10128:"Disparities in behavioral health risk factors in the past decade have also grown and closely parallel the overall growth in the Latin American population (11–13). From 2015 to 2018, rates of serious mental illness in Latin American populations increased by 60% (from 4.0% to 6.4%) among those ages 18–25 years and by 77% (from 2.2% to 3.9%) among those ages 26–49 years (14). This report was based on analysis of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health and used the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA’s) definition of serious mental illness as a diagnosable mental, behavior, or emotional disorder that causes serious functional impairment that substantially interferes with one or more major life activities (15). A similar trend between 2015 and 2018 has been observed for the prevalence of major depressive episodes among Latin Americans ages 12–49 years, which increased from 8.4% to 11.3% (14). In a study based on data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, more than one-third (34%) of Latin American respondents reported at least one poor mental health day in the past month (mean=3.6 days), and 11% reported frequent mental distress (16)."
4213:... although this manual provides a classification of mental disorders, it must be admitted that no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of 'mental disorder.' The concept of mental disorder, like many other concepts in medicine and science, lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations. All medical conditions are defined on various levels of abstraction—for example, structural pathology (e.g., ulcerative colitis), symptom presentation (e.g., migraine), deviance from a physiological norm (e.g., hypertension), and etiology (e.g., pneumococcal pneumonia). Mental disorders have also been defined by a variety of concepts (e.g., distress, dyscontrol, disadvantage, disability, inflexibility, irrationality, syndromal pattern, etiology, and statistical deviation). Each is a useful indicator for a mental disorder, but none is equivalent to the concept, and different situations call for different definitions.
3225:
percentage of people who are rating individuals described as being troubled. In the article, "Discrimination
Against People with a Mental Health Diagnosis: Qualitative Analysis of Reported Experiences", an individual who has a mental disorder, revealed that, "If people don't know me and don't know about the problems, they'll talk to me quite happily. Once they've seen the problems or someone's told them about me, they tend to be a bit more wary." In addition, in the article, "Stigma and its Impact on Help-Seeking for Mental Disorders: What Do We Know?" by George Schomerus and Matthias Angermeyer, it is affirmed that "Family doctors and psychiatrists have more pessimistic views about the outcomes for mental illnesses than the general public (Jorm et al., 1999), and mental health professionals hold more negative stereotypes about mentally ill patients, but, reassuringly, they are less accepting of restrictions towards them."
488:
business. There is a term for what they have, and it is a good old-fashioned term that has gone out of use. They have nerves or a nervous illness. It is an illness not just of mind or brain, but a disorder of the entire body. ... We have a package here of five symptoms—mild depression, some anxiety, fatigue, somatic pains, and obsessive thinking. ... We have had nervous illness for centuries. When you are too nervous to function ... it is a nervous breakdown. But that term has vanished from medicine, although not from the way we speak.... The nervous patients of yesteryear are the depressives of today. That is the bad news.... There is a deeper illness that drives depression and the symptoms of mood. We can call this deeper illness something else, or invent a neologism, but we need to get the discussion off depression and onto this deeper disorder in the brain and body. That is the point.
2560:
2252:
1428:
4137:
functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one. Whatever its original cause, it must currently be considered a manifestation of behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. Neither deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) nor conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.
1352:(DALYs), which is an estimate of how many years of life are lost due to premature death or to being in a state of poor health and disability, psychiatric disabilities rank amongst the most disabling conditions. Unipolar (also known as Major) depressive disorder is the third leading cause of disability worldwide, of any condition mental or physical, accounting for 65.5 million years lost. The first systematic description of global disability arising in youth, in 2011, found that among 10- to 24-year-olds nearly half of all disability (current and as estimated to continue) was due to psychiatric disabilities, including substance use disorders and conditions involving
2322:
3023:
to be serious likelihood of immediate or imminent danger to self or others, and the need for treatment. Applications for someone to be involuntarily admitted usually come from a mental health practitioner, a family member, a close relative, or a guardian. Human-rights-oriented laws usually stipulate that independent medical practitioners or other accredited mental health practitioners must examine the patient separately and that there should be regular, time-bound review by an independent review body. The individual should also have personal access to independent advocacy.
632:" that can never be precisely defined, or conversely that the concept always involves a mixture of scientific facts and subjective value judgments. Although the diagnostic categories are referred to as 'disorders', they are presented as medical diseases, but are not validated in the same way as most medical diagnoses. Some neurologists argue that classification will only be reliable and valid when based on neurobiological features rather than clinical interview, while others suggest that the differing ideological and practical perspectives need to be better integrated.
2781:, as a source of therapy while struggling with mental health issues. Because Latin Americans have a high rate of religiosity, and because there is less stigma associated with religion than with psychiatric services, religion may play a more important therapeutic role for the mentally ill in Latin American communities. However, research has also suggested that religion may also play a role in stigmatizing mental illness in Latin American communities, which can discourage community members from seeking professional help.
2958:, has argued that adding cultural formulations was an attempt to appease cultural critics, and has stated that they lack any scientific rationale or support. Spitzer also posits that the new culture-bound diagnoses are rarely used, maintaining that the standard diagnoses apply regardless of the culture involved. In general, mainstream psychiatric opinion remains that if a diagnostic category is valid, cross-cultural factors are either irrelevant or are significant only to specific symptom presentations.
2969:, so much so that it is sometimes argued that separating the two is impossible without fundamentally redefining the essence of being a particular person in a society. In clinical psychiatry, persistent distress and disability indicate an internal disorder requiring treatment; but in another context, that same distress and disability can be seen as an indicator of emotional struggle and the need to address social and structural problems. This dichotomy has led some academics and clinicians to advocate a
876:. There is an emerging consensus that personality disorders, similar to personality traits in general, incorporate a mixture of acute dysfunctional behaviors that may resolve in short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are more enduring. Furthermore, there are also non-categorical schemes that rate all individuals via a profile of different dimensions of personality without a symptom-based cutoff from normal personality variation, for example through schemes based on dimensional models.
1356:. Second to this were accidental injuries (mainly traffic collisions) accounting for 12 percent of disability, followed by communicable diseases at 10 percent. The psychiatric disabilities associated with most disabilities in high-income countries were unipolar major depression (20%) and alcohol use disorder (11%). In the eastern Mediterranean region, it was unipolar major depression (12%) and schizophrenia (7%), and in Africa it was unipolar major depression (7%) and bipolar disorder (5%).
2742:, can disagree as to what constitutes optimal versus pathological biological and psychological functioning. Research has demonstrated that cultures vary in the relative importance placed on, for example, happiness, autonomy, or social relationships for pleasure. Likewise, the fact that a behavior pattern is valued, accepted, encouraged, or even statistically normative in a culture does not necessarily mean that it is conducive to optimal psychological functioning.
2519:
1982:
3407:
3435:
1722:
14044:
2580:
3362:. Studies have also indicated individual variation in temperament, such as sociability or impulsiveness. Particular causes of problems in captivity have included integration of strangers into existing groups and a lack of individual space, in which context some pathological behaviors have also been seen as coping mechanisms. Remedial interventions have included careful individually tailored re-socialization programs,
3304:, although standard guideline criteria are widely used. In many cases, there appears to be a continuum between mental health and mental illness, making diagnosis complex. According to the World Health Organization, over a third of people in most countries report problems at some time in their life which meet the criteria for diagnosis of one or more of the common types of mental disorder. Corey M Keyes has created a
3253:
anyone), such as substance use and various personal, social, and economic factors. A 2015 review found that in the United States, about 4% of violence is attributable to people diagnosed with mental illness, and a 2014 study found that 7.5% of crimes committed by mentally ill people were directly related to the symptoms of their mental illness. The majority of people with serious mental illness are never violent.
2825:
3269:, which are defined by, or are inherently associated with, conduct problems and violence. There are conflicting findings about the extent to which certain specific symptoms, notably some kinds of psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) that can occur in disorders such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder or mood disorder, are linked to an increased risk of serious violence on average. The
3393:
438:"lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations", noting that different levels of abstraction can be used for medical definitions, including pathology, symptomology, deviance from a normal range, or etiology, and that the same is true for mental disorders, so that sometimes one type of definition is appropriate and sometimes another, depending on the situation.
3421:
2732:
3015:) is a controversial topic. It can impinge on personal liberty and the right to choose, and carry the risk of abuse for political, social, and other reasons; yet it can potentially prevent harm to self and others, and assist some people in attaining their right to healthcare when they may be unable to decide in their own interests. Because of this it is a concern of
3149:, and discrimination. In Taiwan, people with mental disorders often face misconceptions from the general public. These misconceptions include the belief that mental health issues stem from excessive worry, having too much free time, a lack of progress or ambition, not taking life seriously, neglecting real-life responsibilities, mental weakness, unwillingness to be
2885:(also known as user/survivor movement) is made up of individuals (and organizations representing them) who are clients of mental health services or who consider themselves survivors of psychiatric interventions. Activists campaign for improved mental health services and for more involvement and empowerment within mental health services, policies and wider society.
1677:, where evaluations are made of appearance and behavior, self-reported symptoms, mental health history, and current life circumstances. The views of other professionals, relatives, or other third parties may be taken into account. A physical examination to check for ill health or the effects of medications or other drugs may be conducted.
3347:. In some cases such behaviors are hypothesized to be equivalent to symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders in humans such as depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Concepts of antisocial, borderline and schizoid personality disorders have also been applied to non-human great apes.
3308:
of mental illness and health which holds that both are related, but distinct dimensions: one continuum indicates the presence or absence of mental health, the other the presence or absence of mental illness. For example, people with optimal mental health can also have a mental illness, and people who
2711:
estimated that fewer than 10% of mentally ill
Nigerians have access to a psychiatrist or health worker, because there is a low ratio of mental-health specialists available in a country of 200 million people. WHO estimates that the number of mentally ill Nigerians ranges from 40 million to 60 million.
2417:
A 2004 cross-Europe study found that approximately one in four people reported meeting criteria at some point in their life for at least one of the DSM-IV disorders assessed, which included mood disorders (13.9%), anxiety disorders (13.6%), or alcohol disorder (5.2%). Approximately one in ten met the
2410:
A review of anxiety disorder surveys in different countries found average lifetime prevalence estimates of 16.6%, with women having higher rates on average. A review of mood disorder surveys in different countries found lifetime rates of 6.7% for major depressive disorder (higher in some studies, and
2406:
Mental disorders are common. Worldwide, more than one in three people in most countries report sufficient criteria for at least one at some point in their life. In the United States, 46% qualify for a mental illness at some point. An ongoing survey indicates that anxiety disorders are the most common
1314:
It is also the case that, while often being characterized in purely negative terms, some mental traits or states labeled as psychiatric disabilities can also involve above-average creativity, non-conformity, goal-striving, meticulousness, or empathy. In addition, the public perception of the level of
1181:
All disorders can have a varied course. Long-term international studies of schizophrenia have found that over a half of individuals recover in terms of symptoms, and around a fifth to a third in terms of symptoms and functioning, with many requiring no medication. While some have serious difficulties
3167:
is reported to play a significant part in the high rate of unemployment among those with a diagnosis of mental illness. An
Australian study found that having a psychiatric disability is a bigger barrier to employment than a physical disability. The mentally ill are stigmatized in Chinese society and
2844:
are ultimately more damaging than helpful to patients, and psychiatry's history involves what may now be seen as dangerous treatments. Electroconvulsive therapy was one of these, which was used widely between the 1930s and 1960s. Lobotomy was another practice that was ultimately seen as too invasive
1835:
wrote a paper entitled "The New Crisis of
Confidence in Psychiatric Diagnosis", which said that "psychiatric diagnosis... still relies exclusively on fallible subjective judgments rather than objective biological tests." Frances was also concerned about "unpredictable overdiagnosis." For many years,
1540:
People living with chronic conditions like HIV and diabetes are at higher risk of developing a mental disorder. People living with diabetes experience significant stress from the biological impact of the disease, which places them at risk for developing anxiety and depression. Diabetic patients also
1487:
In anxiety, risk factors may include parenting factors including parental rejection, lack of parental warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high maternal negative affect, anxious childrearing, modelling of dysfunctional and drug-abusing behavior, and child abuse (emotional, physical and sexual).
871:
personality disorders. Personality disorders, in general, are defined as emerging in childhood, or at least by adolescence or early adulthood. The ICD also has a category for enduring personality change after a catastrophic experience or psychiatric illness. If an inability to sufficiently adjust to
657:
model supports the internalizing-externalizing distinction, but also supports the formation of a third dimension of thought disorders such as schizophrenia. Biological evidence also supports the validity of the internalizing-externalizing structure of mental disorders, with twin and adoption studies
7962:
Unfortunately, the extensive research has had no effect on psychiatric diagnosis, which still relies exclusively on fallible subjective judgments rather than objective biological tests. … In the past 20 years, the rate of attention-deficit disorder tripled, the rate of bipolar disorder doubled, and
4136:
In DSM-IV, each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of
3022:
All human rights oriented mental health laws require proof of the presence of a mental disorder as defined by internationally accepted standards, but the type and severity of disorder that counts can vary in different jurisdictions. The two most often used grounds for involuntary admission are said
2016:
effect may play a role in any intervention or medication. In a minority of cases, individuals may be treated against their will, which can cause particular difficulties depending on how it is carried out and perceived. Compulsory treatment while in the community versus non-compulsory treatment does
1318:
Nevertheless, internationally, people report equal or greater disability from commonly occurring mental conditions than from commonly occurring physical conditions, particularly in their social roles and personal relationships. The proportion with access to professional help for mental disorders is
3281:
High-profile cases have led to fears that serious crimes, such as homicide, have increased due to deinstitutionalization, but the evidence does not support this conclusion. Violence that does occur in relation to mental disorder (against the mentally ill or by the mentally ill) typically occurs in
3224:
of dangerousness and desire for social distance from individuals described as mentally ill. A US national survey found that a higher percentage of people rate individuals described as displaying the characteristics of a mental disorder as "likely to do something violent to others", compared to the
2945:
contends that the
Western bias is ironically illustrated in the introduction of cultural factors to the DSM-IV. Disorders or concepts from non-Western or non-mainstream cultures are described as "culture-bound", whereas standard psychiatric diagnoses are given no cultural qualification whatsoever,
2849:
and other sedatives were sometimes over-prescribed, which led to an epidemic of dependence. There was also concern about the large increase in prescribing psychiatric drugs for children. Some charismatic psychiatrists came to personify the movement against psychiatry. The most influential of these
2817:
2773:
in young and adult Latin
Americans increased from 8.4% to 11.3%. More than a third of Latin Americans reported more than one bad mental health day in the last three months. The rate of suicide among Latin Americans was about half the rate of non-Latin American white Americans in 2018, and this was
2745:
People in all cultures find some behaviors bizarre or even incomprehensible. But just what they feel is bizarre or incomprehensible is ambiguous and subjective. These differences in determination can become highly contentious. The process by which conditions and difficulties come to be defined and
2646:
who said that mental illness was merely another example of how society labels and controls non-conformists; from behavioral psychologists who challenged psychiatry's fundamental reliance on unobservable phenomena; and from gay rights activists who criticised the APA's listing of homosexuality as a
1193:
revealed that around half of people initially diagnosed with bipolar disorder achieve symptomatic recovery (no longer meeting criteria for the diagnosis) within six weeks, and nearly all achieve it within two years, with nearly half regaining their prior occupational and residential status in that
3252:
Despite public or media opinion, national studies have indicated that severe mental illness does not independently predict future violent behavior, on average, and is not a leading cause of violence in society. There is a statistical association with various factors that do relate to violence (in
2923:
Diagnostic guidelines of the 2000s, namely the DSM and to some extent the ICD, have been criticized as having a fundamentally Euro-American outlook. Opponents argue that even when diagnostic criteria are used across different cultures, it does not mean that the underlying constructs have validity
2897:
of people who help and support people with mental health conditions, who may be relatives, and who often work in difficult and time-consuming circumstances with little acknowledgement and without pay. An anti-psychiatry movement fundamentally challenges mainstream psychiatric theory and practice,
2428:
Approximately 7% of a preschool pediatric sample were given a psychiatric diagnosis in one clinical study, and approximately 10% of 1- and 2-year-olds receiving developmental screening have been assessed as having significant emotional/behavioral problems based on parent and pediatrician reports.
