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procedure, fair promotion policies, sick leave, pension programs, health insurance, payroll deduction of union dues, and union recognition through a written contract. Mayor Loeb continued to refuse union recognition and dues withdrawn from wages because he argued that AFSCME officials only wanted to fill their pockets with the hard-earned money of local
Memphians. Loeb believed that he was the sanitation workers' keeper and he would not abandon his "moral obligation" to protect them from union officials. Local Black leaders and sanitation workers saw this "rhetoric smacked of paternalism reminiscent of
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man". Ben Jones, another striker with 43 years on the job, spoke of the conditions that all sanitation workers had to deal with, including how heavy all the garbage bins were and how they would leak all over them. They would end up at the end of the day smelling real bad when they would return to department headquarters and would go home to families who did not want to be around them. As they would march down Main St., looters would ransack stores and tear gas was thrown at them, stated Rev. Leslie Moore. Moore also speaks of the song they would sing titled, "
640:, two sanitation workers, were crushed to death in a garbage compactor where they were taking shelter from the rain. Two other men had died this way in 1964, but the city refused to replace the defective equipment. Local 1733 held a strike meeting on February 11 where over 400 workers explained that the city refused to provide decent wages and working conditions. The workers wanted immediate action but the city refused. The next day fewer than 200 employees showed up for work, and only 38 of the 108 garbage trucks continued to move.
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616:) was successfully formed by T.O. Jones. However, the city officials refused to recognize the union. In 1966, the union attempted another strike, but it was thwarted before it began when the city prepared strikebreakers and threatened to jail leaders. The failure of the strike was largely due to the lack of support of Memphis’ religious community or middle class.
783:", Black armed men with iron pipes and bricks, and carrying signs, began smashing windows and looting along the stores. Police immediately reacted to the riot, moving into the crowd with nightsticks, mace, teargas, and gunfire. They arrested 280 individuals and 60 were reported injured, most of them Black. Lawson told the demonstration participants to return to
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all down." King encouraged the group to continue to support the sanitation strike by enacting a citywide work stoppage. King promised to return to
Memphis on March 22 to lead a protest through the city. On March 22, a massive snowstorm hit Memphis, causing the organizers to reschedule the march for March 28.
692:, the city council liaison to the mayor, accused Loeb of deliberately impeding the council's progress in resolving the strike. The marchers faced police brutality in the forms of mace, tear gas, and billy clubs. On February 24, while addressing the strikers after a "police assault" on their protests, Reverend
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laughter and boos. Loeb then observed and spoke, "I have sat here and taken quite a bit of abuse and I do not appreciate it, and I have not given any abuse back, your jobs are important and I promise you the garbage is going to be picked up, bet on it." Thereupon the mayor stormed out of the room.
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The AFSCME leadership in
Washington was initially upset to learn of the strike, which they thought would not succeed. P. J. Ciampa, a field organizer for the AFL–CIO, reportedly reacted to news of the strike saying, "Good God Almighty, I need a strike in Memphis like I need another hole in the head!"
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announced that the city would offer $ 50,000 in tax-free grants to the 14 surviving 1968 sanitation strikers, who were either still on payroll to maintain standard of living or could not retire in relative comfort as they had to forgo pension and thus receiving a small Social
Security check monthly.
791:. Witnesses said Payne had his hands raised as the officer pressed a shotgun to Payne's stomach and fired it' in later years, federal investigations questioned the accuracy of this claim. That same night Loeb declared martial law and authorized a 7 pm curfew, bringing about 4000 National Guardsmen.
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came to
Memphis to praise a 25,000 crowd of labor and civil right activists for their unity stating, "You are demonstrating that we can stick together. You are demonstrating that we are all tied in a single garment of destiny, and that if one Black person suffers, if one Black person is down, we are
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held over a thousand supporters of the movement. Reverend Ralph
Jackson charged the crowd to not rest until "justice and jobs" prevailed for all Black Americans. That night they raised $ 1,600 to support the Movement. Rev. Jackson declared further that once the immediate demands of the strikers were
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to downtown. On
February 22, workers and their supporters performed a sit in at city hall where they pressured the City Council to recognize their union and recommend wages to increase. The mayor rejected the request. The first large-scale protest of Loeb's policies came on February 23. It was given
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On Monday
February 12, 1968, 930 of 1100 sanitation workers did not show up for work, including 214 of 230 sewer drainage workers. Elmore Nickelberry, who was one of the strikers during this time speaks of Mayor Loeb and how it was impossible to negotiate with him, due to him being a "stubborn
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were mostly Black. They enjoyed few of the protections that other workers had; their pay was low and they could be fired (usually by White supervisors) without warning. In 1960 the average sanitation worker in
Memphis earned $ 0.94–$ 1.14 an hour, however in 1968 sanitation laborers earned $ 1.60 an
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Whitlinger, Claire, and Joe
Fretwell. "Political Assassination and Social Movement Outcomes: Martin Luther King and the Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike." Sociological Perspectives 62, no. 6 (2019): 825–844. Political Assassination and Social Movement Outcomes: Martin Luther King and the Memphis
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In the early 1960s, Black sanitation workers united together to gain better wages and working conditions, fighting the racial discrimination in the Memphis Public Works Department. The first attempt to strike was in 1963, but it failed because there was inadequate organization. Many Black
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chamber; there, they were met with 40–50 police officers. Loeb led the workers to a nearby auditorium, where he asked them to return to work. At one point, Loeb grabbed the microphone from AFSCME organizer Bill Lucy and shouted for the strikers to "go back to work!". The crowd responded with
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was elected as mayor against the opposition of Memphis's Black community. Loeb had served previously as the head of the sanitation division (as the elected Public Works Commissioner), and during his tenure oversaw grueling work conditions — including no city-issued uniforms, no restrooms, and no
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attracted 42,000 participants. Reuther wrote a check for $ 50,000 to the striking sanitation workers, the largest contribution from any outside source. The strike ended on April 16, 1968, with a settlement that included union recognition and wage increases, although additional strikes had to be
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arrives in Memphis, exclaiming that the strike will only end when the workers’ demands are met. Wurf worked with national union representative P.J. Ciampa and local union leaders to edit the strikers' list of demands. The revised version of demands included 10% wage increase, a grievance
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On March 28, King and Reverend Lawson led strikers and supporters in a march in downtown Memphis. City officials estimated that 22,000 students skipped school to participate in the march. King arrived late to find a massive crowd on the brink of chaos, causing Lawson and King to call off the
878:"I've seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land! And so I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord!"
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In October 2017, Baxter Leach represented the sanitation strikers at the National Civil Rights Museum Freedom Awards. Leach was one of the original sanitation workers who participated in the Memphis sanitation strike and served as the public face of the surviving sanitation workers.
