Amnesia - Knowledge

574:. People with retrograde amnesia are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than specifics. Recent memories are less likely to be recovered, but older memories will be easier to recall due to strengthening over time. Retrograde amnesia is usually temporary and can be treated by exposing them to memories from the loss. Another type of consolidation (process by which memories become stable in the brain) occurs over much longer periods of time/days, weeks, months and years and likely involves transfer of information from the hippocampus to more permanent storage site in the cortex. The operation of this longer-term consolidation process is seen in the retrograde amnesia of patients with hippocampal damage who can recall memories from childhood relatively normally, but are impaired when recalling experiences that occurred just a few years prior to the time they became amnesic. In the case of LSJ, her case shows that retrograde amnesia can affect many different parts of knowledge. LSJ was not able to remember things from her child or adult life. She was not able to remember things that most people pick up in everyday life such as logos or the names of common songs. 807:(otherwise known as depression-related cognitive dysfunction) is a condition where mental cognition can be temporarily decreased. The term pseudodementia is applied to the range of functional psychiatric conditions such as depression and schizophrenia, that may mimic organic dementia, but are essentially reversible on treatment. Pseudodementia typically involves three cognitive components: memory issues, deficits in executive functioning, and deficits in speech and language. Specific cognitive symptoms might include trouble recalling words or remembering things in general, decreased attention, control and concentration, difficulty completing tasks or making decisions, decreased speed and fluency of speech, and impaired processing speed. People with pseudodementia are typically very distressed about the cognitive impairment they experience. With in this condition, there are two specific treatments that have been found to be effective for the treatment of depression, and these treatments may also be beneficial in the treatment of pseudodementia. 616:(formerly "psychogenic fugue") is also known as fugue state. It is caused by psychological trauma, is usually temporary and unresolved, and therefore, may return. It must exist outside the influence of pre-existing medical conditions, such as a lobotomy, and immediate influence of any mind-altering substances, such as alcohol or drugs. An individual with dissociative fugue disorder either completely forgets or is confused about their identity, and may even assume a new one. They can travel hundreds miles from their home or work; they can also engage in other uncharacteristic, and occasionally unsafe, behavior. For example, two men in a study of five individuals with dissociative fugue had engaged in criminal activity while in their fugue state, having had no criminal record before the episodes. While popular in fiction, this type of amnesia is extremely rare. 918:

temporal lobectomy. His epilepsy did improve, but Molaison lost the ability to form new long-term memories (anterograde amnesia). He exhibited normal short-term memory ability. If he was given a list of words, he would forget them in about a minute's time. In fact, he would forget that he had even been given a list in the first place. However, H.M.'s working and short-term memory seemed to be intact. He had a normal digit span and could hold a conversation that did not require him to recall past parts of the conversation. Once Molaison stopped thinking about the lists he was unable to recall them again from long-term memory. This gave researchers evidence that short-term and long-term memory are in fact two different processes. Even though he forgot about the lists, he was still able to learn things through his

938:. Clive Wearing was a conductor and musician who contracted herpes simplex virus. This virus affected the hippocampal regions of the brain. Because of this damage, Wearing was unable to remember information for more than a few moments. Wearing's non-declarative memory was still functioning but his declarative memory was impaired. To him, he felt that he had just come to consciousness for the first time every time he was unable to hold on to information. This case also can be used as evidence that there are different memory systems for declarative and non-declarative memory. This case was more evidence that the hippocampus is an important part of the brain in remembering past events and that declarative and non-declarative memories have different processes in different parts of the brain. 926:

happened since his surgery. However, he could still remember things that had happened prior to the operation. Researchers also found that, when asked, Molaison could answer questions about national or international events, but he could not remember his own personal memories. After his death Molaison donated his brain to science, where they were able to discover the areas of the brain that had the lesions which caused his amnesia, particularly the medial temporal lobe. This case study provided important insight to the areas of the brain that are affected in anterograde amnesia, as well as how amnesia works. H.M.'s case showed that memory processes are consolidated into different parts of the brain and that short-term and working memory are not usually impaired in cases of amnesia.

676:, which may be why people do not easily remember pre-language events. Some research states that most adults cannot remember memories as early as two or three years old. Research suggests there are cultural influences that affect memories that are recalled. Researchers have found that implicit memories cannot be recalled or described. Remembering how to play the piano is a common example of implicit memory, as are walking, speaking, and other everyday activities that would be difficult to focus on if they had to be relearned every time one got up in the morning. Explicit memories, on the other hand, can be recalled and described in words. Remembering the first time meeting a teacher is an example of an explicit memory. 967:. He also had a left thyroid lobectomy because of severe loss of blood in his left lobe. He began having cardiac problems as a result of the surgery and became very agitated. Even five days after being released from the hospital he was unable to remember what had happened to him. Aside from memory impairment, none of his other cognitive processes seemed to be affected. He did not want to be involved in much research, but through memory tests he took with doctors, they were able to ascertain that his memory problems were present for the next 9.5 years until his death. After he died, his brain was donated to science, photographed, and preserved for future study. 399:. Another example demonstrated by some patients, such as K.C. and H.M, who have medial temporal damage and anterograde amnesia, still have perceptual priming. Priming was accomplished in many different experiments of amnesia, and it was found that the patients can be primed; they have no conscious recall of the event, but the response is there. Those patients did well in the word fragment completion task. There is some evidence that non-declarative memory can be held onto in the form of motor skills. This idea was disputed, though, because it is argued that motor skills require both declarative and non-declarative information. 922:. The psychologists would ask him to draw something on a piece of paper, but to look at the paper using a mirror. Though he could never remember ever doing that task, he would improve after doing it over and over again. This showed the psychologists that he was learning and remembering things unconsciously. In some studies it was found that H.M.'s perceptual learning was intact and that his other cognitive skills were working appropriately. It was also found that some people with declarative information amnesia are able to be primed. 332:

temporal lobe damage, but she was still able to remember how to perform some declarative skills. She was able to remember how to read music and the techniques used in art. She had preserved skill-related declarative memory for some things even though she had deficits in other declarative memory tasks. She even scored higher on skill-related declarative memory than the control in watercolor techniques, a technique that she used in her professional career before she acquired amnesia.

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anterograde memory, but almost no loss of retrograde memory, with the exception of a couple of years before his surgery, and presented no sign of any other cognitive impairment. It was not until after his death that researchers had the chance to examine his brain, when they found his lesions were restricted to the CA1 portion of the hippocampus. This case study led to important research involving the role of the hippocampus and the function of memory.

590:, such as a car accident that results in no more than mild whiplash, might cause the occupant of a car to have no memory of the moments just before the accident due to a brief interruption in the short/long-term memory transfer mechanism. The patient may also lose knowledge of who people are. Having longer periods of amnesia or consciousness after an injury may be an indication that recovery from remaining concussion symptoms will take much longer. 62: 154: 6197: 6185: 369:

temporary case of amnesia, it still shows the importance of the CA1 region of the hippocampus in memory. Episodic memory loss is most likely to occur when there has been damage to the hippocampus. There is evidence that damage to the medial temporal lobe correlates to a loss of autobiographical episodic memory.

