuries, Talmudic academies focused upon reconstituting Judaism and little, if any, philosophic investigation was pursued.
3216:
9386:
showed a more positive attitude towards philosophy. Meanwhile, non-Orthodox Jewish thought in the latter 20th century saw resurgent interest in
10745:
5739:, Muʿtazila and Christian Europe. He aided this scientific movement by original works, translations and as interpreter for another translator,
7636:
is regarded as the finest of Humanistic Period works. His neoplatonism is derived from the Hispanic Jewish community, especially the works of
11516:
8778:
6584:
was a Spanish-born philosopher who pursued reconciliation between Jewish dogma and philosophy. Scholars speculate he was a student of Rabbi
6402:
on "any member of the community who, being under twenty-five years, shall study the works of the Greeks on natural science and metaphysics."
5735:
and one of the most important figures in the scientific movement which made the Jews of Provence, Spain and Italy the intermediaries between
4989:
Around 700 CE, ʿAmr ibn ʿUbayd Abu ʿUthman al-Basri introduces two streams of thought that influence Jewish, Islamic and Christian scholars:
4273:
3470:
9423:) against what he perceived as the false teachings of the Zohar and the false Kabbalah of Isaac Luria. He is credited with spearheading the
8429:
scholars of Jerusalem. A German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed "Dolberger". When the knights of the
6503:
is generally regarded as a pioneer in the application of the Maimonidean Rationalism to the study of Jewish texts. He was the son-in-law of
6051:
5964:
4711:
14020:
12793:
8118:
8030:
7579:
6492:("A Treatise as to (1) Necessary Existence (2) The Procedure of Things from the Necessary Existence and (3) The Creation of the World").
5927:
integrating them into Neoplatonism. Proof that Bahya borrowed from Sufism is underscored by the fact that the title of his eighth gate,
2455:
2418:
755:
9299:
Perhaps the most controversial form of Jewish philosophy that developed in the early 20th century was the religious naturalism of Rabbi
14863:
11311:
7640:. Platonic notions of reaching towards a nearly impossible ideal of beauty, wisdom, and perfection encompass the whole of his work. In
7145:
7037:
6900:
6132:
6125:
6076:
5973:
5896:
5614:
5521:
5509:
4982:, while others later reverted to Judaism, and still others, born and raised as Jews, were ambiguous in their religious beliefs such as
4235:
17:
15141:
11278:
9217:
5076:
5040:
3394:
345:
8737:
7591:
Isaac's grandfather, Samuel Abravanel, was forcibly converted to Christianity during the pogroms of 1391 and took the Spanish name "
11340:
10617:
10544:
8801:
8145:
7999:
7512:
3417:
11115:
10840:"Blesséd Spinoza: a biography of the philosopher", by Lewis Browne, The Macmillan Company, 1932, University of Wisconsin - Madison
9190:
8021:
7118:
7014:
6861:
6098:
6030:
5950:
5873:
5575:
5470:
12839:
2767:
6828:
6684:
6574:
11939:
11393:
11001:
10465:
Malter, Henry. Sa'adya Gaon: His Life and Works, Morris Loeb Series. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1921.
9158:
8342:
8017:
8013:
7530:
7526:
6158:
mentions Ibn Daud as the only Jewish philosopher among the predecessors of Maimonides. Overshadowed by Maimonides, ibn Daud's
6150:. Ibn Daud did not introduce a new philosophy, but he was the first to introduce a more thorough systematic form derived from
4174:
3344:
3279:
3161:
15778:
11247:
10587:"Jews in Islamic countries in the Middle Ages Volume 28 of Études sur le judaïsme médiéval" by Moshe Gil and David Strassler,
6007:, Judah Halevi attempted to liberate religion from the bondage of philosophical systems. In particular, in a work written in
5202:
legends into Islamic scholarship, stories that went on to become representative of Islamic mystical ideas of piety of Sufism.
4345:
11934:
10360:
7889:. Eli'ezer del Medigo, of Rome, received the surname "Del Medigo" after studying medicine. The name was later changed from
7488:("The Pinnacle of Faith"), defends Maimonides' thirteen articles of belief against attacks of Hasdai Crescas and Yosef Albo.
6142:
was a student of Rabbi Baruch ben Yitzhak Ibn Albalia, his maternal uncle. Ibn Daud's philosophical work written in Arabic,
5243:
4922:"The world is governed by mercy... but the divine decision is made by the preponderance of the good or bad in one's actions."
2465:
1320:
8817:. Mendelssohn has been described as the "'third Moses,' with whom begins a new era in Judaism," just as new eras began with
13393:
13368:
8627:
8328:
8072:
2903:
1678:
11843:
10678:
Torah and Sophia: The Life and Thought of Shem Tov Ibn Falaquera (Monographs of the Hebrew Union College) by Raphael Jospe
7364:
7347:
7055:, of Barcelona, was a leading rationalist on issues of natural law and free-will. His views can be seen as precursors to
5760:
13688:
11954:
11949:
11373:
8207:
7917:
7817:
7374:
7309:
5862:, just as the Hebrew prophets had been sent to deliver their messages to Israel; others refused this notion in entirety.
5452:
discovered, in Imperial Library of St. Petersburg, fifteen of the twenty chapters of David's philosophical work entitled
3171:
2988:
2978:
2218:
1723:
7719:, rejecting the attribution of its authorship to the tanna R. Nehhunya ben ha-Kanah and describing some of its content:
4843:
attempted to fuse and harmonize Greek and Jewish philosophy through allegory, which he learned from Jewish exegesis and
46:
14347:
13644:
12991:
12766:
11643:
11049:
10480:"" Abū 'l-Kathīr Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyāʾ." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman"
8229:
7225:
6922:
6431:
6259:
6168:
5797:
5376:
3567:
3517:
3482:
3176:
3041:
2908:
15404:
15429:
13556:
11794:
11648:
11235:
11221:
11181:
10712:
10592:
10509:
10272:
10256:
10228:
8766:
8370:
8355:
8103:
7903:
7839:
5915:, ("Guide to the Duties of the Heart"). Bahya often followed the method of the Arabian encyclopedists known as "the
5315:
were Ismaili Imams. Their influence upon the Jewish academies of Egypt resonate in the works of Sa'adya. Sa'adya's
5084:
4167:
3259:
3221:
3196:
3116:
3101:
2948:
2888:
2843:
1834:
7989:) was one of the most widespread philosophical texts studied among Jews in Europe having been translated in 1292 by
4939:
to re-assemble and re-assess Judaism, its laws, theology, liturgy, beliefs and leadership structure. In 219 CE, the
15961:
13884:
11703:
11611:
11026:
Elu v'Elu: Two Schools of Halakha Face Off On Issues of Human Autonomy, Majority Rule and Divine Voice of Authority
10802:
10567:"" Muqammiṣ, David Ibn Marwān al-." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman"
8238:
7472:, statesman, philosopher, Bible commentator, and financier who commented on Maimonides' thirteen principles in his
7282:
philosophers and authors in the period 1150–1550. Some traces of Brethren of Purity doctrines, as well as of their
6378:
In Western Europe, the controversy was halted by the burning of Maimonides' works by Christian Dominicans in 1232.
4796:, emancipation and encounter with secular thought from the 18th century onwards altered how philosophy was viewed.
4704:
4678:
3552:
3534:
3440:
3334:
3186:
3181:
3106:
3071:
2938:
11135:
6448:
15991:
14013:
13614:
12868:
12062:
11068:
wrote of the search for truth as "one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery." Still, he describes in
7454:
7255:
6457:
6287:
5827:
5407:
5167:
4540:
4070:
3969:
3524:
3507:
3460:
3359:
3269:
3206:
3156:
3136:
3131:
3051:
3025:
3000:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2838:
2833:
748:
15599:
13208:
5246:. One of the themes emphasized by the Brethren of Purity and adopted by most Spanish Jewish philosophers is the
16017:
15177:
13952:
11744:
11304:
11151:
8792:
7879:
7356:
6953:
5155:
4973:—with Tanach, Mishnah, and Talmud, there was no need for a philosophic framework. From an economic viewpoint,
4413:
3543:
3529:
3497:
3477:
3445:
3389:
3364:
3339:
3319:
3309:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3226:
3141:
3126:
3046:
3005:
2958:
2953:
2873:
2818:
7426:
6316:— his most influential philosophic work. He was a student of his father, Rabbi Maimon ben Yosef (a student of
14591:
14176:
13749:
13744:
13483:
12845:
12166:
11257:
9073:
8545:
8422:
8272:
8256:
6945:
6191:
4283:
3964:
3502:
3487:
3450:
3412:
3384:
3374:
3369:
3354:
3349:
3329:
3314:
3299:
3274:
3240:
3211:
3111:
3096:
3020:
3010:
2928:
2898:
2823:
2809:
522:
11025:
10936:
8519:– a talmudist manner of referencing to Maimonidean Rationalism. In the centuries that have lapsed since the
7610:
as ambivalent to Christianity and sometimes even ironic in their expressions regarding their new religion -
15996:
15901:
15549:
14266:
13683:
12908:
12776:
12771:
11959:
11944:
11708:
11663:
11408:
9060:
One of the major trends in modern Jewish philosophy was the attempt to develop a theory of Judaism through
8721:
8393:
8288:
7930:
7885:
7862:
7410:
7153:
7045:
6912:
5981:
5619:
5416:
5398:
4817:
aspects of Jewish thought, and resulted in diverse contemporary Jewish attitudes to philosophical methods.
4673:
3572:
3492:
3455:
3379:
3324:
3191:
3166:
3091:
3066:
3056:
2995:
2918:
2913:
2893:
2883:
2863:
2848:
2741:
2445:
2209:
2204:
1696:
527:
340:
10659:
The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences ..., Volume 13 edited by Hugh Chisholm, Pg 174
15800:
15514:
14143:
13867:
12873:
12858:
11739:
11599:
7758:
7743:
7733:
7595:". Samuel fled Castile-León, Spain, in 1397 for Lisbon, Portugal, and reverted to Judaism - shedding his
6696:
6312:
4697:
4359:
4297:
3562:
3557:
3512:
3465:
3151:
3121:
3081:
3076:
2933:
2239:
1121:
6604:, a dialogue between a religious Jew and a Jewish philosopher on the harmony of philosophy and religion.
4757:, Jewish philosophy was preoccupied with attempts to reconcile coherent new ideas into the tradition of
16104:
15667:
15336:
14642:
14418:
14006:
13932:
13203:
12827:
12721:
12372:
12266:
11974:
11907:
11468:
11358:
10168:
10163:
9534:
9453:
9166:
9112:
7748:
5337:, who mentions him as a Jewish mutakallim (rational theologian), our main source of information is the
4806:
4611:
4036:
3881:
3589:
2983:
2179:
2169:
1905:
907:
811:
741:
689:
642:
421:
14052:
10688:
5063:(Sunnis) and Yudghanites (Sufis), who were influenced by East-Islamic scholarship yet deferred to the
15873:
14085:
14075:
13834:
12943:
12883:
12781:
12761:
12631:
12556:
12416:
12283:
11969:
11929:
11297:
9628:
9294:
6843:
6472:
6015:
5460:
together with Dāwūd ibn Marwān al-Muqammiṣ and Sa'adya himself, one of the mutakallimūn of the Jews.
5429:; he is regarded as the father of Jewish medieval philosophy. Al-Mukkamas was first to introduce the
4425:
4150:
3843:
3694:
3635:
2526:
927:
870:
674:
552:
456:
330:
239:
103:
11198:
10850:
10203:
7570:
7480:
was steeped in Rationalism by the Ibn Yahya family, who had a residence immediately adjacent to the
6112:
6044:
15976:
15539:
14789:
14629:
14626:
14352:
14186:
14171:
13965:
13914:
13759:
13398:
12863:
12694:
11993:
11868:
10445:"" Ḥīwī al-Balkhī." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman"
9674:
9504:
9004:, for example, viewed all philosophy as untrue and heretical. In this he represents one strand of
8951:
8445:
7763:
6716:
4960:
4879:
was in disarray, but Jewish traditions were preserved especially thanks to the shrewd maneuvers of
4765:
4302:
3853:
3833:
2943:
2423:
1964:
1788:
1686:
1409:
517:
7828:
period as the center-of-mass of Jewish Scholarship shifted to France, Germany, Italy, and Turkey.
7606:. There are parallels between what he writes, and documents produced by Inquisitors, that present
7069:, and harbinger of the scientific revolution in the 16th century. Hasdai Crescas was a student of
16114:
16109:
15554:
15495:
15448:
15306:
15269:
14637:
14552:
14542:
14466:
14332:
14304:
13899:
13844:
13703:
13600:
13119:
12816:
12805:
12399:
12320:
12025:
11924:
11863:
11749:
11722:
10410:
9375:
9020:
8839:
6847:
6752:
6712:
6363:
4653:
4576:
4324:
3994:
3984:
3949:
3828:
3818:
3601:
2772:
2714:
2548:
2227:
2184:
1899:
937:
837:
607:
126:
9123:
6975:
Gerondi was a steadfast Rationalist who did not hesitate to refute leading authorities, such as
5854:
different religions. Some Jews accepted this model of religious pluralism, leading them to view
4847:. Philo attempted to make his philosophy the means of defending and justifying Jewish religious
15687:
15619:
14699:
14537:
14115:
14090:
14080:
13649:
12984:
12852:
12822:
11885:
11165:
10749:
9587:
9554:
9363:
8850:
Alongside Mendelssohn, other important Jewish philosophers of the eighteenth century included:
8594:
7079:
6700:
6581:
6532:
the sin of Adam; the third on whether or not the belief in the fallen angels is a true belief.
6382:, continued fighting for his father's beliefs in the East; desecration of Maimonides' tomb, at
5995:
defended Rabbinic Judaism against Islam, Christianity and Karaite Judaism. He was a student of
5839:
5303:, is considered the greatest early Jewish philosopher after Solomon. During his early years in
4668:
4621:
4586:
4334:
4314:
4250:
4113:
3848:
3762:
2828:
2380:
1999:
1969:
1778:
1414:
637:
577:
547:
307:
244:
10319:
9889:
6390:
Maimonidean controversy flared up again at the beginning of the fourteenth century when Rabbi
6350:
Maimonides writings almost immediately came under attack from Karaites, Dominican Christians,
15924:
15863:
15843:
15677:
15589:
15569:
15559:
15192:
15041:
14674:
14606:
14514:
14481:
14309:
14289:
14095:
13789:
13693:
13463:
13426:
13378:
13266:
12878:
12799:
12581:
12288:
12171:
11912:
11902:
11895:
11880:
11766:
11162:
Judaism as Philosophy: Studies in Maimonides and the Medieval Jewish Philosophers of Provence
10871:
10351:
10128:
9989:
9879:
9572:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9359:
9177:
9170:
9055:
8956:
8928:
8924:
8854:
8415:
7789:
6379:
5939:("the self-examiner"), because—say his biographers—"he was always immersed in introspection"
5533:
5177:
4876:
4648:
4640:
4626:
4581:
4406:
4391:
4255:
4240:
4004:
3999:
3944:
3732:
2647:
2375:
2362:
2257:
1974:
1827:
1783:
1701:
587:
557:
451:
9894:
7672:
In the 13th century, however, a mystical-esoteric system emerged which became known as "the
6338:. In "Guide for the Perplexed" (1:17 & 2:11)" Maimonides explains that Israel lost its
5541:
5517:
15941:
15896:
15858:
15805:
15734:
15490:
15286:
15197:
15020:
14990:
14731:
14259:
14105:
14100:
13809:
13458:
12913:
12903:
12406:
11378:
10423:
Gil, Moshe. Hivi Ha-Balkhi Ha-Kofer Me-Horasan, Ketavim. Merhaviah: Sifriyyat Po'alim, 1965
10178:
10118:
10055:
10030:
9566:
9395:
9150:
9142:
7622:
5548:, and Moshe ben Hanoch founded the Lucena Yeshiva that produced such brilliant scholars as
4908:"How favored is man, for he was created after an image. For in an image, Elohim made man."
4616:
4497:
4478:
4364:
4075:
4027:
3767:
3625:
2438:
2303:
2292:
2250:
1758:
1691:
846:
699:
441:
406:
289:
10524:
W. Montgomery Watt, Free will and predestination in early Islam, London 1948, 83-7, 136-7.
8503:
claims to be a student of the works of Spinoza. Some contemporary critics (e.g., Wachter,
7391:
6475:
was the son of Rabbi Yehuda Ha-Kohen Ibn Soussan and a student of Maimonides for whom the
5180:. Early Jewish converts to Islam brought with them stories from their heritage, known as
5051:. Rejecting the Talmud and rabbinical tradition, Karaites took liberty to reinterpret the
4809:. These developments could be seen as either continuations of or breaks from the canon of
8:
16082:
16037:
16027:
15986:
15934:
15919:
15848:
15828:
15810:
15642:
15609:
15470:
15457:
15264:
15061:
14972:
14927:
14833:
14719:
14532:
14380:
13904:
13535:
13473:
13383:
13320:
13230:
13218:
12561:
12529:
12455:
12364:
12310:
11917:
11717:
11451:
11416:
10783:"Isaac Abarbanel's stance toward tradition: defense, dissent, and dialogue" By Eric Lawee
10060:
10034:
9539:
9499:
9428:
9270:
9204:
9085:
7676:". Many of the beliefs associated with Kabbalah had long been rejected by philosophers.
6891:
6610:, treating of moral duties, of the sciences, and of the necessity of studying philosophy.