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people were afraid to unionize due to the fear of persecution, which was justified in 1963, when 33 sanitation workers were fired immediately after attending an organizing meeting. In November 1964, Local 1733 of the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (
508:. The deaths served as a breaking point for more than 1,300 African American men from the Memphis Department of Public Works as they demanded higher wages, time and a half overtime, dues check-off, safety measures, and pay for the rainy days when they were told to go home.
1765:'s involvement proved to many black Memphians that the newspapers weren't that different from their sister papers in Mississippi and elsewhere in the South. Blacks picketed both newspapers within a week after the end of the sanitation strike to protest the coverage.
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felt they had kept their heads largely above the fray during the civil rights battles across the South in the early to mid-1960s, particularly in comparison to the blatantly racist and rabble-rousing histrionics in the two majors newspapers of Mississippi, the
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Upon taking office, Loeb increased regulations on the city's workers and appointed Charles Blackburn as the Public Works Commissioner. Loeb ordered Jones and the union to deal with Blackburn; Blackburn said he had no authority to change the city's policies.
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wrote editorials (and published cartoons) praising the mayor for his toughness. Newspapers and television stations generally portrayed the mayor as calm and reasonable, and the protesters and organizers as unruly and disorganized.
798:. Despite police pressure to have a private closed-casket funeral in their home, the family held the funeral at Clayborn and had an open casket. Following the funeral, the sanitation workers marched peacefully downtown.
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hour and garbage truck drivers earned $ 1.90 an hour ($ 14 and $ 17 respectively in 2023 dollars). In addition to their sanitation work, often including unpaid overtime, many worked other jobs or appealed to
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787:. The police followed the crowd back to the church where they released tear gas and clubbed people. In the midst of the chaos, police officer Leslie Dean Jones shot and killed sixteen-year-old
826:, a local college newspaper, reported the events of the strike from the sanitation workers' perspective. These publications emphasized the brutality of the police reactions to the protestors.
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1268:; weeks later, in Memphis, a handful of black students followed their example, sitting in and getting arrested for breaking the segregation laws at the city's segregated public libraries.
858:. Local 186 had the largest Black membership in Memphis, and allowed the strikers to use their union hall for meetings. Most White union leaders in Memphis expressed concern about
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refused to recognize the strike and rejected the City Council vote, insisting that only he possessed the power to recognize the union. The Memphis sanitation strike prompted
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Membership in Local 1733 increased substantially during the course of the strike, more than doubling in the first few days. Its relationship with other unions was complex.
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664:. These individuals were White and traveled with police escorts. They were not well received by the strikers, and the strikers assaulted the strikebreakers in some cases.
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However, both AFSCME and the AFL–CIO sent representatives to Memphis; these organizers came to support the strike upon recognizing the determination of the workers.
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said, "For at the heart of racism is the idea that a man is not a man, that a person is not a person. You are human beings. You are men. You deserve dignity."
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The mix of segregation, low wages, anti-union sentiment, and machine politics in Memphis created a particularly deadly legacy for public sector employees.
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threatened to force the City of Memphis to honor its agreements. The period was a turning point for Black activism and union activity in Memphis.
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Jones, Lucy, Ciampa, and other union leaders, asked the striking workers to focus on labor solidarity and downplay racism. The workers refused.
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By February 21, the sanitation workers established a daily routine of meeting at noon with nearly a thousand strikers and then marching from
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907:, urged Loeb to make concessions to the strikers in order to avoid violence. Loeb refused. On April 8, a completely silent march with the
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The local news media were generally favorable to Loeb, portraying union leaders (and later Martin Luther King Jr.) as meddling outsiders.
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met, the movement would focus on ending police brutality, as well as improving housing and education across the city for Black Memphians.
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1928:"Dr. Martin Luther King remembered as National Civil Rights Museum Freedom Awards go to both the humble and the celebrated"
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The city of Memphis had a long history of segregation and unfair treatment for Black residents. The influential politician
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648:", as they would march. Some of those who did show up walked off when they found out about the apparent strike.
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Biles, Roger (September 1, 1984). "Ed crump versus the unions: The labor movement in Memphis during the 1930s".
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In 2018, Leach along with the other surviving sanitation strikers was presented with the NAACP Vanguard Award.
652:, infuriated, refused to meet with the strikers. The workers marched from their union hall to a meeting at the
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534:'s presence, where he famously gave the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech a day before his assassination.
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1954:"THE LAST SURVIVORS OF THE 1968 MEMPHIS SANITATION WORKERS STRIKE ARE FEATURED IN THIS STRIKING PHOTO SERIES"
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1162:"Timeline of Events Surrounding the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike · HERB: Resources for Teachers"
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after World War II. Civil rights and unionism in Memphis were thus heavily stifled all through the 1950s.
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523:. The AFSCME was chartered in 1964 by the state; the city of Memphis refused to recognize it.
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680:." The sanitation workers were men and were more than capable of making their own decisions.
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Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King
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Sanitation Workers’ Strike; Claire Whitlinger and Joe Fretwell, Sociological Perspectives,2019
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1980:"Baxter Leach, one of the 1968 sanitation workers who sparked a movement in Memphis, has died"
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862:. Tommy Powell, president of the Memphis Labor Council, was one of few local White advocates.
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903:, which had already begun in Washington, D.C., Federal officials, including Attorney General
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comments embody the message behind the iconic placards from the sanitation workers' strike,
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Risen, Clay (2009). "King, Johnson, and The Terrible, Glorious Thirty-First Day of March".
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By February 15, there was 10,000 tons of noticeable piled up trash, and Loeb began to hire
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demonstration as violence erupted. After peacefully marching for several blocks, singing "
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You Must Be from the North: Southern White Women in the Memphis Civil Rights Movement
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1336:"The Accident on a Garbage Truck That Led to the Death of Martin Luther King, Jr"
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The Accident on a Garbage Truck That Led to the Death of Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign
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Going down Jericho Road: The Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign
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Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign
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Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs. Wayne State University.
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Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Honey, Michael K. (2007). "Hambone's Meditations: The Failure of Community".
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grievance procedure for the numerous occasions on which they were underpaid.
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Honey, Michael K. (2007). "Dr. King, Labor, and the Civil Rights Movement".