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episode (an interruption of the blood flow to the brain), an MRI of patient R.B. following surgery showed his hippocampus to be intact except for a specific lesion restricted to the CA1 pyramidal cells. In one instance, transient global amnesia was caused by a hippocampal CA1 lesion. While this was a

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are forgotten, or where memories are unable to be recalled. The failure to remember those events is induced by suggestions made during the hypnosis. Some characteristics of posthypnotic amnesia include inability to remember specific events while under hypnotic influence, reversibility, and having no

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and medial diencephalon. Anterograde amnesia cannot be treated with pharmacological methods due to neuronal loss. However, treatment exists in educating patients to define their daily routines and after several steps they begin to benefit from their procedural memory. Procedural memory can be intact

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sequences experiment just as healthy people; therefore, procedural learning can proceed independently of the brain system required for declarative memory. Some patients with amnesia are able to remember skills that they had learned without being able to consciously recall where they had learned that

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Individuals with amnesia can learn new information, particularly if the information is non-declarative knowledge. However, in some situations, people with dense anterograde amnesia do not remember the episodes during which they previously learned or observed the information. Some people with amnesia

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Case studies have played a large role in the discovery of amnesia and the parts of the brain that were affected. The studies gave important insight into how amnesia affects the brain. The studies also gave scientists the resources into improving their knowledge about amnesia and insight into a cure

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deficiency and will be progressive if alcohol intake and nutrition pattern are not modified. Other neurological problems are likely to be present in combination with this type of amnesia, such as problems with the medial temporal lobe and frontal lobe dysfunction. Korsakoff's syndrome is also known

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Traumatic events are more subjective. What is traumatic is dependent on what the person finds to be traumatic. Regardless, a traumatic event is an event where something so distressing occurs that the mind chooses to forget rather than deal with the stress. A common example of amnesia that is caused

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Another coping mechanism is taking advantage of technological assistance, such as a personal digital device to keep track of day-to-day tasks. Reminders can be set up for appointments when to take medications, birthdays and other important events. Many pictures can also be stored to help amnesiacs

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is the inability to recall information, usually about stressful or traumatic events in persons' lives, such as a violent attack or disaster. The memory is stored in long-term memory, but access to it is impaired because of psychological defense mechanisms. Persons retain the capacity to learn new

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results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. Individuals with organic amnesia have difficulty with emotion expression as well as undermining the seriousness of their condition. The

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in 1957. He was a patient who had severe epilepsy attributed to a bicycle accident at the age of nine. Physicians were unable to control his seizures with drugs, so the neurosurgeon Scoville tried a new approach involving brain surgery. He removed his medial temporal lobe bilaterally by doing a

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Many forms of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. However, there are a few ways to cope with memory loss if treatment is needed. Since there are a variety of causes that form different amnesia, there are different methods that response better with the certain type of amnesia. Emotional

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information, even though it might be more difficult and might remain rather unrelated to more general knowledge. H.M. could accurately draw a floor plan of the home in which he lived after surgery, even though he had not lived there in years. There is evidence that the hippocampus and the medial

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Patient R.B. was a normally functioning man until the age of 52. At age 50, he had been diagnosed with angina and had surgery for heart problems on two occasions. After an ischemic episode (reduction of blood to the brain) that was caused from a heart bypass surgery, R.B. demonstrated a loss of

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which states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia. The law follows a logical progression of memory loss due to disease. First, a patient loses the recent memories, then personal memories, and finally intellectual memories. He implied that the most recent memories were lost first.

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and replacing this vitamin by consuming thiamin-rich foods such as whole-grain cereals, legumes (beans and lentils), nuts, lean pork, and yeast can help treat it. Treating alcoholism and preventing alcohol and illicit drug use can prevent further damage, but in most cases will not recover lost

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Studies were completed consistently throughout Molaison's lifetime to discover more about amnesia. Researchers did a 14-year follow-up study on Molaison. They studied him for a period of two weeks to learn more about his amnesia. After 14 years, Molaison still could not recall things that had

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One technique for amnesia treatment is cognitive or occupational therapy. In therapy, amnesiacs will develop the memory skills they have and try to regain some they have lost by finding which techniques help retrieve memories or create new retrieval paths. This may also include strategies for

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While a patient with amnesia might have a loss of declarative memory, this loss might vary in severity as well as the declarative information that it affects, depending on many factors. For example, LSJ was a patient who had retrograde declarative memory loss as the result of bilateral medial

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temporal lobe may help to consolidate semantic memories, but then they are more correlated with the neocortex. While lesions of the hippocampus normally lead to the loss of episodic memory, if there is any effect on semantic memory, it is more varied and usually does not last as long.

730:. The person's short-term memory may appear to be normal, but the person may have a difficult time attempting to recall a past story, or with unrelated words, as well as complicated patterns. Korsakoff's syndrome is unique because it involves both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. 545:

is inability to recall memories before onset of amnesia. One may be able to encode new memories after the incident. Retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus. The hippocampus is responsible for encoding new memory.

586:. Traumatic amnesia is often transient, but may be permanent or either anterograde, retrograde, or mixed type. The extent of the period covered by the amnesia is related to the degree of injury and may give an indication of the prognosis for recovery of other functions. 1017:. Amnesia is so often used as a plot device in films, that a widely recognized stereotypical dialogue has even developed around it, with the victim melodramatically asking "Where am I? Who am I? What am I?", or sometimes inquiring of their own name, "Bill? Who's Bill?" 811:(CBT) involves exploring and changing thought patterns and behaviors in order to improve one's mood. Interpersonal therapy focuses on the exploration of an individual's relationships and identifying any ways in which they may be contributing to feelings of depression. 1697:

Rosenbaum, R. Shayna; Moscovitch, Morris; Foster, Jonathan K.; Schnyer, David M.; Gao, Fuqiang; Kovacevic, Natasha; Verfaellie, Mieke; Black, Sandra E.; Levine, Brian (August 2008). "Patterns of Autobiographical Memory Loss in Medial-Temporal Lobe Amnesic Patients".

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Real, diagnosable amnesia – people getting knocked on the head and forgetting their names – is mostly just a rumor in the world. It's a rare condition, and usually a brief one. In books and movies, though, versions of amnesia lurk everywhere, from episodes of

696:(DWI). Symptoms typically last for less than a day and there is often no clear precipitating factor or any other neurological deficits. The cause of this syndrome is not clear. The hypothesis of the syndrome includes transient reduced blood flow, possible 423:

Head trauma is a very broad range as it deals with any kind of injury or active action toward the brain which might cause amnesia. Retrograde and anterograde amnesia is more often seen from events like this, an exact example of a cause of the two would be

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and the supplementary motor area, regions which are not normally associated with the formation of declarative memories. This type of dissociation between declarative and procedural memory can also be found in patients with diencephalic amnesia such as

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Although improvements occur when patients receive certain treatments, there is still no actual cure remedy for amnesia so far. To what extent the patient recovers and how long the amnesia will continue depends on the type and severity of the lesion.

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is the inability to remember information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases, the memory loss can extend back decades, while in other cases, people may lose only a few months of

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is still retained, and they may still be able to form new memories. However, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. People can learn new procedural knowledge. In addition,

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to metafictional and absurdist masterpieces, with dozens of stops in between. Amnesiacs might not much exist, but amnesiac characters stumble everywhere through comic books, movies, and our dreams. We've all met them and been

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is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. When individuals are unable to remember, false memories can occur and cause great

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knowledge. Individuals with amnesia also retain substantial intellectual, linguistic, and social skills despite profound impairments in the ability to recall specific information encountered in prior learning episodes.

779:. It has been claimed that it involves a narrowing of consciousness with attention focused on central perceptual details and/or that the emotional or traumatic events are processed differently from ordinary memories. 762:

may also be used for this application. Memories of the short time-frame in which the procedure was performed are permanently lost or at least substantially reduced, but once the drug wears off, memory is no longer

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about one specific event. It is a type of amnesia that leaves a lacuna (a gap) in the record of memory in the cortex region of the brain. The cause of this type of amnesia is the result of brain damage to the

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Gregory, Emma; McCloskey, Michael; Ovans, Zoe; Landau, Barbara (18 May 2016). "Declarative memory and skill-related knowledge: Evidence from a case study of amnesia and implications for theories of memory".

