2511:(1509–64), focusing on the issue of excommunication. This theological analysis stresses sharp contrasts between the two leaders on four basic principles: on procedures leading to excommunication, on the severity of sanctions on the excommunicant, on the restoration of a repentant individual, and on civil punishment. Calvin and Menno, each a leader of distinct wings of the Reformation, both believed this extreme form of discipline to be essential to the function of the church in society, agreeing on the basic grounds for excommunication as expressed in the New Testament. Menno, however, envisioned the application of reprimand as a process administered by the entire church body against any sin; Calvin reserved excommunication for especially severe transgressions as identified by the
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afflicted; shelters the miserable; aids and consoles all the oppressed; returns good for evil; serves those that injure it; prays for those that persecute it; teaches, admonishes and reproves with the Word of the Lord; seeks that which is lost; binds up that which is wounded; heals that which is diseased and saves that which is sound. The persecution, suffering and anxiety which befalls it for the sake of the truth of the Lord, is to it a glorious joy and consolation.
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assaults. On the third they succeeded in taking several positions, although some of the fortifications and the church remained in
Anabaptist possession. On 7 April the monastery was finally stormed after a severe battle. 300 Anabaptists were killed. Of the ones who did not lose their lives in the attack, 37 were then beheaded and 132, both men and women, taken to
2519:. Among other disagreements, Calvin approved civil punishment for certain forms of unorthodoxy while Menno advocated strict church/state separation. They differed most profoundly in their views on why church discipline was necessary. Simons saw human perfectability as attainable after conversion, while Calvin stressed an Augustinian theology of human depravity.
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in terms of its traditional practices of social withdrawal, mortification, and self-denial. Historical theologian
Richard Valantasis, however, has suggested that asceticism should not be defined as these physical practices but as a group of activities designed to re-establish social relations between
433:
After the death of his brother Pieter, Menno experienced a spiritual and mental crisis. He said he "prayed to God with sighs and tears that He would give to me, a sorrowing sinner, the gift of His grace, create within me a clean heart, and graciously through the merits of the crimson blood of Christ,
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defended infant baptism; his belief in it stemmed from his view of the church as ideally an inclusive reality in a
Christian society. Menno Simons based his rejection of infant baptism on the concept of the church as a disciplined group of individuals who have voluntarily committed their lives to
2531:
a description of the relationship between a purified church and Christ that not only applied to a reformed church but also to the earthly marriage between man and woman. Like the bride in the songs, the woman must come in total love and devotion and will be cleansed of her natural evil by contact
425:
was put in charge of capturing the old monastery from the
Anabaptists. He supposed that he would be able to do so easily, but found himself compelled to conduct a regular siege. On 1 April he decided to bombard the monastery with heavy artillery and tried to storm it, leading his soldiers in four
1967:
For true evangelical faith is of such a nature that it cannot lie dormant; but manifests itself in all righteousness and works of love; it dies unto flesh and blood; destroys all forbidden lusts and desires; cordially seeks, serves and fears God; clothes the naked; feeds the hungry; consoles the
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suggested that their history be divided into three periods: "before Menno, under Menno, and after Menno". Menno is especially significant because of his coming to the
Anabaptist movement in the north in its most troublesome days, and helping not only to sustain it, but also to establish it as a
2571:
the individual and the dominant social environment through a new subjectivity, different social relations, and an alternative symbolic universe. Simons' theology is ascetic by
Valantasis's definition since it used these methods to restructure Anabaptists' relationship with 'worldly' society.
2557:
Menno Simons stated his reluctance to engage in disputes, which may have stemmed from his reluctance for years to announce his true convictions. Simons' relationships with the radical Münsterites and peaceful
Melchiorites may offer additional clues.
369:
for being "rebaptized" ("Snijder", meaning "tailor", was probably not the family name, since
Freerks is the patronym form of Freerk and Sicke was, in fact, a tailor by trade). A renewed search of the scriptures left Menno Simons believing that
276:, invaded Friesland in 1515 and conquered half of it. Saxony ceded the other half to the Habsburgs. The Frisians tried to regain their freedom but they were too weak and eventually accepted the imperial authority of the Habsburg emperor
2499:" instead of taking on human flesh and blood from Mary. He said that Christ was "conceived not of her womb but in her womb". Menno appealed to scientific theory to bolster his arguments, although he lacked scientific training.
299:. He had never read the Bible, either before or during his training for the priesthood, out of fear that he would be adversely influenced by it. When he later reflected upon this period in his life, he called himself stupid.