5748:
5626:
4785:
4754:
4683:
4487:
4442:
4396:
4329:
4309:
4260:
4245:
4128:
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2368:
2271:
2264:
2194:
2082:
1957:
1713:
1404:
1177:
1013:
704:
189:
57:
14794:
11263:
Rabbi Marc Angel's Project reflecting a fusion of Modern Orthodoxy and Sephardic Judaism
6680:
6664:
6083:
5500:
16032:
16001:
15981:
15929:
15911:
15886:
15881:
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14694:
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13889:
13852:
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13779:
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13013:
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12888:
12699:
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12298:
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11890:
11463:
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11187:
11112:
10108:
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9868:
9792:
9760:
9592:
9544:
9509:
9494:
9464:
9340:
9321:
9282:
9266:
9248:
9012:
9001:
8987:
8384:
7853:
7534:
7388:
7275:
7271:
7210:
7136:
6232:
5916:
5545:
5228:
4979:
4601:
4507:
4467:
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4437:
4430:
4381:
4376:
4354:
4292:
3979:
3929:
3876:
3871:
3785:
3655:
2923:
2752:
2511:
2431:
2285:
1851:
1773:
1103:
917:
880:
772:
714:
709:
679:
632:
612:
461:
436:
214:
184:
141:
12176:
12052:
9618:
8544:
was a student of his father, but most notably also a student of his grandfather Rabbi
5589:
16070:
15971:
15966:
15951:
15853:
15838:
15795:
15366:
15326:
15244:
15172:
15155:
14761:
14736:
14547:
14367:
14110:
13985:
13575:
13520:
13510:
13502:
13468:
13353:
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12677:
12608:
12490:
12475:
12129:
12094:
11383:
11231:
11217:
11177:
11045:
10718:
10708:
10588:
10505:
10356:
10342:
10268:
10252:
10224:
10148:
10099:
10019:
9984:
9947:
9684:
9459:
9415:
9235:
9072:. While researching his doctoral dissertation on the 19th-century German philosopher
8895:
8814:
8512:
8411:
8309:
8304:
7963:
7773:
7753:
7554:
7075:
7070:
7028:
6988:
6972:
6968:
6960:
6875:
6811:
6521:
6504:
6391:
6317:
6291:
6237:
6217:
6129:
6116:
6080:
6048:
6000:
5901:
5887:
5716:
5605:
5549:
5394:
5308:
5267:(Afghanistan) was divided into two groups: "Jews" and "people that are called Jews";
5209:
4928:
4880:
4663:
4658:
4591:
4522:
4457:
4452:
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4386:
4369:
4319:
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4123:
4065:
4045:
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2199:
2112:
1196:
991:
602:
592:
582:
497:
431:
426:
259:
234:
194:
11104:
8564:
a rabbi in Amsterdam. Emden, a steadfast Talmudist, was a prominent opponent of the
16022:
15956:
15946:
15647:
15594:
15544:
15524:
15485:
15480:
15321:
15249:
14967:
14878:
14769:
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14726:
14689:
14395:
14375:
14342:
14247:
14209:
13794:
13654:
13606:
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13343:
12743:
12711:
12672:
12643:
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12576:
12377:
12186:
12119:
12072:
12020:
11988:
11979:
11964:
11838:
11813:
11789:
11673:
11604:
11521:
11388:
11169:
10293:
10158:
10153:
10000:
9884:
9514:
9325:
9108:
9069:
8943:
8822:
8474:
7738:
7653:
7343:
7267:
7149:
7132:
7091:
6984:
6835:
6395:
6329:
6212:
6139:
5908:
5740:
5484:
5317:
4892:
4758:
4502:
4418:
4093:
3974:
3934:
3898:
3596:
3146:
2657:
2413:
2317:
2232:
2122:
1914:
1820:
1482:
1381:
1117:
1078:
1063:
819:
794:
669:
617:
312:
254:
219:
209:
199:
166:
9904:
9173:. Novak works in the natural law tradition, which is one version of rationalism.
8437:
All of the foregoing resulted in an explosion of new ideas and philosophic paths.
6307:
5537:
5513:
4792:
coincided with historical events which drew Jews to the Kabbalistic approach. For
15728:
15697:
15662:
15627:
15505:
15356:
15254:
15212:
15123:
15111:
15096:
15071:
15046:
14816:
14684:
14679:
14596:
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14254:
14138:
13989:
13894:
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13580:
13530:
13348:
13235:
12653:
12648:
12460:
12387:
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12114:
12104:
12067:
12042:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11833:
11828:
11818:
11803:
11594:
11511:
11478:
11436:
11426:
11284:
11119:
11039:
10338:
10138:
10133:
9979:
9935:
9919:
9827:
9770:
9714:
9664:
9654:
9577:
9469:
9391:
9300:
9262:
9181:
9162:
9093:
8500:
8479:
7959:
7955:
7947:
7874:
7783:
7702:
7603:
7495:
7477:
7469:
7066:
6908:
6445:
6399:
6227:
6067:
6024:
he elaborates upon his views of Judaism relative to other religions of the time.
5815:
5643:
5449:
5442:
5182:
5034:
4728:
4512:
4055:
4014:
4009:
3989:
3911:
3905:
3838:
3790:
3630:
3611:
2762:
2491:
2403:
2386:
1930:
1718:
1626:
1520:
1073:
865:
830:
627:
476:
368:
284:
274:
14868:
10315:
9832:
9757:, an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist
9675:
Jewish philosophers whose philosophy is not necessarily focused on Jewish themes
8421:
Rationalism was incubating in places far from Spain. From stories told by Rabbi
8165:. Many rabbis, including Moses Isserles, addressed him in their responsa as the
6622:, commentary on the philosophical part of Maimonides' "Guide for the Perplexed".
5544:
and was a child prodigy and student of Hanoch ben Moshe. Samuel ibn Naghrillah,
15637:
15632:
15500:
15465:
15397:
15371:
15207:
15056:
14995:
14908:
14751:
14647:
14390:
14070:
13754:
13421:
13245:
13240:
13213:
13082:
12957:
12932:
12753:
12660:
12618:
12598:
12586:
12566:
12480:
12470:
12438:
12431:
12411:
12382:
12354:
12349:
12315:
12225:
12149:
12139:
12077:
11875:
11823:
11734:
11729:
11491:
11486:
11421:
11350:
10355:. Vol. 14 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 178–179.
10323:
10173:
10143:
10113:
10085:
10065:
10050:
9957:
9909:
9842:
9837:
9780:
9775:
9709:
9658:
9648:
9624:
9602:
9549:
9524:
9432:
9410:
9399:
9348:
9154:
9145:
continued Cohen's legacy. Another prominent contemporary Jewish rationalist is
9061:
8983:
8938:
8864:
8806:
8757:
8577:
8561:
8541:
8466:
8460:
8407:
8314:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8197:
8191:
8185:
8158:
8150:
8136:
8090:
7921:
7652:
The word "Kabbalah" was used in medieval Jewish texts to mean "tradition", see
7164:
7056:
7052:
6964:
6764:
6756:
6667:
6490:
Ma'amar bimehuyav ha-metsiut ve'eykhut sidur ha-devarim mimenu vehidush ha'olam
6367:
6222:
6155:
5996:
5732:
5647:
5437:
into Judaism and the first Jew to mention Aristotle in his writings. He was a
5425:
5362:
5277:
5268:
5232:
5217:
5195:
5025:
for the Academy at Kairouan from memory—later taking a copy with him to Spain.
4983:
4965:
Rabbinic Judaism had limited philosophical activity until it was challenged by
4797:
4793:
4596:
4155:
3954:
3809:
3689:
3668:
3645:
3640:
3618:
3606:
3201:
2682:
2616:
2581:
2559:
2496:
2334:
2312:
2174:
2153:
2129:
1895:
1877:
1808:
1582:
1377:
1266:
1172:
1068:
944:
932:
875:
858:
825:
694:
562:
532:
512:
507:
502:
466:
446:
264:
15078:
14853:
10297:
10251:"Beginnings in Jewish Philosophy", By Meyer Levin, Pg 49, Behrman House 1971,
9277:) have been proposed. However, in light of the magnitude of evil seen in the
9149:, who works out of the traditions of medieval Jewish rationalist philosophy.
7709:
In the 13th century, Meir ben Simon of Narbonne wrote an epistle (included in
16098:
15692:
15604:
15534:
15276:
15066:
15000:
14957:
14826:
14451:
14237:
14219:
13664:
13565:
13157:
13062:
12726:
12571:
12498:
12305:
12239:
12212:
12161:
12109:
12082:
12057:
12047:
11808:
11754:
11688:
11668:
11658:
11653:
11626:
11572:
11501:
11446:
11271:
11081:
11073:
10605:
10475:
10327:
10311:
10123:
10044:
9974:
9962:
9858:
9812:
9802:
9797:
9786:
9749:
9724:
9719:
9699:
9689:
9169:
also see themselves in the rationalist tradition, as does David Novak of the
9135:
9127:
9115:
tradition in philosophy, has also been described as a Jewish existentialist.
9077:
8934:
8905:
8870:
8834:
8583:
8430:
8260:
8179:
7990:
7794:
7778:
7768:
7327:
7246:
7239:
6780:
6500:
5992:
5977:
5847:
5818:
5811:
5705:
5691:
5557:
4872:
4801:
4103:
4098:
3304:
3231:
2757:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2564:
2516:
2278:
2117:
2022:
1984:
1935:
1634:
1549:
1058:
958:
922:
788:
684:
567:
542:
11191:
11127:
10722:
10384:
Fleischer, Ezra. "A Fragment from Hivi Al-Balkhi's Criticism of the Bible."
9899:
9560:
9394:
began the critical investigation of Jewish mysticism, while in non-Orthodox
5190:, the pious men of ancient Israel. One of the most famous early mystics of
15723:
15713:
15672:
15652:
15424:
15387:
15346:
15232:
15182:
14843:
14821:
14799:
14746:
14714:
14586:
14446:
14357:
14153:
13879:
13784:
13774:
13674:
13639:
13619:
13560:
13488:
13373:
13276:
13223:
12706:
12503:
12465:
12426:
12015:
11759:
11698:
11678:
11638:
11621:
11589:
11577:
11538:
11456:
11431:
10346:
10025:
10005:
9971:, a Russian-American Jewish philosopher who focused upon Aristotle's reason
9929:
9863:
9847:
9822:
9817:
9765:
9754:
9739:
9704:
9634:
9612:
9597:
9582:
9474:
9403:
9355:
9146:
9089:
9043:
8162:
7951:
7279:
6980:
6748:
6631:
6570:
6557:
6321:
5988:
5924:
5638:
5284:
4970:
4944:
4940:
4855:
he regarded as fixed and determinate, and philosophy was used as an aid to
4548:
4492:
4133:
3959:
3800:
3795:
3753:
3706:
2800:
2667:
2652:
2611:
2576:
2189:
2031:
1768:
1763:
1708:
1587:
1492:
1452:
1399:
1353:
1157:
966:
622:
471:
204:
156:
10961:
8448:
was a physician and teacher – Baruch Spinoza was a student of his works.
7429:
5001:
4903:
has also been viewed as a philosophical figure. His statements include:
15718:
15657:
15529:
15509:
15414:
15351:
15311:
15291:
15217:
15187:
14848:
14784:
14476:
14461:
14337:
14327:
14276:
14242:
14181:
13857:
13769:
13698:
13634:
13590:
13408:
13363:
13316:
13250:
13094:
13057:
12716:
12231:
12156:
12134:
12037:
11631:
11560:
11555:
11543:
11533:
11267:
11173:
11065:
10039:
10009:
9995:
9952:
9873:
9807:
9744:
9734:
9729:
9693:
9607:
9333:
9258:
9254:
9065:
9024:
8909:
8613:
8588:
8557:
8532:, a valid contemporary view easily accommodated by contemporary Judaism.
8529:
8496:
8049:
7993:. Later Hebrew commentators include Moses Narboni, and Moses Almosnino.
7825:
7715:
7677:
7637:
7611:
7294:("The Glad Learning") by Zerahyah ha-Rofé (a/k/a Yahya al-Tabib) and the
7160:
7099:
7001:
believing in the "Ten" (Sefirot) as the Christians believe in the Trinity
6949:
6936:
6728:
6585:
5759:
Originally known by his Hebrew name Nethanel Baruch ben Melech al-Balad,
5420:
5296:
5114:
5011:
4998:
4900:
4789:
4772:
of 10th century Babylonian academies brought rationalist philosophy into
4563:
4118:
4060:
3725:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2591:
1394:
851:
572:
537:
350:
335:
269:
229:
87:
27:
Philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism
9447:
9039:
8169:
The great scholars of the Renaissance with whom he corresponded include
4866:
800:
15564:
15392:
15341:
15331:
15202:
15106:
15051:
14858:
14838:
14704:
14471:
14385:
14214:
14161:
14125:
14029:
13922:
13829:
13804:
13764:
13358:
13129:
13114:
13109:
13077:
13052:
12810:
12517:
12099:
11693:
11441:
11363:
11248:
Adventures in Philosophy - Jewish Philosophy Index (radicalacademy.com)
10386:
10015:
9853:
9519:
9320:
A recent trend has been to reframe Jewish theology through the lens of
9308:
9304:
9176:
Philosophers in modern-day Israel in the rationalist tradition include
8915:
8826:
8565:
8492:
8426:
8410:
seeking safety and protection from the endless pogroms fomented by the
7970:" (The Hands of Moses); also an exposition of the Talmudical treatise "
7691:
7283:
6772:
6744:
6740:
6720:
6692:
6480:
6359:
6302:
6004:
6003:; trained as a Rationalist, he shed it in favor of Neoplatonism. Like
5850:
5553:
5064:
4948:
4736:
4571:
4202:
3776:
2790:
2719:
2677:
2506:
2486:
2045:
1952:
1872:
1639:
1389:
1182:
977:
597:
383:
373:
279:
249:
224:
146:
72:
8619:
7813:
15579:
15574:
15434:
15361:
15296:
15167:
15101:
14913:
14903:
14898:
14873:
14669:
14229:
14191:
13585:
13416:
13307:
13104:
13089:
13072:
13067:
13047:
12731:
12196:
12087:
11998:
11616:
11550:
11252:
11077:
9941:
9924:
9644:
9383:
9278:
8970:
8966:
8960:
8919:
8899:
8525:
8516:
8488:
8470:
8157:
Meir ben Isaac Katzellenbogen was born in Prague where together with
7696:
7607:
7287:
7061:
7041:
6904:
6824:
6808:
6768:
6339:
6334:
6151:
5736:
5720:
5709:
5438:
5342:
5300:
5159:
5098:
4993:
4974:
4884:
4814:
3939:
3924:
3014:
2962:
2724:
2672:
2662:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2244:
2004:
1607:
1306:
1152:
1129:
388:
151:
82:
77:
14804:
11567:
7727:
5630:
4210:
2692:
15409:
15316:
15281:
15239:
15227:
15015:
14809:
14709:
14652:
14456:
14410:
14294:
13937:
13570:
13152:
13099:
13000:
12450:
12392:
12337:
12332:
12003:
11289:
11253:
Jewish Philosophy, The Dictionary of Philosophy (Dagobert D. Runes)
10962:"From Medievaland Modern Theories Of Revelation By Elliot N. Dorff"
10831:
Epstein, in "Monatsschrift", xlvii. 344; Jerusalem: Under the Arabs
9968:
9638:
9619:
Philosophers who are associated with Reform and Progressive Judaism
9424:
9387:
9274:
9231:
9104:
8996:
8947:
8884:
8874:
8858:
8830:
8607:
8508:
8484:
7798:
7673:
7597:
6776:
6760:
6383:
6355:
6325:
6206:
5855:
5728:
5634:
5348:
Abū ʾl-Kathīr's profession is also unclear. al-Masʿūdī calls him a
5334:
5329:
5312:
5304:
5205:
5015:
4986:, although they lived according to the customs of their neighbors.
4932:
4844:
4810:
4781:
4749:
4606:
4108:
3718:
3650:
2481:
1989:
1940:
1664:
1649:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1462:
1348:
1301:
1287:
1144:
1093:
912:
885:
481:
161:
11041:
The Human and the Holy: The Spirituality of Abraham Joshua Heschel
8891:
Important Jewish philosophers of the nineteenth century included:
8042:
6413:
6248:
5858:
as a legitimate prophet, though not Jewish, sent to preach to the
5419:
was author of the earliest known Jewish philosophical work of the
15036:
15010:
15005:
14947:
14942:
14774:
14662:
14657:
14616:
14438:
14284:
14166:
13927:
13629:
13540:
13388:
13335:
13271:
13165:
12665:
12549:
12544:
12534:
12522:
12342:
12327:
12271:
12206:
12181:
12144:
12008:
11683:
11582:
11506:
11398:
11324:
11143:
10995:"Halakhic Latitudinarianism: David Hartman on the commanded life"
10940:
9344:
9005:
8360:
8346:
8108:
8094:
7808:
7498:
was born and raised in Lisbon; a student of the Rabbi of Lisbon,
7407:
7243:
6736:
6715:". Gersonides and his father were avid students of the works of
6351:
6195:
6146:("The Sublime Faith"), has been preserved in Hebrew by the title
5130:
5056:
5047:, the Karaites were the first Jewish group to subject Judaism to
4896:
4744:
4084:
4050:
3919:
3713:
2702:
2697:
2569:
2460:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2096:
2091:
2068:
2050:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1888:
1863:
1748:
1654:
1572:
1477:
1467:
1422:
1282:
1277:
1248:
1236:
1204:
1083:
1050:
1034:
1029:
1019:
982:
780:
378:
8571:
8298:
7193:
belief in divine justice, as related to the idea of immortality.
7078:
Perfet. Crescas' students won accolades as participants in the
15301:
15222:
14952:
14611:
14601:
14299:
14201:
13875:
13438:
13025:
12736:
12603:
12539:
10334:. Vol. 8. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 544–545.
9379:
9352:
9222:
9208:
9100:
9028:
9016:
8992:
8291:
Ha-rofeh Ashkenazi of Nicosia ("the physician") the author of
8243:
8221:
8132:
7935:
7818:
Ottoman Empire welcomed Jews expelled from Spain & Portugal
7686:
7484:(also built by the Ibn Yahya Family). His most important work,
7462:
7445:
7360:
7323:
6484:
6461:
6407:
6294:
6274:
6020:
6008:
5920:
5911:, of Zaragoza, was author of the first Jewish system of ethics
5772:
5556:. Ibn Naghrillah's son, Yosef, provided refuge for two sons of
5191:
5060:
5052:
5019:
4813:
philosophy of the Middle Ages, as well as the other historical
4777:
4773:
4769:
4553:
3744:
3739:
3699:
3684:
2795:
2687:
2107:
2073:
2059:
1994:
1753:
1644:
1592:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1535:
1530:
1513:
1487:
1472:
1457:
1432:
1427:
1343:
1296:
1271:
1253:
1167:
1162:
1139:
1098:
1088:
1024:
1001:
996:
724:
11262:
11144:
Articles on Jewish Philosophy-Haim Lifshitz and Isaac Lifshitz
10545:"" Saʿadyā Ben Yōsēf." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"
8977:
8006:
7519:
6345:
4830:
15117:
14779:
14065:
13998:
13431:
13281:
13172:
13147:
13042:
12687:
12682:
12636:
12591:
12512:
12507:
11771:
11526:
11496:
8829:
philosopher to whose ideas the renaissance of European Jews,
8818:
8753:
8398:
8225:
8086:
8035:
7867:
7706:
whose anthropomorphic vision of God he considered heretical.