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is the inability to create new memories due to brain damage, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. The brain damage can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe

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Some retrograde and anterograde amnesiacs are capable of non-declarative memory, including implicit learning and procedural learning. For example, some patients show improvement on the

436:, which occurs when the person forgets an event that has deeply disturbed them. An example would be a person forgetting a fatal and graphic car accident involving their loved ones. 276:. Scientists were able to find that mice with damaged memory have a lower level of RbAp48 protein compared to normal, healthy mice. In people with amnesia, the ability to recall 419:). The majority of amnesia and related memory issues derive from the first two categories as these are more common and the third could be considered a subcategory of the first. 836:

While there are no medications available to treat amnesia, underlying medical conditions can be treated to improve memory. Such conditions include but are not limited to low

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Declarative memory can be broken down into semantic memory and episodic memory. Semantic memory being that of facts, episodic memory being that of memory related to events.

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for those with anterograde amnesia. Fentanyl use by opioid users has been identified as a potential cause in a cluster of cases that occurred in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Physical deficiencies are different from head trauma because physical deficiencies lean more toward passive physical issues. Examples of physical deficiencies include

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Barash, Jed A.; Ganetsky, Michael; Boyle, Katherine; Raman, Vinod; Toce, Michael S.; Kaplan, Scott; Lev, Michael H.; Worth, Jonathan L.; DeMaria, Alfred (2018).

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is intentionally caused by injection of an amnestic drug to help a patient forget surgery or medical procedures, particularly those not performed under full

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information. For example, they may learn to do a task and then be able to perform the task later without any recollection of learning the task. According to

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Pavlopoulos, Elias; Jones, Sidonie; Kosmidis, Stylianos; Close, Maggie; Kim, Carla; Kovalerchik, Olga; Small, Scott A.; Kandel, Eric R. (28 August 2013).

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show abnormal amount of memory loss, confusion, and difficulty recalling other people or places. People who recover often do not remember having amnesia.

1028:, it is often depicted that a second blow to the head, similar to the first one which caused the amnesia, will then cure it. In reality, however, repeat 799:

affects semantic memory and primarily expresses itself in the form of problems with language use and acquisition. Semantic amnesia can lead to dementia.

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in which seizures are electrically induced in patients for therapeutic effect can have acute effects including both retrograde and anterograde amnesia.

1065:, fictional organizations can induce deliberate amnesia via drugs or advanced technology to wipe the minds of those that view supernatural phenomena. 2168:

Van Der Hart, Onno; Nijenhuis, Ellert (October 2001). "Generalized Dissociative Amnesia: Episodic, Semantic and Procedural Memories lost and found".

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relation between the implicit and explicit memory. Research has shown that there could be selectivity with amnesia when posthypnotic amnesia occurs.

791:, which is typically an episodic isolated memory loss. It has been recognized as a treatment-responsive syndrome congenial to anti-epileptic drugs. 5785: 1300:

Kosmidis, Stylianos; Polyzos, Alexandros; Harvey, Lucas; Youssef, Mary; Denny, Christine A.; Dranovsky, Alex; Kandel, Eric R. (23 October 2018).

1992: 3376:"Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: Enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus" 2070:

Carlson, N. R. (19992000). Memory. Psychology: the science of behaviour (Canadian ed., p. 250). Scarborough, Ontario: Allyn and Bacon Canada.

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Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2009) Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

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even when other forms of memory is not, although not always the case. Likewise, social and emotional support is critical to improving

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The loss of semantic information in amnesia is most closely related with damage to the medial temporal lobe or to the neocortex.

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Global amnesia is a common motif in fiction despite being extraordinarily rare in reality. In the introduction to his anthology

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Hamann, Stephan B.; Squire, Larry R. (November 1997). "Intact Priming for Novel Perceptual Representations in Amnesia".

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information and there may be some later partial or complete recovery of memory. Formerly known as "Psychogenic amnesia".

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Buckley, Mark J. (July 2005). "The Role of the Perirhinal Cortex and Hippocampus in Learning, Memory, and Perception".

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Butters, N; Delis, D C; Lucas, J A (January 1995). "Clinical Assessment of Memory Disorders in Amnesia and Dementia".

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Goodwin DW; Crane JB; Guze SB (August 1969). "Alcoholic "blackouts": a review and clinical study of 100 alcoholics".

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is a well-described medical and clinical phenomenon. This form of amnesia is distinct in that abnormalities in the

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Coons, Philip M. (1 September 2016). "Psychogenic or Dissociative Fugue: A Clinical Investigation of Five Cases".

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There are three generalized categories in which amnesia could be acquired by a person. The three categories are

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organizing information to remember it more easily and for improving understanding of lengthy conversation.

808: 477: 3506: 5132: 4074: 3872: 3435: 3380: 1123: 783: 587: 119: 4887: 1302:"RbAp48 Protein Is a Critical Component of GPR158/OCN Signaling and Ameliorates Age-Related Memory Loss" 5906: 5831: 5664: 4824: 3739: 3431:"Three cases of enduring memory impairment after bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation" 693: 689: 656:(also known as infantile amnesia) is the common inability to remember events from one's own childhood. 2498:

Enea Violeta, Dafinoiu Ion (2008). "Posthypnotic amnesia and autobiographical memory in adolescents".

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Parker ES; Birnbaum IM; Noble EP (December 1976). "Alcohol and memory: Storage and state dependency".

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can result from long-term alcoholism or malnutrition. It is caused by brain damage due to a vitamin B

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drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused.

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Kopelman, Michael; Morton, John (28 January 2005), "Psychogenic Amnesias: Functional Memory Loss",

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Bartsch, Thorsten; Döhring, Juliane; Rohr, Axel; Jansen, Olav; Deuschl, Günther (18 October 2011).

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Patient G.D. was a white male born in 1940 who served in the Navy. He was diagnosed with chronic

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or prevention. There are several extremely important case studies: Henry Molaison, R.B, and G.D.

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Masferrer, Roberto; Masferrer, Mauricio; Prendergast, Virginia; Harrington, Timothy R (2000).

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support and love as well as medication and psychological therapy have been proven effective.

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store. People with anterograde amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time.

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Wang, Qi (January 2003). "Infantile amnesia reconsidered: A cross-cultural analysis".

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Myers, David G. Psychology. fifth ed. New York: Worth Publishers, 1998. N. pag. Print

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and photographs of people and places are low-tech memory aids that can help as well.

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One reason that patients could not form new episodic memories is likely because the

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treatment for the rest of his life. In 1983, he went to the hospital for elective

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are damaged, amnesia can occur. Recent studies have shown a correlation between

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These two types are not mutually exclusive; both can also occur simultaneously.

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Murray, B. D.; Kensinger, E. A. (2012). "Semantic Memory in Profound Amnesia".

2363:

Loewenstein, Richard J. (1996). "Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue".

1359:

Dewar, Michaela; Della Sala, Sergio; Beschin, Nicoletta; Cowan, Nelson (2010).