2424:
Studies of the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) have been fewer and smaller-scale, but one broad
Norwegian survey found a five-year prevalence of almost 1 in 7 (13.4%). Rates for specific disorders ranged from 0.8% to 2.8%, differing across countries, and by gender, educational level and
890:
An eating disorder is a serious mental health condition that involves an unhealthy relationship with food and body image. They can cause severe physical and psychological problems. Eating disorders involve disproportionate concern in matters of food and weight. Categories of disorder in this area
648:
between disorders in categorical models such as the DSM and ICD have led some to propose dimensional models. Studying comorbidity between disorders have demonstrated two latent (unobserved) factors or dimensions in the structure of mental disorders that are thought to possibly reflect etiological
3189:
depictions, for example, of incompetence, violence or criminality, with far less coverage of positive issues such as accomplishments or human rights issues. Such negative depictions, including in children's cartoons, are thought to contribute to stigma and negative attitudes in the public and in
2509:
Conceptions of madness in the Middle Ages in
Christian Europe were a mixture of the divine, diabolical, magical and humoral, and transcendental. In the early modern period, some people with mental disorders may have been victims of the witch-hunts. While not every witch and sorcerer accused were
2432:
While rates of psychological disorders are often the same for men and women, women tend to have a higher rate of depression. Each year 73 million women are affected by major depression, and suicide is ranked 7th as the cause of death for women between the ages of 20–59. Depressive disorders
1706:
HoNOS is the most widely used measure in
English mental health services, being used by at least 61 trusts. In HoNOS a score of 0–4 is given for each of 12 factors, based on functional living capacity. Research has been supportive of HoNOS, although some questions have been asked about whether it
1531:
and bipolar disorder. Cannabis has also been associated with depression. Adolescents are at increased risk for tobacco, alcohol and drug use; Peer pressure is the main reason why adolescents start using substances. At this age, the use of substances could be detrimental to the development of the
1412:
between people with mental illness. That means that individuals with one of these disorders were two to three times more likely than the general population to have a partner with a mental disorder. Sometimes people seemed to have preferred partners with the same mental illness. Thus, people with
487:
About half of them are depressed. Or at least that is the diagnosis that they got when they were put on antidepressants. ... They go to work but they are unhappy and uncomfortable; they are somewhat anxious; they are tired; they have various physical pains—and they tend to obsess about the whole
1310:
as well as to the inherent effects of disorders. Alternatively, functioning may be affected by the stress of having to hide a condition in work or school, etc., by adverse effects of medications or other substances, or by mismatches between illness-related variations and demands for regularity.
391:
The definition and classification of mental disorders are key issues for researchers as well as service providers and those who may be diagnosed. For a mental state to be classified as a disorder, it generally needs to cause dysfunction. Most international clinical documents use the term mental
3354:
is often raised concerning such comparisons, and assessment of non-human animals cannot incorporate evidence from linguistic communication. However, available evidence may range from nonverbal behaviors—including physiological responses and homologous facial displays and acoustic utterances—to
3136:
associated with mental disorders is a widespread problem. The US Surgeon
General stated in 1999 that: "Powerful and pervasive, stigma prevents people from acknowledging their own mental health problems, much less disclosing them to others." Additionally, researcher Wulf Rössler in 2016, in his
1439:
During the prenatal stage, factors like unwanted pregnancy, lack of adaptation to pregnancy or substance use during pregnancy increases the risk of developing a mental disorder. Maternal stress and birth complications including prematurity and infections have also been implicated in increasing
1173:
The onset of psychiatric disorders usually occurs from childhood to early adulthood. Impulse-control disorders and a few anxiety disorders tend to appear in childhood. Some other anxiety disorders, substance disorders, and mood disorders emerge later in the mid-teens. Symptoms of schizophrenia
3261:
of at least one violent crime over the course of a year, a proportion eleven times higher than the inner-city average, and higher in every category of crime including violent assaults and theft. People with a diagnosis may find it more difficult to secure prosecutions, however, due in part to
2177:(ECT) is sometimes used in severe cases when other interventions for severe intractable depression have failed. ECT is usually indicated for treatment resistant depression, severe vegetative symptoms, psychotic depression, intense suicidal ideation, depression during pregnancy, and catatonia.
1698:
is very common in psychiatric diagnosis, where the same person meets the criteria for more than one disorder. On the other hand, a person may have several different difficulties only some of which meet the criteria for being diagnosed. There may be specific problems with accurate diagnosis in
952:
Narcolepsy is a condition of extreme tendencies to fall asleep whenever and wherever. People with narcolepsy feel refreshed after their random sleep, but eventually get sleepy again. Narcolepsy diagnosis requires an overnight stay at a sleep center for analysis, during which doctors ask for a
3256:
In fact, findings consistently indicate that it is many times more likely that people diagnosed with a serious mental illness living in the community will be the victims rather than the perpetrators of violence. In a study of individuals diagnosed with "severe mental illness" living in a US
572:
Both of these list categories of disorder and provide standardized criteria for diagnosis. They have deliberately converged their codes in recent revisions so that the manuals are often broadly comparable, although significant differences remain. Other classification schemes may be used in
462:
and are nearly absent from scientific literature regarding mental illness. Although "nervous breakdown" is not rigorously defined, surveys of laypersons suggest that the term refers to a specific acute time-limited reactive disorder involving symptoms such as anxiety or depression, usually
1822:
has been concerned about the subjectivity of psychiatric diagnosis, and people being arbitrarily "slapped with a psychiatric label." Caplan says because psychiatric diagnosis is unregulated, doctors are not required to spend much time interviewing patients or to seek a second opinion. The
1958:
Universal prevention (aimed at a population that has no increased risk for developing a mental disorder, such as school programs or mass media campaigns) need very high numbers of people to show effect (sometimes known as the "power" problem). Approaches to overcome this are (1) focus on
2808:, a complex mental disorder characterized by a difficulty in recognizing reality, regulating emotional responses, and thinking in a clear and logical manner. Those with schizophrenia commonly report some type of religious delusion, and religion itself may be a trigger for schizophrenia.
3355:
neurochemical studies. It is pointed out that human psychiatric classification is often based on statistical description and judgment of behaviors (especially when speech or language is impaired) and that the use of verbal self-report is itself problematic and unreliable.
1374:
The predominant view as of 2018 is that genetic, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development or progression of mental disorders. Different risk factors may be present at different ages, with risk occurring as early as during prenatal period.
2546:
Industrialization and population growth led to a massive expansion of the number and size of insane asylums in every Western country in the 19th century. Numerous different classification schemes and diagnostic terms were developed by different authorities, and the term
1177:
The likely course and outcome of mental disorders vary and are dependent on numerous factors related to the disorder itself, the individual as a whole, and the social environment. Some disorders may last a brief period of time, while others may be long-term in nature.
449:
as "a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning." The final draft of
7337:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants"
2468:", "Hand of the Ghost", and "Hand of the God". Descriptions of these illnesses, however, are so vague that it is usually impossible to determine which illnesses they correspond to in modern terminology. Mesopotamian doctors kept detailed record of their patients'
2418:
criteria within a 12-month period. Women and younger people of either gender showed more cases of the disorder. A 2005 review of surveys in 16 European countries found that 27% of adult Europeans are affected by at least one mental disorder in a 12-month period.
2950:
is largely shared by other cross-cultural critics. Common responses included both disappointment over the large number of documented non-Western mental disorders still left out and frustration that even those included are often misinterpreted or misrepresented.
1011:(fire-setting). Various behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction, may be classed as a disorder. Obsessive–compulsive disorder can sometimes involve an inability to resist certain acts but is classed separately as being primarily an anxiety disorder.
457:
The terms "mental breakdown" or "nervous breakdown" may be used by the general population to mean a mental disorder. The terms "nervous breakdown" and "mental breakdown" have not been formally defined through a medical diagnostic system such as the DSM-5 or
9553:
Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan WJ, Pickering RP (July 2004). "Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions".
1117:, where the diagnosis is of a relationship rather than on any one individual in that relationship. The relationship may be between children and their parents, between couples, or others. There already exists, under the category of psychosis, a diagnosis of
1579:
model where many mental disorders are conceptualized as disorders of brain circuits likely caused by developmental processes shaped by a complex interplay of genetics and experience. A common assumption is that disorders may have resulted from genetic and
649:
processes. These two dimensions reflect a distinction between internalizing disorders, such as mood or anxiety symptoms, and externalizing disorders such as behavioral or substance use symptoms. A single general factor of psychopathology, similar to the
1944:
report on the economic case for mental health promotion and mental illness prevention found that "many interventions are outstandingly good value for money, low in cost and often become self-financing over time, saving public expenditure". In 2016, the
8630:
1959:
high-incidence groups (e.g. by targeting groups with high risk factors), (2) use multiple interventions to achieve greater, and thus more statistically valid, effects, (3) use cumulative meta-analyses of many trials, and (4) run very large trials.
1827:
can lead a psychiatrist to focus on narrow checklists of symptoms, with little consideration of what is actually causing the person's problems. So, according to Caplan, getting a psychiatric diagnosis and label often stands in the way of recovery.
1689:
Time and budgetary constraints often limit practicing psychiatrists from conducting more thorough diagnostic evaluations. It has been found that most clinicians evaluate patients using an unstructured, open-ended approach, with limited training in
3069:
The World Health Organization reports that in many instances national mental health legislation takes away the rights of persons with mental disorders rather than protecting rights, and is often outdated. In 1991, the United Nations adopted the
2984:
identities and experiences, stand in contrast to the mainstream psychiatric community's alleged avoidance of any explicit involvement with either morality or culture. In many countries there are attempts to challenge perceived prejudice against
1109:
are diagnosed where symptoms are thought to be reported for personal gain. Symptoms are often deliberately produced or feigned, and may relate to either symptoms in the individual or in someone close to them, particularly people they care for.
2715:
Nigeria is still nowhere near being equipped to solve prevailing mental health challenges. With little scientific research carried out, coupled with insufficient mental-health hospitals in the country, traditional healers provide specialized
1541:
have to deal with emotional stress trying to manage the disease. Conditions like heart disease, stroke, respiratory conditions, cancer, and arthritis increase the risk of developing a mental disorder when compared to the general population.
1413:
schizophrenia or ADHD are seven times more likely to have affected partners with the same disorder. This is even more pronounced for people with Autism spectrum disorders who are 10 times more likely to have a spouse with the same disorder.
3330:
has been studied since the mid-20th century. Over 20 behavioral patterns in captive chimpanzees have been documented as (statistically) abnormal for frequency, severity or oddness—some of which have also been observed in the wild. Captive
2765:
Latin Americans from the US are slightly more likely to have a mental health disorder than first-generation Latin American immigrants, although differences between ethnic groups were found to disappear after adjustment for place of birth.
760:, alternating with normal or depressed moods. The extent to which unipolar and bipolar mood phenomena represent distinct categories of disorder, or mix and merge along a dimension or spectrum of mood, is subject to some scientific debate.
2803:
experiences and beliefs meet many criteria of delusional or psychotic disorders. A belief or experience can sometimes be shown to produce distress or disability—the ordinary standard for judging mental disorders. There is a link between
1029:
fall under this umbrella category in the DSM. Substance use disorder may be due to a pattern of compulsive and repetitive use of a drug that results in tolerance to its effects and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped.
2456:, where diseases and mental disorders were believed to be caused by specific deities. Because hands symbolized control over a person, mental illnesses were known as "hands" of certain deities. One psychological illness was known as
1359:
Suicide, which is often attributed to some underlying mental disorder, is a leading cause of death among teenagers and adults under 35. There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year worldwide.
3042:
have to agree with a psychiatrist's characterization of the issues as constituting an "illness", nor agree with a psychiatrist's conviction in medication, but only recognize the issues and the information about treatment options.
2534:, madness was increasingly seen as an organic physical phenomenon with no connection to the soul or moral responsibility. Asylum care was often harsh and treated people like wild animals, but towards the end of the 18th century a
3366:, environment enrichment, and on rare occasions psychiatric drugs. Socialization has been found to work 90% of the time in disturbed chimpanzees, although restoration of functional sexuality and caregiving is often not achieved.
2064:(CBT) is widely used and is based on modifying the patterns of thought and behavior associated with a particular disorder. Other psychotherapies include dialectic behavioral therapy (DBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT).
9340:
Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, et al. (2004). "Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project".
3208:
began the fellowships not only to train reporters in how to sensitively and accurately discuss mental health and mental illness, but also to increase the number of stories on these topics in the news media. There is also a
1848:) have "been accusing psychiatry of engaging in the systematic medicalization of normality." More recently these concerns have come from insiders who have worked for and promoted the American Psychiatric Association (e.g.,
3273:
factors of violent acts, however, are most consistently found to be mainly socio-demographic and socio-economic factors such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status and, in particular, substance use (including
1707:
provides adequate coverage of the range and complexity of mental illness problems, and whether the fact that often only 3 of the 12 scales vary over time gives enough subtlety to accurately measure outcomes of treatment.
1940:(EPA) guidance on prevention of mental disorders states "There is considerable evidence that various psychiatric conditions can be prevented through the implementation of effective evidence-based interventions." A 2011
635:
The DSM and ICD approach remains under attack both because of the implied causality model and because some researchers believe it better to aim at underlying brain differences which can precede symptoms by many years.
1685:
based on ticking off standardized diagnostic criteria, and in rare specialist cases neuroimaging tests may be requested, but such methods are more commonly found in research studies than routine clinical practice.
9914:
13968:
13953:
13938:
1186:(WHO) concluded that the long-term studies' findings converged with others in "relieving patients, carers and clinicians of the chronicity paradigm which dominated thinking throughout much of the 20th century."
1080:(ADHD), which may continue into adulthood. Conduct disorder, if continuing into adulthood, may be diagnosed as antisocial personality disorder (dissocial personality disorder in the ICD). Popular labels such as
604:
symptom profiles intended to separate the abnormal from the normal. There is significant scientific debate about the relative merits of categorical versus such non-categorical (or hybrid) schemes, also known as
2774:
the second-leading cause of death among Latin Americans ages 15 to 34. However, Latin American suicide rates rose steadily after 2020 in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, even as the national rate declined.
8679:
53:
Mental breakdown, mental disability, mental disease, mental health condition, mental illness, nervous breakdown, psychiatric disability, psychiatric disorder, psychological disability, psychological disorder
7905:
5210:
12371:
3141:"For millennia, society did not treat persons suffering from depression, autism, schizophrenia and other mental illnesses much better than slaves or criminals: they were imprisoned, tortured or killed".