1963:. Menno Simons rejected the violence advocated by the Münster movement, believing it was not Scriptural. His theology was focused on separation from this world, and baptism by repentance symbolized this.
1927:
is unknown, but he was probably baptized not long after leaving
Witmarsum in early 1536. By October 1536 his connection with Anabaptism was well known, because it was in that month that
2553:
Although some
Anabaptists in Amsterdam and Münster in the 16th century engaged in violence and murder, Dutch Mennonites generally became pious and peaceful. In his 1539
1998:, and was buried in his garden. He was married to a woman named Gertrude, and they had at least three children, two daughters and a son. Only one daughter outlived him.
386:
writings, which affected his views of Christian life and church. While still pondering the issue, he was transferred to Witmarsum. Here he came into direct contact with
398:
disciples came there as well. While he regarded them as misled and fanatical, he was drawn to their zeal and their views of the Bible, the Church, and discipleship.
1245:
1994:
was used in a letter to refer to the Dutch Anabaptists. Twenty-five years after his renunciation of Catholicism, Menno died on 31 January 1561 at Wüstenfelde,
253:. Very little is known concerning his childhood and family except that he grew up in a poor peasant environment. His father's name was Simon, Simons being a
1955:). It was Hoffman who introduced the first self-sustaining Anabaptist congregation in the Netherlands, when he taught and practiced believers' baptism in
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with her husband. He did not alter the conventional view of relations between men and women but idealized the woman's subordinate and asexual status.
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334:, which he confessed he had not previously studied, despite being a priest. Menno was not satisfied with the inconsistent answers which he got from
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Menno Simons drew heavily from Biblical images of the bride of Christ when envisioning a new church. He found in the Biblical
1585:
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baptism", which he said "sounded very strange to me", came in 1531 after hearing of the beheading of Sicke Freerks Snijder at
103:
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1906:
1534:
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1986:, an Anabaptist of the "inspirationist" variety, had been the most influential leader in the Netherlands. By 1544, the term
1450:
260:
Simons grew up in a disillusioned war-torn country. Friesland was ravaged by war in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.
2675:
1396:
346:; he resolved to rely on Scripture alone, and from this time describes his preaching as "evangelical", not "sacramental".
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Christ. He viewed sanctification as a lifelong process that does not completely rid the presence of sin from one's life.
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Michael Thomas Girolimon, "John Calvin and Menno Simons on Religious Discipline: A Difference in Degree and Kind,"
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421:. They thereby won a strong position and from here tried to conquer the entire province. The imperial stadholder
3442:
2996:
Charles Wiley, "'Hand this Man over to Satan': A Comparison of John Calvin and Menno Simons on Excommunication,"
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saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near
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840:
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422:
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because of his participation in the violent takeover of a Catholic monastery known as the Oldeklooster (or
197:
162:
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Menno Simons rejected the Catholic Church and the priesthood on 12 January 1536, casting his lot with the
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soldiers haunted the Frisian lands in the 1490s to force the 'Free' Frisians to accept the Duke of
3037:
Abraham Friesen, "Present at the Inception: Menno Simons and the Beginnings of Dutch Anabaptism,"
1723:
1088:
873:
382:, and read the works of Martin Luther and Heinrich Bullinger. At some point, he also read some of
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413:, was seized on 30 March 1535 by about 300 Anabaptists of Friesland, both men and women, led by
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3101:, transl. by Leonard Verduin and ed. by John C. Wenger, with a biography by Harold S. Bender
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Girolimon (1995) compares the teachings of Menno Simons with those of Protestant reformer
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3185:
A Foundation and Plain Instruction of the Saving Doctrine of Our Lord Jesus Christ
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2821:. Toronto ; Buffalo ; London: University of Toronto Press. p. 46.
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246:
213:
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131:
79:
3146:
2844:. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved on 26 October 2012.
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Mennonites in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union - Through Much Tribulation
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3518:
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3414:
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Mennonites in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union: Through Much Tribulation
2803:
2496:
2405:
2342:
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1548:
1176:
991:
835:
825:
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672:
643:
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575:
430:, where another 55 were executed after a short trial. Jan van Geelen escaped.
379:
371:
312:
308:
292:
179:
2659:. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
2540:
The Anabaptists insisted on believer's (normally adult) baptism. By contrast,
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2541:
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288:
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as their head of state. The duke was the governor of the Netherlands for the
205:
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121:
25:
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1455:
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401:
In 1535, his brother Pieter was among a group of Anabaptists killed near
387:
261:
2733:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 132.