1108: 1062: 1046: 1037: 1004: 956: 906: 890: 853: 845: 803: 743: 708: 285:(both perceptual and conceptual) can assist amnesiacs in the learning of fresh 256:

Case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the

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remember names of friends, family, and co-workers. Notebooks, wall calendars,

364:, and thus the hippocampus could not make connections to the cortex. After an 6222: 6124: 6114: 6088: 6083: 6043: 6028: 5993: 5916: 5763: 5591: 5454: 5429: 5392: 5349: 5339: 5334: 5319: 5137: 4741: 4692: 4010: 3229: 3112: 3061: 2762: 2659: 2538: 2484: 2315: 2246: 2189: 2181: 2101: 1929: 1886: 1843: 1834: 1784: 1719: 1662: 1638: 1607: 1384: 1327: 1268: 1140: 1135: 1008: 935: 914: 841: 830: 771:

can arise in a variety of circumstances (for example, committing an offence,

751: 727: 657: 645: 387: 213: 50: 3347: 2605:"Retrieval without recollection: an experimental analysis of source amnesia" 1775: 1711: 1418:"Prose recall and amnesia: implications for the structure of working memory" 1361:"Profound retroactive interference in anterograde amnesia: What interferes?" 6155: 6119: 6073: 5983: 5826: 5641: 5596: 5583: 5573: 5533: 5253: 5086: 4595: 4376: 3928: 3426: 3371: 3324: 3237: 3152: 3018: 2819: 2780: 2735:

Arts, Nicolaas JM; Walvoort, Serge JW; Kessels, Roy PC (27 November 2017).

2721: 2651: 2589: 2546: 2443: 2349: 2254: 2197: 2109: 1937: 1851: 1802: 1727: 1670: 1615: 1441: 1402: 1345: 1286: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1093: 960: 567: 513: 501: 378: 269: 268:) are involved with memory. Research has also shown that when areas of the 209: 3466: 3411: 2677: 2602: 2030: 2022: 1894: 664:, while modern scientific approaches generally attribute it to aspects of 6013: 5884: 5838: 5209: 5184: 4580: 4311: 4042: 3792: 3612: 3221: 3134: 3069: 2237: 2220: 1484: 1000: 685: 612: 509: 416: 408: 261: 2753: 2267:

Mastin, L. (2010). The human memory: Retrograde amnesia. Retrieved from

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or other trauma. The two brain regions related with this condition are

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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Rosenbaum, R. S.; Murphy, K. J.; Rich, J. B. (2012). "The amnesias".

2966:

Mandal, A. (n.d) Treatment of Amnesia. News Medical. Retrieved From:

1376: 1113: 1044:. Fictional depictions of amnesia are almost universally retrograde; 1033: 1013: 754:

is the drug of choice, although other strongly amnesic drugs such as

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damage to the memory is permanent. Dissociative amnesia can include:

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Bourget Dominique, Whitehurst Laurie (2007). "Amnesia and crime".

1654: 5194: 5152: 5059: 5046: 5034: 4951: 2793: 1075: 869: 697: 469: 412: 2338:

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online

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Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry

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Benbow, SM (2004) "Adverse effects of ECT". In AIF Scott (ed.)

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studies, the acquisition of procedural memories activates the

343:

Some patients with anterograde amnesia can still acquire some

216:, but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various 5189: 5054: 4740: 4081: 3424: 1816:

Yokota, Hiroshi; Yokoyama, Kazuhiro; Iwasaki, Satoru (2015).

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that hides magical or alien societies from humanity, such as

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was among the first scientists to study amnesia. He proposed

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http://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-amnesia.aspx

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problems, and in extremely rare cases may even cause deadly

5069: 4254: 3117:"Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions" 2221:"Acute Amnestic Syndrome Associated with Fentanyl Overdose" 1584: 1358: 776: 428:, which would cause both briefly for the receiving patient. 383: 3634: 3208:

Eichenbaum, Howard (January 2013). "What H.M. taught us".

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The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B

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Hayne, Harlene; Jack, Fiona (2011). "Childhood amnesia".

2008: 1215: 3107: 3005:

Akhouri, Shweta; Kuhn, James; Newton, Edward J. (2023),

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London: The Royal College of Psychiatrists, pp. 170–174.

1748: 37:"Amnesiac" redirects here. For the Radiohead album, see 4527: 3369: 3094:

Diseases of Memory: An essay in the positive psychology

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Schacter, D.L.; Harbluk, J.L.; McLachlen, D.R. (1984).

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Another famous historical case of amnesia was that of

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is the inability to transfer new information from the

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http://www.human-memory.net/disorders_retrograde.html

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Short-term memory processes and the amnesiac syndrome

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is a rare example of anterograde amnesia in fiction.

1011:, which also strongly influenced genre films such as 3532: 3257: 3255: 688:

can sometimes be visualized using a special form of

459:

Among specific causes of amnesia are the following:

27:

Cognitive disorder where memory is disturbed or lost

3302: 2734: 3690: 3305:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 3164: 3162: 3122:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2570:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2170:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1580: 1578: 1576: 3252: 3004: 2002: 1864: 1416:Baddeley, Alan; Wilson, Barbara A. (April 2002). 1216:David X. Cifu; Henry L. Lew (10 September 2013). 787:is a rare and unrecognized form of temporal lobe 6220: 4099: 3342:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 219–243, 2884:. Cleveland Clinic. 29 July 2020. Archived from 3159: 3013:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2840: 1755:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1573: 999:Lethem traces the roots of literary amnesia to 554:. The damage is usually caused by head trauma, 4872: 3337: 2857:"Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia" 2794:Walsh RD, Jr; Wharen RE, IV; Tatum WO (2011). 2609:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2046:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1415: 1219:Handbook of Polytrauma Care and Rehabilitation 372: 86:Please review the contents of the article and 5238: 4928: 3658: 3340:Recovered Memories: Seeking the Middle Ground 2937: 2935: 2933: 2397:"Dissociative Fugue. Retrieved 7 August 2012" 1959:Services, Department of Health & Human. 1907: 1554:Services, Department of Health & Human. 1508:The episodic-semantic distinction in amnesia 274:deficiency of RbAp48 protein and memory loss 5369:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two 3169:Corkin, S.; Milner, B.; Teuber, H. (1968). 2845:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 3022–3025. 2362: 1549: 1547: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 5245: 5231: 4935: 4921: 4562:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 3829: 3665: 3651: 3207: 2930: 2905: 2903: 2367:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 307–336. 2129: 2127: 1499: 323: 3478: 3476: 3456: 3401: 3287: 3142: 3090: 3037: 2770: 2752: 2737:"Korsakoff's syndrome: a critical review" 2711: 2667: 2636:"Source monitoring and memory distortion" 2567: 2500:Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies 2236: 1833: 1792: 1774: 1392: 1335: 1317: 1276: 4825:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 4421:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 3507:"Special Report: Cumulative Concussions" 3261: 3101: 2843:Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning 2596: 2399:. My.clevelandclinic.org. Archived from 2300:"Grading Scale for Cerebral Concussions" 1544: 1540:. Sc alzheimerience. pp. 221:380–2. 1173: 1032:may cause cumulative deficits including 2900: 2693: 2633: 2464: 2133: 2124: 2079: 1636: 1510:. New York: Guilford Press. p. 55. 1020:In movies and television, particularly 351: 335: 14: 6221: 3635:Articles and topics related to Amnesia 3473: 2741:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 1980: 1525:. New York: Academic. pp. 258–91. 1462: 1104:List of films featuring mental illness 227:There are two main types of amnesia: 5226: 4916: 4871: 4739: 4674: 4526: 4253: 4098: 4008: 3828: 3689: 3646: 3633: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3038:Benson DF (October 1978). "Amnesia". 2796:"Complex transient epileptic amnesia" 2689: 2687: 2421: 1692: 1690: 1688: 445:neurological paraneoplastic syndromes 314: 260:. In addition, specific areas of the 4009: 2700:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience 2516: 1958: 1553: 1463:Benson, D. Frank (1978). "Amnesia". 1452:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 648:which control memories and emotions. 55: 4528:Physiological and physical behavior 2882:"Amnesia: Management and Treatment" 2467:Psychology the Science of Behaviour 1879:10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.002425 1637:Buckner, Randy L. (November 2000). 1505: 550:is more likely to be affected than 24: 4474:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 3868:Emotional and behavioral disorders 3449:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05233.1996 3394:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-10-02950.1986 3196: 3097:. London: D. Appleton and company. 2924:10.1097/01.NNN.0000333846.54546.f8 2684: 1685: 25: 6250: 5650:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm 4654:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 3528: 3210:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2634:Johnson, M K (29 November 1997). 2469:. Toronto: Pearson. p. 283. 1989:The ECT Handbook, second edition. 1910:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1700:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1535: 1520: 901: 6195: 6183: 5252: 3954:X-linked intellectual disability 3054:10.1097/00007611-197810000-00011 1639:"Neural origins of 'I remember'" 1477:10.1097/00007611-197810000-00011 1206:Schacter, Daniel. L "Psychology" 929: 297: 'forgetfulness'; from 152: 60: 3783:Intermittent explosive disorder 3708:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 3499: 3418: 3363: 3331: 3296: 3264:"Neuroscience: Losing the past" 3084: 3031: 2998: 2972: 2960: 2943:"Amnesia - Symptoms and causes" 2874: 2849: 2834: 2787: 2728: 2627: 2561: 2510: 2491: 2458: 2415: 2389: 2356: 2329: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2261: 2225:New England Journal of Medicine 2212: 2161: 2073: 2064: 2037: 1971: 1952: 1901: 1858: 1809: 1742: 1630: 1053:In science fiction involving a 950: 941: 660:notoriously attributed this to 449:anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis 5860:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model 5733:Memory and social interactions 4426:Dissociative identity disorder 3691:Adult personality and behavior 2694:Spiegel, David R (June 2011). 1456: 1409: 1352: 1293: 1249:Science Translational Medicine 1236: 1209: 1200: 1191: 88:add the appropriate references 13: 1: 3425:Rempel-Clower, NL; Zola, SM; 3007:"Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome" 2621:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90373-6 1600:10.1080/02643294.2016.1172478 1434:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00146-4 1167: 970: 5569:Retrieval-induced forgetting 4830:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 4367:Generalized anxiety disorder 4100:Neurological and symptomatic 3745:Sexual relationship disorder 3190:10.1016/0028-3932(68)90021-3 2373:10.1007/978-1-4899-0310-5_15 2058:10.1016/0022-5371(76)90061-X 1319:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.077 1261:10.1126/scitranslmed.3006373 1222:. Demos Medical Publishing. 815: 809:Cognitive behavioral therapy 484: 304: 'without' and 7: 5133:Sensory processing disorder 4606:REM sleep behavior disorder 4075:Seasonal affective disorder 3873:Separation anxiety disorder 3487:The Vintage Book of Amnesia 3436:The Journal of Neuroscience 3381:The Journal of Neuroscience 2812:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.12.026 1965:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au 1867:Annual Review of Psychology 1560:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au 1124:Transient epileptic amnesia 1068: 977:The Vintage Book of Amnesia 866:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 784:Transient epileptic amnesia 518:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 478:effects on memory formation 373:Non-declarative information 73:reliable medical references 10: 6255: 5907:Levels of Processing model 5832:World Memory Championships 5665:Lost in the mall technique 5512:dissociative (psychogenic) 4873:Symptoms and uncategorized 3974:developmental disabilities 3740:Sexual maturation disorder 1538:Forms of cognitive failure 880: 768:Situation-specific amnesia 694:diffusion-weighted imaging 690:magnetic resonance imaging 624:occurs when events during 36: 29: 6178: 6133: 6102: 5961: 5954: 5847: 5819: 5751: 5708: 5680: 5640: 5582: 5477: 5383: 5358: 5310: 5303: 5260: 5123: 5100: 5045: 4962: 4878: 4867: 4843: 4835:Simple-type schizophrenia 4812: 4804:Schizophreniform disorder 4781: 4760: 4756: 4735: 4688: 4670: 4639: 4616: 4570: 4537: 4533: 4522: 4444: 4411: 4359: 4302: 4293: 4274: 4270: 4249: 4215: 4182:Mild cognitive impairment 4167:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 4147: 4109: 4105: 4094: 4065:Major depressive disorder 4018: 4004: 3970:Psychological development 3969: 3944: 3841: 3837: 3824: 3753: 3700: 3696: 3685: 3640: 3603: 3536: 2436:10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.881 2094:10.1080/02724990444000186 1922:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.699 1588:Cognitive Neuropsychology 700:or an atypical type of a 464:Electroconvulsive therapy 426:electroconvulsive therapy 402: 360:of the hippocampus has a 183: 175: 170: 79:or relies too heavily on 41:. For the 2014 film, see 5945:The Seven Sins of Memory 5890:Intermediate-term memory 5695:Indirect tests of memory 5672:Recovered-memory therapy 5622:Misattribution of memory 4883:Impulse-control disorder 4799:Schizoaffective disorder 4794:Brief reactive psychosis 4491:Mass psychogenic illness 4454:Body dysmorphic disorder 4233:Post-concussion syndrome 3843:Emotional and behavioral 3489:New York: Vintage, 2000 3041:Southern Medical Journal 2365:Handbook of dissociation 2182:10.1080/0004867010060506 1835:10.4103/0028-3886.162077 1465:Southern Medical Journal 911:William Beecher Scoville 681:Transient global amnesia 670:developmental psychology 489: 32:Amnesia (disambiguation) 5632:Source-monitoring error 4820:Childhood schizophrenia 4172:Frontotemporal dementia 4129:High-functioning autism 3946:Intellectual disability 3348:10.1002/0470013486.ch11 2984:Linus Pauling Institute 2861:Memory and Aging Center 2800:Epilepsy & Behavior 2134:Erdogan, Serap (2010). 