4281:
11454:
10048:
9884:
5101:
2700:
on the person. Those who have a mental illness are thought to be under a spell or bewitched. Often than usual, People view a mentally ill person as possessed of an evil spirit and is seen as more of
2510:
mentally ill, all mentally ill were considered to be witches or sorcerers. Many terms for mental disorders that found their way into everyday use first became popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.
12245:
Hamilton S, Lewis-Holmes E, Pinfold V, Henderson C, Rose D, Thornicroft G (April 2014). "Discrimination against people with a mental health diagnosis: qualitative analysis of reported experiences".
7305:
14034:
3358:
Psychopathology has generally been traced, at least in captivity, to adverse rearing conditions such as early separation of infants from mothers; early sensory deprivation; and extended periods of
1003:: People who are abnormally unable to resist certain urges or impulses that could be harmful to themselves or others, may be classified as having an impulse control disorder, and disorders such as
524:"Nervous breakdown" is a pseudo-medical term to describe a wealth of stress-related feelings and they are often made worse by the belief that there is a real phenomenon called "nervous breakdown".
1654:
and impairment associated with particular types of mental disorder. Other mental health professionals, such as clinical psychologists, may or may not apply the same diagnostic categories to their
1491:
For bipolar disorder, stress (such as childhood adversity) is not a specific cause, but does place genetically and biologically vulnerable individuals at risk for a more severe course of illness.
5987:
Tohen M, Zarate CA, Hennen J, Khalsa HM, Strakowski SM, Gebre-Medhin P, et al. (December 2003). "The McLean-Harvard First-Episode Mania Study: prediction of recovery and first recurrence".
8282:
7633:
Kashner TM, Rush AJ, Surís A, Biggs MM, Gajewski VL, Hooker DJ, et al. (May 2003). "Impact of structured clinical interviews on physicians' practices in community mental health settings".
3515:
2612:
saw the development in the U.S. of a new psychiatric manual for categorizing mental disorders, which along with existing systems for collecting census and hospital statistics led to the first
3058:, where a person is helped to understand and choose treatment options before they can be declared to lack capacity, may also be included in the legislation. There should at the very least be
2407:
in all but one country, followed by mood disorders in all but two countries, while substance disorders and impulse-control disorders were consistently less prevalent. Rates varied by region.
1862:, where the boundaries of the definition of illnesses are expanded to include personal problems as medical problems or risks of diseases are emphasized to broaden the market for medications.
13078:
4729:
3034:(i.e. to understand treatment information and its implications, and therefore be able to make an informed choice to either accept or refuse). Legal challenges in some areas have resulted in
2229:(adjustments and supports) might be put in place to help an individual cope and succeed in environments despite potential disability related to mental health problems. This could include an
10284:
4499:
1036:: People with severe disturbances of their self-identity, memory, and general awareness of themselves and their surroundings may be classified as having these types of disorders, including
12483:
Peterson JK, Skeem J, Kennealy P, Bray B, Zvonkovic A (October 2014). "How often and how consistently do symptoms directly precede criminal behavior among offenders with mental illness?".
10465:
Mohr S, Borras L, Betrisey C, Pierre-Yves B, Gilliéron C, Huguelet P (1 June 2010). "Delusions with religious content in patients with psychosis: how they interact with spiritual coping".
616:
In the scientific and academic literature on the definition or classification of mental disorder, one extreme argues that it is entirely a matter of value judgements (including of what is
2762:
communities, especially among older people, that discussing problems with mental health can create embarrassment and shame for the family. This results in fewer people seeking treatment.
2712:
Disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, personality disorder, old age-related disorder, and substance-abuse disorder are common in Nigeria, as in other countries in Africa.
9597:
Carter AS, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Davis NO (January 2004). "Assessment of young children's social-emotional development and psychopathology: recent advances and recommendations for practice".
7739:
11428:
872:
life circumstances begins within three months of a particular event or situation, and ends within six months after the stressor stops or is eliminated, it may instead be classed as an
11819:
2421:
An international review of studies on the prevalence of schizophrenia found an average (median) figure of 0.4% for lifetime prevalence; it was consistently lower in poorer countries.
2012:
There is a range of different types of treatment and what is most suitable depends on the disorder and the individual. Many things have been found to help at least some people, and a
1549:
Risk factors for mental illness include a propensity for high neuroticism or "emotional instability". In anxiety, risk factors may include temperament and attitudes (e.g. pessimism).
14032:
9854:
4382:
3373:
of human mental disorders, including by inducing or treating symptoms in animals through genetic, neurological, chemical or behavioral manipulation, but this has been criticized on
2905:
has emerged, defined as 'the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving mental health and achieving equity in mental health for all people worldwide'.
2166:. However, these medications in combination with non-pharmacological methods, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are seen to be most effective in treating mental disorders.
9310:
12340:
6665:
10159:"However, the suicide rate for is less than half that of the non- white population. In 2019, suicide was the second leading cause of death for Latin Americans, ages 15 to 34.1"
423:(impairment in one or more important areas of functioning), increased risk of death, or causes a significant loss of autonomy; however, it excludes normal responses such as the
10205:
9944:
3637:
824:
819:—the fundamental characteristics of a person that influence thoughts and behaviors across situations and time—may be considered disordered if judged to be abnormally rigid and
15427:
10174:
3050:) may be transferred to a personal representative, a family member, or a legally appointed guardian. Moreover, patients may be able to make, when they are considered well, an
251:
are often unclear. Theories incorporate findings from a range of fields. Disorders may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain. Disorders are usually
13105:
Brüne M, Brüne-Cohrs U, McGrew WC, Preuschoft S (2006). "Psychopathology in great apes: concepts, treatment options and possible homologies to human psychiatric disorders".
12133:
2146:
Despite the different conventional names of the drug groups, there may be considerable overlap in the disorders for which they are actually indicated, and there may also be
2079:
approach. There are many specific therapies used for particular disorders, which may be offshoots or hybrids of the above types. Mental health professionals often employ an
1936:
The 2004 WHO report "Prevention of Mental Disorders" stated that "Prevention of these disorders is obviously one of the most effective ways to reduce the burden." The 2011
1087:
Somatoform disorders may be diagnosed when there are problems that appear to originate in the body that are thought to be manifestations of a mental disorder. This includes
14079:
6231:
Gore FM, Bloem PJ, Patton GC, Ferguson J, Joseph V, Coffey C, et al. (June 2011). "Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: a systematic analysis".
1914:
proposed biomarkers should be verified by 2 independent studies each by a different investigator and different population samples and published in a peer-reviewed journal.
1480:
In schizophrenia and psychosis, risk factors include migration and discrimination, childhood trauma, bereavement or separation in families, recreational use of drugs, and
9906:
5174:
Akiskal HS, Benazzi F (May 2006). "The DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories of recurrent depressive and bipolar II disorders: evidence that they lie on a dimensional spectrum".
3282:
the context of complex social interactions, often in a family setting rather than between strangers. It is also an issue in health care settings and the wider community.
1877:", also argues that what is psychiatric illness, is not always biological in nature (i.e. social problems, poverty, etc.), and may even be a part of the human condition.
1103:
is an old diagnosis involving somatic complaints as well as fatigue and low spirits/depression, which is officially recognized by the ICD-10 but no longer by the DSM-IV.
740:
Other affective (emotion/mood) processes can also become disordered. Mood disorder involving unusually intense and sustained sadness, melancholia, or despair is known as
4707:
2642:
itself. These challenges came from psychiatrists like Thomas Szasz who argued that mental illness was a myth used to disguise moral conflicts; from sociologists such as
7717:
5542:
3607:
2414:
In the United States the frequency of disorder is: anxiety disorder (28.8%), mood disorder (20.8%), impulse-control disorder (24.8%) or substance use disorder (14.6%).
12363:
2688:-type antidepressants became some of the most widely prescribed drugs in the world, as later did antipsychotics. Also during the 1990s, a recovery approach developed.
13424:
Sánchez MM, Ladd CO, Plotsky PM (2001). "Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models".
14033:
13712:
5572:
2954:
Many mainstream psychiatrists are dissatisfied with the new culture-bound diagnoses, although for partly different reasons. Robert Spitzer, a lead architect of the
14633:
9663:
1658:
of a client's difficulties and circumstances. The majority of mental health problems are, at least initially, assessed and treated by family physicians (in the UK
11754:
10950:
7963:
the rate of autism increased more than 20-fold (4). The lesson should be clear that every change in the diagnostic system can lead to unpredictable overdiagnosis.
7897:
5261:
8152:
7567:
1985:
The "Haus Tornow am See" (former manor house) in Germany from 1912 is today separated into a special education school and a hotel with integrated work/job- and
7076:
671:
11309:
5157:
1286:
Some disorders may be very limited in their functional effects, while others may involve substantial disability and support needs. In this context, the terms
10017:
8246:
5479:
3076:
2777:
Family relations are an integral part of the Latin American community. Some research has shown that Latin Americans are more likely rely on family bonds, or
976:. Sleep apnea can be diagnosed at home or with polysomnography at a sleep center. An ear, nose, and throat doctor may further help with the sleeping habits.
973:
564:
11867:
Read J, Haslam N, Sayce L, Davies E (November 2006). "Prejudice and schizophrenia: a review of the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach".
11841:
10040:
9876:
6872:
Sarris J, Logan AC, Akbaraly TN, Amminger GP, Balanzá-Martínez V, Freeman MP, et al. (March 2015). "Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry".
9186:
8494:
Cuijpers P (August 2003). "Examining the effects of prevention programs on the incidence of new cases of mental disorders: the lack of statistical power".
7313:
1955:
may affect the child's mental health, and evidence suggests that helping parents to be more effective with their children can address mental health needs.
1319:
far lower, however, even among those assessed as having a severe psychiatric disability. Disability in this context may or may not involve such things as:
13852:
11338:
8809:
13896:
Wiencke M (2006). "Schizophrenie als Ergebnis von Wechselwirkungen: Georg Simmels Individualitätskonzept in der Klinischen Psychologie". In Kim D (ed.).
10796:
3171:
Efforts are being undertaken worldwide to eliminate the stigma of mental illness, although the methods and outcomes used have sometimes been criticized.
1504:
224:, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. A mental disorder is also characterized by a
10349:
Johnson CV, Friedman HL (2008). "Enlightened or Delusional?: Differentiating Religious, Spiritual, and Transpersonal Experiences from Psychopathology".
9239:
4251:
11270:"Institutional racism in mental health services does not imply racism in individual psychiatrists: Commentary on... Institutional racism in psychiatry"
1743:
1736:
12077:
11106:
Tilbury F, Rapley M (2004). "'There are orphans in Africa still looking for my hands': African women refugees and the sources of emotional distress".
8290:
3507:
3228:
Recent depictions in media have included leading characters successfully living with and managing a mental illness, including in bipolar disorder in
1327:. Including looking after the self (health care, grooming, dressing, shopping, cooking etc.) or looking after accommodation (chores, DIY tasks, etc.)
11959:
7472:"The dappled nature of causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic-functional/hardware-software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism"
3577:
13086:
9385:
4737:
1298:. The degree of ability or disability may vary over time and across different life domains. Furthermore, psychiatric disability has been linked to
10276:
9768:
Schoeneman TJ (October 1977). "The role of mental illness in the European witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: an assessment".
6739:
Fumagalli F, Molteni R, Racagni G, Riva MA (March 2007). "Stress during development: Impact on neuroplasticity and relevance to psychopathology".
3859:
12103:
11614:
1565:
mix of models may be used to explain particular disorders. The primary paradigm of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is said to be the
1463:, and other negative or overwhelming life experiences. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated, including employment problems,
676:
There are many different categories of mental disorder, and many different facets of human behavior and personality that can become disordered.
628:(including by reference to statistical norms). Common hybrid views argue that the concept of mental disorder is objective even if only a "fuzzy
13888:
10229:"Family culture in mental health help-seeking and utilization in a nationally representative sample of Latinos in the United States: The NLAAS"
10146:
8188:
7747:
1397:
for many mental disorders (especially autism and schizophrenia). Although researchers have been looking for decades for clear linkages between
14104:
11485:
11424:
5132:
2684:
and then ICD adopted new criteria-based classifications, and the number of "official" diagnoses saw a large expansion. Through the 1990s, new
1786:
1557:
Mental disorders can arise from multiple sources, and in many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause currently established. An
1440:
susceptibility for mental illness. Infants neglected or not provided optimal nutrition have a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment.
12908:
Solomon PL, Cavanaugh MM, Gelles RJ (January 2005). "Family violence among adults with severe mental illness: a neglected area of research".
11786:
10583:
5666:
5072:
3011:
Three-quarters of countries around the world have mental health legislation. Compulsory admission to mental health facilities (also known as
868:
8997:"Cross-national comparisons of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders. WHO International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology"
8707:
6976:
6457:
1758:
12395:"The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions"
10760:
O'Brien AP, Woods M, Palmer C (March 2001). "The emancipation of nursing practice: applying anti-psychiatry to the therapeutic community".
10115:
2199:
programs may provide people with the information to understand and manage their problems. Creative therapies are sometimes used, including
802:
is a category used for individuals showing some of the characteristics associated with schizophrenia, but without meeting cutoff criteria.
9846:
9636:
9531:
964:
Sleep apnea, when breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, can be a serious sleep disorder. Three types of sleep apnea include
2665:
gained momentum. Other kinds of psychiatric medication gradually came into use, such as "psychic energizers" (later antidepressants) and
9318:
4371:
3549:
3343:, disturbed emotional reactions (mainly fear or aggression) towards companions, lack of species-typical communications, and generalized
1389:
A number of psychiatric disorders are linked to a family history (including depression, narcissistic personality disorder and anxiety).
479:
In addition to the concept of mental disorder, some people have argued for a return to the old-fashioned concept of nervous illness. In
15105:
15061:
14164:
12332:
6658:
2769:
From 2015 to 2018, rates of serious mental illness in young adult Latin Americans increased by 60%, from 4% to 6.4%. The prevalence of
1765:
1340:
Occupational functioning. Ability to acquire an employment and hold it, cognitive and social skills required for the job, dealing with
938:
575:
11989:
5350:
2661:
gradually occurred in the West, with isolated psychiatric hospitals being closed down in favor of community mental health services. A
1471:, and features of particular societies and cultures. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however.
10422:
Siddle R, Haddock G, Tarrier N, Faragher EB (March 2002). "Religious delusions in patients admitted to hospital with schizophrenia".
10197:
9936:
9781:
9116:"Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys"
6479:
Torgersen S, Lygren S, Oien PA, Skre I, Onstad S, Edvardsen J, et al. (December 2000). "A twin study of personality disorders".
5509:
4753:"Understanding comorbidity among internalizing problems: Integrating latent structural models of psychopathology and risk mechanisms"
3645:
2746:
treated as medical conditions and problems, and thus come under the authority of doctors and other health professionals, is known as
10170:
9820:
3190:
those with mental health problems themselves, although more sensitive or serious cinematic portrayals have increased in prevalence.
823:. Although treated separately by some, the commonly used categorical schemes include them as mental disorders, albeit on a separate
15434:
14920:
14537:
14350:
8834:
7172:
Vilarim MM, Rocha Araujo DM, Nardi AE (August 2011). "Caffeine challenge test and panic disorder: a systematic literature review".
6907:
4333:
Rapport LJ, Todd RM, Lumley MA, Fisicaro SA (October 1998). "The diagnostic meaning of "nervous breakdown" among lay populations".