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began on February 12, 1968, in response to the deaths of sanitation workers
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The Memphis sanitation strike was led by T.O. Jones and had the support of
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1047:""I am a Man!": Race, Masculinity, and the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike"
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748:
701:
543:
111:
6455:
5647:
5122:
5098:
5050:
5005:
4157:
3815:
3745:
3715:
3585:
3560:
3505:
3405:
3020:
2990:
672:
649:
625:
527:
512:
249:
6230:
1694:"When MLK Was Killed, He Was In Memphis Fighting For Economic Justice"
517:
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)
6440:
5740:
4135:
3605:
3590:
2081:
2073:
Strike-related photos, audio, and documents from the AFSCME Archives.
1808:
A nation on fire : America in the wake of the King assassination
1428:"Memphis Sanitation Workers Remember the 1968 Strike, 40 years later"
899:(April 4, 1968) intensified the strike. Mayor Loeb and others feared
566:
419:
743:— "Sanitation Workers' Prayer" recited by Reverend Malcolm Blackburn
6460:
6063:
3495:
1093:"1968 Memphis Sanitation Strikers Inducted Into Labor Hall Of Fame"
767:
759:
came to Memphis to rally the sanitation workers. On March 18,
558:
572:
The civil rights struggle was renewed in the 1960s, starting with
550:, that acted violently toward the Black population and maintained
521:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
5612:
5370:
4084:
870:
On April 3, King returned to Memphis where he famously gave his "
677:
596:
1805:
Risen, Clay (2009). "April 5: 'Any Man's Death Diminishes Me'".
1597:(1 ed.). Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p.
99:
Black sanitation workers exposed to dangerous working conditions
6445:
6339:
4640:
4152:
1528:
A nation on fire: America in the wake of the King assassination
576:
2887:
2032:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0731121419842116
520:
6559:
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
1874:
The Martin Luther King Jr., Research and Education Institute
546:
had created a city police force, much of it culled from the
163:
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
1724:
Covering for the bosses : labor and the Southern press
1398:"1968 AFSCME Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike Chronology"
1308:
Honey, Michael K. (2007). "Struggles of the Working Poor".
854:
During the strike, Local 1733 received direct support from
6196:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
1264:
On February 1, the first lunch-counter 'sit-ins' began in
178:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
6007:
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.
1864:
1862:
140:
Increased wages for sanitation workers by City of Memphis
1794:
from the original on October 22, 2016 – via DLynx.
892:
President Obama met former members of the strike in 2011
587:
were particularly active in Memphis during this period.
5638:
4337:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
4115:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
1284:. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 59.
90:
Racial discrimination faced by black sanitation workers
5870:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4361:
African American founding fathers of the United States
2709:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
2574:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
1859:
1189:
Honey, Michael K. (2007). "A Plantation in the City".
955:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
290:
2181:
2119:
The American Prospect explains why MLK was in Memphis
1127:"Memphis, Tennessee, sanitation workers strike, 1968"
1125:
Navarro, Kylin; Rennebohm, Max (September 12, 2010).
5780:
Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.
561:, Black people were able to organize as part of the
4409:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
2082:
Web Exhibit on the strike from the AFSCME Archives.
2078:
of Labor and Urban Affairs. Wayne State University.
1370:Honey, Michael K. (2007). "On Strike for Respect".
2129:AFSCME provides a time-line of the relevant events
2044:
2007:"Sanitation strikers receive NAACP Vanguard Award"
1674:. U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1561:
1525:
1493:
313:McSwain v. Co. Board of Ed. of Anderson Co., Tenn.
688:the moniker "mini riot" after it turned violent.
6520:
2945:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1124:
768:March 28 riot and police shooting of Larry Payne
5823:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2935:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2868:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
2754:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1487:
1485:
1483:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1303:
1301:
6594:Sanitation labor disputes in the United States
5976:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco
5301:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis
4414:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
1461:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 105.
731:As we forgive those who spray MACE against us.
6079:
5247:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act
5241:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations
4785:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?
4613:
4322:List of lynching victims in the United States
2655:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
2167:
1971:
1841:Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
1476:. New York: W.W.Norton & Co. p. 119.
619:
435:
276:
6395:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
6246:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
6012:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose
2106:, from Michael Honey, a professor of History
1830:
1828:
1798:
1761:. ... Yet the sanitation strike of 1968 and
1726:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
1480:
1350:
1298:
5562:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story
4641:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests
2789:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1239:
1184:
1182:
6086:
6072:
5981:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)
4627:
4620:
4606:
2838:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
2174:
2160:
1711:
1519:
1517:
1095:. Dclabor.org. May 2, 2011. Archived from
442:
428:
283:
269:
114:killed by police during march and disorder
6574:February 1968 events in the United States
6270:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
6176:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
5331:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306
4394:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
1825:
168:Community on the Move for Equality (COME)
6355:Occupation of the Student Union Building
6044:Civil rights movement in popular culture
5850:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
5772:Civil rights movement in popular culture
4841:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
4429:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
2464:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2051:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1897:"Memphis Compensates Sanitation Workers"
1811:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
1742:Like Memphis itself, the editors at the
1669:
1532:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
1179:
960:St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968
887:
794:On April 2, Payne's funeral was held in
747:National civil rights leaders including
319:Clinton High School desegregation crisis
222:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
172:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
137:local 1733 recognized by City of Memphis
6564:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
4689:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
4343:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
4080:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
4075:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
1925:
1514:
737:For OURS is justice, jobs, and dignity,
372:Hattie Cotton Elementary School bombing
353:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
128:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
6584:April 1968 events in the United States
6579:March 1968 events in the United States
6521:
6508:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
6191:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
4257:African-American women in the movement
2704:White House Conference on Civil Rights
2535:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
2124:AFSCME remembers the historical strike
1977:
1717:
1588:
1438:from the original on December 21, 2021
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1017:from the original on November 28, 2019
837:
449:
6589:African-American history of Tennessee
6067:
5811:
5280:
5201:
4922:
4639:
4601:
2693:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
2155:
2042:
2004:
1951:
1894:
1847:from the original on February 6, 2012
1834:
1804:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1523:
1491:
1471:
1456:
1369:
1307:
1279:
1245:
1218:
1188:
1044:
1013:, Stanford University, June 2, 2017,
829:
822:, an African American newspaper, and
646:Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around
423:
264:
94:Death of Echol Cole and Robert Walker
6310:Columbia University protests of 1968
6300:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
6109:1968–69 Japanese university protests
6093:
4466:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
2930:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
2878:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2824:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
2296:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
2221:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1876:. Stanford University. June 21, 2017
1835:Honey, Michael (December 25, 2009).
1672:"Larry Payne - Notice to Close File"
1156:
1154:
1152:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
965:Charleston sanitation strike of 1969
865:
563:Congress of Industrial Organizations
387:Z. Alexander Looby residence bombing
6022:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
2873:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
2809:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
2474:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
1111:
1007:"Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike"
727:Give us this day our Dues Checkoff,
606:
13:
6529:1960s strikes in the United States
5925:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr.