1776:10.1073/pnas.1110266108 1712:10.1162/jocn.2008.20105 1536:H, Weingartner (1983). 432:by traumatic events is 324:Declarative information 6039:George Armitage Miller 5999:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 5142:Auditory hallucination 4337:Specific social phobia 4228:Organic brain syndrome 4070:Melancholic depression 3831:Childhood and learning 2652:10.1098/rstb.1997.0156 2465:Carlson, Neil (2007). 1521:M, Kinsbourne (1975). 1042:second-impact syndrome 997: 692:of the brain known as 582:is generally due to a 579:Post-traumatic amnesia 522:cerebrovascular events 453:vitamin B12 deficiency 6202:Philosophy portal 6190:Psychology portal 6054:Henry L. Roediger III 5655:False memory syndrome 5627:Misinformation effect 5607:Imagination inflation 4893:Psychomotor agitation 4683:and substance-related 4626:Postpartum depression 4506:Somatization disorder 4392:Acute stress reaction 4157:AIDS dementia complex 3429:; Amaral, DG (1996). 3374:; Amaral, DG (1986). 3262:Draaisma, D. (2013). 2424:Psychological Reports 2136:"Anterograde Amnesia" 2023:10.1176/ajp.126.2.191 1995:21 April 2012 at the 1038:swelling of the brain 985: 887:Theodule-Armand Ribot 726:to be connected with 476:and have deleterious 293:The term is from 278:immediate information 5559:Motivated forgetting 4888:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 4718:Substance dependence 4631:Postpartum psychosis 4177:Huntington's disease 3959:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 3808:Personality disorder 3222:10.1162/jocn_a_00285 3135:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 2910:"Treating Amnesia". 2238:10.1056/NEJMc1716355 1506:LS., Cermak (1984). 885:French psychologist 735:Drug-induced amnesia 718:Korsakoff's syndrome 674:language development 621:Posthypnotic amnesia 595:Dissociative amnesia 530:medial temporal lobe 434:dissociative amnesia 397:Korsakoff's syndrome 352:Episodic information 336:Semantic information 258:medial temporal lobe 30:For other uses, see 6234:Cognitive disorders 6069:Arthur P. Shimamura 5969:Richard C. Atkinson 5786:Effects of exercise 5660:Memory implantation 5544:Interference theory 5460:Selective retention 5440:Meaningful learning 4999:Anterograde amnesia 4768:Delusional disorder 4713:Stimulant psychosis 4703:Physical dependence 4557:Rumination syndrome 4459:Conversion disorder 4436:Psychogenic amnesia 4286:with depressed mood 4284:Adjustment disorder 4187:Parkinson's disease 4162:Alzheimer's disease 4055:Atypical depression 3891:Social functioning 3766:Munchausen syndrome 3761:Factitious disorder 3280:2013Natur.497..313D 2888:on 29 November 2020 2754:10.2147/NDT.S130078 2646:(1362): 1733–1745. 2288:Kirwan et al., 2008 1767:2011PNAS..10817562B 1761:(42): 17562–17567. 1643:Nature Neuroscience 868:involves a lack of 497:Anterograde amnesia 441:Alzheimer's disease 239:Anterograde amnesia 6166:Andriy Slyusarchuk 5989:Hermann Ebbinghaus 5895:Involuntary memory 5796:Memory improvement 5781:Effects of alcohol 5743:Transactive memory 5721:Politics of memory 5690:Exceptional memory 5004:Retrograde amnesia 4944:Signs and symptoms 4787:schizophrenia-like 4431:Dissociative fugue 3880:Movement disorders 3604:External resources 3091:Ribot, T. (1882). 2403:on 4 November 2012 1119:Repressed memories 1099:Gollin figure test 1086:Emotion and memory 991:Mission Impossible 773:child sexual abuse 613:Dissociative fugue 572:chronic alcoholism 558:accident, stroke, 542:Retrograde amnesia 315:Signs and symptoms 232:Retrograde amnesia 6216: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6174: 6173: 6161:Cosmos Rossellius 6009:Marcia K. Johnson 5880:Exosomatic memory 5865:Context-dependent 5855:Absent-mindedness 5738:Memory conformity 5716:Collective memory 5617:Memory conformity 5554:Memory inhibition 5473: 5472: 5465:Tip of the tongue 5220: 5219: 5092:Suicidal ideation 4910: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4731: 4730: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4407: 4406: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4202:Vascular dementia 4124:Asperger syndrome 4090: 4089: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3934:Tourette syndrome 3820: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3627: 3626: 3443:(16): 5233–5255. 3388:(10): 2950–2967. 3357:978-0-470-01348-9 3274:(7449): 313–314. 3048:(10): 1221–1227. 2986:. 12 October 2021 2531:10.1080/741938173 2476:978-0-205-64524-4 2382:978-1-4899-0310-5 2231:(12): 1157–1158. 2088:(3–4b): 246–268. 1649:(11): 1068–1069. 1471:(10): 1221–1227. 1428:(10): 1737–1743. 1312:(4): 959–973.e6. 1255:(200): 200ra115. 1229:978-1-61705-100-5 965:parathyroidectomy 666:brain development 662:sexual repression 653:Childhood amnesia 199: 198: 165:Medical condition 161: 160: 137: 16:(Redirected from 6246: 6239:Memory disorders 6200: 6199: 6198: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6141:Jonathan Hancock 6094:Robert Stickgold 6064:Richard Shiffrin 6019:Elizabeth Loftus 5959: 5958: 5875:Childhood memory 5682:Research methods 5564:Repressed memory 5539:Forgetting curve 5527:transient global 5398:Autobiographical 5308: 5307: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5224: 5223: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4869: 4868: 4758: 4757: 4737: 4736: 4672: 4671: 4547:Anorexia nervosa 4535: 4534: 4524: 4523: 4501:Psychogenic pain 4469:Globus pharyngis 4317:Childhood phobia 4300: 4299: 4272: 4271: 4251: 4250: 4107: 4106: 4096: 4095: 4006: 4005: 3905:Selective mutism 3856:Conduct disorder 3839: 3838: 3826: 3825: 3803:Trichotillomania 3778:Gender dysphoria 3773:Fear of intimacy 3730:Sexual anhedonia 3698: 3697: 3687: 3686: 3674:Mental disorders 3667: 3660: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3631: 3630: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3483:Lethem, Jonathan 3480: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3370:Zola-Morgan, S; 3367: 3361: 3360: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3205: 3194: 3193: 3178:Neuropsychologia 3175: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3146: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2939: 2928: 2927: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2774: 2756: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2671: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2240: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2006: 2000: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1837: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1796: 1778: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1706:(8): 1490–1506. 1694: 1683: 1682: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1594:(3–4): 220–240. 1582: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1551: 1542: 1541: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1422:Neuropsychologia 1413: 1407: 1406: 1396: 1377:10.1037/a0018207 1356: 1350: 1349: 1339: 1321: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1280: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1090: 1040:associated with 858:bipolar disorder 838:thyroid function 796:Semantic amnesia 604:Repressed memory 311: 'memory'. 