1982:
Menno evidently rose quickly to become a man of influence. Before 1540,
3608:
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2018:
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427:
366:
217:
135:
57:
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He would graciously forgive my unclean walk and unprofitable life..."
418:
3086:
The Anabaptist Story: An Introduction to Sixteenth-Century Anabaptism
2118:
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943:
795:
541:
410:
225:
201:
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1951:(the more radical of Hoffman's followers having participated in the
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2718:
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2234:
2153:
1995:
522:
513:
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402:
316:
273:
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254:
3024:
Egil Grislis, "Martin Luther and Menno Simons on Infant Baptism,"
330:
caused Menno Simons to begin a serious and in-depth search of the
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2186:
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296:
265:
3080:
Dutch Anabaptism: Origin, Spread, Life and Thought (1450–1600)
38:
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1956:
375:
331:
284:
272:
family. One of the archenemies of the Habsburgs, the Duke of
2928:"Embryology and the Incarnation: A Sixteenth-Century Debate"
349:
2748:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 24, 47–8.
326:
Around 1526 or 1527, questions surrounding the doctrine of
224:
and it is from his name that his followers became known as
3147:
Menno Simons Biography from the Church of the Brethren.net
409:). This monastery, near Bolsward in the Dutch province of
3050:
Lawrence J. Altepeter, "The Asceticism of Menno Simons,"
16:
Dutch theologian, namesake for the Mennonites (1496–1561)
165:(until 1536), Anabaptist minister and author (from 1536)
3011:
Beth Kreitzer, "Menno Simons and the Bride of Christ,"
2897:"The Doctrine of Incarnation According to Menno Simons"
378:. He discussed the issue with his pastor, searched the
220:religious leader. Simons was a contemporary of the
3151:
2871:"What Menno got wrong and the difference it makes"
2770:"Menno Simon's Renunciation of the Church of Rome"
2630:, Bolsward, 1968 (Utjowerij A.J. Osinga), p. 128.
302:
3677:
2595:(ca. 1538; Meditation on the Twenty-Fifth Psalm)
3129:Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
3066:. Menno Simons.net. Retrieved on 15 April 2009.
2642:. Menno Simons.net. Retrieved on 15 April 2009.
1935:were arrested, charged and beheaded for having
1667:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)
3142:Menno Simons. Life, writings, images and links
2858:. University of Michigan Library. p. 170.
3206:
2468:Menno Simons' influence on Anabaptism in the
2441:
1900:
2797:
2609:(1539–40; Foundation of Christian Doctrine)
361:Menno's first knowledge of the concept of "
3213:
3199:
3134:Prints Bibliotheca Mennonitica Amsterdam:
2793:
2791:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2448:
2434:
2025:
1907:
1893:
357:in which Simons is believed to have worked
37:
2459:
348:
2894:
2868:
2817:Friesen, Leonard G. (27 October 2022).
2816:
2788:
2743:
2681:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2600:Why I Do Not Cease Teaching and Writing
2593:Christelycke leringhen op den 25. Psalm
1975:Why I Do Not Cease Teaching and Writing
1947:, were among the peaceful disciples of
3678:
3157:"Chapter 10: Menno Simons (1496–1561)"
3099:The Complete Writings of Menno Simons…
2853:
2713:
2672:Menno Simons' uitgang uit het Pausdom.
2583:(ca. 1536; The Spiritual Resurrection)
2491:Anabaptist theology § Christology
1098:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century
3711:Dutch Protestant ministers and clergy
3356:Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren
3194:
2925:
2607:Dat Fundament des Christelycken leers
257:, and he had a brother named Pieter.
191:
178:
3756:People of the Protestant Reformation
2703:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2676:Digital library for Dutch literature
2645:
2472:was so great that Baptist historian
417:, an emissary of the Anabaptists of
291:, and he was taught about the Latin
3766:16th-century Protestant theologians
3726:Founders of new religious movements
2854:Dosker, Henry E. (1 January 1921).
13:
2869:Kaufman, Douglas (1 August 2014).