5812:
5661:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew
5217:(now National Civil Rights Museum)
4317:African-American churches attacked
2883:Montgomery Improvement Association
2858:Georgia Council on Human Relations
2843:Council of Federated Organizations
2814:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2567:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
2525:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
2331:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
2235:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2098:, at Stanford's KingPapers website
2096:Memphis Sanitation Worker's Strike
2005:Neely, Tiffany (January 9, 2018).
1926:Beifuss, John (October 18, 2017).
1740:from the original on May 7, 2016.
1720:"Labor, civil rights, and Memphis"
1686:
1670:Dobinski, Karla (April 18, 2023).
1623:"Larry Payne Notice to Close File"
1546:
1500:(1st ed.). New York: Norton.
1195:(1. ed.). New York : Norton.
14:
6610:
6335:March of the One Hundred Thousand
5476:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK
5202:
4389:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
4262:Jews in the civil rights movement
2146:Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike
2066:
1408:from the original on June 6, 2011
1149:
1137:from the original on July 7, 2012
1131:Global Nonviolent Action Database
1021:
988:
801:
739:Forever and ever. Amen. FREEDOM!
6229:
5789:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.
5668:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (
4737:Second Emancipation Proclamation
4588:Civil rights movement portal
4581:
4424:Freedom Riders National Monument
4166:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
2767:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
2673:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
2632:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
2519:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1895:Henry, Wiley (August 10, 2017).
1843:. Tennessee Historical Society.
1376:(1 ed.). New York: Norton.
1314:(1 ed.). New York: Norton.
970:
717:Our Henry, who art in City Hall,
39:
6534:1968 labor disputes and strikes
6493:Segregation in Northern Ireland
5921:Safe House Black History Museum
5840:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4451:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
4439:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
2915:National Council of Negro Women
2853:Deacons for Defense and Justice
2148:, Civil Rights Digital Library.
2036:
1998:
1978:Chaney, Kim (August 27, 2019).
1952:White, Erin (January 5, 2018).
1945:
1919:
1888:
1770:
1663:
1641:
1615:
1582:
1465:
1450:
1420:
1390:
1328:
849:
725:In Memphis, as it is in heaven.
707:On the evening of February 26,
60:(2 months and 4 days)
6599:History of racism in Tennessee
6549:Civil rights movement protests
5895:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture
4873:Mississippi March Against Fear
2326:Mansfield school desegregation
1568:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1273:
1085:
1:
6539:History of Memphis, Tennessee
6280:1968 Red Square demonstration
5596:March! For Martin Luther King
4817:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
4461:National Voting Rights Museum
4404:Civil Rights Movement Archive
4203:Lynching in the United States
4090:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
2540:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
2513:University of Chicago sit-ins
2280:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2104:Labor Rights are Human Rights
2090:, at Socialist Worker website
982:
537:
58:February 12 – April 16, 1968
6260:1968 Polish political crisis
6216:West German student movement
6141:Black Consciousness Movement
5860:National Civil Rights Museum
5855:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
4698:I've Been to the Mountaintop
4456:National Civil Rights Museum
4312:March on Washington Movement
4297:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
2761:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
928:In July 2017, Memphis Mayor
872:I've been to the mountaintop
638:Echol Cole and Robert Walker
519:and the local branch of the
506:Echol Cole and Robert Walker
119:I've Been to the Mountaintop
45:The strikers' slogan was "I
7:
6569:Labor disputes in Tennessee
6466:Racism in the United States
6431:Counterculture of the 1960s
6252:The whole world is watching
6221:Women's liberation movement
5997:sculpture, Portland, Oregon
5987:Landmark for Peace Memorial
5712:"Symphony of Brotherhood" (
5635:Pride (In the Name of Love)
4857:Selma to Montgomery marches
4756:Letter from Birmingham Jail
4100:"This Little Light of Mine"
2848:Dallas County Voters League
2794:Atlanta Negro Voters League
2552:Letter from Birmingham Jail
2259:Brown v. Board of Education
1837:"Memphis Sanitation Strike"
1778:"Law Officers Lit Cauldron"
1649:"Larry Payne: Un(re)solved"
943:
733:And lead us not into shame,
729:And forgive us our boycott,
579:in the summer of 1960. The
366:Kelly v. Board of Education
324:Clinton High School bombing
10:
6615:
5885:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
5828:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5609:Martin Luther King's Dream
4923:
4471:Olympic Black Power Statue
4434:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4302:Holt Street Baptist Church
4272:16th Street Baptist Church
3256:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
2900:Nashville Student Movement
2830:An Appeal for Human Rights
2088:King's Unfinished Struggle
2043:Honey, Michael K. (2007).
1718:Atkins, Joseph B. (2008).
1627:U.S. Department of Justice
1560:Honey, Michael K. (2007).
1472:Honey, Michael K. (2008).
1402:AFSCME Local 1733 pamphlet
1338:. Southern Hollows podcast
1266:Greensboro, North Carolina
883:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
771:
620:Early course of the strike
382:Nashville Student Movement
6408:
6345:Memphis sanitation strike
6238:
6227:
6126:1968 movement in Pakistan
6101:
6038:America in the King Years
5818:
5807:
5763:
5573:
5552:
5501:
5392:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5276:
5210:
5197:
5032:
4933:
4929:
4918:
4892:Memphis sanitation strike
4796:
4708:
4650:
4646:
4635:
4577:
4479:
4376:
4190:
4123:
4065:
4044:
3931:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
3901:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
2973:
2965:Women's Political Council
2960:Wednesdays in Mississippi
2955:United Auto Workers (UAW)
2940:Southern Regional Council
2910:Northern Student Movement
2819:Committee for Freedom Now
2779:
2721:Memphis sanitation strike
2687:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2609:
2430:Savannah Protest Movement
2392:
2250:
2211:Journey of Reconciliation
2203:
2190:
2076:Walter P. Reuther Library
1589:Little, Kimberly (2009).
1233:10.1080/00236568408584775
1063:10.1080/00236560050009914
923:
735:But deliver us from LOEB!
502:Memphis sanitation strike
457:
348:Memphis sanitation strike
342:Watson v. City of Memphis
304:
205:
200:
151:
146:
105:
84:
64:
54:
38:
30:
26:Memphis sanitation strike
25:
6325:King assassination riots
6285:1968 uprising in Senegal
6181:Mexican Movement of 1968
5845:National Historical Park
5583:Abraham, Martin and John
5061:(strategist / colleague)
4865:Chicago Freedom Movement
2799:Atlanta Student Movement
2743:Civil Rights Act of 1968
2668:1964–1965 Scripto strike
2649:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2547:1963 Birmingham campaign
2440:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2364:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1870:"Reuther, Walter Philip"
719:Hard-headed be thy name.