7584:
7550:
7458:
7260:
7094:, via Ephraim Vidal's Yeshiva in Majorca, Duran's commentary
6976:
6732:
6724:
6465:
6417:
6278:
5859:
5832:
5724:
5675:
5434:
5390:
5357:
5264:
5242:(died 964), where they would be of central importance to the
5221:
5146:
5044:
4966:
4936:
4888:
4840:
4834:
4558:
2707:
2136:
2040:
2009:
1659:
1557:
1506:
1499:
1363:
1358:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1243:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1134:
1006:
972:
108:
5212:
begins a new phase in Jewish scholarship and investigation (
13659:
13442:
13312:
12969:
12786:
11320:
9267:
contrast with the fact that there is much evil in the world
7625:
was a Portuguese physician, poet and philosopher. His work
7502:. Rabbi Yosef was a poet, religious scholar, rebuilder of
5163:
4740:
1859:
1743:
1258:
9358:, Milton Steinberg and Levi A. Olan, Harry Slominsky, and
9034:
8918:, a secular Jewish philosopher and one of the founders of
8456:
8434:
Jerusalem during the second half of the eleventh century.
7966:. In 1570 he wrote a commentary on the Pentateuch titled "
6635:
town (in 1332) in order to observe their method of study.
6266:
4780:
Judaism. The philosophy was generally in competition with
14962:
13799:
13286:
13186:
10705:
God, Torah, Israel: traditionalism without fundamentalism
10504:. Vol. 2 (New ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1965.
9944:, an Israeli philosopher of science and moral philosopher
9561:
Philosophers who are associated with Conservative Judaism
9339:
The original ideas of process theology were developed by
9064:. Among the early Jewish existentialist philosophers was
7954:
1515 - died Constantinople abt 1580. He was a student of
6182:
5383:
9015:
had a more positive attitude towards philosophy. In the
8813:
A new era began in the 18th century with the thought of
8320:
11136:
From the Israeli high-school syllabus, education.gov.il
8601:
8079:
6375:
position of Maimonides' in-laws in competing Yeshivas.
11285:
University at Buffalo Research Guide of Jewish Thought
11044:. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 82–83.
9439:
and elaborated upon these views in his many writings.
8440:
8214:
5253:
4891:. Philosophical speculation was not a central part of
11258:
Rabbi Haim Lifshitz-articles review Jewish Philosophy
10604:
A history of Jewish philosophy in the Middle Ages By
10408:
Rosenthal, J. "Hiwi Al-Balkhi: A Comparative Study."
9448:
Philosophers who are associated with Orthodox Judaism
8048:
of Badia Polesine in Piedmont. Moses was a friend of
6037:
5744:
4867:
Jewish scholarship after destruction of Second Temple
10982:
Tradition in the public square: a David Novak reader
10075:
9378:, which generally rejected philosophy, although the
8528:, scholars have come to view his work as advocating
3723:
3704:
2127:
8620:
Eighteenth and nineteenth-century Jewish philosophy
8535:
7125:
6801:
6535:
5263:According to Sa'adya Gaon, the Jewish community of
10803:"Porto-Rafa (Rapaport), Moses ben Jehiel Ha-Kohen"
10442:
10283:
9692:, an Israeli philosopher of science who developed
6362:. Scholars suggest that Maimonides instigated the
6105:
6012:Kitab al-Ḥujjah wal-Dalil fi Nuṣr al-Din al-Dhalil
5931:("Self-Examination"), is reminiscent of the Sufi
11228:A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages
10414:38; 39 (1947-48; 1948-49): 317-42, 419-30; 79-94.
9442:
9008:thought, with creative emphasis on the emotions.
8055:
7728:Other notable Jewish philosophers post-Maimonides
7232:
6626:
5804:
16096:
10922:Steven Schwarzschild, "To Re-Cast Rationalism,"
10564:
10184:Microcosm-macrocosm analogy in Jewish philosophy
9273:. Within all monotheistic faiths many answers (
8840:Jerusalem oder über religiöse Macht und Judentum
8335:
8064:
7910:
7543:
7098:("The Shield of the Fathers"), which influenced
6207:Other notable Jewish philosophers pre-Maimonides
5942:
5637:. Ibn Gabirol was one of the first teachers of
10756:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
9670:Avigdor Chaim Gold (German-Israeli philosopher)
8995:traditionalists who emerged in reaction to the
8282:
8043:Moses ben Jehiel Ha-Kohen Porto-Rafa (Rapaport)
5368:
5321:("Beliefs and Opinions") was originally called
5258:
5070:
9351:philosopher Samuel Alexander (1859–1938), and
8125:
7809:Renaissance Jewish philosophy and philosophers
6657:
5865:
5846:("Garden of Intellects"), a Jewish version of
14014:
12985:
11305:
10474:
9938:, an American moral and political philosopher
9431:publicly shared the views expressed in Rabbi
9288:
9253:Judaism has traditionally taught that God is
9096:have also been described as existentialists.
8572:Other seventeenth-century Jewish philosophers
8299:Other notable Renaissance Jewish philosophers
8250:
7831:
7316:
7298:("Lamp of Intellects") by Hoter ben Solomon.
7006:
4947:emerged many centuries later) was founded by
4705:
4175:
1828:
749:
10310:
10286:Intellectual History of the Islamicate World
8746:
6423:
5842:of Yemen, was the twelfth-century author of
5653:
4820:
4784:. Both schools would become part of classic
12794:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
10792:Steinschneider 1893, 1:296–311; Harvey 2001
10022:, American-born, Romanian-Russian ethnicity
8978:Traditionalist attitudes towards philosophy
7987:De'ôt ha-Fîlôsôfîm or Kavvanôt ha-Fîlôsôfîm
6853:
6616:, on different degrees of human perfection.
6346:Medieval Jewish philosophy after Maimonides
6252:Artist's depiction, sculpture of Maimonides
4861:eternity and indestructibility of the world
2419:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
14021:
14007:
13451:
12992:
12978:
11312:
11298:
11212:Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman (eds.),
10707:. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press.
9369:
7286:, are found in two Yemenite philosophical
7065:, became a classic refutation of medieval
4712:
4698:
4182:
4168:
1835:
1821:
756:
742:
11128:Online materials, Halacha Brura Institute
9409:Among the modern critics of Kabbalah was
9197:
8507:) claimed to detect the influence of the
7647:
7563:
7085:
6703:. Gersonides is best known for his work
5231:were carried to the West by the Cordovan
13735:
11341:Index of Jewish history-related articles
9366:has also been linked to this tradition.
9343:(1897–2000), and influenced a number of
9122:
9049:
9038:
8837:and Jews. His most significant book was
8455:
7812:
7713:) against early Kabbalists, singled out
6412:
6247:
5528:
5328:Little known is that Saadia traveled to
4829:
12840:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
11477:
11159:
10754:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10502:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 2: C–G
10336:
9035:20th and 21st-century Jewish philosophy
8770:Germany - centers of Jewish scholarship
8714:
8167:"av bet din of the republic of Venice."
7336:
5789:
5170:: Centers of Ancient Jewish scholarship
4954:
369:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
14:
16097:
13012:
11113:Primary Sources, Ben Gurion University
10702:
10267:"Geonica", By Ginzberg Louis, Pg. 18,
8682:
7381:
7301:
6771:, Al-Fergani, Chonain, Isaac Israeli,
6438:
5567:
4825:
15760:
14502:
14040:
14002:
13724:
13011:
12973:
11293:
11037:
10744:
9667:(German-Canadian-Israeli philosopher)
9242:
9118:
8515:) regarded Spinozism as a revival of
8321:Seventeenth-century Jewish philosophy
7419:
7400:
5077:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)
4914:"Everything is foreseen; but freedom
11319:
11230:. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
9876:, a metaphysician and modal logician
9374:Kabbalah continued to be central to
8931:school of 19th century neo-Orthodoxy
8602:Philosophical criticisms of Kabbalah
8263:who was, in turn a student of Rabbi
7217:
7090:Influenced by the teaching of Rabbi
6963:Perfet, of Barcelona, studied under
6515:
5552:and Maimon ben Yosef, the father of
5244:Jewish philosophers of Islamic Spain
4743:, or in relation to the religion of
9789:, an Israeli philosopher of science
9315:
9265:. Yet, these claims are in jarring
8441:Yosef Shlomo ben Eliyahu Dal Medigo
6090:
5254:Jewish philosophy before Maimonides
4788:, though the decline of scholastic
4732:
24:
12787:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
12767:American Jewish Historical Society
11279:"Towards a Modern Idea of Charity"
11090:
10822:"Seder ha-Dorot", p. 252, 1878 ed.
10033:theorist, artist and a founder of
9965:, an American analytic philosopher
9932:, a Serbia-born Jewish philosopher
8560:was a student of his father Rabbi
7942:
7690:have adopted a non-Jewish belief.
5018:, then to Spain, transcribing the
4871:With the Roman destruction of the
25:
16126:
13557:Attributes of God in Christianity
11241:
11000:. Etd.lib.fsu.edu. Archived from
10937:"The Jewish Theological Seminary"
10909:"Jewish Rationalism Reemergent,"
9303:. His theology was a variant of
9111:, whose approach grew out of the
8730:
8491:. The influence in his work from
8451:
7962:, who was, in turn, a student of
7209:Albo rejects the assumption that
7021:
6868:
5684:
5091:
5067:when contemplating the sciences.
4679:Social and political philosophers
2210:Historical population comparisons
16078:
16077:
16064:
13984:
12951:
12938:
12937:
11197:
10092:
10078:
9783:, an American philosopher of law
9196:
9189:
8784:
8777:
8745:
8729:
8713:
8697:
8681:
8665:
8649:
8633:
8626:
8562:Tzvi Hirsch ben Yaakov Ashkenazi
8542:Tzvi Hirsch ben Yaakov Ashkenazi
8536:Tzvi Hirsch ben Yaakov Ashkenazi
8376:
8369:
8334:
8327:
8213:
8206:
8124:
8117:
8078:
8071:
8005:
7998:
7909:
7902:
7845:
7838:
7562:
7542:
7518:
7511:
7504:Ibn Yahya Synagogue of Calatayud
7437:
7418:
7399:
7380:
7373:
7335:
7315:
7308:
7231:
7224:
7124:
7117:
7020:
7013:
6928:
6921:
6884:
6883:
6867:
6860:
6846:- both of whom were students of
6800:
6793:
6786:
6656:
6649:
6550:
6549:
6542:
6536:Shemtob Ben Joseph Ibn Falaquera
6495:
6479:is written. Yosef traveled from
6437:
6430:
6265:
6258:
6174:
6167:
6104:
6097:
6059:
6036:
6029:
5956:
5949:
5880:
5879:
5872:
5803:
5796:
5683:
5667:
5660:
5618:Malaga & Valencia in modern
5598:
5597:
5581:
5574:
5492:
5476:
5469:
5382:
5375:
5311:ruled Egypt; the leaders of the
5138:
5122:
5106:
5090:
5083:
4931:, rabbinic scholars gathered in
4223:
4209:
2854:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2768:Historical population by country
1802:
799:
793:
787:
45:
13615:Great Architect of the Universe
11281:, Conversations On Philanthropy
11268:Jewish thought and spirituality
11058:
11031:
11018:
10987:
10975:
10954:
10929:
10916:
10903:
10890:
10877:
10864:
10843:
10834:
10825:
10816:
10795:
10786:
10777:
10768:
10738:
10729:
10696:
10681:
10672:
10662:
10653:
10643:
10631:
10610:
10598:
10581:
10558:
10537:
10527:
10518:
10493:
10468:
10459:
10436:
10426:
10417:
10402:
10393:
9850:, an Italian-Jewish philosopher
8597:Sephardic Rabbi and Philosopher
8591:Sephardic Rabbi and Philosopher
8580:Sephardic Rabbi and Philosopher
8267:- father-in-law and teacher of
7958:, who was in turn a student of
7187:belief in the existence of God,
7163:, of Monreal, was a student of
6997:Abraham ben David of Posquières
6929:
6699:, who in turn was a student of
5743:. Bar-Hiyya's best student was
5493:
5361:the criticisms of Muʿtazila by
5290:
5123:
14028:
12859:Relations with other religions
11152:Free will in Jewish Philosophy
10378:
10369:
10330:; Vizetelly, Frank H. (eds.).
10304:
10277:
10261:
10245:
10233:
10217:
10196:
9443:Contemporary Jewish philosophy
8785:
8698:
8634:
8551:
8377:
8056:Abraham ben Judah ha-Levi Minz
7983:Intentions of the Philosophers
7880:Judah ben Eliezer ha-Levi Minz
7846:
7617:
7438:
7110:
6627:Joseph ben Abba Mari ibn Kaspi
6060:
5957:
5913:Al Hidayah ila Faraid al-hulub
5754:
5731:, was a student of his father
5582:
5477:
5014:Natronai ben Habibai moves to
4895:, although some have seen the
313:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
13:
1:
15761:
13394:Trinity of the Church Fathers
12846:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
11105:Material by topic, daat.ac.il
10618:"Bahya Ben Joseph Ibn Paḳuda"
10190:
9074:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
8650:
8477:tradition, and was placed in
8242:Lublin & Chelm in modern
8149:Location of Prague in modern
8065:Meir ben Isaac Katzellenbogen
8034:Padua & Verona in modern
6642:
6243:
5943:Yehuda Ha-Levi and the Kuzari
5933:Abu Abd Allah Ḥarith Ibn-Asad
5668:
5323:Kitab al-Amanat wal-l'tikadat
5139:
2425:Christianity and Judaism
15550:Ordinary language philosophy
14041:
13725:
12999:
12777:Leo Baeck Institute New York
12772:American Sephardi Federation
11216:. London: Routledge, 1997.
11214:History of Jewish Philosophy
9992:, an American Queer theorist
9637:(American rabbi, author and
9413:, who wrote a book entitled
8847:), first published in 1783.
8666:
8505:Der Spinozismus im Judenthum
8289:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
8283:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
8107:Location of Mainz in modern
7886:Moses ben Isaac ha-Levi Minz
7786:a.k.a. "the gaon of Castile"
6695:was a student of his father
5417:David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas
5369:David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas
5107:
5071:Philosophic synthesis begins
528:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
7:
15600:Contemporary utilitarianism
15515:Internalism and externalism
13645:Phenomenological definition
11600:Constantinopolitan Karaites
10913:Volume 36, Issue 4, Page 81
10443:Marzena Zawanowska (2012).
10071:
9159:Jewish Theological Seminary
9080:. Rosenzweig's major work,
8867:, Enlightenment philosopher
7978:" (Re-enforcing Strength).
7759:David ben Judah Messer Leon
7744:Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon
7734:Jedaiah ben Abraham Bedersi
7665:(the work of creation) and
7583:Padua and Verona in modern
6697:Gerson ben Solomon of Arles
6313:The Guide for the Perplexed
6175:
5866:Bahya ben Joseph ibn Paquda
5650:, defer to him frequently.
5248:microcosm-macrocosm analogy
4753:(Jewish Enlightenment) and
3724:
3705:
3432:Latin America and Caribbean
2128:
10:
16131:
14864:Svatantrika and Prasangika
14503:
12828:National Library of Israel
11469:Zionism, race and genetics
10939:. Jtsa.edu. Archived from
10805:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
10169:Jewish religious movements
10164:Jewish principles of faith
9622:
9564:
9535:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
9454:Orthodox Jewish philosophy
9451:
9292:
9289:Reconstructionist theology
9246:
9167:American Jewish University
9088:, and Conservative rabbis
9053:
8981:
8605:
8546:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
8423:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
8359:Altona, Hamburg in modern
8273:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
8257:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
8251:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
8171:Shmuel ben Moshe di Modena
7832:Elias ben Moise del Medigo
7749:Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymus
7500:Yosef ben Shlomo Ibn Yahya
7007:Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas
6418:Ceuta, North African Spain
6366:when he verbally attacked
6300:
5999:whose education came from
5909:Bahye ben Yosef Ibn Paquda
5074:
5032:
5028:
4958:
4037:Jewish political movements
3734:Conversion to Judaism
643:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
523:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
18:Medieval Jewish philosophy
16058:
16010:
15910:
15872:
15819:
15786:
15777:
15773:
15756:
15706:
15618:
15456:
15447:
15380:
15163:
15154:
15132:
15087:
15029:
14981:
14935:
14926:
14889:
14760:
14625:
14572:
14563:
14513:
14509:
14498:
14437:
14409:
14366:
14318:
14275:
14228:
14200:
14152:
14124:
14086:Philosophy of mathematics
14076:Philosophy of information
14051:
14047:
14036:
13982:
13951:
13913:
13866:
13843:
13731:
13720:
13673:
13549:
13501:
13407:
13334:
13295:
13259:
13196:
13185:
13138:
13033:
13024:
13020:
13007:
12926:
12782:Yeshiva University Museum
12762:Center for Jewish History
12752:
12617:
12489:
12363:
12257:
11788:
11407:
11349:
11331:
11038:Moore, Donald J. (1989).
10565:Daniel J. Lasker (2012).
10298:10.1163/2212943X-00501004
9629:Reconstructionist Judaism
9295:Reconstructionist Judaism
7684:that Jews who believe in
7482:Great Synagogue of Lisbon
7190:belief in revelation, and
6844:Abraham ben David Caslari
6590:"Guide for the Perplexed"
6473:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
6424:Yosef ben Yehuda of Ceuta
6016:Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon
5761:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
5654:Abraham bar-Hiyya Ha-Nasi
5441:of Rabbinic Judaism (not
4899:as a philosophical work.