204:is a deficit in 179:Amnesic syndrome 168: 167: 156: 155: 147: 144: 138: 136: 95: 64: 63: 56: 39:Amnesiac (album) 21: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6196: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6170: 6151:Dominic O'Brien 6129: 6098: 6079:Susumu Tonegawa 6059:Daniel Schacter 6034:Eleanor Maguire 6024:Geoffrey Loftus 5979:Stephen J. Ceci 5974:Robert A. Bjork 5950: 5869:state-dependent 5843: 5815: 5747: 5728:Cultural memory 5704: 5700:Memory disorder 5676: 5636: 5578: 5469: 5379: 5354: 5299: 5256: 5251: 5221: 5216: 5119: 5096: 5041: 5030:Lightheadedness 4958: 4941: 4911: 4902: 4874: 4855: 4839: 4808: 4786: 4777: 4752: 4727: 4684: 4681:substance abuse 4658: 4635: 4612: 4566: 4552:Bulimia nervosa 4529: 4510: 4486:Hypochondriasis 4481:False pregnancy 4464:Ganser syndrome 4446:Somatic symptom 4440: 4403: 4355: 4344:Specific phobia 4289: 4266: 4237: 4211: 4143: 4139:Savant syndrome 4111:Autism spectrum 4101: 4086: 4014: 3992: 3971: 3965: 3940: 3833: 3812: 3788:Dermatillomania 3749: 3735:Sexual anorexia 3692: 3681: 3671: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3599: 3598: 3545: 3531: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3481: 3474: 3423: 3419: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3336: 3332: 3317:10.1002/wcs.155 3301: 3297: 3289:10.1038/497313a 3260: 3253: 3206: 3197: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3106: 3102: 3089: 3085: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3021: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2918:(4): 37. 2008. 2909: 2908: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2839: 2835: 2792: 2788: 2733: 2729: 2692: 2685: 2632: 2628: 2601: 2597: 2582:10.1002/wcs.107 2566: 2562: 2515: 2511: 2496: 2492: 2477: 2463: 2459: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2361: 2357: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2217: 2213: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2138: 2132: 2125: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2042: 2038: 2011:Am J Psychiatry 2007: 2003: 1997:Wayback Machine 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1957: 1953: 1906: 1902: 1863: 1859: 1822:Neurology India 1814: 1810: 1747: 1743: 1695: 1686: 1635: 1631: 1583: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1552: 1545: 1534: 1530: 1519: 1515: 1504: 1500: 1461: 1457: 1414: 1410: 1365:Neuropsychology 1357: 1353: 1298: 1294: 1241: 1237: 1230: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1088: 1071: 981:Jonathan Lethem 973: 953: 944: 932: 920:implicit memory 904: 883: 818: 775:) resulting in 724: 639:is the loss of 636:Lacunar amnesia 556:cerebrovascular 552:semantic memory 548:Episodic memory 535:quality of life 492: 487: 472:can both cause 405: 392:premotor cortex 375: 354: 338: 326: 317: 287:non-declarative 245:store into the 166: 157: 153: 148: 142: 139: 96: 85: 81:primary sources 65: 61: 54: 43:Amnesiac (film) 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Memory problems 15: 12: 11: 5: 6252: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6192: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6146:Paul R. McHugh 6143: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6004:Ivan Izquierdo 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:Hindsight bias 5599: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5549:Memory erasure 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5507:post-traumatic 5504: 5499: 5494: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5445:Personal-event 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5375:Working memory 5372: 5364: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5345:Motor learning 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5261:Basic concepts 5258: 5257: 5250: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5145: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5115:Russell's sign 5112: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5023: 5021:Disequilibrium 5013: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4968: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4753: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4708:Rebound effect 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4649:Hypersexuality 4645: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4384: 4382:Panic disorder 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4349:Claustrophobia 4341: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4332:Anthropophobia 4324: 4322:Social anxiety 4319: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4192:Pick's disease 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4103: 4102: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3950: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3834: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3694: 3693: 3683: 3682: 3678:Classification 3670: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3585: 3562: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537:Classification 3530: 3529:External links 3527: 3525: 3524: 3498: 3472: 3417: 3362: 3356: 3330: 3295: 3251: 3195: 3184:(3): 215–234. 3158: 3109:Scoville, W.B. 3100: 3083: 3030: 2997: 2971: 2959: 2929: 2899: 2873: 2848: 2833: 2806:(2): 410–413. 2786: 2727: 2683: 2626: 2615:(5): 593–611. 2595: 2576:(2): 136–145. 2560: 2509: 2490: 2475: 2457: 2430:(3): 881–886. 2414: 2388: 2381: 2355: 2344:(4): 469–480. 2328: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2260: 2211: 2176:(5): 589–600. 2160: 2123: 2072: 2063: 2052:(6): 691–702. 2036: 2001: 1979: 1970: 1951: 1916:(6): 699–713. 1900: 1873:(1): 493–523. 1857: 1808: 1741: 1684: 1629: 1572: 1543: 1528: 1513: 1498: 1455: 1408: 1371:(3): 357–367. 1351: 1292: 1235: 1228: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1109:Memory erasure 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1063:SCP Foundation 1005:Samuel Beckett 972: 969: 957:kidney failure 952: 949: 943: 940: 931: 928: 907:Henry Molaison 903: 902:Henry Molaison 900: 882: 879: 864:in the brain. 846:kidney disease 831:pill reminders 817: 814: 813: 812: 804:Pseudodementia 800: 792: 780: 764: 744:benzodiazepine 731: 722: 714: 709:Source amnesia 705: 677: 649: 632: 631: 630: 617: 609: 591: 575: 538: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 481: 467: 457: 456: 437: 429: 404: 401: 374: 371: 353: 350: 337: 334: 325: 322: 316: 313: 251: 250: 236: 214:brain diseases 197: 196: 187: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 164: 159: 158: 151: 149: 68: 66: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6251: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6125:Clive Wearing 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6089:Endel Tulving 6087: 6085: 6084:Anne Treisman 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6044:Brenda Milner 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029:James McGaugh 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994:Sigmund Freud 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5938:retrospective 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Muscle memory 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5764:Art of memory 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Memory biases 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5592:Confabulation 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5584:Memory errors 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502:post-hypnotic 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5455:Rote learning 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5430:Hyperthymesia 5428: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5393:Active recall 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Consolidation 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5138:Hallucination 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813:Schizophrenia 4811: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4742:Schizophrenia 4738: 4734: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693:Drug overdose 4691: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4641:Sexual desire 4638: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4327:Social phobia 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4262:-related and 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3495:0-375-70661-5 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912:Neurology Now 2906: 2904: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2747:: 2875–2890. 