2946:
revealing to Kleinman an underlying assumption that Western cultural phenomena are universal. Kleinman's negative view towards the
2559:
1077:
1037:
659:
557:
349:
12619:
Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW, Long JD (October 2001). "Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community".
12125:
8202:
Campion J, Bhui K, Bhugra D (February 2012). "European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on prevention of mental disorders".
8150:
698:
that interferes with normal functioning may be classified as an anxiety disorder. Commonly recognized categories include specific
14330:
14076:
13797:
11449:
6130:
5096:
1772:
10750:
The Antipsychiatry Coalition. (26 November 2005). The Antipsychiatry Coalition. Retrieved 19 April 2007, from antipsychiatry.org
4583:
4558:
1873:
and how the DSM creates diagnostic labels to categorize people's suffering. Indeed, the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, in his book "
14656:
13375:
10545:"Evolution of spirituality and religiousness in chronic schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders: a 3-years follow-up study"
10072:"Downward National Trends in Mental Health Treatment Offered in Spanish: State Differences by Proportion of Hispanic Residents"
6283:
6082:
4404:
3180:
3074:, which established minimum human rights standards of practice in the mental health field. In 2006, the UN formally agreed the
2571:'s classification scheme. Asylum "inmates" were increasingly referred to as "patients", and asylums were renamed as hospitals.
2251:
1922:
diagnosis may technically be feasible, very large studies are needed to evaluate specific biomarkers which were not available.
10651:
10508:
Suhail K, Ghauri S (1 April 2010). "Phenomenology of delusions and hallucinations in schizophrenia by religious convictions".
8766:
McCann TV, Baird J, Clark E, Lu S (December 2006). "Beliefs about using consumer consultants in inpatient psychiatric units".
4699:
2680:, genetics, and psychology led to new research agendas. Cognitive behavioral therapy and other psychotherapies developed. The
13905:
13865:
13736:
13702:
13646:
13617:
13574:
11680:
11479:
11351:
10622:
10403:
9744:
9719:
9683:
8165:
8086:
7709:
6954:
6316:
6111:
5550:
5434:"Dieting frequency among college females: Association with disordered eating, body image, and related psychological problems"
5126:
4479:
4459:
4435:
4314:
3767:
3615:
2981:
8946:"Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
6322:
3881:
1754:
1427:
13750:
11450:
9092:
8257:
5097:
3265:
However, there are some specific diagnoses, such as childhood conduct disorder or adult antisocial personality disorder or
2898:
including in some cases asserting that psychiatric concepts and diagnoses of 'mental illness' are neither real nor useful.
12288:
Schomerus G, Angermeyer MC (18 May 2011). "Stigma and its impact on help-seeking for mental disorders: what do we know?".
10820:
5580:
4867:"Beyond comorbidity: Toward a dimensional and hierarchical approach to understanding psychopathology across the life span"
4273:
3675:
3145:
In the United States, racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to experience mental health disorders often due to low
15117:
14265:
13316:"A preliminary investigation of the construct of psychopathic personality (psychopathy) in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)"
11458:
9314:
5105:
2068:, addressing underlying psychic conflicts and defenses, has been a dominant school of psychotherapy and is still in use.
1946:
992:(sexual arousal to objects, situations, or individuals that are considered abnormal or harmful to the person or others).
12198:"The public's view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems"
10942:
8420:"Parenting for mental health: what does the evidence say we need to do? Report of Workpackage 2 of the DataPrev project"
2874:
has questioned the basis of psychiatry through his work on the dismantling of two psychiatric hospitals (in the city of
1908:
should "have a specificity of at least 80% for distinguishing this disorder from other psychiatric or medical disorders"
1519:
and schizophrenia, usage of a number of drugs has been associated with development of the disorder, including cannabis,
827:
in the case of the DSM-IV. A number of different personality disorders are listed, including those sometimes classed as
14367:
14342:
14177:
13483:
Matthews K, Christmas D, Swan J, Sorrell E (2005). "Animal models of depression: navigating through the clinical fog".
11762:
9049:"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication"
8053:
3477:
3301:
3100:
3080:
to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of disabled people, including those with psychiatric disabilities.
3066:
laws (known by different names) are used in New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, and most of the United States.
3062:
as far as possible. Involuntary treatment laws are increasingly extended to those living in the community, for example
2208:
1897:
will be able to be used in the diagnosis of mental health disorders. The criteria presented by the APA stated that the
1886:
544:
385:
8171:
2452:
Ancient civilizations described and treated a number of mental disorders. Mental illnesses were well known in ancient
1569:
which incorporates biological, psychological and social factors, although this may not always be applied in practice.
15153:
14973:
14871:
13780:
13679:
11028:
10673:
Rissmiller DJ, Rissmiller JH (June 2006). "Evolution of the antipsychiatry movement into mental health consumerism".
9807:
8631:"National estimates for mental health mutual support groups, self-help organizations, and consumer-operated services"
7564:
4245:
4015:
3926:
3460:
2918:
2673:
gained widespread use in the 1970s for anxiety and depression, until dependency problems curtailed their popularity.
1805:
856:
719:
13871:
3300:
conditions have changed over time and across cultures and there are still variations in definition, assessment, and
2889:
organizations have expanded with increasing deinstitutionalization in developed countries, working to challenge the
15245:
14482:
14453:
14394:
12951:
Chou KR, Lu RB, Chang M (December 2001). "Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors".
12740:"Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods"
12656:"Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey"
11913:, Nairn R, Claasen D (October 2002). "Depictions of mental illness in print media: a prospective national sample".
11301:
9966:
Heinimaa M (2002). "Incomprehensibility: the role of the concept in DSM-IV definition of schizophrenic delusions".
9263:"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication"
7068:
5153:
2567:
The turn of the 20th century saw the development of psychoanalysis, which would later come to the fore, along with
2002:
1937:
1337:, ability to form relationships and sustain them, ability to leave the home or mix in crowds or particular settings
840:
442:
294:
10009:
3734:
3054:
stipulating how they wish to be treated should they be deemed to lack mental capacity in the future. The right to
2924:
within those cultures, as even reliable application can prove only consistency, not legitimacy. Advocating a more
15757:
14487:
14282:
14207:
14115:
13824:
13180:
Ferdowsian HR, Durham DL, Kimwele C, Kranendonk G, Otali E, Akugizibwe T, et al. (2011). Callaerts P (ed.).
11845:
3202:
2042:
1460:
1194:
period. Less than half go on to experience a new episode of mania or major depression within the next two years.
852:
848:
844:
581:
11357:
9877:"In West Africa, traditional or religious practices are often the preferred method of treating mental disorders"
9156:
3030:
to be administered (by force if necessary), it should be shown that an individual lacks the mental capacity for
2115:
are used for the treatment of clinical depression, as well as often for anxiety and a range of other disorders.
15140:
14925:
14896:
14157:
13841:
8801:
7771:"A review of the psychometric properties of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) family of measures"
6386:
5323:
3235:
2867:
2662:
2246:
1931:
1349:
1121:
where two or more individuals share a particular delusion because of their close relationship with each other.
1041:
864:
723:
658:
supporting heritable factors for externalizing and internalizing disorders. A leading dimensional model is the
260:
17:
7396:
4491:
14666:
14384:
14360:
11558:"Stress and the Mental Health of Populations of Color: Advancing Our Understanding of Race-related Stressors"
9209:
8151:
World Health Organization; Prevention Research Centre of the Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht (2004).
4602:"Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession"
3585:
3214:
2962:
2325:
1972:
1968:
1849:
1779:
1610:
is another kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context of mental disorders.
1069:
860:
836:
832:
744:(also known as unipolar or clinical depression). Milder, but still prolonged depression, can be diagnosed as
282:
13718:
Ending Discrimination Against People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Evidence for Stigma Change
5487:
4225:
2616:. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) also developed a section on mental disorders. The term
1481:
15747:
15647:
15329:
14866:
14399:
14244:
14134:
13947:
12073:
10640:"Something is happening: the contemporary consumer and psychiatric survivor movement in historical context"
8629:
Goldstrom ID, Campbell J, Rogers JA, Lambert DB, Blacklow B, Henderson MJ, Manderscheid RW (January 2006).
2061:
1597:
961:. Doctors will do a multiple sleep latency test, which measures how long it takes a person to fall asleep.
703:
600:
Unlike the DSM and ICD, some approaches are not based on identifying distinct categories of disorder using
345:
12986:
Lögdberg B, Nilsson LL, Levander MT, Levander S (August 2004). "Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime".
12099:
2072:
or family therapy is sometimes used, addressing a network of significant others as well as an individual.
15737:
14574:
14372:
11956:
2837:
2442:
2321:
1627:
1330:
392:"disorder", while "illness" is also common. It has been noted that using the term "mental" (i.e., of the
15387:
13564:
9424:
5288:"Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization"
2538:
movement gradually developed. Clear descriptions of some syndromes may be rare before the 19th century.
2207:
or drama therapy. Lifestyle adjustments and supportive measures are often used, including peer support,
15642:
15324:
14239:
13666:
9114:
Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, Gasquet I, Kovess V, Lepine JP, et al. (June 2004).
7000:"Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations"
6150:
Ormel J, Petukhova M, Chatterji S, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, et al. (May 2008).
5225:
3851:
3699:"Public Conceptions of Mental Illness in 1950 and 1996: What Is Mental Illness and Is It to be Feared?"
3449:
3154:
3122:
2994:
2882:
2862:
2805:
2425:
other factors. A US survey that incidentally screened for personality disorder found a rate of 14.79%.
1986:
1976:
1631:
1589:
1422:
1369:
1324:
1303:
504:
365:
256:
248:
14092:
11414:
Manitoba Family Services and Housing. The Vulnerable Persons Living with a Mental Disability Act, 1996
11376:"Starson v. Swayze: the Supreme Court speaks out (not all that clearly) on the question of "capacity""
7822:"Value of HoNOS in assessing patient change in NHS psychotherapy and psychological treatment services"
6411:
5517:
5433:
3072:
Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care
15742:
15688:
15334:
15303:
14681:
14564:
14150:
14068:
13831:
13770:
12528:"Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy"
11606:
10070:
Pro, George; Brown, Clare; Rojo, Martha; Patel, Jenil; Flax, Chasmine; Haynes, Tiffany (3 May 2022).
3470:
3164:
3114:
2939:
2770:
2708:
2174:
2080:
1691:
1674:
1183:
1118:
942:
434:
DSM-IV predicates the definition with caveats, stating that, as in the case with many medical terms,
325:
10138:
8650:
7533:
2433:
account for close to 41.9% of the psychiatric disabilities among women compared to 29.3% among men.
499:
In eliminating the nervous breakdown, psychiatry has come close to having its own nervous breakdown.
15752:
15678:
15601:
15382:
15298:
15293:
14990:
14953:
14945:
14763:
14732:
14473:
14458:
14101:
13987:
8531:"Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders"
6939:
Prevention of Mental Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Problem Behaviors: A Developmental Perspective
6385:
Arango C, Díaz-Caneja CM, McGorry PD, Rapoport J, Sommer IE, Vorstman JA, et al. (July 2018).
4816:
Caspi A, Houts RM, Belsky DW, Goldman-Mellor SJ, Harrington H, Israel S, et al. (March 2014).
4751:
Hankin BL, Snyder HR, Gulley LD, Schweizer TH, Bijttebier P, Nelis S, et al. (November 2016).
3487:
3465:
3455:
3150:
3047:
2866:. Some ex-patient groups have become militantly anti-psychiatric, often referring to themselves as
2230:
2226:
2159:
2084:
1096:
1000:
795:
650:
11469:
10544:
5603:
5116:
2025:
Lifestyle strategies, including dietary changes, exercise and quitting smoking may be of benefit.
1911:"should be reliable, reproducible, and ideally be noninvasive, simple to perform, and inexpensive"
798:
is a category used for individuals showing aspects of both schizophrenia and affective disorders.
15420:
15319:
14826:
14676:
14671:
14628:
14445:
14049:
8704:
7519:
Kinderman P, Lobban F (2000). "Evolving Formulations: Sharing Complex Information with Clients".
6934:
6451:
5062:
3210:
2234:
2088:
1941:
1854:
1732:
1673:
Routine diagnostic practice in mental health services typically involves an interview known as a
1603:
1474:
1133:
965:
816:
707:
594:
357:
233:
106:
10071:
3910:
3904:
2492:
theory. Mental disorders were described, and treatments developed, in Persia, Arabia and in the
929:, which is described as difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. Other sleep disorders include
431:
for political, religious, or societal reasons not arising from a dysfunction in the individual.
15619:
15596:
15565:
15197:
14836:
14727:
14686:
14661:
14569:
12833:
Taylor PJ, Gunn J (January 1999). "Homicides by people with mental illness: myth and reality".
12738:
Steadman HJ, Mulvey EP, Monahan J, Robbins PC, Appelbaum PS, Grisso T, et al. (May 1998).
9632:
9501:
8645:
8306:"Mental Health of Parents and Primary Caregivers by Sex and Associated Child Health Indicators"
7528:
6690:
Nordsletten AE, Larsson H, Crowley JJ, Almqvist C, Lichtenstein P, Mataix-Cols D (April 2016).
4237:
3997:
3318:
3270:
3059:
3012:
2947:
2914:
2894:
2790:
2658:
2603:
2132:
2108:
1593:
1299:
1149:
1061:
1014:
946:
752:(also known as manic depression) involves abnormally "high" or pressured mood states, known as
586:
314:
302:
275:, but often relying on observation and questioning. Cultural and religious beliefs, as well as
225:
139:
31:
10277:"Mental Health Stigma, Fueled by Religious Belief, May Prevent Many Latinos from Seeking Help"
9157:"Prevalence and incidence studies of anxiety disorders: a systematic review of the literature"
8102:
First MB, Drevets WC, Carter C, Dickstein DP, Kasoff L, Kim KL, et al. (September 2018).
2655:
received much publicity and was viewed as an attack on the efficacy of psychiatric diagnosis.
403:
According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (
15542:
15392:
15125:
15005:
14912:
14891:
13671:
12074:"The Carter Center Awards 2008–2009 Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism"
12003:
Sieff E (2003). "Media frames of mental illnesses: The potential impact of negative frames".
11509:"The stigma of mental disorders: A millennia-long history of social exclusion and prejudices"
10543:
Mohr S, Borras L, Rieben I, Betrisey C, Gillieron C, Brandt PY, et al. (November 2010).
9675:
9386:"Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies"
8459:
Muñoz RF, Cuijpers P, Smit F, Barrera AZ, Leykin Y (2010). "Prevention of major depression".
4818:"The p Factor: One General Psychopathology Factor in the Structure of Psychiatric Disorders?"
4368:
3542:
3063:
3027:
2929:
2841:
2583:
2163:
2155:
2076:
1994:
1678:
1659:
1572:
1566:
1088:
1033:
904:
621:
590:
579:, and other manuals may be used by those of alternative theoretical persuasions, such as the
368:
can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders, leading to various
318:
286:
131:
79:
8043:
7948:
7931:
4304:
3757:
1702:
More structured approaches are being increasingly used to measure levels of mental illness.
1044:(which was previously referred to as multiple personality disorder or "split personality").
513:
Nerves stand at the core of common mental illness, no matter how much we try to forget them.
15683:
15629:
15217:
15130:
14886:
14706:
14307:
14287:
14064:
13193:
9832:
9210:"Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: a systematic review of the literature"
8850:
Mashour GA, Walker EE, Martuza RL (June 2005). "Psychosurgery: past, present, and future".