671:International President
6027:King County, Washington
5880:FBI–King suicide letter
4351:Voter Education Project
4105:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
3766:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3201:Josephine Dobbs Clement
2622:Chester school protests
2617:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2579:Detroit Walk to Freedom
2321:Tallahassee bus boycott
2242:Baton Rouge bus boycott
1564:Going Down Jericho Road
1457:Honey, Michael (2008).
1282:Going Down Jericho Road
1280:Honey, Michael (2007).
6544:Martin Luther King Jr.
6451:Antisemitism in Poland
6360:Poor People's Campaign
6295:Battle of Valle Giulia
6265:1968 protests in Egypt
6151:Black Power Revolution
6121:1968 movement in Italy
5890:Season for Nonviolence
5703:"Never Alone Martin" (
5425:"Great X-Pectations" (
5361:King in the Wilderness
4982:Martin Luther King Sr.
4958:Martin Luther King III
4900:Poor People's Campaign
4849:St. Augustine movement
4809:Montgomery bus boycott
4629:Martin Luther King Jr.
4569:Movement photographers
3806:Bernice Johnson Reagon
3526:Martin Luther King Sr.
3521:Martin Luther King Jr.
3091:William Holmes Borders
2863:Highlander Folk School
2748:Poor People's Campaign
2601:St. Augustine movement
2451:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
2374:Katz Drug Store sit-in
2345:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
2307:Montgomery bus boycott
1763:Martin Luther King Jr.
1133:. Swarthmore College.
893:
886:
774:Killing of Larry Payne
761:Martin Luther King Jr.
745:
532:Martin Luther King Jr.
228:Martin Luther King Jr.
123:Martin Luther King Jr.
96:from garbage compactor
6481:Years of Lead (Italy)
6136:Anti-nuclear movement
6131:Civil Rights Movement
4998:Christine King Farris
4990:Alberta Williams King
4775:Conscience for Change
4718:Stride Toward Freedom
4399:Civil Rights Memorial
4287:Bethel Baptist Church
3936:Charles Kenzie Steele
3381:Audrey Faye Hendricks
3286:Myrlie Evers-Williams
3266:Patricia Stephens Due
3236:Abraham Lincoln Davis
3171:Colia Lafayette Clark
2925:Operation Breadbasket
2920:National Urban League
2662:Katzenbach v. McClung
2530:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
2183:Civil rights movement
1901:The Tennessee Tribune
1434:. February 17, 2008.
1432:The Commercial Appeal
1252:. New York : Norton.
1099:on September 10, 2012
1045:Estes, Steve (2000).
891:
876:
809:The Commercial Appeal
772:Further information:
714:
293:Civil Rights Movement
33:Civil Rights Movement
6476:Second-wave feminism
6416:1968 Summer Olympics
6350:Miss America protest
6186:Movement of 22 March
6146:Black power movement
6049:Lee–Jackson–King Day
6002:Kennedy–King College
5461:"Return of the King"
4444:other King memorials
4419:Freedom Rides Museum
4356:1960s counterculture
4307:Edmund Pettus Bridge
3986:Walter Francis White
3891:Alexander D. Shimkin
2400:New Year's Day March
2369:Ministers' Manifesto
2216:Executive Order 9981
2112:The Last Wish of MLK
1446:– via Youtube.
915:, and UAW president
897:King's assassination
721:Thy kingdom C.O.M.E.
690:Gwen Robinson Awsumb
624:At the end of 1967,
74:Charles Mason Temple
16:1968 American strike
6400:Tlatelolco massacre
6315:Delano grape strike
6305:Central Park be-ins
6161:Cultural Revolution
5914:Hope Moving Forward
5679:Shed a Little Light
5442:New York Undercover
5437:"The Promised Land"
5264:Conspiracy theories
5045:(mentor, colleague)
4833:Birmingham campaign
4182:Mary McLeod Bethune
4143:Sermon on the Mount
4110:"We Shall Overcome"
3691:William Lewis Moore
3471:Frank Minis Johnson
3446:Richie Jean Jackson
3401:Donald L. Hollowell
3206:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
3011:Gwendolyn Armstrong
3006:William G. Anderson
2986:Victoria Gray Adams
2950:The Freedom Singers
2804:Black Panther Party
2584:March on Washington
2497:Garner v. Louisiana
2458:Boynton v. Virginia
950:Labor Hall of Honor
838:National leadership
567:anti-communist fear
515:, president of the
404:Chattanooga sit-ins
6340:May 1968 in France
6320:East L.A. walkouts
6201:Red Power movement
5908:sculpture, Atlanta
5692:Up to the Mountain
5479:(2011 documentary)
5452:Selma, Lord, Selma
5374:(2020 documentary)
5364:(2018 documentary)
5334:(2008 documentary)
5311:Our Friend, Martin
5304:(1970 documentary)
5147:Fred Shuttlesworth
4942:Coretta Scott King
4680:How Long, Not Long
4662:Give Us the Ballot
4504:Michael Eric Dyson
4384:In popular culture
4267:Fifth Circuit Four
4251:Loving v. Virginia
4244:Hernandez v. Texas
4223:Buchanan v. Warley
4215:Separate but equal
4209:Plessy v. Ferguson
4172:Frederick Douglass
4006:Robert F. Williams
3916:Kelly Miller Smith
3896:Fred Shuttlesworth
3821:Frederick D. Reese
3801:George Raymond Jr.