2522:
2502:
14:
3792:
3781:16th-century Anabaptist ministers
3118:
2691:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2535:
2495:Menno believed that Jesus had a "
1939:. He was ordained around 1537 by
1406:16th century Renaissance humanism
1145:Political and religious conflicts
241:Menno Simons was born in 1496 in
3660:
2417:
1388:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age
1264:Influence on church architecture
461:
295:during his training to become a
196:; 1496 – 31 January 1561) was a
3057:
3044:
3031:
3018:
3005:
2990:
2975:
2919:
2888:
2862:
2847:
2835:
2810:
2581:Van de Geestlijke Verrijsenisse
101:31 January 1561 (aged 64 or 65)
3771:16th-century Christian mystics
3509:Separation of church and state
3220:
2800:A History of Christian Thought
2762:
2737:
2707:
2662:
2633:
2620:
2484:
2134:Separation of church and state
1089:Counter-Reformation § Politics
437:
303:Priesthood and brother's death
1:
3426:Dordrecht Confession of Faith
3073:
2933:The Sixteenth Century Journal
2678:. Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
2561:
1923:. The exact date of his new
1801:Conclusion and commemorations
1484:Hymnody of continental Europe
1397:Folklore of the Low Countries
1032:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
695:Theologies of seminal figures
236:
43:"Menno Simons from Friesland"
3716:Dutch Protestant theologians
3026:Journal of Mennonite Studies
2901:Journal of Mennonite Studies
706:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli
423:Georg Schenck van Toutenburg
390:, preaching and practicing "
231:
7:
3504:Priesthood of all believers
3443:Anabaptist–Jewish relations
2129:Priesthood of all believers
2001:
1433:English Renaissance theatre
915:Denmark–Norway and Holstein
10:
3797:
3489:Nonconformity to the world
3383:Apostolic Christian Church
3088:, by William Roscoe Estep
3052:Mennonite Quarterly Review
3039:Mennonite Quarterly Review
3013:Mennonite Quarterly Review
2488:
2318:Mennonite World Conference
2109:Nonconformity to the world
1628:Lutheran and Anglican Mass
1493:Music of the British Isles
1420:16th century in literature
311:priest in 1515 or 1516 in
216:and became an influential
3706:Dutch Christian pacifists
3657:
3579:
3528:
3451:
3396:
3371:Brethren in Christ Church
3279:
3228:
3165:. Toronto: Clements Pub.
2842:Geertruydt (16th century)
2744:Friesen, Leonard (2022).
2589:(ca. 1537; The New Birth)
1854:Calendrical commemoration
1167:War of the Three Kingdoms
701:Theology of Martin Luther
158:
150:
142:
127:
117:
90:
68:
63:
53:
36:
23:
3649:Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich
3366:Old Order River Brethren
2657:Menno Simons (1496–1561)
2613:
2574:
2548:
1943:. Obbe and his brother,
566:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
319:in his father's village
315:. He was then appointed
3751:People from Wûnseradiel
3667:Christianity portal
3312:Conservative Mennonites
3064:Menno's Foundation-Book
2730:Encyclopædia Britannica
2424:Christianity portal
2308:Conservative Mennonites
2088:Doctrines and practices
2031:A 1685 illustration by
1699:First Wittenberg hymnal
1157:French Wars of Religion
971:Major political leaders
711:Theology of John Calvin
193:[ˈmɪnəˈsimə̃ːs]
180:[ˈmɛnoːˈsimɔns]
3459:Theology of Anabaptism
3421:Schleitheim Confession
3236:Protestant Reformation
2895:Grislis, Egil (1990).
2566:Menno Simons rejected
2465:
2177:Schleitheim Confession
2094:Theology of Anabaptism
1980:
1415:16th century in poetry
1218:German Renaissance Art
1198:Painting and sculpture
394:". Later, some of the
384:Erasmus of Rotterdam's
358:
188:
154:Two daughters, one son
146:Geertruydt Jansdochter
47:Christoffel van Sichem
3736:Mennonite theologians
3162:Witnesses to the Word
3112:The Dutch Anabaptists
2926:Irwin, Joyce (1978).
2856:The Dutch Anabaptists
2798:Gonzalez, J. (1975).
2700:Catholic Encyclopedia
2463:
2333:Old Colony Mennonites
1965:
1823:Simultaneous rise of
1735:Book of Common Prayer
1535:Scottish church music
1521:Anglican church music
1002:Gaspard II de Coligny
977:Henry VIII of England
781:Peter Martyr Vermigli
352:
307:He was ordained as a
198:Roman Catholic priest
3404:German Peasants' War
3307:Old Order Mennonites
3136:Doopsgezinde prenten
3082:, by Cornelius Krahn
2720:"Menno Simons"
2628:Fan Fryslâns Forline
2353:Schwarzenau Brethren
2338:Old Order Mennonites
2293:Apostolic Christians
2182:Dordrecht Confession
1814:Protestant orthodoxy
1787:Whole Book of Psalms
1751:Book of Common Order
1619:Ecclesiastical Latin
1172:German Peasants' War
724:Protestant Reformers
654:Northern Renaissance
649:Bohemian Reformation
633:Contributing factors
537:Gottschalk of Orbais
222:Protestant Reformers
3731:Mennonite ministers
3696:Christian humanists
3474:Freedom of religion
3469:Christian communism
3241:Radical Reformation
3179:on 5 February 2007.