6830:"Schizophrenia and urbanicity: a major environmental influence—conditional on genetic risk"
5410:
5303:
3667:
3344:
3275:
3230:
3146:
2990:
2925:
2902:
2666:
2531:
1898:
1655:
1615:
1562:
1384:
1334:
1022:
811:
428:
153:
13085:. University of Toronto: Dalla Lana School of Public Health. 12 April 2010. Archived from
12149:"Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance"
12038:
Wahl OF (2003). "News Media Portrayal of Mental Illness: Implications for Public Policy".
11636:
Gary FA (December 2005). "Stigma: barrier to mental health care among ethnic minorities".
8944:
Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, et al. (December 2019).
8472:
8154:
Prevention of mental disorders: effective interventions and policy options: summary report
6531:
2638:
came to be used by mid-century. In the 1960s there were many challenges to the concept of
1084:(or sociopath) do not appear in the DSM or ICD but are linked by some to these diagnoses.
1050:: These affect cognitive abilities, including learning and memory. This category includes
774:
Patterns of belief, language use and perception of reality can become dysregulated (e.g.,
8:
15711:
15652:
15583:
15516:
15267:
15249:
15212:
15202:
15056:
14958:
14935:
14783:
14775:
14554:
14532:
14260:
13972:
13711:
5873:
Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, Laska E, Siegel C, Wanderling J, et al. (June 2001).
3118:
2652:
2617:
2595:
2220:
1432:
1114:
1106:
1092:
1018:
969:
873:
791:
135:
67:
13898:
Georg Simmel in Translation: Interdisciplinary Border-Crossings in Culture and Modernity
13197:
11815:
10306:
Pierre JM (May 2001). "Faith or delusion? At the crossroads of religion and psychosis".
8831:
7423:"Neuroticism and common mental disorders: meaning and utility of a complex relationship"
7306:"The Relationship between Mental Health, Mental Illness and Chronic Physical Conditions"
6911:
4932:"Molecular genetic approaches to understanding the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders"
2009:, intended to support individual's personal journey to gain the kind of life they want.
297:, Treatments are provided by mental health professionals. Common treatment options are
228:
disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior, often in a
15762:
15498:
14930:
14527:
14379:
13882:
13787:
13636:
13540:
13500:
13465:
13441:
13335:
13296:
13256:
13216:
13181:
13162:
13122:
13055:
13030:
13011:
12964:
12933:
12890:
12850:
12810:
12783:
12720:
12703:
Petersilia JR (2001). "Crime Victims with Developmental Disabilities: A Review Essay".
12680:
12655:
12596:
12579:
12552:
12527:
12508:
12460:
12435:
12411:
12394:
12313:
12270:
12222:
12197:
12173:
12148:
12055:
12020:
11938:
11892:
11735:
11723:
11661:
11582:
11557:
11533:
11508:
11250:
11207:
11167:
11142:
11123:
11017:
10997:
10880:
10855:
10698:
10575:
10525:
10490:
10447:
10376:
10331:
10253:
10228:
10107:
9991:
9579:
9477:
9450:
9416:
9366:
9287:
9262:
9021:
8996:
8970:
8945:
8921:
8894:
8875:
8748:
8671:
8555:
8530:
8400:
8384:
8343:
8330:
8305:
8227:
8182:
8128:
8103:
8019:
7994:
7843:
7797:
7770:
7610:
7585:
7546:
7496:
7471:
7447:
7422:
7388:
7356:
7282:
7265:
7241:
7216:
7197:
7116:
7099:
7040:
7019:
6999:
6968:
6799:
6764:
6716:
6691:
6635:
6610:
6591:
6540:
6515:
6424:
6362:
6345:
6256:
6208:
6171:
6151:
6056:
6031:
6012:
5896:
5855:
5807:
5782:
5758:
5733:
5717:
5692:
5658:
5626:
5402:
5370:
5315:
5021:
4996:
4972:
4951:
4931:
4907:
4886:
4866:
4842:
4817:
4793:
4772:
4752:
4675:
4666:
4650:
4626:
4617:
4601:
4550:
4199:
4170:
4150:
4122:
4093:
4073:
3973:
3946:
3817:
3784:
3726:
2493:
1694:
methods, and that inaccurate diagnosis may be common in routine practice. In addition,
1667:
1623:
1409:
1157:
1047:
769:
606:
290:
272:
237:
74:
14129:
13819:
8961:
8863:
6885:
6402:
6244:
6127:
5843:
5449:
2053:
roles where personal experience of similar issues is the primary source of expertise.
1681:
is sometimes used via paper-and-pen or computerized questionnaires, which may include
15570:
15488:
15457:
15176:
14701:
14691:
14623:
14549:
14433:
13998:
13901:
13861:
13837:
13811:
13803:
13776:
13742:
13732:
13698:
13691:
13675:
13652:
13642:
13623:
13613:
13588:
13580:
13570:
13532:
13524:
13516:
13508:
13457:
13449:
13367:
13359:
13351:
13343:
13288:
13280:
13272:
13264:
13221:
13154:
13146:
13138:
13130:
13060:
13003:
12999:
12968:
12925:
12882:
12874:
12866:
12858:
12815:
12761:
12724:
12685:
12636:
12601:
12557:
12500:
12465:
12416:
12305:
12262:
12227:
12178:
12059:
12024:
11930:
11926:
11910:
11884:
11880:
11811:
11803:
11795:
11727:
11653:
11587:
11538:
11475:
11397:
11347:
11242:
11172:
11127:
11088:
11024:
10989:
10972:
Kleinman A (1997). "Triumph or pyrrhic victory? The inclusion of culture in DSM-IV".
10923:
10885:
10832:
10808:
10777:
10773:
10733:
10690:
10618:
10567:
10529:
10494:
10482:
10439:
10399:
10380:
10323:
10319:
10258:
10111:
10099:
10091:
9983:
9803:
9802:
Bangen, Hans: Geschichte der medikamentösen Therapie der Schizophrenie. Berlin 1992,
9785:
9750:
9740:
9715:
9679:
9668:
9614:
9610:
9571:
9523:
9482:
9408:
9358:
9354:
9292:
9231:
9178:
9137:
9070:
9026:
8975:
8926:
8867:
8783:
8779:
8740:
8663:
8611:
8606:
8560:
8511:
8476:
8441:
8392:
8363:"Preventing child abuse and neglect with parent training: evidence and opportunities"
8347:
8335:
8219:
8161:
8133:
8082:
8059:
8049:
8024:
7953:
7875:
7867:
7859:
7851:
7802:
7691:
7650:
7615:
7501:
7452:
7380:
7372:
7364:
7287:
7246:
7189:
7121:
7045:
7027:
6972:
6960:
6950:
6889:
6851:
6807:
6756:
6721:
6707:
6640:
6583:
6545:
6496:
6416:
6367:
6312:
6276:"CIS: UN Body Takes On Rising Suicide Rates – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 2006"
6260:
6248:
6213:
6195:
6187:
6179:
6152:"Disability and treatment of specific mental and physical disorders across the world"
6107:
6061:
6030:
Collins PY, Patel V, Joestl SS, March D, Insel TR, Daar AS, et al. (July 2011).
6004:
5969:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5859:
5847:
5812:
5763:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5461:
5453:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5307:
5245:
5237:
5191:
5122:
5026:
4977:
4959:
4912:
4894:
4847:
4798:
4780:
4680:
4631:
4542:
4538:
4522:
4475:
4455:
4431:
4350:
4310:
4241:
4204:
4186:
4178:
4127:
4109:
4101:
4054:
4011:
4007:
3978:
3922:
3918:
3822:
3804:
3763:
3718:
3426:
3412:
3398:
3051:
3006:
2993:
within psychiatric services. There are also ongoing attempts to improve professional
2871:
2477:
2212:
2096:
2006:
1859:
1643:
1607:
1581:
610:
483:(2013), Edward Shorter, a professor of psychiatry and the history of medicine, says:
252:
119:
87:
58:
14142:
13981:
13977:
13544:
13496:
13469:
13300:
13252:
13166:
13118:
13015:
12937:
12894:
12543:
12317:
12274:
11942:
11896:
11739:
11665:
11254:
11211:
11084:
11001:
10702:
10579:
10335:
9995:
9583:
9420:
9404:
9370:
8879:
8752:
8723:
Chamberlin J (2011). "User/consumer involvement in mental health service delivery".
8675:
8231:
7769:
Pirkis JE, Burgess PM, Kirk PK, Dodson S, Coombs TJ, Williamson MK (November 2005).
7668:
Shear MK, Greeno C, Kang J, Ludewig D, Frank E, Swartz HA, Hanekamp M (April 2000).
7550:
7421:
Ormel J, Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Bos EH, Hankin B, et al. (July 2013).
7392:
6768:
6752:
6428:
6275:
6079:
6016:
5662:
5406:
4580:
4554:
4396:
4149:
Stein DJ, Phillips KA, Bolton D, Fulford KW, Sadler JZ, Kendler KS (November 2010).
4072:
Stein DJ, Phillips KA, Bolton D, Fulford KW, Sadler JZ, Kendler KS (November 2010).
3201:, to enable reporters to research and write stories on mental health topics. Former
1905:"have a sensitivity of at least 80% for detecting a particular psychiatric disorder"
1662:) during consultations, who may refer a patient on for more specialist diagnosis in
518:
Peter J. Tyrer, FMedSci, Professor of Community Psychiatry, Imperial College, London
232:. Such disturbances may occur as single episodes, may be persistent, or may be
15614:
15046:
15000:
14968:
14816:
14794:
14759:
14522:
14404:
14355:
14302:
14277:
14272:
14229:
14217:
13722:
13605:
13492:
13433:
13406:
13327:
13315:
13248:
13211:
13201:
13114:
13050:
13042:
12995:
12960:
12917:
12842:
12805:
12795:
12751:
12712:
12675:
12667:
12628:
12591:
12547:
12539:
12512:
12492:
12455:
12447:
12406:
12297:
12254:
12217:
12209:
12168:
12160:
12047:
12012:
11985:
11922:
11876:
11719:
11645:
11577:
11569:
11528:
11520:
11462:
11387:
11281:
11234:
11199:
11162:
11154:
11115:
11080:
11053:
10981:
10919:
10915:
10875:
10867:
10769:
10725:
10682:
10639:
10559:
10517:
10474:
10451:
10431:
10366:
10358:
10315:
10248:
10240:
10083:
9975:
9777:
9606:
9563:
9513:
9472:
9462:
9400:
9350:
9282:
9274:
9221:
9168:
9127:
9060:
9016:
9008:
8965:
8957:
8916:
8906:
8859:
8775:
8732:
8655:
8601:
8591:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8503:
8468:
8431:
8404:
8374:
8325:
8317:
8211:
8123:
8115:
8014:
8006:
7943:
7833:
7792:
7782:
7681:
7642:
7605:
7597:
7538:
7491:
7483:
7442:
7434:
7348:
7277:
7236:
7228:
7201:
7181:
7152:
7111:
7035:
7011:
6942:
6881:
6841:
6791:
6748:
6711:
6703:
6630:
6622:
6575:
6535:
6527:
6488:
6406:
6398:
6357:
6240:
6203:
6163:
6051:
6043:
5996:
5959:
5886:
5839:
5802:
5794:
5753:
5745:
5732:
Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustün TB (July 2007).
5712:
5704:
5618:
5445:
5362:
5346:
5319:
5299:
5253:
5229:
5183:
5109:
5016:
5008:
4967:
4943:
4902:
4878:
4837:
4829:
4788:
4764:
4670:
4662:
4621:
4613:
4534:
4342:
4233:
4194:
4162:
4117:
4085:
4044:
4003:
3968:
3958:
3914:
3812:
3796:
3710:
3482:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3096:
3031:
2936:
diversity of individuals is often discounted by researchers and service providers.
2886:
2856:
2697:
2523:
2124:
2069:
2034:
1663:
1585:
1307:
1153:
1137:
1129:
1073:
900:
892:
843:
personality disorders; types that have described as dramatic or emotional, such as
779:
749:
741:
685:
617:
549:
There are currently two widely established systems that classify mental disorders:
373:
369:
333:
123:
15175:
11976:
Diefenbach DL (1997). "The portrayal of mental illness on prime-time television".
11688:
11302:"TIP 59: Improving Cultural Competence | SAMHSA Publications and Digital Products"
11071:
Karasz A (April 2005). "Cultural differences in conceptual models of depression".
8119:
5875:"Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15- and 25-year international follow-up study"
3873:
2017:
not appear to make much of a difference except by maybe decreasing victimization.
15503:
15222:
15180:
15051:
15038:
14985:
14980:
14963:
14843:
14638:
14610:
14411:
14234:
14108:
14096:
14083:
13992:
13604:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 50. Springer Dordrecht.
13206:
12800:
12782:
Fazel S, Gulati G, Linsell L, Geddes JR, Grann M (August 2009). McGrath J (ed.).
12258:
11963:
11044:
Clark LA (2006). "The Role of Moral Judgment in Personality Disorder Diagnosis".
10906:
Widiger TA, Sankis LM (2000). "Adult psychopathology: issues and controversies".
10612:
9937:"Mental health: Most Nigerians patronise traditional, spiritual healers – Expert"
9709:
9467:
8838:
8711:
8215:
7571:
6595:
6306:
6134:
6086:
6000:
5749:
5161:
4587:
4375:
3340:
3323:
3205:
2986:
2942:
2833:
2721:
2670:
2551:
was coined (1808), though medical superintendents were still known as alienists.
2535:
2196:
2151:
2112:
2092:
1500:
1468:
1145:
1141:
1065:
1026:
958:
896:
885:
412:
353:
188:
15272:
13331:
12016:
9047:
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (June 2005).
8507:
7232:
7100:"Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression"
4346:
3963:
240:
that vary widely between specific disorders. A mental disorder is one aspect of
15624:
15207:
15148:
15072:
14881:
14848:
14831:
14821:
14003:
13854:
Management of physical health conditions in adults with severe mental disorders
13079:"What is Mental Health and Mental Illness? | Workplace Mental Health Promotion"
12716:
12632:
11392:
11375:
11057:
10840:
10478:
9907:"Why accessible, affordable treatment is vital to curbing rising mental health"
9226:
9173:
9088:
8321:
7975:
7686:
7669:
6692:"Patterns of Nonrandom Mating Within and Across 11 Major Psychiatric Disorders"
5964:
5947:
5604:"The spectra of neurasthenia and depression: course, stability and transitions"
4049:
4032:
3800:
3440:
3016:
2893:, stigma and exclusion associated with psychiatric conditions. There is also a
2759:
2747:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2591:
2568:
2128:
2065:
2038:
1845:
1611:
1190:
916:
783:
711:
691:
176:
127:
13609:
13437:
13046:
13031:"Mental Illness and Mental Health: The Two Continua Model Across the Lifespan"
12756:
12739:
12671:
12301:
11649:
11238:
11203:
10985:
10729:
10563:
10521:
10087:
9979:
9518:
9278:
9065:
9048:
8736:
8659:
8596:
8579:
7601:
7542:
7438:
7352:
7015:
6579:
6167:
5622:
5366:
5233:
5187:
4947:
4882:
4768:
4166:
4089:
2476:
was notorious for its members often being insane. The Greeks coined terms for
1488:
Adults with imbalance work to life are at higher risk for developing anxiety.
15731:
15716:
15241:
15192:
14510:
13815:
13807:
13627:
13592:
13512:
13504:
13453:
13445:
13347:
13339:
13268:
13260:
13239:
Fabrega H (2006). "Making sense of behavioral irregularities of great apes".