4821:Ancient Jewish philosophy
4764:Medieval re-discovery of
4426:Middle Eastern philosophy
2440:Hinduism and Judaism
553:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
346:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
104:Aristobulus of Alexandria
13399:Trinitarian universalism
11374:Ancient Israel and Judah
11160:Kriesel, Howard (2015).
10885:The Jewish Enlightenment
10853:. JewishEncyclopedia.com
10620:. JewishEncyclopedia.com
10390:51, no. 1 (1981): 49-57.
10206:. JewishEncyclopedia.com
9505:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk
8446:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
7803:Be Not Like Your Fathers
7764:Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno
6854:Isaac ben Sheshet Perfet
6717:Alexander of Aphrodisias
5935:, who has been surnamed
5564:of the Baghdad Academy.
5341:by the Muslim historian
4961:Early Islamic philosophy
4766:ancient Greek philosophy
2266:Temple in Jerusalem
1959:Bar and bat mitzvah
518:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
15555:Postanalytic philosophy
15496:Experimental philosophy
13601:Godhead in Christianity
11750:North African Sephardim
11723:Jewish tribes of Arabia
11277:Joseph Isaac Lifshitz,
11110:(in Hebrew and English)
10900:, myjewishlearning.com.
10547:. Brillonline.com. 2012
10411:Jewish Quarterly Review
9390:. In academic studies,
9376:Haredi Orthodox Judaism
9370:Kabbalah and philosophy
9347:theologians, including
9027:, "from my flesh I see
9021:Schneur Zalman of Liadi
8973:and Jewish philosopher.
8295:on the Book of Esther.
8259:was a student of Rabbi
7934:Thessaloniki in modern
7694:rejected many texts of
7680:had taught in his book
7593:Juan Sanchez de Sevilla
6848:Kalonymus ben Kalonymus
6753:Ali ibn Abbas al-Magusi
6713:Guide for the Perplexed
6711:is modelled after the "
6707:("Wars of the Lord").
6477:Guide for the Perplexed
6394:, under influence from
6364:Maimonidean Controversy
4969:, Karaite Judaism, and
4917:is given to every man."
2228:Twelve Tribes of Israel
15688:Social constructionism
14700:Hellenistic philosophy
14116:Theoretical philosophy
14091:Philosophy of religion
14081:Philosophy of language
12853:Holocaust Encyclopedia
12823:Jewish Virtual Library
11166:Academic Studies Press
10703:Jacobs, Louis (1990).
10690:Jewish Virtual Library
10337:Kraemer, Joel (2007).
9588:Abraham Joshua Heschel
9555:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
9364:Abraham Joshua Heschel
9130:
9046:
8595:Isaac Orobio de Castro
8511:, while others (e.g.,
8463:
7820:
7725:
7648:Criticisms of Kabbalah
7290:written in 1420–1430:
7086:Simeon ben Zemah Duran
7080:Disputation of Tortosa
6701:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
6582:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
6420:
6253:
5423:, a commentary on the
5198:, introduced numerous
4837:
4649:Aesthetic philosophers
578:Isaac Orobio de Castro
548:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
245:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
16071:Philosophy portal
15590:Scientific skepticism
15570:Reformed epistemology
14096:Philosophy of science
13427:Fate of the unlearned
13379:Shield of the Trinity
12800:Encyclopaedia Judaica
12582:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
11767:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
11517:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
10911:Conservative Judaism,
10896:Benjamin A. Wurgaft,
10870:Wein (1997), p. 44. (
10352:Encyclopaedia Judaica
10241:Judaism as Philosophy
10129:Jewish existentialism
9990:Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
9880:Franz Leopold Neumann
9573:Bradley Shavit Artson
9490:Samson Raphael Hirsch
9480:Elimelech of Lizhensk
9360:Bradley Shavit Artson
9171:University of Toronto
9126:
9056:Jewish existentialism
9050:Jewish existentialism
9042:
8963:rabbi and philosopher
8957:Samuel David Luzzatto
8929:Torah im Derech Eretz
8925:Samson Raphael Hirsch
8902:rabbi and philosopher
8855:Menachem Mendel Lefin
8825:. Mendelssohn was a
8459:
8416:Roman Catholic Church
8275:was also a cousin of
7816:
7790:Isaac ben Moses Arama
7721:
6416:
6380:Avraham son of Rambam
6251:
6144:Al-'akidah al-Rafiyah
5778:His writings include
5534:Samuel ibn Naghrillah
5529:Samuel ibn Naghrillah
5411:Rakka in modern Syria
5227:The teachings of the
5178:Library of Alexandria
5075:Further information:
4959:Further information:
4877:Second Temple Judaism
4833:
4230:Philosophy portal
2974:São Tomé and Príncipe
2969:Republic of the Congo
2363:Second Temple Judaism
2234:Kingdom of Judah
2205:Modern historiography
588:Samuel David Luzzatto
558:Samson Raphael Hirsch
179:Spanish and European:
147:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
15491:Critical rationalism
15198:Edo neo-Confucianism
15042:Acintya bheda abheda
15021:Renaissance humanism
14732:School of the Sextii
14106:Practical philosophy
14101:Political philosophy
11379:Second Temple period
11174:10.2307/j.ctt21h4xpc
10650:century; in Hebrew.)
10179:Judaism and politics
10119:Jewish denominations
10056:Immanuel Wallerstein
9657:(leader in American
9567:Conservative Judaism
9396:Jewish denominations
9324:, more specifically
9221:Ramat Gan in modern
9218:class=notpageimage|
9143:Steven Schwarzschild
8802:class=notpageimage|
8767:class=notpageimage|
8397:Heraklion in modern
8394:class=notpageimage|
8356:class=notpageimage|
8239:class=notpageimage|
8146:class=notpageimage|
8104:class=notpageimage|
8031:class=notpageimage|
7931:class=notpageimage|
7877:was a descendant of
7866:Heraklion in modern
7863:class=notpageimage|
7623:Judah Leon Abravanel
7580:class=notpageimage|
7455:class=notpageimage|
7357:class=notpageimage|
7256:class=notpageimage|
7146:class=notpageimage|
7038:class=notpageimage|
6946:class=notpageimage|
6901:class=notpageimage|
6821:class=notpageimage|
6677:class=notpageimage|
6567:class=notpageimage|
6458:class=notpageimage|
6288:class=notpageimage|
6192:class=notpageimage|
6126:class=notpageimage|
6077:class=notpageimage|
5974:class=notpageimage|
5897:class=notpageimage|
5828:class=notpageimage|
5790:Nethan'el al-Fayyumi
5701:class=notpageimage|
5615:class=notpageimage|
5510:class=notpageimage|
5408:class=notpageimage|
5186:, which told of the
5156:class=notpageimage|
4955:Who influences whom?
4674:Philosophers of mind
4076:World Agudath Israel
3217:United Arab Emirates
2304:Second Temple period
2294:Babylonian captivity
290:Judah Leon Abravanel
15062:Nimbarka Sampradaya
14973:Korean Confucianism
14720:Academic Skepticism
13961:Slavic Native Faith
13384:Trinitarian formula
13321:Father of Greatness
13204:Abrahamic religions
12817:Jewish Encyclopedia
12562:Hekhalot literature
12373:Religious movements
11908:Judeo-Tripolitanian
11274:in the Yeshiva site
11070:Objective Knowledge
10332:Jewish Encyclopedia
10061:Ludwig Wittgenstein
10035:transgender studies
9890:Claude Lévi-Strauss
9540:Joseph Soloveitchik
9500:Yeshayahu Leibowitz
9429:Yeshayahu Leibowitz
9271:the problem of evil
9086:Joseph Soloveitchik
9011:Other exponents of
7302:Don Isaac Abravanel
6387:their communities.
5900:Zaragoza in modern
5840:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
5749:Judah ben Barzillai
5627:Solomon ibn Gabirol
5568:Solomon ibn Gabirol
5039:Borrowing from the
4826:Philo of Alexandria
4807:religious movements
4786:rabbinic literature
4755:Jewish emancipation
4684:Women in philosophy
4414:Indigenous American
4197:Part of a series on
2369:Hellenistic Judaism
1947:Land of Israel
1906:Principles of faith
1714:Abrahamic religions
1613:Selichot (S'lichot)
1405:Bar and bat mitzvah
908:Principles of faith
720:Microcosm–macrocosm
638:Joseph Soloveitchik
308:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
109:Philo of Alexandria
33:Part of a series on
15683:Post-structuralism
15585:Scientific realism
15540:Quinean naturalism
15520:Logical positivism
15476:Analytical Marxism
14695:Peripatetic school
14607:Chinese naturalism
14134:Aesthetic response
14061:Applied philosophy
13923:Abrahamic prophecy
13853:Ayyavazhi theology
13625:Apophatic theology
13014:Conceptions of God
12958:Judaism portal
12894:Jews and Halloween
12889:Jews and Christmas
12279:Rabbinic authority
12031:Judaeo-Piedmontese
11464:Xueta Christianity
11369:Origins of Judaism
11336:Outline of Judaism
11118:2011-05-14 at the
10499:s.v. al-Djubba'i,
10343:Berenbaum, Michael
10109:Hasidic philosophy
9895:Bernard-Henri Lévy
9869:Siegfried Kracauer
9793:Bracha L. Ettinger
9647:(leader in German
9593:William E. Kaufman
9545:Michael Wyschogrod
9530:Yehoshua Zimmerman
9510:Nachman of Breslov
9495:Abraham Isaac Kook
9465:Monsieur Chouchani
9437:Milhhamoth ha-Shem
9341:Charles Hartshorne
9322:process philosophy
9283:Holocaust theology
9249:Holocaust theology
9243:Holocaust theology
9131:
9119:Jewish rationalism
9082:Star of Redemption
9047:
9002:Nachman of Breslov
8988:Hasidic philosophy
8912:Jewish philosopher
8464:
8022:Republic of Venice
7821:
7661:Judaism, known as
7535:Republic of Venice
7276:Brethren of Purity
7272:Brethren of Purity
7211:creation ex nihilo
7137:Kingdom of Navarre
6840:Shelemut ha-Nefesh
6602:Iggeret ha-Wikkuaḥ
6421:
6254:
6233:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
5917:Brethren of Purity
5546:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
5259:"Hiwi the Heretic"
5240:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
5229:Brethren of Purity
4980:Abdullah ibn Salam
4838:
4377:Eastern philosophy
3930:Jewish Koine Greek
3472:Dominican Republic
2753:Judaism by country
2432:Jews and Christmas
2287:Assyrian captivity
1809:Judaism portal
1774:Holocaust theology
633:Abraham Isaac Kook
613:Monsieur Chouchani
215:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
185:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
152:Ismaili philosophy
142:Brethren of Purity
16105:Jewish philosophy
16092:
16091:
16054:
16053:
16050:
16049:
16046:
16045:
15752:
15751:
15748:
15747:
15744:
15743:
15471:Analytic feminism
15443:
15442:
15405:Kierkegaardianism
15367:Transcendentalism
15327:Neo-scholasticism
15173:Classical Realism
15150:
15149:
14922:
14921:
14737:Neopythagoreanism
14494:
14493:
14490:
14489:
14111:Social philosophy
13996:
13995:
13978:
13977:
13974:
13973:
13716:
13715:
13712:
13711:
13607:Latter Day Saints
13576:Divine simplicity
13497:
13496:
13354:Consubstantiality
13330:
13329:
13181:
13180:
13125:Theistic finitism
12967:
12966:
12933:extinct languages
12834:YIVO Encyclopedia
12609:Hebrew literature
12577:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
12417:Reconstructionist
12095:Judaeo-Portuguese
11784:
11783:
11740:Eastern Sephardim
11384:Synagogal Judaism
11064:As early as 1934
10964:. Adath-shalom.ca
10569:. Brillonline.com
10482:. Brillonline.com
10447:. Brillonline.com
10362:978-0-02-866097-4
10149:Jewish literature
10100:Philosophy portal
10047:- Polish logician
10020:philosophy of sex
9985:Michael J. Sandel
9948:Friedrich Pollock
9685:Theodor W. Adorno
9460:Eliezer Berkovits
9416:Milhamoth ha-Shem
8896:Elijah Benamozegh
8819:Moses the prophet
8815:Moses Mendelssohn
8805:London in modern
8412:House of Habsburg
8310:Miguel de Barrios
8305:Francisco Sanches
8161:he studied under
7964:Nissim ben Reuben
7774:Azariah dei Rossi
7754:Judah Messer Leon
7711:Milhhemet Mitzvah
7658:Sefer Ha-Qabbalah
7571:Kingdom of Sicily
7555:Republic of Genoa
7259:Sana'a in modern
7218:Hoter ben Solomon
7076:Isaac ben Sheshet
7071:Nissim ben Reuben
6989:Solomon ben Adret
6973:Nissim ben Reuben
6969:Nissim ben Reuben
6961:Isaac ben Sheshet
6812:Kingdom of Aragon
6522:Hillel ben Samuel
6516:Hillel ben Samuel
6505:Samuel ibn Tibbon
6392:Shlomo ben Aderet
6318:Joseph ibn Migash
6238:Samuel ibn Tibbon
6218:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
6117:Almohad Caliphate
6001:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
5929:Muḥasabat al-Nafs
5831:Sana'a in Modern
5784:Kitāb al-Muʿtabar
5780:Kitāb al-Muʿtabar
5717:Abraham bar Hiyya
5550:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
5395:Abbasid Caliphate
5309:Fatimid Caliphate
5210:Pumbedita Academy
4929:Bar Kokhba revolt
4881:Johanan ben Zakai
4725:Jewish philosophy
4722:
4721:
4530:
4529:
4192:
4191:
4141:
4140:
3889:
3888:
3636:Reconstructionist
3580:
3579:
2732:
2731:
2539:
2538:
2376:Jewish–Roman wars
2324:Hasmonean dynasty
2240:Kingdom of Israel
2144:
2143:
1845:
1844:
1197:Important figures
871:Reconstructionist
766:
765:
603:Eliezer Berkovits
593:Elijah Benamozegh
583:Moses Mendelssohn
498:Francisco Sanches
457:Reconstructionist
260:Isaac ben Sheshet
255:Moses of Narbonne
235:Samuel ibn Tibbon
195:Abraham bar Hiyya
39:Jewish philosophy
16:(Redirected from
16122:
16081:
16080:
16069:
16068:
16067:
15784:
15783:
15775:
15774:
15758:
15757:
15648:Frankfurt School
15595:Transactionalism
15545:Normative ethics
15525:Legal positivism
15501:Falsificationism
15486:Consequentialism
15481:Communitarianism
15454:
15453:
15322:New Confucianism
15161:
15160:
14968:Neo-Confucianism
14933:
14932:
14742:Second Sophistic
14727:Middle Platonism
14570:
14569:
14511:
14510:
14500:
14499:
14343:Epiphenomenalism
14210:Consequentialism
14144:Institutionalism
14049:
14048:
14038:
14037:
14023:
14016:
14009:
14000:
13999:
13988:
13733:
13732:
13722:
13721:
13609:
13449:
13448:
13344:Athanasian Creed
13194:
13193:
13031:
13030:
13022:
13021:
13009:
13008:
12994:
12987:
12980:
12971:
12970:
12956:
12955:
12954:
12941:
12940:
12073:Judeo-Golpaygani
11674:Palestinian Jews
11649:Alexandrian Jews
11605:Crimean Karaites
11522:Unterlander Jews
11475:
11474:
11389:Rabbinic Judaism
11314:
11307:
11300:
11291:
11290:
11202:
11201:
11195:
11158:
11150:
11142:
11134:
11126:
11111:
11103:
11085:
11062:
11056:
11055:
11035:
11029:
11022:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11012:
11006:
10999:
10991:
10985:
10979:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10969:
10958:
10952:
10951:
10949:
10948:
10933:
10927:
10920:
10914:
10907:
10901:
10898:Emmanuel Levinas
10894:
10888:
10881:
10875:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10858:
10847:
10841:
10838:
10832:
10829:
10823:
10820:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10810:
10799:
10793:
10790:
10784:
10781:
10775:
10772:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10750:"Hasdai Crescas"
10742:
10736:
10735:Responsa No. 159
10733:
10727:
10726:
10700:
10694:
10693:
10685:
10679:
10676:
10670:
10666:
10660:
10657:
10651:
10647:
10641:
10635:
10629:
10628:
10626:
10625:
10614:
10608:
10602:
10596:
10585:
10579:
10578:
10576:
10574:
10562:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10552:
10541:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10522:
10516:
10515:
10497:
10491:
10490:
10488:
10487:
10478:(October 2010).