3041:1998 72(3): 351–388
3015:1996 70(3): 299–318
2587:De nieuwe Creatuere
2479:Radical Reformation
2464:Menno Simons (1854)
2124:Freedom of religion
2076:Sermon on the Mount
2071:Radical Reformation
2049:in the present-day
1819:Peace of Westphalia
1810:Confessionalization
1614:Liturgical Struggle
1540:Normative principle
1119:Holy Roman Emperors
1068:Counter-Reformation
519:Girolamo Savonarola
3776:Christian radicals
3761:Protestant mystics
3701:Dutch evangelicals
3619:Balthasar Hubmaier
3541:Believer's baptism
3438:Old Order Movement
3317:Russian Mennonites
3153:Dr Victor Shepherd
2694:"Mennonites"
2513:Company of Pastors
2466:
2348:Russian Mennonites
2328:Mennonite Brethren
2298:Brethren in Christ
2230:Balthasar Hubmaier
2099:Believer's baptism
1724:Thomissøn's hymnal
1526:Exclusive psalmody
1282:Metaphysical poets
1204:Northern Mannerism
1194:Art and literature
1107:Anti-Protestantism
1043:Electors of Saxony
1007:Henry IV of France
997:William the Silent
920:Sweden and Finland
811:Balthasar Hubmaier
776:Heinrich Bullinger
736:Philip Melanchthon
669:Johannes Gutenberg
659:Christian humanism
601:Ninety-five Theses
469:Ninety-five Theses
392:believer's baptism
359:
344:Heinrich Bullinger
328:transubstantiation
45:1608 engraving by
3741:Mennonite writers
3673:
3672:
3624:Bernhard Rothmann
3464:Church discipline
3409:Münster rebellion
3271:Congregationalism
3114:, by Henry Dosker
3054:1998 72(1): 69–83
3002:1993 25(3): 16–32
2999:Fides et Historia
2984:Fides et Historia
2828:978-1-4875-0551-6
2715:Gordon, Alexander
2555:Christian Baptism
2458:
2457:
2396:Inspirationalists
2365:Related movements
1953:Münster Rebellion
1917:
1916:
1741:Metrical psalters
1162:Eighty Years' War
1152:Thirty Years' War
1037:Philip I of Hesse
761:Andreas Karlstadt
571:Johannes von Goch
552:Berengar of Tours
547:Claudius of Turin
528:Arnold of Brescia
251:Holy Roman Empire
169:
168:
112:Holy Roman Empire
108:Duchy of Holstein
84:Holy Roman Empire
3788:
3721:Dutch Mennonites
3665:
3664:
3546:Closed communion
3339:Amish Mennonites
3266:Zwickau prophets
3261:German mysticism
3215:
3208:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3175:. Archived from
3067:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2987:1995 27(1): 5–29
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2772:. Archived from
2766:
2760:
2759:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2626:Hendrik Twerda,
2624:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2422:
2421:
2225:Melchior Hoffman
2029:
2006:
2005:
1978:
1949:Melchior Hoffman
1909:
1902:
1895:
1847:Luther Monuments
1842:Reformation Wall
1812:with subsequent
1776:Scottish Psalter
1690:Lutheran hymnals
1591:Calvin's liturgy
1586:Reformed worship
1507:Lutheran chorale
1350:Bohorič alphabet
1182:Schmalkaldic War
1080:Council of Trent
1055:John Frederick I
954:Poland-Lithuania
831:Jacobus Arminius
741:Huldrych Zwingli
664:German mysticism
465:
442:
441:
195:
182:
177:
100:
98:
64:Personal details
41:
21:
20:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3653:
3604:Michael Sattler
3599:Pilgram Marpeck
3581:
3575:
3524:
3447:
3392:
3329:New Order Amish
3275:
3256:Moravian Church
3224:
3219:
3173:
3121:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3006:
2995:
2991:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2946:10.2307/2539448
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2867:
2863:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2815:
2811:
2796:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2742:
2738:
2712:
2708:
2689:
2682:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2538:
2529:Song of Solomon
2525:
2523:Bride of Christ
2505:
2503:Excommunication
2493:
2487:
2454:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2386:Radical Pietism
2366:
2358:
2357:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2265:Michael Sattler
2255:Pilgram Marpeck
2210:George Blaurock
2205:
2197:
2196:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2061:
2053:
2035:, published in
2004:
1979:
1972:
1913:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1861:Reformation Day
1851:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1769:Genevan Psalter
1763:
1758:Souterliedekens
1745:
1729:
1711:
1693:
1670:
1660:
1646:
1642:Paraphrase mass
1633:
1623:
1609:
1595:
1576:
1562:
1544:
1530:
1516:
1502:
1488:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1424:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1378:
1354:
1315:
1291:
1255:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1116:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:Catholic Church
1069:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1027:Gustav II Adolf
1022:Gabriel Bethlen
1017:Stephen Bocskai
1012:Jeanne d'Albret
987:Oliver Cromwell
972:
964:
963:
856:
848:
847:
791:François Hotman
771:George Buchanan
756:William Tyndale
726:
716:
715:
696:
688:
687:
683:Johann Reuchlin
634:
626:
625:
596:
586:
585:
561:Wessel Gansfort
487:
477:
440:
407:Bloemkamp Abbey
353:The house near
332:Holy Scriptures
305:
283:Simons learned
239:
234:
214:Catholic Church
175:
163:Catholic priest
102:
96:
94:
86:
73:
49:
44:
32:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3644:Alexander Mack
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3519:Sola scriptura
3515:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Great Apostasy
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3415:Martyrs Mirror
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3388:Peace churches
3385:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3361:River Brethren
3358:
3353:
3351:Schwenkfelders
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Swiss Brethren