13134:
13126:
12921:
12862:
12854:
12451:
12051:
11799:
11573:
11286:
11269:
11158:
10686:
10362:
10095:
9754:
9132:
9115:
8705:
The experiences of mental health service users as mental health professionals
8063:
8010:
7927:
7855:
7847:
7646:
7368:
7360:
7031:
7023:
6566:
Bienvenu OJ, Ginsburg GS (December 2007). "Prevention of anxiety disorders".
6183:
6175:
5908:
5900:
5646:
5638:
5630:
5516:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. December 2021. Archived from
5457:
5382:
5374:
5241:
4963:
4955:
4898:
4890:
4833:
4784:
4776:
4736:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 23 April 2013. Archived from
4182:
4174:
4105:
4097:
4002:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. p. 31.
3808:
3722:
3378:
3370:
3297:
3291:
3194:
3133:
3088:
3055:
3035:
2970:
2800:
2717:
2621:
2469:
2200:
2192:
2178:
2147:
2057:
2046:
1837:
1832:
1651:
1464:
1456:
787:
735:
361:
337:
298:
276:
241:
180:
163:
13962:
13363:
12147:
Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, Stueve A, Pescosolido BA (September 1999).
11807:
11524:
9782:
10.1002/1520-6696(197710)13:4<337::aid-jhbs2300130406>3.0.co;2-g
8436:
8419:
7376:
6846:
6829:
6492:
5708:
5390:
4190:
4113:
3697:
Phelan, Jo C.; Link, Bruce G.; Stueve, Ann; Pescosolido, Bernice A. (2000).
1558:
859:
personality disorders; and those sometimes classed as fear-related, such as
15698:
15693:
15665:
15493:
15470:
15095:
14876:
14428:
13746:
13536:
13528:
13461:
13371:
13292:
13284:
13225:
13158:
13150:
13064:
13007:
12972:
12929:
12886:
12878:
12819:
12689:
12640:
12605:
12561:
12504:
12469:
12420:
12309:
12266:
12231:
12213:
12196:
Pescosolido BA, Monahan J, Link BG, Stueve A, Kikuzawa S (September 1999).
12182:
12164:
11934:
11888:
11731:
11710:
Stuart H (September 2006). "Mental illness and employment discrimination".
11657:
11591:
11542:
11401:
11246:
11176:
11092:
10927:
10889:
10836:
10812:
10781:
10737:
10694:
10571:
10486:
10443:
10327:
10262:
10103:
9987:
9618:
9575:
9527:
9486:
9412:
9362:
9296:
9235:
9182:
9141:
9074:
9030:
8979:
8930:
8871:
8787:
8744:
8667:
8615:
8564:
8515:
8480:
8445:
8396:
8339:
8223:
8137:
8028:
7957:
7893:
7879:
7871:
7806:
7787:
7695:
7654:
7505:
7456:
7384:
7291:
7250:
7193:
7125:
7049:
6964:
6893:
6855:
6782:
Hiday VA (June 1995). "The social context of mental illness and violence".
6760:
6725:
6644:
6587:
6549:
6500:
6420:
6371:
6252:
6217:
6199:
6128:
The Hierarchy of Mental Illness: Which diagnosis is the least debilitating?
6065:
6008:
5973:
5932:
5924:
5851:
5816:
5767:
5654:
5465:
5398:
5311:
5249:
5195:
5030:
4981:
4916:
4851:
4802:
4684:
4635:
4546:
4208:
4131:
4058:
4033:"What is a mental disorder? A perspective from cognitive-affective science"
3982:
3826:
2796:
2701:
2677:
2609:
2522:
Eight patients representing mental diagnoses as of the 19th century at the
2216:
2182:
2050:
1919:
1841:
1819:
1524:
1394:
1128:, which are often named after the person who first described them, such as
1100:
530:
306:
264:
14052:
was created from a revision of this article dated 20 August 2005
13410:
12765:
10993:
10871:
10435:
10198:"More Latino Men Are Dying by Suicide, Even as the National Rate Declines"
10139:"Mental and Behavioral Health - Hispanics - The Office of Minority Health"
9711:
Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
8911:
8247:"Mental health promotion and mental illness prevention: The economic case"
7838:
7821:
7619:
7266:"Cannabis-induced bipolar disorder with psychotic features: a case report"
6811:
5891:
5874:
5257:
5211:"Mixed features and mixed states in psychiatry: from calculus to geometry"
4354:
3909:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. pp.
3785:"Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders"
1182:
and support needs for many years, "late" recovery is still plausible. The
15552:
15547:
15080:
14811:
14542:
14292:
11990:
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199705)25:3<289::AID-JCOP5>3.0.CO;2-R
11119:
10943:"Psychiatry's Missing Diagnosis: Patients' Diversity Is Often Discounted"
9789:
9567:
9113:
7157:
7140:
4428:
How Everyone Became Depressed: The Rise and Fall of the Nervous Breakdown
3266:
3258:
2890:
2632:
2599:
2453:
2204:
2116:
1695:
1619:
1095:. There are also disorders of how a person perceives their body, such as
1021:) that persists despite significant problems or harm related to its use.
1004:
985:
934:
820:
715:
645:
481:
How Everyone Became Depressed: The Rise and Fall of the Nervous Breakdown
268:
13314:
Lilienfeld SO, Gershon J, Duke M, Marino L, de Waal FB (December 1999).
12846:
8388:
7487:
4997:"A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across the life span"
2579:
2518:
2255:
Deaths from mental and behavioral disorders per million persons in 2012
2123:) are used for anxiety disorders and related problems such as insomnia.
1017:: This disorder refers to the use of drugs (legal or illegal, including
15412:
15397:
15090:
14995:
14696:
14421:
14416:
14212:
13766:
12496:
12436:"Mental illness, mass shootings, and the politics of American firearms"
10371:
9012:
8379:
8362:
6803:
6611:"Disruptive insights in psychiatry: transforming a clinical discipline"
5012:
4995:
Lahey BB, Krueger RF, Rathouz PJ, Waldman ID, Zald DH (February 2017).
4232:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
3730:
3698:
3336:
3332:
3240:
3221:
3197:
has created fellowships for journalists in South Africa, the U.S., and
3186:
2851:
2739:
2548:
2188:
2136:
1981:
1682:
1576:
1390:
1081:
989:
954:
930:
799:
625:
529:
Richard E. Vatz, co-author of explication of views of Thomas Szasz in "
420:
397:
184:
171:
63:
11844:. Bipolarworld-net.canadawebhosting.com. 29 April 2002. Archived from
9261:
Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (June 2005).
7185:
6149:
5432:
Ackard, Diann M; Croll, Jillian K; Kearney-Cooke, Ann (1 March 2002).
3185:
Media coverage of mental illness comprises predominantly negative and
2237:. As of 2019 cannabis is specifically not recommended as a treatment.
1889:
commissioned a review to reach a consensus on whether modern clinical
1064:: These disorders initially occur in childhood. Some examples include
554:
ICD-11 Chapter 06: Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders
15452:
15350:
15282:
15100:
14559:
14297:
14222:
10244:
7995:"Selling sickness: the pharmaceutical industry and disease mongering"
6626:
3759:
What is Mental Disorder?: An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values
3374:
2328:
for neuropsychiatric conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
2120:
1952:
1870:
1532:
brain and place them at higher risk of developing a mental disorder.
1516:
1402:
1353:
1341:
1125:
1008:
775:
757:
745:
629:
601:
507:, MD, FRCPsych, Professor of Psychiatry, University of Cardiff, Wales
341:
310:
192:
99:
14077:
Overcoming Mental Health Stigma in the Latino Community – Consult QD
13930:
13716:
12333:"How 'Homeland' became a pioneer in the portrayal of mental illness"
12244:
6795:
6298:
6047:
5798:
5731:
5287:
4700:"Medicine's big new battleground: does mental illness really exist?"
3714:
2824:
2816:
1721:
1527:. There has been debate regarding the relationship between usage of
15085:
14755:
14722:
14648:
13727:
10417:
10415:
7336:
6946:
4274:"Chapter 6 on mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders"
3406:
3327:
3095:
for mental illness, is often used technically as a legal term. The
3084:
2966:
2846:
2628:
2489:
2481:
1647:
1528:
1508:
1452:
1398:
1055:
1051:
926:
464:
408:
396:) is not necessarily meant to imply separateness from the brain or
329:
149:
95:
13667:
50 Signs of Mental Illness: A Guide to Understanding Mental Health
13584:
13397:
Moran M (20 June 2003). "Animals Can Model Psychiatric Symptoms".
10227:
Villatoro, Alice P.; Morales, Eduardo S.; Mays, Vickie M. (2014).
10171:"Pandemic unveils growing suicide crisis for communities of color"
9599:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
6659:"American Psychiatric Association 3 May 2013 Release Number 13-33"
4730:"Mental Disorders as Brain Disorders: Thomas Insel at TEDxCaltech"
3434:
1443:
Social influences have also been found to be important, including
1408:
Statistical research looking at eleven disorders found widespread
30:"Mental Illness" redirects here. For the album by Aimee Mann, see
13520:
13276:
13179:
13142:
12784:"Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis"
9339:
6689:
5734:"Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature"
3198:
3158:
3092:
2955:
2753:
2738:
Different societies or cultures, even different individuals in a
2624:
work in the 1930s, was increasingly applied to mental disorders.
2465:
2013:
1998:
1880:
1520:
1512:
1448:
1401:
and mental disorders, that work has not yielded specific genetic
416:
229:
83:
13656:
13355:
13104:
12870:
10716:
Oaks D (August 2006). "The evolution of the consumer movement".
10412:
10041:"The Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Latino Parents"
8104:"Clinical Applications of Neuroimaging in Psychiatric Disorders"
7863:
6910:. The Schizophrenia Commission. 13 November 2012. Archived from
6384:
6191:
5916:
5164:
Curriculum supplement from The NIH Curriculum Supplements Series
3995:
3902:
15475:
14803:
14618:
13957:
13942:
12985:
10762:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing
9502:"The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample"
5154:
Teacher's Guide: Information about Mental Illness and the Brain
2980:" psychologies centered on alternative cultural and ethnic and
2977:
2933:
2485:
2461:
1405:
yet that might lead to better diagnosis and better treatments.
699:
459:
451:
404:
13566:
Private and Public Protection: Civil Mental Health Legislation
12364:"Does Iron Man 3's Hero Suffer Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?"
12100:"The Rosalynn Carter Fellowships For Mental Health Journalism"
11225:
Kwate NO (2005). "The heresy of African-centered psychology".
10856:"Global mental health: a new global health field comes of age"
10032:
8628:
8417:
6900:
5783:"Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?"
4865:
Forbes MK, Tackett JL, Markon KE, Krueger RF (November 2016).
4815:
3644:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
1054:
and mild and major neurocognitive disorder (previously termed
585:. In general, mental disorders are classified separately from
493:
Edward Shorter, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Toronto
467:. Many health experts today refer to a nervous breakdown as a
15240:
14581:
12654:
Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM, Weiner DA (August 2005).
10464:
8289:. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. Archived from
5602:
Gamma A, Angst J, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W (March 2007).
5067:
4151:"What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V"
4074:"What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V"
2875:
2602:
saw a massive increase of conditions that came to be termed "
2472:
and assigned spiritual meanings to them. The royal family of
1444:
922:
753:
446:
424:
91:
13482:
12737:
12195:
11340:
Resource Book on Mental Health: Human rights and legislation
10421:
6346:"Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective"
5948:"Long-term outcome of patients with schizophrenia: a review"
5351:"Comparison of alternative models for personality disorders"
1596:. Some types of mental disorders may be viewed as primarily
1174:
typically manifest from late adolescence to early twenties.
321:. Prevention programs have been shown to reduce depression.
14754:
13860:. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse. Geneva.
13313:
12653:
11019:
Troublesome Disguises: Underdiagnosed Psychiatric Syndromes
9260:
8580:"Nutritional psychiatry: the present state of the evidence"
8270:
as of 2019, it is now the Care Policy and Evaluation Centre
8160:. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse. Geneva.
8101:
7898:"Psychiatry's bible, the DSM, is doing more harm than good"
6871:
6738:
5344:
4750:
4278:
ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, 2018 version
3696:
2685:
2473:
2140:
1993:
Treatment and support for mental disorders are provided in
1894:
953:
detailed sleep history and sleep records. Doctors also use
695:
407:), published in 1994, a mental disorder is a psychological
393:
360:, of which onset occurs early in the developmental period.
324:
In 2019, common mental disorders around the globe include:
236:. There are many different types of mental disorders, with
14089:
10396:
Psychosis and Spirituality: Consolidating the New Paradigm
8943:
8528:
5092:
5090:
4994:
4864:
4148:
4071:
2832:
Controversy has often surrounded psychiatry, and the term
14102:
International Committee of Women Leaders on Mental Health
13850:
13713:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
12482:
12146:
9737:
The SAGE encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology
9208:
Waraich P, Goldner EM, Somers JM, Hsu L (February 2004).
9155:
Somers JM, Goldner EM, Waraich P, Hsu L (February 2006).
7819:
7670:"Diagnosis of nonpsychotic patients in community clinics"
6561:
6559:
5611:
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
4332:
3309:
have no mental illness can also have poor mental health.
2961:
Clinical conceptions of mental illness also overlap with
2563:
A patient in a strait-jacket and barrel contraption, 1908
2005:. In some countries services are increasingly based on a
1890:
1499:
Mental disorders are associated with drug use including:
921:
Sleep disorders are associated with disruption to normal
620:) while another proposes that it is or could be entirely
13900:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press. pp. 123–55.
12781:
11474:. National Institute of Mental Health. pp. 451–58.
11443:
10542:
9451:"A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia"
9046:
8458:
8245:
Knapp M, McDaid D, Parsonage M, eds. (2 February 2011).
7420:
7335:
Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J (October 2016).
7334:
7171:
5872:
5431:
3674:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 15 September 2014.
3508:"Applying for Disability Benefits with a Mental Illness"
2594:
movement developed, aiming to prevent mental disorders.
2135:, and also increasingly for a range of other disorders.
1467:
inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems linked to
1315:
disability associated with mental disorders can change.
384:"Nervous breakdown" redirects here. For other uses, see
279:, should be taken into account when making a diagnosis.
15027:
12525:
11794:. London England: Hollinger International. p. 20.
9596:
9552:
9499:
9207:
9154:
8418:
Stewart-Brown SL, Schrader-McMillan A (December 2011).
7980:
Mad Science: Psychiatric Coercion, Diagnosis, and Drugs
7932:"The new crisis of confidence in psychiatric diagnosis"
7820:
Audin K, Margison FR, Clark JM, Barkham M (June 2001).
7768:
6932:
6478:
6230:
6097:
6095:
6029:
5986:
5121:. National Institute of Mental Health. pp. 26–50.
5087:
3278:) to which some people may be particularly vulnerable.
3213:, which in the United States and Canada falls within a
2731:
1626:
approaches. A distinction is sometimes made between a "
313:
are also options. In a minority of cases, there may be
12907:
11425:"Department of Economic and Social Affairs Disability"
10759:
9448:
9042:
9040:
7667:
6556:
6106:(3rd ed.). Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
5110:"The Fundamentals of Mental Health and Mental Illness"
4394:
672:
List of mental disorders as defined by the DSM and ICD
653:
for intelligence, has been empirically supported. The
14172:
12526:
Swanson JW, McGinty EE, Fazel S, Mays VM (May 2015).