10472:
10466:
10463:
10457:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10440:
10434:
10430:
10424:
10421:
10415:
10406:
10400:
10397:
10391:
10382:
10376:
10373:
10367:
10366:
10335:
10308:
10302:
10301:
10281:
10275:
10265:
10259:
10249:
10243:
10237:
10231:
10221:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10211:
10200:
10159:Jewish mythology
10154:Jewish mysticism
10102:
10097:
10096:
10095:
10088:
10083:
10082:
10081:
10001:Judith N. Shklar
9885:Emmanuel Levinas
9515:Franz Rosenzweig
9421:Wars of the Name
9326:process theology
9316:Process theology
9200:
9199:
9193:
9113:phenomenological
9109:Emmanuel Levinas
9103:philosopher and
9070:Franz Rosenzweig
8944:Nachman Krochmal
8927:, leader of the
8823:Moses Maimonides
8788:
8787:
8781:
8749:
8748:
8733:
8732:
8717:
8716:
8701:
8700:
8685:
8684:
8669:
8668:
8653:
8652:
8637:
8636:
8630:
8380:
8379:
8373:
8338:
8337:
8331:
8230:Poland-Lithuania
8217:
8216:
8210:
8128:
8127:
8121:
8082:
8081:
8075:
8009:
8008:
8002:
7913:
7912:
7906:
7849:
7848:
7842:
7739:Nissim of Gerona
7663:Maaseh Bereshith
7654:Abraham Ibn Daud
7642:Dialoghi d'amore
7627:Dialoghi d'amore
7566:
7565:
7546:
7545:
7522:
7521:
7515:
7441:
7440:
7422:
7421:
7403:
7402:
7384:
7383:
7377:
7339:
7338:
7319:
7318:
7312:
7292:Midrash ha-hefez
7268:Hoter ben Shlomo
7235:
7234:
7228:
7169:Sefer ha-Ikkarim
7128:
7127:
7121:
7092:Nissim of Gerona
7024:
7023:
7017:
6985:Moses ben Nahman
6932:
6931:
6925:
6887:
6886:
6871:
6870:
6864:
6836:Moses ben Joshua
6804:
6803:
6797:
6693:Levi ben Gershon
6660:
6659:
6653:
6614:Sefer ha-Ma'alot
6553:
6552:
6546:
6441:
6440:
6434:
6396:Asher ben Jehiel
6330:Abraham Ibn Daud
6269:
6268:
6262:
6213:Abraham ibn Ezra
6178:
6177:
6171:
6154:. Accordingly,
6140:Abraham ibn Daud
6108:
6107:
6101:
6091:Abraham ibn Daud
6063:
6062:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6014:, translated by
5960:
5959:
5953:
5883:
5882:
5876:
5807:
5806:
5800:
5741:Plato Tiburtinus
5687:
5686:
5671:
5670:
5664:
5601:
5600:
5585:
5584:
5578:
5496:
5495:
5480:
5479:
5473:
5386:
5385:
5379:
5318:Emunoth ve-Deoth
5142:
5141:
5126:
5125:
5110:
5109:
5094:
5093:
5087:
4893:Rabbinic Judaism
4887:and moved it to
4883:, who saved the
4759:Rabbinic Judaism
4734:
4733:פילוסופיה יהודית
4714:
4707:
4700:
4419:Aztec philosophy
4298:Ancient Egyptian
4280:
4279:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4213:
4194:
4193:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4033:
4032:
3914:
3735:
3729:
3710:
3674:
3673:
3621:
3568:New Zealand
3520:
3483:El Salvador
3473:
3405:Northern America
3397:
2991:
2747:
2746:
2658:Crimean Karaites
2554:
2553:
2532:
2530:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2426:
2414:Rabbinic Judaism
2395:
2389:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2325:
2318:Maccabean Revolt
2295:
2288:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2235:
2159:
2158:
2133:
2028:
2027:
1960:
1948:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1079:Aruch HaShulchan
803:
797:
791:
768:
767:
758:
751:
744:
661:
618:Emmanuel Levinas
409:
240:Joseph ben Judah
220:Abraham ibn Ezra
210:Abraham ibn Daud
200:Bahya ibn Paquda
167:Rabbinic Judaism
129:
60:
49:
30:
29:
21:
16130:
16129:
16125:
16124:
16123:
16121:
16120:
16119:
16095:
16094:
16093:
16088:
16065:
16063:
16042:
16006:
15906:
15868:
15815:
15769:
15768:
15740:
15729:Russian cosmism
15702:
15698:Western Marxism
15663:New Historicism
15628:Critical theory
15614:
15610:Wittgensteinian
15506:Foundationalism
15439:
15376:
15357:Social contract
15213:Foundationalism
15146:
15128:
15112:Illuminationism
15097:Aristotelianism
15083:
15072:Vishishtadvaita
15025:
14977:
14918:
14885:
14756:
14685:Megarian school
14680:Eretrian school
14621:
14582:Agriculturalism
14559:
14505:
14486:
14433:
14405:
14362:
14314:
14271:
14255:Incompatibilism
14224:
14196:
14148:
14120:
14043:
14032:
14027:
13997:
13992:
13990:Religion portal
13970:
13947:
13909:
13890:Holy Scriptures
13862:
13839:
13727:
13708:
13669:
13605:
13581:Divine presence
13545:
13493:
13447:
13403:
13349:Comma Johanneum
13326:
13291:
13255:
13189:
13177:
13134:
13016:
13003:
12998:
12968:
12963:
12952:
12950:
12922:
12748:
12613:
12485:
12359:
12253:
12068:Judeo-Borujerdi
12043:Judeo-Malayalam
11989:Judeo-Aragonese
11960:Lishanid Noshan
11792:
11780:
11512:Oberlander Jews
11473:
11403:
11345:
11327:
11318:
11270:- articles and
11244:
11226:Colette Sirat,
11196:
11184:
11156:
11148:
11140:
11132:
11124:
11120:Wayback Machine
11109:
11101:
11093:
11091:Further reading
11088:
11063:
11059:
11052:
11036:
11032:
11023:
11019:
11010:
11008:
11004:
10997:
10993:
10992:
10988:
10980:
10976:
10967:
10965:
10960:
10959:
10955:
10946:
10944:
10935:
10934:
10930:
10921:
10917:
10908:
10904:
10895:
10891:
10883:Shmuel Feiner,
10882:
10878:
10869:
10865:
10856:
10854:
10849:
10848:
10844:
10839:
10835:
10830:
10826:
10821:
10817:
10808:
10806:
10801:
10800:
10796:
10791:
10787:
10782:
10778:
10773:
10769:
10759:
10757:
10743:
10739:
10734:
10730:
10715:
10701:
10697:
10687:
10686:
10682:
10677:
10673:
10667:
10663:
10658:
10654:
10648:
10644:
10636:
10632:
10623:
10621:
10616:
10615:
10611:
10603:
10599:
10595:, 9789004138827
10586:
10582:
10572:
10570:
10563:
10559:
10550:
10548:
10543:
10542:
10538:
10532:
10528:
10523:
10519:
10512:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10485:
10483:
10473:
10469:
10464:
10460:
10450:
10448:
10441:
10437:
10431:
10427:
10422:
10418:
10407:
10403:
10398:
10394:
10383:
10379:
10374:
10370:
10363:
10324:Singer, Isidore
10309:
10305:
10282:
10278:
10266:
10262:
10250:
10246:
10239:Jacob Neusner,
10238:
10234:
10222:
10218:
10209:
10207:
10202:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10188:
10139:Jewish folklore
10134:Jewish feminism
10098:
10093:
10091:
10084:
10079:
10077:
10074:
9980:Murray Rothbard
9936:Martha Nussbaum
9920:Herbert Marcuse
9828:Jack Halberstam
9771:Jacques Derrida
9715:Walter Benjamin
9677:
9665:Emil Fackenheim
9655:Eugene Borowitz
9649:Liberal Judaism
9631:
9623:Main articles:
9621:
9578:Elliot N. Dorff
9569:
9563:
9470:Eliyahu Dessler
9456:
9450:
9445:
9392:Gershom Scholem
9372:
9318:
9301:Mordecai Kaplan
9297:
9291:
9251:
9245:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9201:
9182:Moshe Halbertal
9163:Elliot N. Dorff
9121:
9094:Elliot N. Dorff
9058:
9052:
9037:
8990:
8982:Main articles:
8980:
8950:philosopher in
8881:Naphtali Ullman
8857:, anti-Hasidic
8811:
8810:
8809:
8804:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8789:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8750:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8734:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8722:Altona, Hamburg
8718:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8702:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8686:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8670:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8654:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8638:
8622:
8614:Leone di Modena
8610:
8604:
8574:
8554:
8538:
8501:Elia del Medigo
8475:Rabbinic Jewish
8454:
8443:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8381:
8365:
8364:
8363:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8343:Altona, Hamburg
8339:
8323:
8301:
8285:
8253:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8218:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8129:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8083:
8067:
8058:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8010:
7960:Jacob ibn Habib
7948:Moses Almosnino
7945:
7943:Moses Almosnino
7940:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7914:
7875:Elia del Medigo
7872:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7850:
7834:
7811:
7784:Isaac Campanton
7730:
7700:, particularly
7667:Maaseh Merkavah
7650:
7620:
7604:Alhambra Decree
7589:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7567:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7547:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7523:
7496:Isaac Abravanel
7478:Isaac Abravanel
7470:Isaac Abravanel
7467:
7466:
7465:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7442:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7423:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7404:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7385:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7340:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7320:
7304:
7280:Yemenite Jewish
7265:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7236:
7220:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7129:
7113:
7088:
7067:Aristotelianism
7050:
7049:
7048:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7009:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6933:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6888:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6856:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6805:
6789:
6709:Milhamot HaShem
6705:Milhamot HaShem
6689:
6688:
6687:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6661:
6645:
6629:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6554:
6538:
6518:
6498:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6442:
6426:
6348:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6270:
6246:
6228:Yehuda Alharizi
6209:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6179:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6064:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6041:
6018:, by the title
5986:
5985:
5984:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5945:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5884:
5868:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5808:
5792:
5757:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5688:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5672:
5656:
5644:Albertus Magnus
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5602:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5586:
5570:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5497:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5481:
5450:Abraham Harkavy
5443:Karaite Judaism
5414:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5387:
5371:
5339:Kitāb al-Tanbīh
5293:
5261:
5256:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5166:), also called
5162:(shown: modern
5158:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5127:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5095:
5079:
5073:
5037:
5035:Karaite Judaism
5031:
5010:Around 733 CE,
4963:
4957:
4869:
4828:
4823:
4747:. Until modern
4739:carried out by
4735:) includes all
4718:
4689:
4688:
4654:Epistemologists
4644:
4643:
4632:
4631:
4568:
4544:
4543:
4532:
4531:
4277:
4276:
4265:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4188:
4143:
4142:
4030:
4020:
4019:
4010:Judeo-Malayalam
3990:Judaeo-Georgian
3910:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3791:Yiddish theatre
3733:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3619:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3518:
3471:
3395:
2989:
2773:Genetic studies
2744:
2734:
2733:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2528:
2527:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2429:
2424:
2406:and Middle Ages
2404:Rabbinic period
2391:
2385:
2378:
2366:
2337:
2323:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2251:in Judaism
2248:
2233:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2025:
2015:
2014:
1958:
1946:
1891:
1841:
1803:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1739:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1719:Judeo-Christian
1682:
1681:
1679:Other religions
1670:
1669:
1630:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1495:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1419:
1385:
1384:
1369:
1368:
1324:
1323:
1321:Religious roles
1312:
1311:
1274:
1270:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1149:
1125:
1124:
1109:
1108:
1074:Mishnah Berurah
1054:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1016:
969:
962:
961:
950:
949:
903:
902:
891:
890:
822:
815:
814:
762:
733:
732:
729:
662:
659:
652:
651:
648:
647:
628:Gershom Scholem
608:Eliyahu Dessler
487:
486:
410:
405:
398:
397:
394:
393:
356:
355:
318:
317:
295:
294:
285:Isaac Abarbanel
275:Elia del Medigo
172:
171:
130:
125:
118:
117:
114:
113:
93:
92:
61:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16128:
16118:
16117:
16115:Judaic studies
16112:
16110:Jewish culture
16107:
16090:
16089:
16087:
16086:
16074:
16059:
16056:
16055:
16052:
16051:
16048:
16047:
16044:
16043:
16041:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16020:
16014:
16012:
16008:
16007:
16005:
16004:
15999:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15969:
15964:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15944:
15939:
15938:
15937:
15927:
15922:
15916:
15914:
15908:
15907:
15905:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15878:
15876:
15874:Middle Eastern
15870:
15869:
15867:
15866:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15825:
15823:
15817:
15816:
15814:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15792:
15790:
15781:
15771:
15770:
15767:
15766:
15762:
15754:
15753:
15750:
15749:
15746:
15745:
15742:
15741:
15739:
15738:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15716:
15710:
15708:
15704:
15703:
15701:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15638:Existentialism
15635:
15633:Deconstruction
15630:
15624:
15622:
15616:
15615:
15613:
15612:
15607:
15602:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15577:
15572:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15537:
15532:
15527:
15522:
15517:
15512:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15466:Applied ethics
15462:
15460:
15451:
15445:
15444:
15441:
15440:
15438:
15437:
15432:
15430:Nietzscheanism
15427:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15401:
15400:
15390:
15384:
15382:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15374:
15372:Utilitarianism
15369:
15364:
15359:
15354:
15349:
15344:
15339:
15334:
15329:
15324:
15319:
15314:
15309:
15304:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15273:
15272:
15270:Transcendental
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15237:
15236:
15235:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15210:
15208:Existentialism
15205:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15164:
15158:
15152:
15151:
15148:
15147:
15145:
15144:
15138:
15136:
15130:
15129:
15127:
15126:
15121:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15093:
15091:
15085:
15084:
15082:
15081:
15076:
15075:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15033:
15031:
15027:
15026:
15024:
15023:
15018:
15013:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14996:Augustinianism
14993:
14987:
14985:
14979:
14978:
14976:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14939:
14937:
14930:
14924:
14923:
14920:
14919:
14917:
14916:
14911:
14909:Zoroastrianism
14906:
14901:
14895:
14893:
14887:
14886:
14884:
14883:
14882:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14831:
14830:
14829:
14824:
14814:
14813:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14787:
14782:
14777:
14766:
14764:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14754:
14752:Church Fathers
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14723:
14722:
14717:
14712:
14707:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14667:
14666:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14634:
14632:
14623:
14622:
14620:
14619:
14614:
14609:
14604:
14599:
14594:
14589:
14584:
14578:
14576:
14567:
14561:
14560:
14558:
14557:
14556:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14525:
14519:
14517:
14507:
14506:
14496:
14495:
14492:
14491:
14488:
14487:
14485:
14484:
14479:
14474:
14469:
14464:
14459:
14454:
14449:
14443:
14441:
14435:
14434:
14432:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14415:
14413:
14407:
14406:
14404:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14372:
14370:
14364:
14363:
14361:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14324:
14322:
14316:
14315:
14313:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14281:
14279:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14269:
14267:Libertarianism
14264:
14263:
14262:
14252:
14251:
14250:
14240:
14234:
14232:
14226:
14225:
14223:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14206:
14204:
14198:
14197:
14195:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14158:
14156:
14150:
14149:
14147:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14130:
14128:
14122:
14121:
14119:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14093:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14071:Metaphilosophy
14068:
14063:
14057:
14055:
14045:
14044:
14034:
14033:
14026:
14025:
14018:
14011:
14003:
13994:
13993:
13983:
13980:
13979:
13976:
13975:
13972:
13971:
13969:
13968:
13963:
13957:
13955:
13949:
13948:
13946:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13919:
13917:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13907:
13902:
13900:Predestination
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13872:
13870:
13864:
13863:
13861:
13860:
13855:
13849:
13847:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13755:Biblical canon
13752:
13747:
13741:
13739:
13729:
13728:
13718:
13717:
13714:
13713:
13710:
13709:
13707:
13706:
13701:
13696:
13691:
13686:
13680:
13678:
13671:
13670:
13668:
13667:
13662:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13612:
13611:
13610:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13553:
13551:
13550:Other concepts
13547:
13546:
13544:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13507:
13505:
13499:
13498:
13495:
13494:
13492:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13455:
13453:
13446:
13445:
13436:
13435:
13434:
13424:
13422:Apocalypticism
13419:
13413:
13411:
13405:
13404:
13402:
13401:
13396:
13391:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13340:
13338:
13336:Trinitarianism
13332:
13331:
13328:
13327:
13325:
13324:
13310:
13305:
13299:
13297:
13293:
13292:
13290:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13263:
13261:
13257:
13256:
13254:
13253:
13251:Zoroastrianism
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13227:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13200:
13198:
13191:
13183:
13182:
13179:
13178:
13176:
13175:
13170:
13169:
13168:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13136:
13135:
13133:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13086:
13085:
13083:Urmonotheismus
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13028:
13018:
13017:
13005:
13004:
12997:
12996:
12989:
12982:
12974:
12965:
12964:
12962:
12961:
12947:
12927:
12924:
12923:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12918:
12917:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12900:non-Christian
12898:
12897:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12856:
12849:
12842:
12837:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12796:
12791:
12790:
12789:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12758:
12756:
12750:
12749:
12747:
12746:
12741:
12740:
12739:
12734:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12703:
12702:
12692:
12691:
12690:
12685:
12675:
12670:
12669:
12668:
12658:
12657:
12656:
12646:
12641:
12640:
12639:
12634:
12623:
12621:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12599:Shulchan Aruch
12596:
12595:
12594:
12589:
12587:Sefer Yetzirah
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12567:Pardes Rimonim
12564:
12557:Kabbalah texts
12554:
12553:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12527:
12526:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12501:
12495:
12493:
12487:
12486:
12484:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12447:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12403:
12402:
12397:
12396:
12395:
12390:
12369:
12367:
12361:
12360:
12358:
12357:
12352:
12350:Land of Israel
12347:
12346:
12345:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12324:
12323:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12302:
12301:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12275:
12274:
12263:
12261:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12251:
12246:
12245:
12244:
12243:
12242:
12237:
12236:
12235:
12228:
12226:Judeo-Alsatian
12218:
12217:
12216:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12153:
12152:
12147:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12091:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12078:Judeo-Hamedani
12075:
12070:
12065:
12055:
12053:Judaeo-Occitan
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12034:
12033:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12012:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11994:Jewish English
11991:
11986:
11985:
11984:
11983:
11982:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11925:Judaeo-Aramaic
11922:
11921:
11920:
11915:
11913:Judeo-Tunisian
11910:
11905:
11903:Judeo-Moroccan
11900:
11899:
11898:
11896:Judeo-Baghdadi
11883:
11878:
11873:
11872:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11800:
11798:
11786:
11785:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11778:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11774:
11764:
11763:
11762:
11752:
11747:
11745:Livornese Jews
11742:
11732:
11727:
11726:
11725:
11715:
11714:
11713:
11712:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11636:
11635:
11634:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11608:
11607:
11602:
11592:
11587:
11586:
11585:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11564:
11563:
11558:
11548:
11547:
11546:
11541:
11531:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11492:Afrikaner-Jode
11483:
11481:
11472:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11460:
11459:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11413:
11411:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11355:
11353:
11347:
11346:
11344:
11343:
11338:
11332:
11329:
11328:
11317:
11316:
11309:
11302:
11294:
11288:
11287:
11282:
11275:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11243:
11242:External links
11240:
11239:
11238:
11224:
11204:
11203:
11182:
11154:
11146:
11138:
11130:
11122:
11107:
11096:Online sources
11092:
11089:
11087:
11086:
11057:
11051:978-0823212361
11050:
11030:
11017:
10986:
10974:
10953:
10928:
10915:
10902:
10889:
10876:
10863:
10842:
10833:
10824:
10815:
10794:
10785:
10776:
10767:
10737:
10728:
10713:
10695:
10680:
10671:
10661:
10652:
10642:
10630:
10609:
10597:
10580:
10557:
10536:
10526:
10517:
10510:
10492:
10467:
10458:
10435:
10425:
10416:
10401:
10392:
10377:
10368:
10361:
10328:Funk, Isaac K.