3791:A. Philip Randolph
3771:Fay Bellamy Powell
3686:Queen Mother Moore
3571:Z. Alexander Looby
3516:Coretta Scott King
3461:Barbara Rose Johns
3441:Jimmie Lee Jackson
3366:William E. Harbour
3146:Stokely Carmichael
3061:Randolph Blackwell
2726:King assassination
2715:Loving v. Virginia
2699:March Against Fear
2679:How Long, Not Long
2557:Children's Crusade
2508:Cambridge movement
2445:Ax Handle Saturday
2410:Greensboro sit-ins
2337:Give Us the Ballot
1986:on August 28, 2019
1907:on August 27, 2019
1759:Jackson Daily News
1166:herb.ashp.cuny.edu
913:Coretta Scott King
894:
830:Roles of the union
819:Tri-State Defender
592:sanitation workers
451:Sanitation strikes
210:Sanitation workers
159:Sanitation workers
70:Memphis, Tennessee
6554:1968 in Tennessee
6516:
6515:
6471:School discipline
6390:Takeover of Vanha
6206:Sexual revolution
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6032:Eponymous streets
5875:Authorship issues
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5565:(1957 comic book)
5428:A Different World
5405:(1978 miniseries)
5272:
5271:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5083:Bernard Lafayette
5014:James Albert King
4914:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4765:Why We Can't Wait
4595:
4594:
4367:Eyes on the Prize
4282:A.G. Gaston Motel
4277:Kelly Ingram Park
4237:Sweatt v. Painter
3921:Mary Louise Smith
3881:Cleveland Sellers
3866:Michael Schwerner
3831:Gloria Richardson
3611:Thurgood Marshall
3531:Bernard Lafayette
3261:John Wesley Dobbs
2775:
2774:
2489:Birmingham attack
2469:Rock Hill sit-ins
2420:Sibley Commission
2415:Nashville sit-ins
2287:Gebhart v. Belton
2273:Briggs v. Elliott
2266:Bolling v. Sharpe
2227:Sweatt v. Painter
2138:, episode of the
2011:WMC Action News 5
1932:Commercial Appeal
1818:978-0-470-17710-5
1787:. April 3, 1968.
1744:Commercial Appeal
1575:978-0-393-04339-6
1539:978-0-470-17710-5
1507:978-0-393-04339-6
1383:978-0-393-04339-6
1321:978-0-393-04339-6
1291:978-0-393-04339-6
1259:978-0-393-04339-6
1202:978-0-393-04339-6
1011:King Encyclopedia
866:End of the strike
781:We Shall Overcome
723:Our will be done,
495:
494:
417:
416:
409:Knoxville sit-ins
377:Nashville sit-ins
359:City of Nashville
259:
258:
196:
195:
6606:
6498:Student activism
6233:
6156:Chicano Movement
6095:Protests of 1968
6088:
6081:
6074:
6065:
6064:
5969:Pueblo, Colorado
5900:Oval Office bust
5809:
5808:
5792:
5783:
5774:
5756:
5744:
5727:
5717:
5708:
5699:
5686:
5673:
5664:
5651:
5642:
5629:
5616:
5603:
5590:
5566:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5494:
5480:
5470:
5456:
5446:
5432:
5421:
5406:
5385:
5375:
5365:
5355:
5345:
5335:
5325:
5315:
5305:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5277:
5199:
5198:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4931:
4930:
4920:
4919:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4789:
4779:
4769:
4759:
4750:
4746:Strength to Love
4740:
4731:
4722:
4701:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4665:
4648:
4647:
4637:
4636:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4585:
4549:Charles M. Payne
4534:Steven F. Lawson
4524:David Halberstam
4494:Clayborne Carson
4230:Hocutt v. Wilson
4177:W. E. B. Du Bois
4026:Sammy Younge Jr.
4011:Q. V. Williamson
3976:Wyatt Tee Walker
3841:Bernice Robinson
3786:Lincoln Ragsdale
3776:Rodney N. Powell
3671:Douglas E. Moore
3546:Sanford R. Leigh
3481:J. Charles Jones
3356:Fannie Lou Hamer
3271:Joseph Ellwanger
3231:Jonathan Daniels
3221:Claudette Colvin
3211:Annie Lee Cooper
3196:Kathleen Cleaver
3191:Eldridge Cleaver
3166:Shirley Chisholm
3056:Gloria Blackwell
2642:workers' murders
2589:"I Have a Dream"
2484:Anniston bombing
2435:Greenville Eight
2350:Little Rock Nine
2313:Browder v. Gayle
2201:
2200:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2140:Southern Hollows
2062:
2050:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1982:. Archived from
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1903:. Archived from
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1596:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1531:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1367:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1158:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1042:
1019:
1018:
1003:
977:1960s portal
975:
974:
973:
884:
667:On February 18,
607:Union activities
452:
444:
437:
430:
421:
420:
393:Other localities
299:
285:
278:
271:
262:
261:
244:Mayor of Memphis
236:
153:
152:
130:on April 4, 1968
43:
23:
22:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6421:Anti-capitalism
6404:
6370:Presidio mutiny
6275:1968 Miami riot
6234:
6225:
6171:Hippie movement
6097:
6092:
6062:
6053:
5916:statue, Atlanta
5814:
5795:
5786:
5777:
5770:
5759:
5747:
5730:
5720:
5711:
5702:
5689:
5676:
5667:
5654:
5645:
5632:
5619:
5606:
5593:
5580:
5569:
5559:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5521:The Mountaintop
5518:
5508:
5497:
5483:
5473:
5459:
5449:
5435:
5424:
5412:The First Store
5409:
5399:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5358:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5314:(1999 animated)
5308:
5298:
5283:
5268:
5206:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5043:Ralph Abernathy
5041:
5034:
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4925:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4825:Albany Movement
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4792:
4782:
4772:
4762:
4753:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4715:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4642:
4631:
4626:
4596:
4591:
4580:
4573:
4554:Thomas E. Ricks
4544:Diane McWhorter
4529:Vincent Harding
4514:Adam Fairclough
4481:
4475:
4372:
4327:Freedom Schools
4186:
4119:
4067:
4061:
4052:Omaha, Nebraska
4040:
3956:Hartman Turnbow
3946:Dorothy Tillman
3906:Glenn E. Smiley
3886:Charles Sherrod
3846:Jo Ann Robinson
3721:Charles Neblett
3711:Elijah Muhammad
3676:Harriette Moore
3636:Floyd McKissick
3621:Franklin McCain
3556:Stanley Levison
3421:T. R. M. Howard
3371:Vincent Harding
3301:Walter Fauntroy
3186:Xernona Clayton
3136:John H. Calhoun
3121:Aurelia Browder
3111:Stanley Branche
3106:Raylawni Branch
3086:Joseph E. Boone
3071:Ezell Blair Jr.