11909:
11866:
7632:
7138:
7097:
5601:
4523:"Classifications in psychiatry: a conceptual history"
4230:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
3999:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
3906:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
3077:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2973:
conceptualization of mental distress and well-being.
2614:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1825:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
565:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
560:
produced by the WHO (in effect since 1 January 2022).
13920:
13688:
13182:"Signs of mood and anxiety disorders in chimpanzees"
12618:
11915:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
11190:
Lewis B (2000). "Psychiatry and Postmodern Theory".
10672:
10226:
8849:
8578:
Marx W, Moseley G, Berk M, Jacka F (November 2017).
8577:
8244:
8079:
The Medicalization of Everyday Life: Selected Essays
7208:
6343:
6092:
4527:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
3388:
3220:
The general public have been found to hold a strong
2932:
and Marcello Maviglia contend that the cultural and
2854:
who wrote a series of best-selling books, including
2181:
is considered experimental but is advocated by some
1949:
re-affirmed prevention as a research priority area.
1606:
may be used as an overall explanatory theory, while
12287:
11143:"Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental health"
9037:
6516:"The genetic epidemiology of personality disorders"
6513:
5697:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
3257:inner-city area, a quarter were found to have been
2696:Most Africans view mental disturbances as external
1592:), although there are various views on what causes
1431:The prevalence of mental illness is higher in more
372:attempting to increase understanding and challenge
14190:
13786:
13690:
13423:
12076:(Press release). The Carter Center. 18 July 2008.
11957:Mass Media and Mental Illness: A Literature Review
11785:
11016:
10038:
9911:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
9703:
9701:
9699:
9697:
9695:
9667:
8765:
7992:
7310:Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA), Ontario
6867:
6865:
6304:
6080:What is Psychiatric Disability and Mental Illness?
5830:van Os J, Kapur S (August 2009). "Schizophrenia".
2627:Electroconvulsive therapy, insulin shock therapy,
2590:Early in the 20th century in the United States, a
1858:warned of inappropriate medicalization leading to
11678:
10797:"Call me antipsychiatry activist--not "consumer""
10069:
9770:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
9674:. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. pp.
9633:"Gender disparities and mental health: The Facts"
9449:Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, McGrath J (May 2005).
9303:
8529:Kisely SR, Campbell LA, O'Reilly R (March 2017).
8452:
8201:
7139:Winston AP, Hardwick E, Jaberi N (October 2005).
7098:Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (March 2009).
5780:
3584:. Walters State Community College. Archived from
3137:article, "The Stigma of Mental Disorders" stated
305:, while lifestyle changes, social interventions,
15729:
14599:
12777:
12775:
11783:
11672:
11267:
10821:"Call me antipsychiatry activist—not "consumer""
9311:"The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America"
8571:
8254:London School of Economics and Political Science
7586:"ABC of mental health. Mental health assessment"
7063:
7061:
7059:
6827:
6565:
5043:Gazzaniga, M.S., & Heatherton, T.F. (2006).
3369:Laboratory researchers sometimes try to develop
3106:
2976:Such approaches, along with cross-cultural and "
1614:theories have continued to evolve alongside and
13307:
12126:"Rosalynn Carter's Leadership in Mental Health"
10901:
10899:
10536:
10348:
10010:"Latinx/Hispanic Communities and Mental Health"
9692:
9500:Torgersen S, Kringlen E, Cramer V (June 2001).
8283:"Research Priorities for Strategic Objective 3"
7974:
7518:
7214:
6862:
4492:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
4161:(11). UK: Cambridge University Press: 1759–65.
4084:(11). UK: Cambridge University Press: 1759–65.
3600:
3572:
3570:
2574:
350:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
328:, which affects about 264 million people;
15372:
13028:
13022:
12392:
11471:Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
10744:
10552:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
10424:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
9658:
9656:
9654:
9383:
8768:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
8256:. Department of Health, London. Archived from
6997:
6941:. National Academies Press. pp. 530–531.
6456:. World Health Organization. 16 October 2012.
5781:Paus T, Keshavan M, Giedd JN (December 2008).
5173:
5118:Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
5057:
5055:
5053:
2754:Mental illness in the Latin American community
2720:care to those that require their services and
2131:are used for psychotic disorders, notably for
1881:Potential routine use of MRI/fMRI in diagnosis
1865:Gary Greenberg, a psychoanalyst, in his book "
1113:There are attempts to introduce a category of
786:). Psychotic disorders in this domain include
111:Cognitive impairment, social problems, suicide
15428:
14158:
13829:
13476:
13100:
13098:
13096:
12772:
12433:
12386:
11333:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11140:
11105:
10905:
7328:
7056:
6823:
6821:
6101:
3537:
3535:
3533:
2840:in 1967. The anti-psychiatry message is that
1869:, argues that mental illness is really about
344:, which affect about 20 million people.
13721:. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
13232:
12573:
12571:
10896:
10606:
10604:
10507:
10039:Ramos-Olazagasti, Maria; Conway, C. Andrew.
9818:
9343:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum
8895:"Nutritional therapies for mental disorders"
8892:
7416:
7414:
6344:Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A (October 2002).
3940:
3938:
3638:"Any Mental Illness (AMI) Among U.S. Adults"
3567:
3335:show gross behavioral abnormalities such as
2730:
2530:By the end of the 17th century and into the
2107:A major option for many mental disorders is
2056:A major option for many mental disorders is
13634:
13599:
12950:
11014:
10853:
9847:"Mental illness: Invisible but devastating"
9662:
9651:
9089:"The World Mental Health Survey Initiative"
8991:
8989:
8535:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7993:Moynihan R, Heath I, Henry D (April 2002).
7463:
5829:
5349:, Shea MT, Yen S, et al. (July 2007).
5156:National Institute of Mental Health. 2005.
5050:
5047:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
4395:Healthdirect Australia (14 February 2019).
4065:
3262:prejudice and being seen as less credible.
3174:
3099:may be used in a legal trial (known as the
2411:in women) and 0.8% for Bipolar I disorder.
2150:of medications. There can be problems with
1989:-training for people with mental disorders.
1124:There are a number of uncommon psychiatric
427:from loss of a loved one and also excludes
336:, which affects about 45 million; and
15435:
15421:
15062:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
14329:
14165:
14151:
13887:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13093:
12832:
12702:
12580:"Violence and mental illness: an overview"
12092:
11975:
11324:
10934:
9767:
9707:
8722:
8638:Administration and Policy in Mental Health
8252:. Personal Social Services Research Unit.
8187:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7263:
6818:
6412:11370/92f1a79c-f53d-47ae-be92-7a4c8d4b4e25
6032:"Grand challenges in global mental health"
5945:
5484:National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)
4367:Hall-Flavin, Daniel K. (26 October 2016).
4328:
4326:
4238:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.UseofDSM5
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3530:
2598:and social work developed as professions.
1852:, Allen Frances). A 2002 editorial in the
576:Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders
13726:
13215:
13205:
13054:
12809:
12799:
12755:
12679:
12595:
12568:
12551:
12459:
12410:
12221:
12172:
11787:"China relaxes laws on love and marriage"
11581:
11532:
11391:
11285:
11166:
11064:
10879:
10610:
10601:
10370:
10252:
9714:. The British Museum Press. p. 102.
9517:
9476:
9466:
9286:
9225:
9172:
9131:
9064:
9020:
9001:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
8969:
8920:
8910:
8649:
8605:
8595:
8554:
8435:
8378:
8329:
8127:
8041:
8018:
7986:
7947:
7837:
7796:
7786:
7685:
7609:
7532:
7495:
7446:
7411:
7281:
7240:
7156:
7115:
7039:
6845:
6715:
6634:
6539:
6472:
6410:
6387:"Preventive strategies for mental health"
6361:
6207:
6089:Boston University, Retrieved January 2012
6055:
5963:
5890:
5806:
5757:
5716:
5693:"Uncommon psychiatric syndromes, 4th edn"
5037:
5020:
4971:
4906:
4841:
4792:
4674:
4625:
4599:
4593:
4302:
4198:
4121:
4048:
3996:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
3972:
3962:
3935:
3903:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
3896:
3816:
3548:(Report). Judicial Branch of California.
3514:. Mental Health Association of Maryland.
1806:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Distressing thought or behavioral pattern
15442:
15325:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
14921:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
14060:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
14043:
13836:(2nd ed.). London: W. B. Saunders.
13562:
13485:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
13241:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
13107:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
12393:Elbogen EB, Johnson SC (February 2009).
12330:
12118:
12066:
11607:"Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations"
11555:
10971:
10940:
9965:
8986:
8584:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
8493:
7968:
6933:O'Connell ME, Boat T, Warner KE (2009).
6311:. Leicester: BPS Books. pp. 33–37.
6305:O'Connor R, Sheehy N (29 January 2000).
6104:A sociology of mental health and illness
5939:
5208:
5063:"Mental Health: Types of Mental Illness"
4296:
3947:"Nutritional Psychiatry: Where to Next?"
3048:surrogate or substituted decision-making
2823:
2815:
2704:perspective than a psychological order.
2578:
2558:
2517:
2447:
2320:
2250:
2158:to them, and there is also criticism of
2127:are used primarily in bipolar disorder.
1980:
1426:
1078:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1038:depersonalization derealization disorder
660:Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology
558:International Classification of Diseases
445:(APA) redefined mental disorders in the
13895:
13396:
13238:
12434:Metzl JM, MacLeish KT (February 2015).
12361:
11506:
10637:
10195:
8303:
7949:10.7326/0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00655
7926:
7521:Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
7469:
6828:Krabbendam L, van Os J (October 2005).
6273:
5690:
4520:
4425:
4419:
4323:
3833:
3782:
1152:, and additional disorders such as the
805:
573:non-western cultures, for example, the
568:(DSM-5) produced by the APA since 1952.
533:: Primary Values and Major Contentions"
332:, which affects about 50 million;
14:
15730:
13795:
13765:
12577:
11709:
11604:
11488:from the original on 26 September 2019
11070:
10847:
10398:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 240.
10393:
10305:
9739:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
9734:
8852:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
8703:The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (1998)
7982:. Transaction Publishers. p. 185.
7920:
7892:
7583:
7574:Yahoo! Health. Boise: Healthwise, Inc.
7141:"Neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine"
6514:Reichborn-Kjennerud T (1 March 2010).
6078:Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation
5543:"Narcolepsy - Diagnosis and treatment"
5304:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200
5135:from the original on 26 September 2019
4697:
4651:"A renovation of psychiatry is needed"
4309:. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
4254:from the original on 19 September 2019
3755:
3608:"Mental illness – Symptoms and causes"
3181:Mental disorders in art and literature
2726:
2647:mental disorder. A study published in
2049:professionals. In addition, there are
1755:"criticism" psychiatric diagnosis
1742:Please improve this section by adding
15416:
15371:
15239:
15174:
15026:
14753:
14598:
14508:
14328:
14189:
14146:
13663:
13569:. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.
12002:
11687:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from
11617:from the original on 18 December 2018
11562:Journal of Health and Social Behavior
11373:
11224:
11189:
11043:
10818:
10794:
10510:Mental Health, Religion & Culture
9857:from the original on 15 February 2022
9384:Wittchen HU, Jacobi F (August 2005).
9189:from the original on 18 February 2019
8893:Lakhan SE, Vieira KF (January 2008).
8473:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-033109-132040
8360:
8076:
7399:from the original on 29 December 2019
7215:Picchioni MM, Murray RM (July 2007).
6784:Journal of Health and Social Behavior
6781:
6671:from the original on 29 November 2020
6615:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
6608:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6023:
5537:
5535:
5326:from the original on 26 November 2022
5285:
4929:
4561:from the original on 21 February 2024
4030:
3944:
3737:from the original on 14 February 2023
3703:Journal of Health and Social Behavior
3555:from the original on 25 February 2024
3296:The recognition and understanding of
2691:
2541:
2513:
1544:
1163:
925:patterns. A common sleep disorder is
763:
639:
14509:
13753:from the original on 28 January 2022
13029:Westerhof GJ, Keyes CL (June 2010).
12037:
11822:from the original on 10 January 2022
11635:
10715:
10654:from the original on 8 December 2021
10614:Psychiatry:A Very Short Introduction
10589:from the original on 29 October 2021
10287:from the original on 5 December 2022
9968:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
9821:"The Myth of the Reliability of DSM"
9534:from the original on 20 January 2022
9091:. Harvard School of Medicine. 2005.
8461:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
7997:. Education And Debate; Commentary.
6935:"Table E-4 Risk Factors for Anxiety"
6325:from the original on 13 January 2023
5672:from the original on 2 November 2021
5345:Morey LC, Hopwood CJ, Gunderson JG,
4648:
4642:
4361:
3989:
3000:
2554:
2075:Some psychotherapies are based on a
1836:marginalized psychiatrists (such as
1715:
979:
454:contains a very similar definition.
15028:Physiological and physical behavior
14090:National Institute of Mental Health
13830:Weller MP, Eysenck M, eds. (1992).
13825:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13775:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13689:Hockenbury D, Hockenbury S (2004).
12290:Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale
12080:from the original on 3 January 2014
11784:Spencer, Richard (21 August 2003).
11629:
11459:National Institute of Mental Health
11431:from the original on 2 October 2016
11346:. World Health Organization. 2005.
10825:Ethical Human Sciences and Services
10801:Ethical Human Sciences and Services
10233:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
10168:
9887:from the original on 5 January 2021
9315:National Institute of Mental Health
8806:National Institute of Mental Health
8725:Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale
8287:National Institute of Mental Health
7775:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
7264:Khan MA, Akella S (December 2009).
6532:10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.1/trkjennerud
6274:Krastev, Nikola (2 February 2012).
5946:Jobe TH, Harrow M (December 2005).
5573:"Sleep apnea - Symptoms and causes"
5514:National Institute of Mental Health
5209:McIntyre, Roger S. (7 March 2017).
5106:National Institute of Mental Health
4734:National Institute of Mental Health
4590:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3642:National Institute of Mental Health
3518:from the original on 20 August 2022
2215:or supported employment (including
2111:and there are several main groups.
1947:National Institute of Mental Health
1918:The review concluded that although
1875:the Medicalization of Everyday Life
1646:of individuals by an assessment of
679:
411:or pattern that is associated with
24:
14974:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
14368:Emotional and behavioral disorders
14030:
13851:World Health Organization (2018).
13833:The Scientific Basis of Psychiatry
13555:
13378:from the original on 8 August 2019
12965:10.1097/01.JNR.0000347572.60800.00
12412:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537
12106:from the original on 15 March 2013
11966:Canadian Mental Health Association
11724:10.1097/01.yco.0000238482.27270.5d
11141:Bracken P, Thomas P (March 2001).
10953:from the original on 7 August 2017
9556:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
9095:from the original on 20 April 2020
8496:The American Journal of Psychiatry
8108:The American Journal of Psychiatry
7674:The American Journal of Psychiatry
7174:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
7117:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.543
6979:from the original on 18 April 2014
6568:International Review of Psychiatry
6520:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
6435:
5989:The American Journal of Psychiatry
5532:
4667:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00056.x
4618:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00257.x
4502:from the original on 1 August 2018
4407:from the original on 25 March 2019
4284:from the original on 1 August 2018
3884:from the original on 29 March 2016
3862:from the original on 21 June 2022.
3783:Hofmann, Stefan G. (1 July 2014).