10312:Jacobs, Joseph
10303:
10276:
10260:
10244:
10232:
10216:
10204:"Philo Judæus"
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10174:Jewish thought
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10144:Jewish history
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10114:Jewish culture
10111:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10089:
10086:Judaism portal
10073:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10066:Irvin D. Yalom
10063:
10058:
10053:
10051:Michael Walzer
10048:
10042:
10037:
10028:
10023:
10013:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9966:
9960:
9958:Moishe Postone
9955:
9950:
9945:
9939:
9933:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9910:Rosa Luxemburg
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9845:
9843:Edmund Husserl
9840:
9838:Max Horkheimer
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9784:
9781:Ronald Dworkin
9778:
9776:Hubert Dreyfus
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9710:Zygmunt Bauman
9707:
9702:
9697:
9687:
9676:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9668:
9662:
9659:Reform Judaism
9652:
9642:
9625:Reform Judaism
9620:
9617:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9603:Alan Mittleman
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9565:Main article:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9557:
9552:
9550:Chaim Volozhin
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9525:Daniel Rynhold
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9452:Main article:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9433:Yihhyah Qafahh
9411:Yihhyah Qafahh
9400:Jewish Renewal
9371:
9368:
9317:
9314:
9293:Main article:
9290:
9287:
9263:omnibenevolent
9247:Main article:
9244:
9241:
9216:
9215:
9203:
9202:
9195:
9194:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9155:Alan Mittleman
9120:
9117:
9062:existentialism
9054:Main article:
9051:
9048:
9036:
9033:
8984:Haredi Judaism
8979:
8976:
8975:
8974:
8964:
8954:
8941:
8939:Reform Judaism
8937:, a leader of
8932:
8922:
8913:
8903:
8889:
8888:
8878:
8868:
8865:Salomon Maimon
8862:
8807:United Kingdom
8800:
8799:
8791:
8790:
8783:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8765:
8764:
8758:Katzenelnbogen
8752:
8751:
8744:
8743:
8736:
8735:
8728:
8727:
8720:
8719:
8712:
8711:
8704:
8703:
8696:
8695:
8690:Coswig, Anhalt
8688:
8687:
8680:
8679:
8672:
8671:
8664:
8663:
8656:
8655:
8648:
8647:
8640:
8639:
8632:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8606:Main article:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8581:
8578:Jacob Abendana
8573:
8570:
8553:
8550:
8537:
8534:
8467:Baruch Spinoza
8461:Baruch Spinoza
8453:
8452:Baruch Spinoza
8450:
8442:
8439:
8418:against Jews.
8408:Ottoman Empire
8392:
8391:
8383:
8382:
8375:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8354:
8353:
8341:
8340:
8333:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8315:Uriel da Costa
8312:
8307:
8300:
8297:
8284:
8281:
8277:Moses Isserles
8269:Moses Isserles
8265:Shalom Shachna
8252:
8249:
8237:
8236:
8220:
8219:
8212:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8198:Moses Alashkar
8192:Obadiah Sforno
8186:Moses Isserles
8159:Shalom Shachna
8151:Czech Republic
8144:
8143:
8137:Czech Republic
8131:
8130:
8123:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8102:
8101:
8091:Katzenelnbogen
8085:
8084:
8077:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8057:
8054:
8044:
8041:
8029:
8028:
8012:
8011:
8004:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7956:Levi Ibn Habib
7944:
7941:
7929:
7928:
7922:Ottoman Empire
7916:
7915:
7908:
7907:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7861:
7860:
7852:
7851:
7844:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7801:, Duran wrote
7792:
7787:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7729:
7726:
7649:
7646:
7619:
7616:
7578:
7577:
7569:
7568:
7561:
7560:
7549:
7548:
7541:
7540:
7525:
7524:
7517:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7453:
7452:
7444:
7443:
7436:
7435:
7425:
7424:
7417:
7416:
7406:
7405:
7398:
7397:
7387:
7386:
7379:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7355:
7354:
7342:
7341:
7334:
7333:
7322:
7321:
7314:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7296:Siraj al-'uqul
7254:
7253:
7238:
7237:
7230:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7165:Hasdai Crescas
7144:
7143:
7131:
7130:
7123:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7087:
7084:
7059:'s. His work,
7057:Baruch Spinoza
7053:Hasdai Crescas
7036:
7035:
7027:
7026:
7019:
7018:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7005:
6965:Hasdai Crescas
6944:
6943:
6935:
6934:
6927:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6899:
6898:
6890:
6889:
6882:
6881:
6874:
6873:
6866:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6819:
6818:
6807:
6806:
6799:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6765:Qusta ibn Luqa
6757:Ali ibn Ridwan
6675:
6674:
6668:Avignon Papacy
6663:
6662:
6655:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:Moreh ha-Moreh
6617:
6611:
6605:
6595:Reshit Hokhmah
6565:
6564:
6556:
6555:
6548:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6517:
6514:
6497:
6494:
6456:
6455:
6444:
6443:
6436:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6406:commentary on
6372:Al-Constantini
6368:Samuel ben Ali
6347:
6344:
6301:Main article:
6286:
6285:
6272:
6271:
6264:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6223:Moses ibn Ezra
6220:
6215:
6208:
6205:
6190:
6189:
6181:
6180:
6173:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6156:Hasdai Crescas
6124:
6123:
6111:
6110:
6103:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6075:
6074:
6066:
6065:
6058:
6057:
6043:
6042:
6035:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6026:
5997:Moses ibn Ezra
5972:
5971:
5963:
5962:
5955:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5895:
5894:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5844:Bustan al-Uqul
5826:
5825:
5810:
5809:
5802:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5756:
5753:
5733:Hiyya al-Daudi
5699:
5698:
5690:
5689:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5673:
5666:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:Thomas Aquinas
5633:then moved to
5613:
5612:
5604:
5603:
5596:
5595:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5530:
5527:
5508:
5507:
5499:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5482:
5475:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5454:Ishrun Maḳalat
5426:Sefer Yetzirah
5406:
5405:
5389:
5388:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5363:Ibn al-Rawandi
5292:
5289:
5278:Ibn al-Rawandi
5269:Hiwi al-Balkhi
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5233:hadith scholar
5218:Moses ibn Ezra
5196:Hasan of Basra
5154:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5072:
5069:
5033:Main article:
5030:
5027:
5005:
5004:
4996:
4984:ibn al-Rawandi
4956:
4953:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4911:
4868:
4865:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4794:Ashkenazi Jews
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4669:Metaphysicians
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4597:Metaphilosophy
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4287:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4071:Territorialism
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3955:Judaeo-Spanish
3952:
3950:Judaeo-Iranian
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:United Kingdom
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:Bilad-el-Sudan
2826:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2782:Land of Israel
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2640:Related groups
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Jewish atheism
2494:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:Islamic–Jewish
2443:
2436:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2373:
2360:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2313:Yehud Medinata
2307:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2262:
2254:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2219:Ancient Israel
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Land of Israel
2172:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:Shulchan Aruch
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1896:God in Judaism
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1737:Related topics
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1627:Major holidays
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:Birkat Hamazon
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1446:Ritual objects
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1267:Rabbinic sages
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1173:Chevra kadisha
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Shulchan Aruch
1066:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
988:
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
963:
957:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
945:Musar movement
942:
941:
940:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
898:
897:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
862:
861:
856:
855:
854:
843:
842:
841:
840:
835:
834:
833:
816:
810:
809:
808:
805:
804:
784:
783:
777:
776:
764:
763:
761:
760:
753:
746:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
666:
663:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
563:Jacob Abendana
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
533:Tzvi Ashkenazi
530:
525:
520:
515:
513:Salomon Maimon
510:
508:Baruch Spinoza
505:
503:Uriel da Costa
500:
494:
490:
488:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
452:Existentialist
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
414:
411:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
327:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
304:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
265:Hasdai Crescas
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
138:
136:Influenced by:
134:
131:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
100:
96:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
65:
62:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16127:
16116:
16113:
16111:
16108:
16106:
16103:
16102:
16100:
16085:
16084:
16075:
16073:
16072:
16061:
16060:
16057:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16019:
16016:
16015:
16013:
16011:Miscellaneous
16009:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15970:
15968:
15965:
15963:
15960:
15958:
15955:
15953:
15950:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15940:
15936:
15933:
15932:
15931:
15928:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15917:
15915:
15913:
15909:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15879:
15877:
15875:
15871:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15826:
15824:
15822:
15818:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15797:
15794:
15793:
15791:
15789:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15776:
15772:
15764:
15763:
15759:
15755:
15737:
15736:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15711:
15709:
15707:Miscellaneous
15705:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15693:Structuralism
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15678:Postmodernism
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15668:Phenomenology
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15625:
15623:
15621:
15617:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15605:Vienna Circle
15603:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15536:
15535:Moral realism
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15463:
15461:
15459:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15446:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15399:
15396:
15395:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15385:
15383:
15379:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15363:
15360:
15358:
15355:
15353:
15350:
15348:
15345:
15343:
15340:
15338:
15337:Phenomenology
15335:
15333:
15330:
15328:
15325:
15323:
15320:
15318:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15303:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15277:Individualism
15275:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15242:
15241:
15238:
15234:
15231:
15230:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15165:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15153:
15143:
15142:Judeo-Islamic
15140:
15139:
15137:
15135:
15131:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15119:
15118:ʿIlm al-Kalām
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15094:
15092:
15090:
15086:
15080:
15077:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15067:Shuddhadvaita
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15039:
15038:
15035:
15034:
15032:
15028:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
15001:Scholasticism
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14988:
14986:
14984:
14980:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14940:
14938:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14925:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14896:
14894:
14892:
14888:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14836:
14835:
14832:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14819:
14818:
14815:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14772:
14771:
14768:
14767:
14765:
14763:
14759:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14702:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14640:
14639:
14636:
14635:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14624:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14579:
14577:
14575:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14562:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14530:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14520:
14518:
14516:
14512:
14508:
14501:
14497:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14468:
14465:
14463:
14460:
14458:
14455:
14453:
14452:Conceptualism
14450:
14448:
14445:
14444:
14442:
14440:
14436:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14416:
14414:
14412:
14408:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14381:Particularism
14379:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14371:
14369:
14365:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14348:Functionalism
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14333:Eliminativism
14331:
14329:
14326:
14325:
14323:
14321:
14317:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14282:
14280:
14278:
14274:
14268:
14265:
14261:
14258:
14257:
14256:
14253:
14249:
14246:
14245:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14238:Compatibilism
14236:
14235:
14233:
14231:
14227:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14203:
14199:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14177:Particularism
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14159:
14157:
14155:
14151:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14131:
14129:
14127:
14123:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14058:
14056:
14054:
14050:
14046:
14039:
14035:
14031:
14024:
14019:
14017:
14012:
14010:
14005:
14004:
14001:
13991:
13987:
13981:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13958:
13956:
13954:
13950:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13933:Denominations
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13920:
13918:
13916:
13912:
13906:
13905:Last Judgment
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13869:
13865:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13850:
13848:
13846:
13842:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13742:
13740:
13738:
13734:
13730:
13723:
13719:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13681:
13679:
13676:
13672:
13666:
13665:Unmoved mover
13663:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13608:
13604:
13603:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13566:Binitarianism
13564:
13562:
13558:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13548:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13506:
13504:
13500:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13456:
13454:
13450:
13444:
13440:
13437:
13433:
13430:
13429:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13414:
13412:
13410:
13406:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13341:
13339:
13337:
13333:
13322:
13318:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13300:
13298:
13294:
13288:
13287:Supreme Being
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13264:
13262:
13258:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13206:
13205:
13202:
13201:
13199:
13195:
13192:
13188:
13184:
13174:
13171:
13167:
13164:
13163:
13162:
13159:
13158:Gender of God
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13143:
13141:
13137:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13084:
13081:
13080:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13063:Kathenotheism
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13038:
13036:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13023:
13019:
13015:
13010:
13006:
13002:
12995:
12990:
12988:
12983:
12981:
12976:
12975:
12972:
12960:
12959:
12948:
12946:
12945:
12936:
12935:
12934:
12930:
12925:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12884:Protestantism
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12866:
12865:
12862:
12861:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12854:
12850:
12848:
12847:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12835:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12818:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12801:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12764:
12763:
12760:
12759:
12757:
12755:
12751:
12745:
12742:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12729:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12701:
12698:
12697:
12696:
12693:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12680:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12667:
12664:
12663:
12662:
12659:
12655:
12652:
12651:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12625:
12624:
12622:
12620:
12616:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12572:Sefer HaBahir
12570:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12560:
12559:
12558:
12555:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12532:
12531:
12528:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12510:
12509:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12499:Sifrei Kodesh
12497:
12496:
12494:
12492:
12488:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12452:
12449:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12433:
12430:
12429:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12401:
12398:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12385:
12384:
12381:
12380:
12379:
12376:
12375:
12374:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12362:
12356:
12355:Who is a Jew?
12353:
12351:
12348:
12344:
12341:
12340:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12322:
12319:
12318:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12300:
12297:
12296:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12284:Chosen people
12282:
12280:
12277:
12273:
12270:
12269:
12268:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12260:
12256:
12250:
12247:
12241:
12240:Scots-Yiddish
12238:
12234:
12233:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12223:
12222:
12219:
12215:
12214:
12213:Klezmer-loshn
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12194:
12193:
12190:
12189:
12188:
12185:
12184:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12142:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12083:Judeo-Shirazi
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12060:
12059:
12058:Judeo-Persian
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12048:Judeo-Marathi
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12026:Judeo-Italian
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11996:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11981:
11978:
11977:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11927:
11926:
11923:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11897:
11894:
11893:
11892:
11889:
11888:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11881:Judeo-Amazigh
11879:
11877:
11874:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11806:
11805:
11802:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11791:
11787:
11773:
11770:
11769:
11768:
11765:
11761:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11737:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11724:
11721:
11720:
11719:
11716:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11704:Hadhrami Jews
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11691:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11669:Mountain Jews
11667:
11665:
11664:Egyptian Jews
11662:
11660:
11659:Bukharan Jews
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11637:
11633:
11630:
11629:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11584:
11581:
11580:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11553:
11552:
11549:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11532:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11489:
11488:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11458:
11455:
11454:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11447:Lists of Jews
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11406:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11348:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11333:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11315:
11310:
11308:
11303:
11301:
11296:
11295:
11292:
11286:
11283:
11280:
11276:
11273:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11245:
11237:
11236:0-521-39727-8
11233:
11229:
11225:
11223:
11222:0-415-08064-9
11219:
11215:
11211:
11210:
11209:
11208:
11207:Print sources
11200:
11193:
11189:
11185:
11183:9781618111791
11179:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11155:
11153:
11147:
11145:
11139:
11137:
11131:
11129:
11123:
11121:
11117:
11114:
11108:
11106:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11097:
11083:
11082:Yehuda Elkana
11079:
11075:
11074:Joseph Agassi
11071:
11067:
11061:
11053:
11047:
11043:
11042:
11034:
11027:
11021:
11007:on 2012-06-24
11003:
10996:
10990:
10983:
10978:
10963:
10957:
10943:on 2013-03-13
10942:
10938:
10932:
10925:
10919:
10912:
10906:
10899:
10893:
10886:
10880:
10873:
10867:
10852:
10851:"Mendelssohn"
10846:
10837:
10828:
10819:
10804:
10798:
10789:
10780:
10771:
10755:
10751:
10747:
10746:Sadik, Shalom
10741:
10732:
10724:
10720:
10716:
10714:0-87820-052-5
10710:
10706:
10699:
10692:
10691:
10684:
10675:
10665:
10656:
10646:
10639:
10634:
10619:
10613:
10607:
10606:Colette Sirat
10601:
10594:
10593:90-04-13882-X
10590:
10584:
10568:
10561:
10546:
10540:
10530:
10521:
10513:
10511:90-04-07026-5
10507:
10503:
10496:
10481:
10477:
10476:Camilla Adang
10471:
10462:
10446:
10439:
10429:
10420:
10413:
10412:
10405:
10396:
10389:
10388:
10381:
10372:
10364:
10358:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10347:Skolnik, Fred
10344:
10340:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10316:Broydé, Isaac
10313:
10307:
10299:
10295:
10292:(1): 86–117.