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Petr Chelčický
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3171:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3120:
3119:External links
3117:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3043:
3030:
3017:
3004:
2989:
2974:
2918:
2887:
2861:
2846:
2834:
2827:
2809:
2804:Abingdon Press
2787:
2776:on 19 May 2007
2761:
2754:
2736:
2725:Chisholm, Hugh
2706:
2680:
2661:
2644:
2632:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2563:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2537:
2536:Infant baptism
2534:
2524:
2521:
2504:
2501:
2497:heavenly flesh
2486:
2483:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:Neo-Anabaptism
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Schwenkfelders
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:River Brethren
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:Largest groups
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Alexander Mack
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:Martyrs Mirror
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
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2090:
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2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2038:Martyrs Mirror
2030:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2003:
2000:
1973:Menno Simons,
1970:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1874:
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1764:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1746:
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1730:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1717:Swenske songer
1712:
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1709:
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1676:
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1631:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1605:Deutsche Messe
1602:
1600:Formula missae
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1549:Anglican chant
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1473:
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1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
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1400:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1379:
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1371:
1366:
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1242:
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1234:
1228:
1226:
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1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1177:Wars of Kappel
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
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1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
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1052:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
992:James VI and I
989:
984:
979:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
863:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
838:
836:Roger Williams
833:
828:
826:Richard Hooker
823:
821:Thomas Cranmer
818:
813:
808:
806:Thomas Müntzer
803:
801:Hubert Languet
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
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722:
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717:
714:
713:
708:
703:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
680:
675:
673:printing press
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
644:Avignon Papacy
641:
639:Western Schism
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
597:
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
578:
576:Friends of God
573:
568:
563:
558:
549:
544:
539:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
488:
483:
482:
479:
478:
466:
458:
457:
451:
450:
439:
436:
415:Jan van Geelen
380:Church Fathers
374:is not in the
372:infant baptism
309:Roman Catholic
304:
301:
293:Church Fathers
266:Saxony-Meissen
238:
235:
233:
230:
210:excommunicated
204:region of the
167:
166:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
134:(until 1536),
129:
125:
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119:
115:
114:
92:
88:
87:
74:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
42:
34:
33:
30:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3793:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Conrad Grebel
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3571:Simple living
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
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3531:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3516:
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3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Nonresistance
3492:
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3487:
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3480:
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3405:
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3340:
3337:
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3330:
3327:
3326:
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3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
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3252:
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3211:
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3202:
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3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:0-8361-1353-5
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:0-8028-0886-7
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3028:1994 12: 7–25
3027:
3021:
3014:
3008:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:(3): 93–104.