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:BNI Quarterly 2301: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655:10.1038/80569 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1539: 1532: 1524: 1517: 1509: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1239: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1212: 1203: 1194: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1141:Clive Wearing 1139: 1137: 1136:Benjaman Kyle 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009:Sigmund Freud 1006: 1002: 996: 993: 992: 984: 982: 978: 968: 966: 962: 959:and received 958: 948: 939: 937: 936:Clive Wearing 930:Clive Wearing 927: 923: 921: 916: 915:Brenda Milner 912: 908: 899: 895: 892: 888: 878: 874: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 826: 822: 810: 806: 805: 801: 798: 797: 793: 790: 786: 785: 781: 778: 774: 770: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752:flunitrazepam 749: 745: 741: 737: 736: 732: 729: 728:confabulation 720: 719: 715: 711: 710: 706: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682: 678: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 658:Sigmund Freud 655: 654: 650: 647: 646:limbic system 642: 638: 637: 633: 627: 623: 622: 618: 615: 614: 610: 606: 605: 601: 600: 597: 596: 592: 589: 585: 581: 580: 576: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 543: 539: 536: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498: 494: 493: 479: 475: 471: 468: 465: 462: 461: 460: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 435: 430: 427: 422: 421: 420: 418: 414: 410: 400: 398: 393: 389: 388:basal ganglia 385: 380: 370: 367: 363: 359: 349: 346: 341: 333: 329: 321: 312: 310: 306: 303: 299: 296: 295:Ancient Greek 291: 288: 284: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 248: 244: 240: 237: 233: 230: 229: 228: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 195: 191: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 163: 150: 146: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: 107: 104: – 103: 99: 98:Find sources: 93: 89: 83: 82: 78: 74: 69:This article 67: 58: 57: 52: 51:Amnesiac gene 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6156:Ben Pridmore 6074:Larry Squire 5984:Susan Clancy 5943: 5827:Memory sport 5752:Other topics 5642:False memory 5597:Cryptomnesia 5574:Weapon focus 5534:Decay theory 5486: 5295:Neuroanatomy 5254:Human memory 5087:Irritability 4993: 4946:relating to 4773:Folie à deux 4698:Intoxication 4679:substances, 4677:Psychoactive 4596:Night terror 4413:Dissociative 4377:Panic attack 3929:Tic disorder 3611: 3587: 3564: 3549: 3515:. Retrieved 3513:. 6 May 2014 3510: 3501: 3486: 3440: 3434: 3420: 3385: 3379: 3365: 3339: 3333: 3311:(1): 47–63. 3308: 3304: 3298: 3271: 3267: 3216:(1): 14–21. 3213: 3209: 3181: 3177: 3129:(1): 11–21. 3126: 3120: 3103: 3093: 3086: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3022:, retrieved 3010: 3000: 2988:. Retrieved 2983: 2974: 2962: 2950:. Retrieved 2946: 2915: 2911: 2890:. Retrieved 2886:the original 2876: 2864:. Retrieved 2860: 2851: 2842: 2836: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2706:(6): 15–19. 2703: 2699: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2525:(1): 65–80. 2522: 2518: 2512: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2466: 2460: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2405:. Retrieved 2401:the original 2391: 2364: 2358: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2319:. Retrieved 2307: 2303: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2263: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2151:. Retrieved 2149:(2): 174–189 2146: 2142: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2066: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2017:(2): 191–8. 2014: 2010: 2004: 1988: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1954: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1828:(4): 604–5. 1825: 1821: 1811: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1703: 1699: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1591: 1587: 1563:. Retrieved 1559: 1537: 1531: 1522: 1516: 1507: 1501: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1309: 1306:Cell Reports 1305: 1295: 1252: 1248: 1238: 1218: 1211: 1202: 1193: 1161:Sywald Skeid 1156:Scott Bolzan 1151:KC (patient) 1129: 1128: 1094:False memory 1059:Men in Black 1052: 1045: 1019: 1012: 998: 989: 986: 976: 974: 961:hemodialysis 954: 951:Patient G.D. 945: 942:Patient R.B. 933: 924: 905: 896: 884: 875: 835: 827: 823: 819: 802: 794: 782: 766: 733: 716: 707: 679: 672:, including 651: 634: 619: 611: 602: 593: 577: 568:encephalitis 540: 514:encephalitis 502:malnutrition 495: 458: 406: 379:pseudorandom 376: 355: 342: 339: 330: 327: 318: 308: 305: 301: 298: 292: 277: 270:diencephalon 255: 252: 226: 210:brain damage 201: 200: 162: 140: 130: 123: 116: 109: 97: 77:verification 70: 46: 6014:Eric Kandel 5962:Researchers 5934:Prospective 5885:Free recall 5839:Shas Pollak 5492:anterograde 5408:Declarative 5210:Hypergeusia 5185:Synesthesia 4746:schizotypal 4581:Hypersomnia 4571:Nonorganic 4312:Agoraphobia 4043:Cyclothymia 4038:Bipolar NOS 4013:(affective) 3885:Stereotypic 3793:Kleptomania 3613:MedlinePlus 2947:Mayo Clinic 2407:22 December 2153:27 November 1030:concussions 1026:soap operas 1001:Franz Kafka 891:Ribot's Law 862:blood clots 760:scopolamine 686:hippocampus 588:Mild trauma 584:head injury 516:, surgery, 510:head trauma 417:hippocampus 409:head trauma 262:hippocampus 176:Other names 71:needs more 6223:Categories 6049:Lynn Nadel 5927:intertrial 5912:Metamemory 5900:flashbacks 5820:In society 5517:retrograde 5479:Forgetting 5450:Procedural 5360:Short-term 5330:Eyewitness 5200:Hypogeusia 5178:Hyperosmia 5173:Phantosmia 5125:Perception 5065:Depression 5026:Presyncope 5011:Convulsion 4948:perception 4898:Stereotypy 4761:Delusional 4750:delusional 4723:Withdrawal 4591:Parasomnia 4496:Nosophobia 4276:Adjustment 4264:somatoform 4197:Sundowning 4050:Depression 4033:Bipolar II 3922:Stuttering 3917:Cluttering 3713:Paraphilia 3427:Squire, LR 3372:Squire, LR 3113:Milner, B. 3011:StatPearls 2866:3 December 2321:5 February 1565:3 December 1168:References 1146:Doug Bruce 1055:masquerade 971:In fiction 854:depression 740:anesthesia 713:confusion. 358:CA1 region 266:CA1 region 243:short-term 208:caused by 190:Psychiatry 143:March 2019 113:newspapers 49:gene, see 47:Drosophila 45:. For the 5801:Nutrition 5709:In groups 5522:selective 5497:childhood 5425:Flashbulb 5385:Long-term 5285:Attention 5205:Dysgeusia 5110:Verbosity 5082:Hostility 5016:Dizziness 4982:Psychosis 4972:Confusion 4964:Cognition 4956:behaviour 4851:Catatonia 4783:Psychosis 4618:Postnatal 4601:Nightmare 4207:Wandering 4060:Dysthymia 4028:Bipolar I 3983:Pervasive 3798:Pyromania 3723:Voyeurism 3718:Fetishism 3517:8 October 3511:BrainLine 3230:1530-8898 3078:220554752 3062:0038-4348 3024:6 January 2990:6 January 2980:"Thiamin" 2952:6 January 2892:22 August 2763:1176-6328 2660:0962-8436 2539:0965-8211 2506:(2): 201. 2485:441151384 2316:0894-5799 2247:1533-4406 2190:0004-8674 2102:0272-4995 1961:"Amnesia" 1930:0898-929X 1887:0066-4308 1844:0028-3886 1785:0027-8424 1720:0898-929X 1663:1097-6256 1608:0264-3294 1556:"Amnesia" 1493:220554752 1385:1931-1559 1328:2211-1247 1269:1946-6242 1130:Amnesiacs 1114:Nostalgia 1034:cognitive 1014:film noir 816:Treatment 763:affected. 748:midazolam 485:Diagnosis 474:blackouts 247:long-term 194:neurology 185:Specialty 102:"Amnesia" 6103:Patients 5774:mnemonic 5769:chunking 5435:Implicit 5418:Semantic 5413:Episodic 5403:Explicit 5268:Encoding 5168:Parosmia 5163:Dysosmia 5158:Hyposmia 5102:Behavior 5075:Paranoia 4987:Delusion 4977:Delirium 4586:Insomnia 4256:Neurotic 4223:Delirium 4149:Dementia 3988:Specific 3325:26302472 3238:22905817 3153:13406589 3115:(1957). 3019:28613480 2828:32333979 2820:21262589 2781:29225466 2722:21779537 2590:26302005 2555:40591244 2547:12653489 2452:39673692 2444:10408212 2350:18086739 2255:29562161 2198:11551273 2118:21091079 2110:16194968 1993:Archived 1946:13097336 1938:23964593 1852:26238898 1803:21987814 1728:18303977 1679:29593573 1671:11036258 1624:39581659 1616:27315433 1450:22404837 1442:11992661 1403:20438213 1346:30355501 1287:23986399 1081:Betrayal 1069:See also 983:writes: 873:memory. 789:epilepsy 756:propofol 746:such as 702:migraine 626:hypnosis 447:such as 366:ischemic 345:semantic 309:(mnesis) 222:hypnotic 218:sedative 6229:Amnesia 5922:Priming 5848:Related 5791:Emotion 5487:Amnesia 5325:Eidetic 5312:Sensory 5273:Storage 5195:Ageusia 5153:Anosmia 5060:Anxiety 5047:Emotion 5035:Vertigo 4994:Amnesia 4952:emotion 4295:Anxiety 4134:PDD-NOS 4023:Bipolar 3676: ( 3594:D000647 3558:: F04, 3467:8756452 3458:6579309 3412:3760943 3403:6568782 3276:Bibcode 3246:7900357 2772:5708199 2713:3140893 2678:9415926 2669:1692093 2206:1443531 2031:5804804 1895:7872736 1794:3198338 1763:Bibcode 1736:1097954 1394:2864945 1337:7725275 1278:4940031 1076:Aphasia 1061:or the 1047:Memento 1022:sitcoms 881:History 870:thiamin 698:seizure 564:hypoxia 470:Alcohol 415:of the 413:atrophy 283:priming 235:memory. 202:Amnesia 171:Amnesia 127:scholar 92:removed 5955:People 5940:memory 5871:memory 5811:Trauma 5350:Visual 5340:Iconic 5335:Haptic 5320:Echoic 5278:Recall 4539:Eating 4387:Stress 4304:Phobia 4260:stress 4119:Autism 3912:Speech 3701:Sexual 3618:003257 3583:780.93 3493: 3485:(ed.) 3465: 3455: 3410: 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