10291:
10287:
10280:
10274:
10273:1-110-35511-4
10270:
10264:
10258:
10257:0-87441-063-0
10254:
10248:
10242:
10236:
10230:
10229:90-04-04215-6
10226:
10220:
10205:
10199:
10195:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10124:Jewish ethics
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10101:
10090:
10087:
10076:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10046:
10045:Alfred Tarski
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10011:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9975:Avital Ronell
9973:
9970:
9967:
9964:
9963:Hilary Putnam
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9943:
9940:
9937:
9934:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9915:György Lukács
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9905:Leo Löwenthal
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9859:Melanie Klein
9857:
9855:
9852:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9813:Tamar Gendler
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9803:Sigmund Freud
9801:
9799:
9798:Viktor Frankl
9796:
9794:
9791:
9788:
9787:Yehuda Elkana
9785:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9761:Hélène Cixous
9759:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9750:Judith Butler
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9725:Isaiah Berlin
9723:
9721:
9720:Henri Bergson
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9700:Hannah Arendt
9698:
9695:
9691:
9690:Joseph Agassi
9688:
9686:
9683:
9682:
9681:
9669:
9666:
9663:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9650:
9646:
9643:
9640:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9626:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9568:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9485:David Hartman
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9457:
9455:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9367:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9337:
9335:
9329:
9327:
9323:
9313:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9296:
9286:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9250:
9240:
9237:
9233:
9224:
9219:
9210:
9206:
9192:
9185:
9183:
9179:
9178:David Hartman
9174:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9139:
9137:
9136:Hermann Cohen
9129:
9128:Hermann Cohen
9125:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9078:Hermann Cohen
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9057:
9045:
9041:
9032:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9009:
9007:
9003:
8998:
8994:
8989:
8985:
8972:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8936:
8935:Samuel Hirsch
8933:
8930:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8907:
8906:Hermann Cohen
8904:
8901:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8886:
8882:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8871:Isaac Satanow
8869:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8827:German Jewish
8824:
8820:
8816:
8808:
8803:
8794:
8780:
8768:
8759:
8755:
8739:
8723:
8707:
8691:
8675:
8659:
8643:
8629:
8617:
8615:
8609:
8596:
8593:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8584:Isaac Cardoso
8582:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8547:
8543:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8476:
8473:, broke with
8472:
8468:
8462:
8458:
8449:
8447:
8438:
8435:
8432:
8431:First Crusade
8428:
8424:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8400:
8395:
8386:
8372:
8362:
8357:
8348:
8344:
8330:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8261:Solomon Luria
8258:
8245:
8240:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8209:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8181:
8180:Solomon Luria
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8152:
8147:
8138:
8134:
8120:
8110:
8105:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8074:
8062:
8053:
8051:
8037:
8032:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8001:
7994:
7992:
7991:Isaac Albalag
7988:
7984:
7981:al-Ghazâlî's
7979:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7937:
7932:
7923:
7919:
7905:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7869:
7864:
7855:
7841:
7829:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7795:Profiat Duran
7793:
7791:
7788:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7779:Isaac Aboab I
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7769:Judah Moscato
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7724:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7682:Emunot v'Deot
7679:
7675:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7659:
7655:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7586:
7581:
7572:
7556:
7552:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7514:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7447:
7431:
7428:
7412:
7409:
7393:
7390:
7376:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7349:
7345:
7329:
7328:House of Aviz
7325:
7311:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7262:
7257:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7227:
7215:
7212:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7138:
7134:
7120:
7108:
7107:Joseph Albo.
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7054:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7030:
7016:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6938:
6924:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6893:
6877:
6863:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6813:
6810:
6796:
6787:Moses Narboni
6784:
6782:
6781:human freedom
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6719:, Aristotle,
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6669:
6666:
6652:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6608:Reshit Ḥokmah
6606:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6559:
6545:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6523:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6501:Jacob Anatoli
6496:Jacob Anatoli
6493:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6450:
6447:
6433:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6409:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6354:of Provence,
6353:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6280:
6276:
6261:
6250:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6184:
6170:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6118:
6114:
6100:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6069:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6032:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5993:Toledo, Spain
5990:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5966:
5952:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5898:
5889:
5875:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5829:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5799:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5693:
5677:
5663:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5616:
5607:
5591:
5577:
5565:
5563:
5562:rosh yeshivah
5559:
5558:Hezekiah Gaon
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5538:Mérida, Spain
5535:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5502:
5486:
5472:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5409:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5378:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5220:called him a
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5148:
5132:
5116:
5100:
5086:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4873:Second Temple
4864:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4832:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Phenomenology
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:Ancient Greek
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Judeo-Aramaic
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Judeo-Italian
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Ghardaïa Sign
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3743:
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3731:
3728:
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3722:
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3698:
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3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:Denominations
3586:
3585:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
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3509:
3506:
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3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:United States
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Guinea-Bissau
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
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2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Lists of Jews
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:The Holocaust
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Mishneh Torah
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1878:Who is a Jew?
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Rosh Hashanah
1633:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:Mishneh Torah
1057:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
965:
964:
960:
954:
953:
946:
943:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
901:
895:
894:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
860:
857:
853:
850:
849:
848:
845:
844:
839:
836:
832:
829:
828:
827:
824:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
807:
806:
802:
796:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
778:
774:
770:
769:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:
737:
736:
726:
725:Righteousness
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:Chosen people
673:
671:
668:
667:
665:
664:
656:
655:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Isaac Cardoso
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Samuel Hirsch
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
493:
489:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
417:
413:
412:
408:
402:
401:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
364:
360:
359:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:Isaac Israeli
329:
328:
326:
322:
321:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
303:
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
180:
176:
175:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
137:
133:
132:
128:
122:
121:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
99:
95:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
68:
64:
63:
59:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
16076:
16062:
15891:
15733:
15724:Postcritique
15714:Kyoto School
15673:Posthumanism
15653:Hermeneutics
15508: /
15449:Contemporary
15425:Newtonianism
15388:Cartesianism
15347:Reductionism
15183:Conservatism
15178:Collectivism
15133:
15116:
14844:Sarvāstivadā
14822:Anekantavada
14747:Neoplatonism
14715:Epicureanism
14648:Pythagoreans
14587:Confucianism
14553:Contemporary
14543:Early modern
14447:Anti-realism
14401:Universalism
14358:Subjectivism
14154:Epistemology
13942:
13800:Hamartiology
13785:Ecclesiology
13775:Pneumatology
13684:Christianity
13675:Names of God
13650:Philo's view
13640:Personal god
13620:Great Spirit
13559: /
13516:Christianity
13374:Perichoresis
13277:Emanationism
13219:Christianity
13209:Baháʼí Faith
13187:Singular god
13160:
13120:Spiritualism
12949:
12942:
12928:
12851:
12844:
12832:
12815:
12798:
12632:perspectives
12466:Samaritanism
12427:Neo-Hasidism
12407:Conservative
12321:Names of God
12258:
12230:
12211:
12021:Judaeo-Greek
12016:Judeo-Gascon
11955:Lishán Didán
11950:Lishana Deni
11918:Judeo-Yemeni
11886:Judeo-Arabic
11760:Meshuchrarim
11679:Persian Jews
11612:Kurdish Jews
11590:Kaifeng Jews
11539:Beta Abraham
11502:Galitzianers
11457:Antisemitism
11432:Israeli Jews
11417:Assimilation
11227:
11213:
11206:
11205:
11192:j.ctt21h4xpc
11161:
11157:(in English)
11149:(in English)
11141:(in English)
11125:(in English)
11095:
11094:
11069:
11060:
11040:
11033:
11020:
11009:. Retrieved
11002:the original
10989:
10981:
10977:
10966:. Retrieved
10956:
10945:. Retrieved
10941:the original
10931:
10923:
10918:
10910:
10905:
10892:
10884:
10879:
10872:Google books
10866:
10855:. Retrieved
10845:
10836:
10827:
10818:
10807:. Retrieved
10797:
10788:
10779:
10770:
10758:. Retrieved
10753:
10740:
10731:
10704:
10698:
10689:
10683:
10674:
10664:
10655:
10645:
10637:
10633:
10622:. Retrieved
10612:
10600:
10583:
10571:. Retrieved
10560:
10549:. Retrieved
10539:
10529:
10520:
10501:
10495:
10484:. Retrieved
10470:
10461:
10449:. Retrieved
10438:
10428:
10419:
10409:
10404:
10395:
10385:
10380:
10371:
10350:
10331:
10306:
10289:
10285:
10279:
10263:
10247:
10240:
10235:
10219:
10208:. Retrieved
10198:
10026:Susan Sontag
10018:, writes in
10006:Peter Singer
9930:Thomas Nagel
9864:Sarah Kofman
9848:Alberto Jori
9833:Ágnes Heller
9823:Lewis Gordon
9818:Emma Goldman
9766:Arthur Danto
9755:Noam Chomsky
9740:Harold Bloom
9705:Raymond Aron
9678:
9641:philosopher)
9635:Rachel Adler
9613:Ira F. Stone
9598:Max Kadushin
9583:Neil Gillman
9475:Israel Eldad
9436:
9420:
9414:
9408:
9404:Neo-Hasidism
9373:
9356:Max Kadushin
9338:
9330:
9319:
9298:
9252:
9228:
9175:
9151:Conservative
9147:Lenn Goodman
9140:
9132:
9107:commentator
9098:
9090:Neil Gillman
9081:
9059:
9044:Martin Buber
9019:writings of
9010:
8991:
8890:
8849:
8844:
8838:
8812:
8611:
8555:
8539:
8520:
8504:
8499:is evident.
8478:
8465:
8444:
8436:
8420:
8404:
8292:
8286:
8254:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8163:Jacob Pollak
8156:
8059:
8046:
7986:
7982:
7980:
7976:Meammeẓ Koaḥ
7975:
7971:
7967:
7952:Thessaloniki
7946:
7894:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7873:
7822:
7802:
7722:
7714:
7710:
7708:
7703:Shi'ur Qomah
7701:
7695:
7685:
7681:
7671:
7666:
7662:
7657:
7651:
7641:
7633:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7596:
7592:
7590:
7503:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7473:
7468:
7295:
7291:
7278:influencing
7266:
7208:
7168:
7167:. He wrote
7159:
7103:
7095:
7089:
7060:
7051:
7000:
6996:
6995:and that of
6992:
6981:Rabbeinu Tam
6959:
6839:
6834:
6759:, Averroes,
6749:Theophrastus
6708:
6704:
6690:
6637:
6630:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6601:
6594:
6589:
6580:
6530:
6526:
6519:
6508:
6499:
6489:
6476:
6471:
6404:
6389:
6377:
6349:
6333:
6322:Isaac Alfasi
6311:
6306:
6273:Location of
6160:Emunah Ramah
6159:
6148:Emunah Ramah
6147:
6143:
6138:
6019:
6011:
5989:Judah Halevi
5987:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5925:Jewish Kalam
5912:
5907:
5843:
5838:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5715:
5639:Neoplatonism
5629:was born in
5625:
5561:
5532:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5430:
5424:
5415:
5354:
5349:
5347:
5338:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5294:
5291:Sa'adya Gaon
5285:Cairo Geniza
5282:
5274:
5262:
5226:
5213:
5204:
5200:Isra'iliyyat
5199:
5188:Banu Isra'il
5187:
5183:Isra'iliyyat
5181:
5174:
5048:
5041:Mutakallamin
5038:
5022:
5009:
5006:
4988:
4971:Christianity
4964:
4945:Jewish Kalam
4943:(from which
4941:Sura Academy
4926:
4921:
4916:
4913:
4910:(Gen. ix. 6)
4907:
4870:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4839:
4763:
4748:
4724:
4723:
4641:Philosophers
4549:Epistemology
4517:
4370:South Africa
4325:Contemporary
4274:Philosophies
4134:Post-Zionism
4005:Judeo-Berber
4000:Judeo-Arabic
3960:Judeo-Gascon
3707:Pidyon haben
3626:Conservative
3172:Saudi Arabia
2990:South Africa
2979:Sierra Leone
2801:Israeli Jews
2715:Mosaic Arabs
2668:Kaifeng Jews
2529:Arab–Israeli
2502:Emancipation
2381:Great Revolt
2190:Anti-Judaism
2185:Antisemitism
2180:Name "Judea"
1979:
1975:Baal teshuva
1769:Anti-Judaism
1764:Antisemitism
1709:Samaritanism
1687:Christianity
1588:Shehecheyanu
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1493:Four species
1400:Pidyon haben
1354:Rosh yeshiva
1265:
1158:Beth midrash
1104:Noahide laws
899:
847:Conservative
623:Martin Buber
491:
442:Conservative
415:
362:
324:
301:
205:Judah Halevi
178:
157:Jewish Kalam
135:
97:
66:
38:
15719:Objectivism
15658:Neo-Marxism
15620:Continental
15530:Meta-ethics
15510:Coherentism
15415:Hegelianism
15352:Rationalism
15312:Natural law
15292:Materialism
15218:Historicism
15188:Determinism
15079:Navya-Nyāya
14854:Sautrāntika
14849:Pudgalavada
14785:Vaisheshika
14638:Presocratic
14538:Renaissance
14477:Physicalism
14462:Materialism
14368:Normativity
14353:Objectivism
14338:Emergentism
14328:Behaviorism
14277:Metaphysics
14243:Determinism
14182:Rationalism
13858:Krishnology
13835:Soteriology
13790:Eschatology
13770:Christology
13635:Open theism
13591:Exotheology
13489:Zoroastrian
13452:By religion
13409:Eschatology
13364:Homoiousian
13317:Ahura Mazda
13095:Panentheism
13058:Hermeticism
12874:Catholicism
12456:Hellenistic
12294:Eschatology
12232:Lachoudisch
12157:Lotegorisch
12135:Lachoudisch
12125:Koiné Greek
12038:Judeo-Latin
11975:Palestinian
11869:Palestinian
11718:Mustaʿravim
11644:Afghan Jews
11632:Berber Jews
11556:Bene Israel
11544:Falash Mura
11534:Beta Israel
11452:Persecution
11394:Middle Ages
11133:(in Hebrew)
11102:(in Hebrew)
11066:Karl Popper
11024:Noam Zion,
10669:1910/1911).
10339:"Microcosm"
10320:"Microcosm"
10040:Leo Strauss
10031:Sandy Stone
10012:philosopher
10010:utilitarian
9996:Lev Shestov
9953:Karl Popper
9874:Saul Kripke
9808:Erich Fromm
9745:Susan Bordo
9735:Allan Bloom
9730:Ernst Bloch
9694:Karl Popper
9608:David Novak
9334:panentheism
9066:Lev Shestov
8910:neo-Kantian
8887:philosopher
8877:philosopher
8861:philosopher
8589:David Nieto
8558:Jacob Emden
8552:Jacob Emden
8530:panentheism
8497:Leone Ebreo
8293:Yosif Lekah
8175:Joseph Katz
8050:Leon Modena
7968:Yede Mosheh
7826:Renaissance
7716:Sefer Bahir
7678:Saadia Gaon
7638:Ibn Gabirol
7618:Leone Ebreo
7612:crypto-jews
7490:Rosh Amanah
7486:Rosh Amanah
7474:Rosh Amanah
7161:Joseph Albo
7111:Joseph Albo
7100:Joseph Albo
6729:Hippocrates
6586:David Kimhi
6398:, issued a
5765:Hibat Allah
5763:, known as
5755:Hibat Allah
5540:, lived in
5421:Middle Ages
5307:Egypt, the
5299:, son of a
5297:Saadia Gaon
5059:(Shi'ism),
4999:Bahshamiyya
4901:Rabbi Akiva
4790:rationalism
4564:Metaphysics
4479:By religion
4335:Continental
4315:Renaissance
4129:Revisionist
4119:Neo-Zionism
3726:Zeved habat
3519:Puerto Rico
3345:Netherlands
3177:South Korea
3162:Philippines
3042:Afghanistan
2909:Ivory Coast
2683:Crypto-Jews
2648:Bnei Anusim
2627:Bene Israel
2592:Beta Israel
2549:Communities
2456:Middle Ages
2195:Persecution
1970:Bereavement
1453:Sefer Torah
1415:Bereavement
1395:Zeved habat
1178:Holy Temple
1118:Holy cities
852:Conservadox
680:Eschatology
573:David Nieto
538:Jacob Emden
472:Neo-Hasidic
351:Ibn Kammuna
341:al-Mukkamas
336:Saadia Gaon
270:Joseph Albo
230:Nachmanides
190:Ibn Gabirol
58:Hellenistic
16099:Categories
16018:Amerindian
15925:Australian
15864:Vietnamese
15844:Indonesian
15393:Kantianism
15342:Positivism
15332:Pragmatism
15307:Naturalism
15287:Liberalism
15265:Subjective
15203:Empiricism
15107:Avicennism
15052:Bhedabheda
14936:East Asian
14859:Madhyamaka
14839:Abhidharma
14705:Pyrrhonism
14472:Nominalism
14467:Naturalism
14396:Skepticism
14386:Relativism
14376:Absolutism
14305:Naturalism
14215:Deontology
14187:Skepticism
14172:Naturalism
14162:Empiricism
14126:Aesthetics
14030:Philosophy
13943:Philosophy
13830:Sophiology
13810:Philosophy
13805:Messianism
13765:Paterology
13369:Hypostasis
13359:Homoousian
13190:theologies
13130:Theopanism
13115:Polytheism
13078:Monotheism
13053:Henotheism
12869:Anabaptism
12811:Jew (word)
12678:Leadership
12491:Literature
12476:Secularism
12422:Humanistic
12289:Conversion
12259:Philosophy
12100:Judeo-Urdu
11864:Babylonian
11709:Saada Jews
11694:Adeni Jews
11487:Ashkenazim
11442:Samaritans
11409:Population
11364:Israelites
11164:. Boston:
11011:2012-10-22
10984:, page xiv
10968:2012-10-22
10947:2012-10-22
10857:2012-10-22
10809:2012-10-22
10624:2012-10-22
10551:2012-10-22
10486:2012-10-22
10210:2012-10-22
10191:References
10016:Alan Soble
9900:Benny Lévy
9854:Hans Jonas
9520:Tamar Ross
9382:strain of
9309:pragmatist
9305:John Dewey
9275:theodicies
9259:omniscient
9255:omnipotent
9236:Rambamists
8916:Moses Hess
8566:Sabbateans
8493:Maimonides
8427:Mutazilite
7891:Del Medigo
7692:Maimonides
7461:in modern
7363:in modern
7284:numerology
7152:in modern
7104:Magen Avot
7096:Magen Avot
7044:in modern
6993:Gersonides
6971:Gerondi.