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2876:
2875:The Mennonite
2872:
2865:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2806:. p. 96.
2805:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2755:9781487505677
2751:
2747:
2740:
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2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
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2572:
2569:
2559:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2542:Martin Luther
2533:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2474:William Estep
2471:
2470:Low Countries
2462:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
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2279:
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2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Melchior Rink
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
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2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Conrad Grebel
2218:
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2208:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2159:Simple living
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Nonresistance
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2074:
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2064:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:lodged Simons
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:Protestantism
1881:
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1867:
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1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:Lutheran hymn
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
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1481:
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1274:
1272:
1271:
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1262:
1261:
1260:
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1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:Art conflicts
1244:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1221:
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1065:
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1053:
1051:
1050:Frederick III
1048:
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1045:
1044:
1038:
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1023:
1020:
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844:
843:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:William Farel
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Theodore Beza
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:Martin Luther
729:
728:
725:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
692:
691:
684:
681:
679:
676:
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647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
606:Diet of Worms
604:
602:
599:
598:
595:
590:
589:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
529:
526:
524:
520:
517:
515:
511:
508:
506:
502:
501:John Wycliffe
499:
497:
493:
490:
489:
486:
481:
480:
475:
474:Martin Luther
472:, written by
471:
470:
464:
460:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
444:
443:
435:
431:
429:
424:
420:
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408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
364:
356:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:Martin Luther
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Low Countries
203:
199:
194:
190:
186:
181:
173:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
40:
35:
27:
22:
19:
3639:Jakob Ammann
3634:Menno Simons
3633:
3629:Dirk Philips
3614:Jakob Hutter
3551:Foot washing
3517:
3430:
3413:
3346:Abecedarians
3334:Beachy Amish
3297:Batenburgers
3184:
3177:the original
3161:
3135:
3128:
3125:Menno Simons
3111:
3098:
3085:
3079:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2937:
2931:
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2904:
2900:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:
2864:
2855:
2849:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2799:
2778:. Retrieved
2774:the original
2764:
2745:
2739:
2728:
2709:
2698:
2664:
2640:Menno's life
2635:
2627:
2622:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2565:
2554:
2552:
2539:
2528:
2526:
2506:
2494:
2467:
2270:Menno Simons
2269:
2240:Jakob Hutter
2139:Foot washing
2066:Christianity
2043:Dirk Willems
2036:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1966:
1945:Dirk Philips
1941:Obbe Philips
1933:Gerryt Jansz
1918:
1853:
1852:
1834:
1833:
1804:
1785:
1774:
1767:
1756:
1749:
1733:
1722:
1715:
1704:
1697:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1578:
1577:
1572:Verse anthem
1567:Falsobordone
1477:
1426:
1425:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1251:Beeldenstorm
1209:Lutheran art
1197:
1131:Ferdinand II
1118:
1117:
1042:
1041:
841:
816:Menno Simons
815:
751:Martin Bucer
616:Magisterials
611:Luther Bible
556:Berengarians
467:
432:
400:
362:
360:
355:Bad Oldesloe
340:Martin Bucer
325:
306:
282:
259:
240:
189:Minne Simens
185:West Frisian
172:Menno Simons
171:
170:
128:Denomination
122:Bad Oldesloe
31:Menno Simons
26:The Reverend
18:
3746:Mennonitism
3691:1561 deaths
3686:1496 births
3582:Anabaptists
3561:Plain dress
3536:Agape feast
3513:free church
3484:Memorialism
3246:Waldensians
2967:16 December
2911:16 December
2880:16 December
2509:John Calvin
2485:Incarnation
2149:Plain dress
2051:Netherlands
1984:David Joris
1961:East Frisia
1921:Anabaptists
1829:Rationalism
1638:Cyclic mass
1306:Anglo-Irish
1277:Elizabethan
1232:English art
1223:Swedish art
982:Elizabeth I
895:Czech Lands
890:Netherlands
866:Switzerland
855:By location
842:Many others
746:John Calvin
496:Waldensians
492:Peter Waldo
455:Reformation
438:Anabaptists
388:Anabaptists
262:Landsknecht
138:(from 1536)
104:Wüstenfelde
3680:Categories
3609:Hans Denck
3589:Felix Manz
3302:Mennonites
3292:Hutterites
3229:Background
3222:Anabaptism
3172:189466700X
3074:References
2669:(in Dutch)
2568:asceticism
2562:Asceticism
2517:Consistory
2489:See also:
2481:movement.