3066:Unita Blackwell
3041:Harry Belafonte
2981:Ralph Abernathy
2969:
2905:Nation of Islam
2781:
2771:
2605:
2562:Birmingham riot
2503:Albany Movement
2425:Atlanta sit-ins
2405:Sit-in movement
2388:
2384:Biloxi wade-ins
2356:Cooper v. Aaron
2246:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2114:, from NY Times
2069:
2059:
2039:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1734:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1629:. April 3, 2017
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1558:
1547:
1540:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1490:
1481:
1470:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1368:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1278:
1274:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1187:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1123:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1043:
1022:
1005:
1004:
989:
985:
971:
969:
946:
926:
885:
882:
868:
852:
840:
832:
804:
796:Clayborn Temple
785:Clayborn Temple
776:
770:
741:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
709:Clayborn Temple
685:Clayborn Temple
636:On February 1,
622:
609:
540:
498:
497:
496:
491:
453:
450:
448:
418:
413:
336:Memphis sit-ins
330:City of Memphis
307:City of Clinton
300:
291:
289:
255:
254:
240:
232:
192:
189:City of Memphis
183:
121:" delivered by
80:
78:Clayborn Temple
59:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6612:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6166:Gay liberation
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6091:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6068:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5991:
5989:, Indianapolis
5983:
5978:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5923:
5918:
5910:
5906:Homage to King
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:Related topics
5805:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5784:
5775:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5745:
5728:
5718:
5709:
5700:
5687:
5674:
5665:
5652:
5643:
5630:
5622:Happy Birthday
5617:
5604:
5591:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5536:
5526:
5516:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5481:
5471:
5457:
5447:
5433:
5422:
5417:The Jeffersons
5407:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5376:
5366:
5356:
5346:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5306:
5295:
5293:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5233:
5231:James Earl Ray
5228:
5223:
5218:
5215:Lorraine Motel
5211:
5208:
5207:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5171:Hosea Williams
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5067:Dorothy Cotton
5063:
5055:
5047:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4937:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4804:
4802:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4780:
4770:
4760:
4751:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4675:
4671:I Have a Dream
4666:
4656:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4564:Akinyele Umoja
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4148:Mahatma Gandhi
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4057:South Carolina
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Hosea Williams
3993:
3988:
3983:
3981:Hollis Watkins
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:A. Maceo Smith
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Bernie Sanders
3858:
3853:
3851:Angela Russell
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:David Richmond
3833:
3828:
3826:Walter Reuther
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Cordell Reagon
3808:
3803:
3798:
3796:George Raymond
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Charles Person
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:Huey P. Newton
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Harry T. Moore
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Cecil B. Moore
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:James Meredith
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Clarence Jones
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Zilphia Horton
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Lola Hendricks
3383:
3378:
3376:Dorothy Height
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Lawrence Guyot
3343:
3338:
3336:Jack Greenberg
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Andrew Goodman
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Joseph DeLaine
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Dorothy Cotton
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:J. L. Chestnut
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Amelia Boynton
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Arnold Aronson
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
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3129:
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3119:
3117:
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3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Bruce Boynton
3099:
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3026:James Baldwin
3024:
3022:
3019:
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3009:
3007:
3004:
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2999:
2997:
2996:Mathew Ahmann
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2893:Youth Council
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2479:Freedom Rides
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2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:Prior to 1954
2202:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
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2058:9780393043396
2054:
2049:
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2041:
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2034:
2033:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1906:
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1733:9781934110805
1729:
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1714:
1699:
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1608:9781604733518
1604:
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1276:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:Labor History
1215:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1153:
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1115:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Labor History
1048:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1008:
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994:
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987:
978:
968:
966:
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951:
948:
947:
941:
938:
934:
931:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
890:
879:
875:
873:
863:
861:
857:
856:URW Local 186
847:
844:
835:
827:
825:
821:
820:
814:
811:
810:
799:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
775:
765:
762:
758:
754:
753:Bayard Rustin
750:
744:
740:
713:
710:
705:
703:
699:
698:Rev. Lawson's
695:
691:
686:
681:
679:
674:
670:
665:
663:
658:
655:
651:
647:
641:
639:
634:
630:
627:
617:
615:
604:
602:
598:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
575:
574:desegregation
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
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503:
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217:
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110:
109:
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98:
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92:
89:
88:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
53:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
6436:Flower power
6375:Rodney riots
6344:
6290:BĂĄstad riots
6211:The Troubles
6036:
5994:
5986:
5913:
5905:
5787:
5778:
5751:(Common and
5726:(1995 album)
5721:
5714:Miri Ben-Ari
5683:James Taylor
5670:Public Enemy
5657:King Holiday
5560:
5539:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5490:
5484:
5474:
5464:
5450:
5440:
5426:
5415:
5401:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5350:
5339:
5329:
5320:
5309:
5299:
5236:Jack Kershaw
5179:Andrew Young
5163:Wyatt Walker
5155:C. T. Vivian
5131:James Orange
5091:James Lawson
4974:Bernice King
4950:Yolanda King
4891:
4884:War movement
4881:Anti-Vietnam
4800:and protests
4783:
4773:
4763:
4744:
4728:What Is Man?
4716:
4579:
4519:David Garrow
4499:John Dittmer
4365:
4292:Brown Chapel
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4207:
4164:
4016:Andrew Young
3971:A. T. Walden
3966:C. T. Vivian
3926:Maxine Smith
3761:Homer Plessy
3741:James Orange
3696:Irene Morgan
3651:William Ming
3631:Ralph McGill
3566:Viola Liuzzo
3551:Jim Letherer
3536:James Lawson
3466:Vernon Johns
3456:Esau Jenkins
3411:Myles Horton
3361:Fred Hampton
3351:Prathia Hall
3341:Dick Gregory
3311:Marie Foster
3306:James Forman
3296:James Farmer
3281:Medgar Evers
3241:Angela Davis
3176:Ramsey Clark
3156:James Chaney
3151:Johnnie Carr
3131:Ralph Bunche
3126:H. Rap Brown
3116:Ruby Bridges
3076:Joanne Bland
3051:Claude Black
3031:Marion Barry
3001:Muhammad Ali
2828:
2759:
2752:
2720:
2713:
2691:
2660:
2653:
2495:
2456:
2449:
2379:Kissing Case
2354:
2311:
2294:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2233:
2225:
2139:
2134:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2046:
2037:Bibliography
2030:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1984:the original
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1900:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1873:
1849:. Retrieved
1840:
1807:
1800:
1784:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1723:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:November 10,
1653:. Retrieved
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
1592:
1584:
1563:
1527:
1495:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1412:February 28,
1410:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1372:
1340:. Retrieved
1330:
1310:
1281:
1275:
1263:
1248:
1241:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1206:
1191:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:
1139:. Retrieved
1130:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1087:
1054:
1050:
1010:
939:
935:
927:
905:Ramsey Clark
895:
877:
869:
853:
850:Local unions
845:
841:
833:
823:
817:
815:
807:
805:
793:
777:
757:James Lawson
746:
742:
716:
706:
702:"I Am A Man"
694:James Lawson
682:
666:
659:
654:City Council
642:
635:
631:
623:
610:
589:
571:
556:
548:Ku Klux Klan
541:
525:
510:
501:
499:
461:
392:
391:
364:
358:
357:
347:
340:
329:
328:
311:
306:
243:
242:
233:
221:
220:
209:
208:
201:Lead figures
46:
31:Part of the
18:
6503:Vietnam War
6426:Black power
5959:Mexico City
5949:Jersey City
5753:John Legend
5705:Jason Upton
5553:Illustrated
5541:All the Way
5511:The Meeting
5384:(2023 film)
5354:(2016 film)
5351:All the Way
5344:(2014 film)
5324:(2001 film)
5252:Loyd Jowers
5181:(colleague)
5173:(colleague)
5165:(colleague)
5157:(colleague)
5149:(colleague)
5133:(colleague)
5125:(colleague)
5109:(colleague)
5101:(colleague)
5093:(colleague)
5085:(colleague)
5069:(colleague)
5059:James Bevel
5053:(colleague)
5022:Alveda King
4966:Dexter King
4851:(1963–1964)
4827:(1961–1962)
4811:(1955–1956)
4539:Doug McAdam
4509:Chuck Fager
4131:Nonviolence
4036:James Zwerg
4031:Bob Zellner
3991:Roy Wilkins
3941:Hank Thomas
3876:Pete Seeger
3871:Bobby Seale
3736:Jack O'Dell
3731:Edgar Nixon
3661:Amzie Moore
3656:Jack Minnis
3596:Mae Mallory
3581:Clara Luper
3541:Bernard Lee
3431:Cecil Ivory
3426:Ruby Hurley
3396:Oliver Hill
3391:Aaron Henry
3291:Chuck Fager
3251:Dave Dennis
3141:Guy Carawan
3081:Julian Bond
3046:James Bevel
3036:Daisy Bates
2302:Emmett Till
2185:(1954–1968)
1678:November 9,
1651:. Frontline
1442:October 15,
1103:November 8,
789:Larry Payne
749:Roy Wilkins
557:During the
544:E. H. Crump
216:T. O. Jones
112:Larry Payne
106:Resulted in
6523:Categories
6456:Hot Autumn
6017:Paris park
5739:featuring
5600:John Fahey
5393:Television
5123:Diane Nash
5099:John Lewis
5051:Ella Baker
5006:A. D. King
4976:(daughter)
4952:(daughter)
4482:historians
4158:Satyagraha
4124:Influences
3816:James Reeb
3751:James Peck
3746:Rosa Parks
3716:Diane Nash
3586:Danny Lyon
3561:John Lewis
3506:A. D. King
3406:James Hood
3021:Ella Baker
2991:Zev Aelony
2016:August 28,
1990:August 27,
1963:August 27,
1937:August 28,
1911:August 27,
983:References
874:" speech.
860:race riots
673:Jerry Wurf
650:Mayor Loeb
626:Henry Loeb
538:Background
528:Henry Loeb
513:Jerry Wurf
474:Charleston
250:Henry Loeb
6441:Free love
6102:Movements
5995:The Dream
5954:Milwaukee
5741:will.i.am
5141:(advisor)
5077:(protégé)
5008:(brother)
4798:Movements
4136:Padayatra
4085:"Kumbaya"
4045:By region
3701:Bob Moses
3606:Bob Mants
3591:Malcolm X
3511:C.B. King
3331:Fred Gray
2974:Activists
2610:1964–1968
2393:1960–1963
2251:1954–1959
1703:April 20,
1171:April 20,
399:Tent City
297:Tennessee
85:Caused by
6461:New Left
6114:ZenkyĹŤtĹŤ
5117:(mentor)
5000:(sister)
4992:(mother)
4984:(father)
4758:" (1963)
4730:" (1959)
4709:Writings
4700:" (1968)
4691:" (1967)
4682:" (1965)
4673:" (1963)
4664:" (1957)
4652:Speeches
4066:Movement
3496:Tom Kahn
2780:Activist
2195:timeline
1958:Afropunk
1851:July 19,
1845:Archived
1789:Archived
1757:and the
1738:Archived
1633:April 4,
1436:Archived
1406:Archived
1404:. 1968.
1141:July 19,
1135:Archived
1079:32680284
1071:18041164
1015:archived
944:See also
881:—
590:Memphis
559:New Deal
552:Jim Crow
165:(AFSCME)
117:Speech "
65:Location
6486:Morocco
6409:Related
5944:Houston
5929:Atlanta
5865:Big Six
5833:passage
5764:Related
5749:"Glory"
5733:A Dream
5613:Strawbs
5531:I Dream
5493:, 2024)
5469:, 2006)
5445:, 1997)
5431:, 1993)
5420:, 1980)
5371:MLK/FBI
5321:Boycott
5226:Funeral
5035:leaders
5024:(niece)
4191:Related
3781:Al Raby
2731:funeral
2594:Big Six
2142:podcast
1880:May 14,
1698:NPR.org
1342:June 3,
901:rioting
678:slavery
597:welfare
577:sit-ins
486:Atlanta
480:Atlanta
462:Memphis
234:†
180:(NAACP)
147:Parties
49:a Man".
6446:Hippie
6239:Events
5964:Newark
5939:Denver
5934:Boston
5737:Common
5650:" (U2)
5544:(2012)
5534:(2010)
5524:(2009)
5514:(1987)
5486:Genius
5455:(1999)
5381:Rustin
5243:(HSCA)
4944:(wife)
4934:Family
4924:People
4902:(1968)
4894:(1968)
4886:(1967)
4875:(1966)
4867:(1966)
4859:(1965)
4843:(1963)
4835:(1963)
4819:(1957)
4788:(1967)
4778:(1967)
4768:(1964)
4749:(1963)
4721:(1958)
4377:Legacy
4153:Ahimsa
2782:groups
2238:(1950)
2230:(1950)
2191:Events
2055:
1815:
1730:
1605:
1572:
1536:
1504:
1380:
1318:
1288:
1256:
1199:
1077:
1069:
924:Legacy
755:, and
669:AFSCME
614:AFSCME
526:Mayor
230:
174:(SCLC)
135:AFSCME
133:Union
5574:Music
5502:Plays
5491:MLK/X
5341:Selma
5282:Media
5257:Trial
5221:Riots
5033:Other
4968:(son)
4960:(son)
4480:Noted
4068:songs
2888:NAACP
2736:riots
1792:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1601:-68.
1075:S2CID
581:NAACP
5587:Dion
5402:King
5292:Film
2053:ISBN
2018:2019
1992:2019
1965:2019
1939:2019
1913:2019
1882:2020
1853:2012
1813:ISBN
1746:and
1728:ISBN
1705:2020
1680:2023
1657:2023
1635:2017
1603:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1444:2020
1414:2018
1378:ISBN
1344:2018
1316:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1173:2020
1143:2012
1105:2013
1067:PMID
909:SCLC
816:The
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