6967:and Rabbi
6952:in modern
6911:in modern
6827:in modern
6773:Ibn Tufail
6745:Themistius
6741:Pythagoras
6721:Empedocles
6683:in Modern
6643:Gersonides
6573:in modern
6481:Alexandria
6464:in modern
6360:Al Andalus
6308:Maimonides
6303:Maimonides
6277:in modern
6244:Maimonides
6052:al-Andalus
6005:al-Ghazali
5980:in modern
5937:El Muḥasib
5723:and later
5704:bar-Hiyya-
5554:Maimonides
5536:, born in
5520:in modern
5343:al-Masʿūdī
5222:mutakallim
4949:Abba Arika
4927:After the
4875:in 70 CE,
4768:among the
4737:philosophy
4572:Aesthetics
4261:Categories
4203:Philosophy
4114:Maximalism
4066:Secularism
4046:Autonomism
3863:Literature
3656:Humanistic
3260:Azerbaijan
3222:Uzbekistan
3197:Tajikistan
3117:Kyrgyzstan
3102:Kazakhstan
2949:Mozambique
2924:Madagascar
2844:Cape Verde
2796:New Yishuv
2791:Old Yishuv
2742:Population
2720:Subbotniks
2678:Samaritans
2617:Romanyotim
2560:Ashkenazim
2507:Old Yishuv
2487:Sabbateans
2474:Modern era
2466:Golden Age
2393:Bar Kokhba
2113:Beit Yosef
1980:Philosophy
1640:Yom Kippur
1183:Tabernacle
928:Chosenness
900:Philosophy
881:Humanistic
598:Moses Hess
416:Positions:
363:Positions:
280:Judah Minz
250:Gersonides
225:Maimonides
88:Boethusian
67:Positions:
15897:Pakistani
15859:Taiwanese
15806:Ethiopian
15779:By region
15765:By region
15580:Scientism
15575:Systemics
15435:Spinozism
15362:Socialism
15297:Modernism
15260:Objective
15168:Anarchism
15102:Averroism
14991:Christian
14943:Neotaoism
14914:Zurvanism
14904:Mithraism
14899:Mazdakism
14670:Cyrenaics
14597:Logicians
14230:Free will
14192:Solipsism
14139:Formalism
13820:Practical
13815:Political
13780:Cosmology
13737:Christian
13596:Holocaust
13586:Egotheism
13541:Goddesses
13536:Mormonism
13464:Christian
13417:Afterlife
13303:Sustainer
13110:Polydeism
13105:Pantheism
13090:Mysticism
13073:Monolatry
13068:Nontheism
13048:Dystheism
12931:indicate
12879:Mormonism
12864:Christian
12744:Symbolism
12732:Synagogue
12712:Mythology
12673:Education
12644:Astronomy
12627:Astrology
12444:relations
12249:Zarphatic
12197:Galitzish
11999:Yeshivish
11876:Catalanic
11839:Samaritan
11814:Ashkenazi
11795:Diasporic
11790:Languages
11735:Sephardim
11730:Romaniote
11617:Krymchaks
11551:Desi Jews
11427:Buddhists
11078:Adi Ophir
10926:2 (1962).
10638:Or Adonai
10534:1975–1977
9942:Adi Ophir
9925:Karl Marx
9645:Leo Baeck
9384:Chasidism
9279:Holocaust
9205:Ramat Gan
8971:economist
8969:, German
8967:Karl Marx
8961:Sephardic
8920:socialism
8900:Sephardic
8845:Jerusalem
8821:and with
8738:Frankfurt
8526:pantheism
8517:Averroism
8489:Amsterdam
8471:Spinozism
7950:was born
7697:Heichalot
7608:conversos
7288:midrashim
7062:Or Adonai
7042:Barcelona
7029:Barcelona
6905:Barcelona
6876:Barcelona
6825:Perpignan
6809:Perpignan
6769:Al-Farabi
6735:, Plato,
6632:Ibn Kaspi
6520:Firstly,
6352:Tosafists
6335:ex nihilo
6152:Aristotle
6081:Almoravid
6049:Almoravid
5737:Averroism
5721:Barcelona
5706:Barcelona
5692:Barcelona
5439:proselyte
5358:Muʿtazila
5301:proselyte
5237:alchemist
5168:Babylonia
5160:Asuristan
5099:Pumbedita
5049:Muʿtazila
5002:Muʿtazila
4994:Qadariyah
4975:Radhanite
4885:Sanhedrin
4815:dialectic
4798:Ashkenazi
4664:Logicians
4659:Ethicists
4617:Political
4577:Education
4498:Christian
4493:Confucian
4392:Indonesia
4346:By region
4284:By period
4124:Religious
3980:Zarphatic
3970:Bukharian
3940:Judeo-Tat
3925:Yeshivish
3899:Languages
3854:Sephardic
3844:Israelite
3834:Ethiopian
3824:Ashkenazi
3763:Religious
3553:Australia
3535:Venezuela
3441:Argentina
3423:Greenland
3335:Lithuania
3187:Sri Lanka
3182:Singapore
3107:Kurdistan
3072:Indonesia
3062:Hong Kong
3015:Abayudaya
2939:Mauritius
2673:Igbo Jews
2663:Krymchaks
2582:Sephardim
2450:relations
2344:Sadducees
2340:Pharisees
2330:Sanhedrin
2245:Jerusalem
2005:Synagogue
1873:Etymology
1759:Criticism
1724:Pluralism
1702:Mormonism
1608:Kol Nidre
1382:education
1307:Acharonim
1153:Synagogue
1130:Jerusalem
812:Movements
710:Holocaust
700:Happiness
482:Rambamist
462:Holocaust
437:Chassidic
427:Sephardic
374:Kabbalist
302:Yemenite:
78:Sadducean
73:Hasmonean
16083:Category
16038:Yugoslav
16028:Romanian
15935:Scottish
15920:American
15849:Japanese
15829:Buddhist
15811:Africana
15801:Egyptian
15643:Feminist
15565:Rawlsian
15560:Quietism
15458:Analytic
15410:Krausism
15317:Nihilism
15282:Kokugaku
15245:Absolute
15240:Idealism
15228:Humanism
15016:Occamism
14983:European
14928:Medieval
14874:Yogacara
14834:Buddhist
14827:Syādvāda
14710:Stoicism
14675:Cynicism
14663:Sophists
14658:Atomists
14653:Eleatics
14592:Legalism
14533:Medieval
14457:Idealism
14411:Ontology
14391:Nihilism
14295:Idealism
14053:Branches
14042:Branches
13938:Kabbalah
13885:Prophets
13760:Glossary
13726:By faith
13689:Hinduism
13571:Demiurge
13561:in Islam
13521:Hinduism
13511:Buddhism
13503:Feminist
13459:Buddhist
13267:Absolute
13260:Concepts
13236:Hinduism
13231:Buddhism
13197:By faith
13161:and gods
13153:Divinity
13139:Concepts
13100:Pandeism
13001:Theology
12944:Category
12914:Hinduism
12904:Buddhism
12806:Genetics
12722:Politics
12695:Marriage
12654:Holidays
12649:Calendar
12530:Rabbinic
12506:/Hebrew
12451:Haymanot
12378:Orthodox
12365:Branches
12338:Kabbalah
12333:Haskalah
12311:Holiness
12187:dialects
12167:Shassagh
12130:Krymchak
12110:Kayliñña
12004:Yinglish
11980:Galilean
11970:Talmudic
11965:Biblical
11940:Betanure
11859:Biblical
11854:Mishnaic
11849:Medieval
11834:Tiberian
11829:Yemenite
11819:Sephardi
11755:Paradesi
11699:Ḥabbanim
11689:Teimanim
11654:Baghdadi
11627:Maghrebi
11595:Karaites
11573:Gruzínim
11561:Kochinim
11479:Diaspora
11437:Karaites
11422:Atheists
11359:Timeline
11116:Archived
10748:(2020).
10723:21039224
10640:, ch. i.
10349:(eds.).
10318:(1906).
10072:See also
9969:Ayn Rand
9696:'s ideas
9639:Feminist
9435:'s book
9425:Dor Daim
9388:Kabbalah
9232:Dor Daim
9105:Talmudic
9013:Hasidism
8997:Haskalah
8948:Haskalah
8885:Haskalah
8875:Haskalah
8859:Haskalah
8831:Haskalah
8608:Kabbalah
8509:Kabbalah
8485:Beit Din
8469:founded
8414:and the
7918:Salonika
7895:Ha-rofeh
7799:Converso
7674:Kabbalah
7634:Dialoghi
7632:Judah's
7598:Converso
7389:Venician
7365:Portugal
7348:Portugal
6909:Valencia
6892:Valencia
6777:Ibn Zuhr
6761:Avicenna
6571:Narbonne
6558:Narbonne
6384:Tiberias
6356:Ashkenaz
6326:Averroes
5888:Zaragosa
5856:Muhammad
5729:Provence
5635:Valencia
5606:Valencia
5448:In 1898
5335:Ibn Hazm
5330:Tiberias
5313:Tulunids
5206:Hai Gaon
5016:Kairouan
4933:Tiberias
4851:. These
4845:Stoicism
4811:rabbinic
4802:Sephardi
4782:Kabbalah
4778:Talmudic
4774:Biblical
4750:Haskalah
4622:Religion
4607:Ontology
4587:Language
4541:Branches
4488:Buddhist
4443:American
4365:Ethiopia
4330:Analytic
4310:Medieval
4251:Glossary
4236:Contents
4151:Category
4109:Kahanism
4056:Feminism
4028:Politics
3912:Biblical
3882:American
3829:Bukharan
3819:American
3719:Shidduch
3695:Clothing
3651:Haymanot
3597:Orthodox
3525:Suriname
3508:Paraguay
3461:Colombia
3360:Portugal
3270:Bulgaria
3207:Thailand
3157:Pakistan
3137:Mongolia
3132:Malaysia
3052:Cambodia
3026:Zimbabwe
3001:Tanzania
2879:Eswatini
2869:Ethiopia
2859:Djibouti
2839:Cameroon
2834:Botswana
2763:Diaspora
2725:Noahides
2698:Marranos
2622:Cochinim
2607:Bukharim
2597:Gruzinim
2587:Teimanim
2577:Mizrahim
2565:Galician
2531:conflict
2492:Hasidism
2482:Haskalah
2387:Diaspora
2258:timeline
2170:Timeline
2083:Rabbinic
1990:Kabbalah
1965:Marriage
1941:Tzedakah
1931:Holidays
1889:Religion
1852:a series
1850:Part of
1789:Muhammad
1692:Hinduism
1665:Hanukkah
1603:Tachanun
1598:Havdalah
1463:Tefillin
1410:Marriage
1302:Rishonim
1288:Savoraim
1145:Tiberias
1094:Tzedakah
1014:Rabbinic
913:Kabbalah
886:Haymanot
820:Orthodox
773:a series
771:Part of
705:Holiness
422:Orthodox
389:Tosafist
384:Talmudic
162:Kabbalah
127:Medieval
83:Pharisee
16033:Russian
16002:Spanish
15997:Slovene
15987:Maltese
15982:Italian
15962:Finland
15930:British
15912:Western
15902:Turkish
15887:Islamic
15882:Iranian
15834:Chinese
15821:Eastern
15788:African
15735:more...
15420:Marxism
15250:British
15193:Dualism
15089:Islamic
15047:Advaita
15037:Vedanta
15011:Scotism
15006:Thomism
14948:Tiantai
14891:Persian
14879:Tibetan
14869:Śūnyatā
14810:Cārvāka
14800:Ājīvika
14795:Mīmāṃsā
14775:Samkhya
14690:Academy
14643:Ionians
14617:Yangism
14574:Chinese
14565:Ancient
14528:Western
14523:Ancient
14482:Realism
14439:Reality
14429:Process
14310:Realism
14290:Dualism
14285:Atomism
14167:Fideism
13928:Aggadah
13876:Oneness
13868:Islamic
13750:Outline
13745:History
13704:Judaism
13699:Jainism
13655:Process
13630:Olelbis
13531:Judaism
13474:Islamic
13389:Trinity
13272:Brahman
13246:Sikhism
13241:Jainism
13214:Judaism
13166:Goddess
12929:Italics
12754:Studies
12700:Divorce
12666:Kashrut
12661:Cuisine
12619:Culture
12550:Midrash
12545:Tosefta
12535:Mishnah
12523:Ketuvim
12518:Nevi'im
12481:Schisms
12471:Science
12461:Karaite
12432:Renewal
12393:Litvaks
12388:Hasidic
12343:Sefirot
12328:Halakha
12299:Messiah
12272:Mitzvah
12267:Beliefs
12221:Western
12207:Poylish
12202:Litvish
12192:Eastern
12182:Yiddish
12177:Shuadit
12162:Qwareña
12150:Tetuani
12145:Haketia
12120:Knaanic
12115:Kivruli
12063:Bukhori
12009:Heblish
11945:Hulaulá
11935:Barzani
11891:Yahudic
11824:Mizrahi
11684:Urfalim
11639:Mizrahi
11583:Neofiti
11578:Italkim
11507:Lita'im
11399:Zionism
11351:History
11325:Judaism
11272:Shiurim
10924:Judaism
9349:British
9157:of the
9153:rabbis
9006:Hasidic
8952:Galicia
8835:Germans
8513:Leibniz
8483:by the
8361:Germany
8347:Denmark
8109:Germany
8095:Germany
7427:Ottoman
7408:Ottoman
7244:Rasulid
7150:Monreal
7133:Monreal
6954:Algeria
6950:Algiers
6937:Algiers
6737:Ptolemy
6681:Bagnols
6665:Bagnols
6446:Ayyubid
6340:Mesorah
6292:Abbasid
6200:Morocco
6133:Córdoba
6130:Almohad
6113:Cordoba
6084:Córdoba
6045:Cordoba
5848:Ismaili
5816:Ayyubid
5542:Córdoba
5518:Cordoba
5501:Córdoba
5431:methods
5399:Babylon
5305:Tulunid
5214:hakirah
5131:Baghdad
5065:Ash'ari
5057:Abu Isa
5029:Karaism
4897:Mishnah
4745:Judaism
4627:Science
4582:History
4508:Islamic
4468:Russian
4463:Italian
4448:British
4438:Western
4431:Iranian
4407:Vietnam
4382:Chinese
4355:African
4293:Ancient
4256:History
4241:Outline
4094:General
4085:Zionism
4061:Leftism
4051:Bundism
3975:Knaanic
3935:Yevanic
3920:Yiddish
3877:Yiddish
3872:Israeli
3849:Mizrahi
3839:Israeli
3810:Cuisine
3786:Ancient
3768:Secular
3714:Kashrut
3690:Wedding
3677:Customs
3669:Culture
3646:Science
3641:Renewal
3631:Karaite
3612:Hasidic
3544:Oceania
3530:Uruguay
3498:Jamaica
3478:Ecuador
3446:Bolivia
3390:Ukraine
3365:Romania
3340:Moldova
3320:Hungary
3310:Germany
3305:Georgia
3295:Finland
3290:Estonia
3285:Denmark
3280:Czechia
3265:Belarus
3255:Austria
3250:Armenia
3227:Vietnam
3142:Myanmar
3127:Lebanon
3047:Bahrain
3006:Tunisia
2984:Somalia
2959:Nigeria
2954:Namibia
2944:Morocco
2874:Eritrea
2819:Algeria
2703:Neofiti
2612:Italkim
2602:Juhurim
2512:Zionism
2461:Khazars
2356:Sicarii
2352:Zealots
2348:Essenes
2335:Schisms
2200:Leaders
2162:General
2154:History
2097:Tosefta
2092:Midrash
2069:Mishnah
2051:Ketuvim
2046:Nevi'im
1995:Customs
1926:Shabbat
1921:Halakha
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1911:Mitzvot
1898: (
1864:Judaism
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1423:Yeshiva
1378:Culture
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1278:Tannaim
1249:Rebecca
1237:Solomon
1205:Abraham
1084:Kashrut
1035:Tosefta
1030:Midrash
1020:Mishnah
1002:Piyutim
983:Ketuvim
978:Nevi'im
918:Messiah
876:Renewal
866:Karaite
831:Hasidic
781:Judaism
715:Messiah
492:People:
467:Renewal
379:Karaism
98:People:
15992:Polish
15972:German
15967:French
15952:Danish
15942:Canada
15892:Jewish
15854:Korean
15839:Indian
15381:People
15302:Monism
15255:German
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15156:Modern
15134:Jewish
15057:Dvaita
15030:Indian
14953:Huayan
14805:Ajñana
14762:Indian
14627:Greco-
14612:Taoism
14602:Mohism
14548:Modern
14515:By era
14504:By era
14419:Action
14300:Monism
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14202:Ethics
13966:Wiccan
13915:Jewish
13895:Angels
13825:Public
13795:Ethics
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13439:Heaven
13296:God as
13026:Theism
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12727:Prayer
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12540:Talmud
12504:Tanakh
12439:Neolog
12412:Reform
12400:Modern
12383:Haredi
12306:Ethics
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12088:Juhuri
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9017:Chabad
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8793:London
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8642:Dessau
8612:Rabbi
8556:Rabbi
8540:Rabbi
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7936:Greece
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6829:France
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6685:France
6575:France
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6485:Fustat
6462:Aleppo
6449:Aleppo
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6400:cherem
6310:wrote
6295:Fostat
6275:Fostat
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6021:Kuzari
6009:Arabic
5978:Toledo
5965:Toledo
5921:Sufism
5812:Sana'a
5773:Anusim
5631:Málaga
5590:Málaga
5514:Mérida
5485:Mérida
5464:Gaon.
5192:Sufism
5061:Maliki
5053:Tanakh
5020:Talmud
4853:truths
4849:truths
4770:Geonim
4729:Hebrew
4554:Ethics
4523:Taoist
4518:Jewish
4458:German
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4387:Indian
4320:Modern
4156:Portal
4015:Domari
3945:Shassi
3906:Hebrew
3801:Humour
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3740:Aliyah
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3620:Reform
3607:Haredi
3602:Modern
3503:Mexico
3488:Guyana
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3413:Canada
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3275:Cyprus
3241:Europe
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2060:Talmud
2032:Tanakh
1985:Ethics
1936:Prayer
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1428:Kollel
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1297:Geonim
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1168:Sukkah
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1122:places
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859:Reform
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12683:Rabbi
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12513:Torah
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11622:Lemba
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11005:(PDF)
10998:(PDF)
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10341:. In
10322:. In
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7868:Crete
7585:Italy
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6913:Spain
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6279:Egypt
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4104:Labor
4099:Green
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2996:Sudan
2919:Libya
2914:Kenya
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2884:Gabon
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2708:Xueta
2653:Lemba
2272:First
2137:Zohar
2041:Torah
2023:Texts
2010:Rabbi
2000:Rites
1900:names
1784:Jesus
1779:Music
1697:Islam
1660:Purim
1558:Shema
1521:Arava
1507:Lulav
1500:Etrog
1364:Kohen
1359:Mohel
1349:Dayan
1339:Posek
1334:Rebbe
1329:Rabbi
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1135:Safed
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973:Torah
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938:Names
690:Faith
670:Anger
15124:Sufi
14958:Chan
14817:Jain
14790:Yoga
14320:Mind
14260:Hard
14248:Hard
13660:Tian
13443:Hell
13313:Good
13308:Time
11323:and
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11232:ISBN
11218:ISBN
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11080:and
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10719:OCLC
10709:ISBN
10589:ISBN
10575:2012
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