2323:Mennonites
2313:Hutterites
2250:Felix Manz
2215:Hans Denck
2204:Key people
2060:Background
2033:Jan Luyken
2019:Anabaptism
1805:Conclusion
1287:Propaganda
1270:Literature
532:Arnoldists
485:Precursors
428:Leeuwarden
396:Münsterite
367:Leeuwarden
237:Early life
226:Mennonites
218:Anabaptist
159:Profession
136:Anabaptist
97:1561-01-31
58:Mennonites
3529:Practices
3378:Bruderhof
2962:166076085
2391:Moravians
2303:Bruderhof
2171:Documents
2144:Holy kiss
2119:Free will
2104:Lovefeast
1988:Mennonite
1835:Monuments
1579:Liturgies
1558:Polyphony
1554:Homophony
1498:Hymn tune
1383:Icelandic
1364:Norwegian
1126:Charles V
1112:Criticism
796:John Knox
594:Beginning
542:Ratramnus
411:Friesland
287:and some
278:Charles V
247:Friesland
243:Witmarsum
232:Biography
212:from the
202:Friesland
200:from the
80:Friesland
76:Witmarsum
3566:Shunning
3499:Pacifism
3452:Theology
3155:(2001).
2780:13 April
2717:(1911).
2515:and the
2376:Baptists
2235:Hans Hut
2154:Shunning
2011:a series
2009:Part of
2002:Theology
1996:Holstein
1971:—
1871:Anglican
1866:Lutheran
1665:Sequence
1630:in music
1446:Morality
1438:Pastoral
1340:Romanian
1301:Scottish
1258:Building
1237:Woodcuts
910:Slovenia
885:Scotland
671:and his
621:Radicals
523:Piagnoni
514:Hussites
505:Lollardy
447:a series
445:Part of
403:Bolsward
323:(1524).
317:chaplain
274:Guelders
270:Habsburg
255:patronym
208:who was
151:Children
132:Catholic
3580:Notable
3556:Ordnung
3432:Ausbund
3397:History
2954:2539448
2727:(ed.).
2477:viable
2401:Quakers
2381:Pietism
2187:Ausbund
2047:Asperen
1992:Mennist
1925:baptism
1825:Pietism
1706:Ausbund
1673:Hymnals
1461:Revenge
1456:Tragedy
1451:History
1427:Theater
1374:Finnish
1369:Swedish
1359:Faroese
1335:Sorbian
959:Ireland
939:Austria
930:Estonia
925:Iceland
905:Romania
900:Hungary
880:England
861:Germany
678:Erasmus
581:Pataria
510:Jan Hus
476:in 1517
419:Münster
321:Pingjum
313:Utrecht
3280:Groups
3169:
3105:
3092:
2960:
2952:
2825:
2752:
2603:(1539)
1977:, 1539
1929:Herman
1687:Second
1345:Danish
1330:Slovak
1311:German
944:France
934:Latvia
874:Zürich
870:Geneva
449:on the
297:priest
176:Dutch:
143:Spouse
118:Buried
54:Church
3324:Amish
2958:S2CID
2950:JSTOR
2723:. In
2614:Notes
2575:Works
2549:Peace
2288:Amish
2041:, of
1957:Emden
1681:First
1657:Rites
1655:Sarum
1651:Roman
1478:Forms
1474:Music
1325:Swiss
1320:Czech
1296:Welsh
949:Italy
376:Bible
289:Greek
285:Latin
3167:ISBN
3103:ISBN
3090:ISBN
2969:2023
2913:2023
2907:: 19
2882:2023
2823:ISBN
2782:2007
2750:ISBN
1931:and
1827:and
1684:and
1653:vs.
1640:vs.
1556:vs.
932:and
554:and
530:and
521:and
512:and
503:and
494:and
342:and
91:Died
72:1496
69:Born
3127:in
2942:doi
1990:or
1959:in
3682::
3511:–
3159:.
2956:.
2948:.
2936:.
2930:.
2903:.
2899:.
2873:.
2802:.
2790:^
2697:.
2683:^
2674:.
2647:^
2013:on
363:re
338:,
280:.
249:,
245:,
228:.
187::
183:;
110:,
106:,
82:,
78:,
3214:e
3207:t
3200:v
2971:.
2944::
2938:9
2915:.
2905:8
2884:.
2831:.
2784:.
2758:.
2449:e
2442:t
2435:v
1908:e
1901:t
1894:v
876:)
872:/
868:(
174:(
99:)
95:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