3678:from the original on 15 April 2021
3478:Mental illness in American prisons
2878:), carried out from 1973 to 1996.
2209:self-help groups for mental health
2133:positive symptoms in schizophrenia
1887:American Psychological Association
1535:
1511:, use of which appears to promote
1344:culture, or studying as a student.
879:
613:may incorporate elements of both.
545:Classification of mental disorders
538:
474:
386:Nervous breakdown (disambiguation)
25:
15774:
15154:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
13916:
13320:Journal of Comparative Psychology
13247:(8): 1260–73, discussion 1274–7.
13083:Workplace Mental Health Promotion
12835:The British Journal of Psychiatry
12440:American Journal of Public Health
12202:American Journal of Public Health
12153:American Journal of Public Health
12136:from the original on 8 July 2017.
11752:
11679:MedPartner Taiwan (22 May 2019).
11455:Center for Mental Health Services
11227:The Journal of Medical Humanities
10208:from the original on 29 June 2022
10177:from the original on 17 July 2022
10149:from the original on 17 July 2022
10118:from the original on 12 June 2022
10020:from the original on 14 July 2022
9670:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
8864:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.09.002
8812:from the original on 6 April 2019
7826:The British Journal of Psychiatry
7145:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
6286:from the original on 3 March 2016
6156:The British Journal of Psychiatry
5879:The British Journal of Psychiatry
5549:. 6 November 2022. Archived from
5512:. National Institutes of Health.
5438:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
5102:Center for Mental Health Services
5075:from the original on 9 March 2021
4710:from the original on 28 June 2021
4454:, University of California Press
4335:Journal of Personality Assessment
3461:Mental illness portrayed in media
2919:Cultural competence in healthcare
2464:". Others were known as "Hand of
2087:, and there may be problems with
910:
14454:X-linked intellectual disability
14042:
13417:
13390:
13173:
13071:
13000:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00322.x
12979:
12944:
12901:
12826:
12731:
12696:
12647:
12612:
12519:
12476:
12427:
12374:from the original on 3 June 2021
12355:
12343:from the original on 4 July 2022
12324:
12281:
12238:
12189:
12140:
12031:
11996:
11969:
11949:
11927:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00998.x
11903:
11881:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00824.x
11860:
11834:
11777:
11746:
11703:
11598:
11549:
11500:
11417:
11408:
11367:
11312:from the original on 25 May 2022
11294:
11261:
11218:
11183:
11134:
11099:
11046:Journal of Personality Disorders
11037:
11008:
10965:
10788:
10774:10.1046/j.1440-0979.2001.00183.x
10753:
10709:
10666:
10631:
10501:
10458:
10387:
10351:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
10342:
10320:10.1097/00131746-200105000-00004
10299:
10269:
10220:
10189:
10162:
10131:
10063:
10051:from the original on 3 July 2022
10002:
9959:
9947:from the original on 2 July 2022
9929:
9917:from the original on 2 July 2022
9899:
9869:
9839:
9812:
9796:
9761:
9728:
9639:from the original on 26 May 2019
9625:
9611:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00316.x
9590:
9546:
9493:
9442:
9393:European Neuropsychopharmacology
9377:
9355:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00327.x
9333:
9254:
9242:from the original on 5 June 2019
9201:
9148:
9107:
9081:
8937:
8886:
8843:
8824:
8794:
8780:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2006.00432.x
8759:
8716:
8697:
8622:
8522:
8487:
8411:
8354:
8310:Adversity and Resilience Science
8297:
8275:
8238:
8195:
8144:
8095:
8070:
8035:
7908:from the original on 3 June 2019
7886:
7813:
7762:
7732:
7720:from the original on 1 July 2017
7079:from the original on 1 July 2018
6708:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.3192
6460:from the original on 23 May 2022
6308:Understanding suicidal behaviour
4539:10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00555.x
4008:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
3919:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
3433:
3419:
3405:
3391:
3312:
3285:
2908:
2081:eclectic or integrative approach
2060:. There are several main types.
2003:community mental health services
1938:European Psychiatric Association
1720:
1642:Psychiatrists seek to provide a
1552:
729:
443:American Psychiatric Association
271:, using various methods such as
14283:Intermittent explosive disorder
14208:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
13497:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.005
13426:Development and Psychopathology
13253:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.09.004
13119:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.09.002
12953:The Journal of Nursing Research
12544:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.03.004
12331:Mitchell J (23 February 2018).
11978:Journal of Community Psychology
11638:Issues in Mental Health Nursing
11268:Patel K, Heginbotham C (2007).
11085:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.011
10308:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
10196:Despres, Cliff (9 March 2022).
9405:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012
7702:
7661:
7626:
7577:
7557:
7512:
7298:
7257:
7165:
7132:
7091:
7004:Development and Psychopathology
6998:Miklowitz DJ, Chang KD (2008).
6991:
6926:
6775:
6753:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.002
6732:
6683:
6651:
6602:
6507:
6378:
6337:
6280:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
6267:
6224:
6143:
6120:
6072:
5980:
5866:
5823:
5774:
5725:
5684:
5595:
5565:
5502:
5472:
5425:
5338:
5279:
5202:
5167:
5147:
4988:
4936:Development and Psychopathology
4923:
4871:Development and Psychopathology
4858:
4809:
4757:Development and Psychopathology
4744:
4722:
4691:
4573:
4514:
4484:
4464:
4444:
4388:
4266:
4218:
4142:
4024:
3866:
2836:was coined by the psychiatrist
2240:
2139:are commonly used, notably for
1844:) and outside critics (such as
1594:differences between individuals
1393:have also revealed a very high
1363:
1208:Disability-adjusted life years
582:Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
14926:Dissociative identity disorder
14191:Adult personality and behavior
13602:Paranoia: A Study in Diagnosis
12988:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
12744:Archives of General Psychiatry
12660:Archives of General Psychiatry
12399:Archives of General Psychiatry
11869:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
11605:Lynsen A (24 September 2014).
11380:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
10920:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.377
10854:Patel V, Prince M (May 2010).
10724:(8): 1212, author reply 1216.
9506:Archives of General Psychiatry
9267:Archives of General Psychiatry
9214:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
9161:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
9053:Archives of General Psychiatry
8547:10.1002/14651858.CD004408.pub5
8424:Health Promotion International
8048:. New York: Blue Rider Press.
7744:Royal College of Psychiatrists
7714:Royal College of Psychiatrists
7104:Archives of General Psychiatry
7073:Royal College of Psychiatrists
5952:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
5579:. 20 July 2020. Archived from
5176:Journal of Affective Disorders
4822:Clinical Psychological Science
4306:The Metaphor of Mental Illness
4037:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
3776:
3749:
3690:
3660:
3630:
3500:
3236:post-traumatic stress disorder
2901:Alternatively, a movement for
2504:
2247:Prevalence of mental disorders
2033:There is also a wide range of
1932:Prevention of mental disorders
1416:
1350:disability-adjusted life years
1294:are sometimes used instead of
1277:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1042:dissociative identity disorder
724:post-traumatic stress disorder
354:autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
13:
1:
13796:Radden J (20 February 2019).
13081:. Health Communication Unit.
12705:Criminal Justice and Behavior
12040:American Behavioral Scientist
11712:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
11556:Williams DR (December 2018).
11451:Office of the Surgeon General
11192:Journal of Medical Humanities
11073:Social Science & Medicine
9635:. World Health Organization.
9317:. 24 May 2013. Archived from
8962:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30401-8
8120:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.1750701
8081:. Syracuse University Press.
6886:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00051-0
6403:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30057-9
6245:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60512-6
5844:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8
5738:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
5450:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00269-0
5098:Office of the Surgeon General
4600:Katschnig H (February 2010).
3614:. 8 June 2019. Archived from
3493:
3215:Mental Illness Awareness Week
3107:Perception and discrimination
3046:Proxy consent (also known as
3038:decisions that a person does
2326:Disability-adjusted life year
2195:(between peers) may be used.
2102:
1973:Services for mental disorders
1969:Treatment of mental disorders
1962:
1925:
1744:secondary or tertiary sources
1634:" of psychiatric disability.
1261:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
1197:
1070:oppositional defiant disorder
720:obsessive–compulsive disorder
379:
283:Services for mental disorders
15648:Obstetric labor complication
15330:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
14867:Generalized anxiety disorder
14600:Neurological and symptomatic
14245:Sexual relationship disorder
14135:Resources in other libraries
13207:10.1371/journal.pone.0019855
13035:Journal of Adult Development
12910:Trauma, Violence & Abuse
12801:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120
12259:10.3109/09638237.2014.880408
11755:"Stigma hurts job prospects"
11507:Rössler W (September 2016).
10974:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
10644:Journal of Mind and Behavior
9825:Journal of Mind and Behavior
9819:Kirk SA, Kutchins H (1994).
9468:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020141
8830:Mind Disorders Encyclopedia
8216:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.10.004
7978:, Gomory T, Cohen D (2013).
7069:"Cannabis and mental health"
6102:Pilgrim D, Rogers A (2005).
6001:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2099
5787:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
5750:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c
3578:"Psychological Disabilities"
2963:personal and cultural values
2811:
2575:Europe and the United States
2062:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2020:
1711:
1637:
1598:neurodevelopmental disorders
1584:vulnerabilities, exposed by
1134:De Clerambault syndrome
704:generalized anxiety disorder
665:
346:Neurodevelopmental disorders
202:18% per year (United States)
7:
15106:REM sleep behavior disorder
14575:Seasonal affective disorder
14373:Separation anxiety disorder
13332:10.1037/0735-7036.113.4.365
12102:. The Carter Center. 2013.
12017:10.1080/0963823031000118249
10941:Vedantam S (26 June 2005).
10908:Annual Review of Psychology
10617:. Oxford University Press.
8802:"Mental Health Medications"
8508:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1385
8304:Wolicki, Sara Beth (2021).
7936:Annals of Internal Medicine
7233:10.1136/bmj.39227.616447.BE
5292:Annual Review of Psychology
4430:. Oxford University Press.
4347:10.1207/s15327752jpa7102_11
3964:10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.020
3384:
3247:
2940:Cross-cultural psychiatrist
2784:
2443:History of mental disorders
1494:
1475:Nutrition also plays a role
1378:
1331:Interpersonal relationships
939:REM sleep behavior disorder
10:
15779:
15643:Complications of pregnancy
15373:Symptoms and uncategorized
14474:developmental disabilities
14240:Sexual maturation disorder
13635:Fried Y, Agassi J (1983).
13600:Fried Y, Agassi J (1976).
12717:10.1177/009385480102800601
12633:10.1176/appi.ps.52.10.1358
11393:10.1177/070674370705200609
11058:10.1521/pedi.2006.20.2.184
11015:Bhugra D, Munro A (1997).
10479:10.1521/psyc.2010.73.2.158
9227:10.1177/070674370404900208
9174:10.1177/070674370605100206
8322:10.1007/s42844-021-00037-7
7687:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.581
7427:Clinical Psychology Review
5965:10.1177/070674370505001403
5226:Cambridge University Press
4930:Gizer IR (November 2016).
4472:Models for Mental Disorder
4050:10.1177/070674371305801202
4031:Stein DJ (December 2013).
3801:10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.001
3450:50 Signs of Mental Illness
3316:
3289:
3193:In the United States, the
3178:
3123:Mentalism (discrimination)
3112:
3004:
2995:cross cultural sensitivity
2928:approach, critics such as
2912:
2883:consumer/survivor movement
2863:The Myth of Mental Illness
2806:religion and schizophrenia
2788:
2663:consumer/survivor movement
2440:
2436:
2244:
2169:
2028:
1977:Mental health professional
1966:
1929:
1901:used in diagnosis should:
1588:in life (for example in a
1423:Brain health and pollution
1420:
1382:
1370:Causes of mental disorders
1367:
1325:activities of daily living
914:
883:
809:
767:
733:
683:
669:
542:
383:
257:mental health professional
249:causes of mental disorders
29:
15707:
15689:Connective tissue disease
15674:
15661:
15638:
15610:
15592:
15579:
15561:
15538:
15525:
15512:
15484:
15466:
15448:
15378:
15367:
15343:
15335:Simple-type schizophrenia
15312:
15304:Schizophreniform disorder
15281:
15260:
15256:
15235:
15188:
15170:
15139:
15116:
15070:
15037:
15033:
15022:
14944:
14911:
14859:
14802:
14793:
14774:
14770:
14749:
14715:
14682:Mild cognitive impairment
14667:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
14647:
14609:
14605:
14594:
14565:Major depressive disorder
14518:
14504:
14470:Psychological development
14469:
14444:
14341:
14337:
14324:
14253:
14200:
14196:
14185:
14130:Resources in your library
13924:
13799:Mental Disorder (Illness)
13610:10.1007/978-94-010-1506-6
13438:10.1017/S0954579401003029
13047:10.1007/s10804-009-9082-y
12757:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.393
12672:10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.911
12302:10.1017/S1121189X00002669
11962:12 September 2005 at the
11650:10.1080/01612840500280638
11463:"A Vision for the Future"
11239:10.1007/s10912-005-7698-x
10986:10.3109/10673229709030563
10730:10.1176/appi.ps.57.8.1212
10564:10.1007/s00127-009-0151-0
10522:10.1080/13674670903313722
10088:10.1176/appi.ps.202100614
9831:(1&2). Archived from
9708:Black J, Green A (1992).
9519:10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.590
9279:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
9066:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
8737:10.1017/S1121189X00001871
8710:28 September 2007 at the
8660:10.1007/s10488-005-0019-x
8597:10.1017/S0029665117002026
7602:10.1136/bmj.314.7093.1536
7565:Mental Health Assessment.
7543:10.1017/S1352465800003118
7470:Kendler KS (April 2012).
7439:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003
7353:10.1017/S0033291716001653
7016:10.1017/S0954579408000424
6580:10.1080/09540260701797837
6168:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039107
5623:10.1007/s00406-006-0699-6
5367:10.1017/S0033291706009482
5234:10.1017/S1092852916000559
5188:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.035
4948:10.1017/S0954579416000717
4883:10.1017/S0954579416000651
4769:10.1017/S0954579416000663
4521:Berrios GE (April 1999).
4167:10.1017/S0033291709992261
4090:10.1017/S0033291709992261
3878:World Health Organization
3856:World Health Organization
3762:. OUP Oxford. p. 6.
3471:Mental illness in fiction
3165:Employment discrimination
3127:
3115:Schizophrenogenic parents
3056:supported decision-making
2771:major depressive episodes
2758:There is a perception in
2499:
2227:Reasonable accommodations
2175:Electroconvulsive therapy
2083:. Much may depend on the
1692:evidence-based assessment
1675:mental status examination
1213:Major depressive disorder
1184:World Health Organization
1168:
1119:shared psychotic disorder
984:Sexual disorders include
943:chronic sleep deprivation
609:or dimensional models. A
463:precipitated by external
198:
170:
159:
145:
115:
105:
73:
57:
49:
44:
15679:Musculoskeletal disorder
15602:Gastrointestinal disease
15383:Impulse-control disorder
15299:Schizoaffective disorder
15294:Brief reactive psychosis
14991:Mass psychogenic illness
14954:Body dysmorphic disorder
14733:Post-concussion syndrome
14343:Emotional and behavioral
13772:Madness: a brief history
12922:10.1177/1524838004272464
12452:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302242
12362:Langley T (4 May 2013).
12247:Journal of Mental Health
12052:10.1177/0002764203254615
12005:Journal of Mental Health
11574:10.1177/0022146518814251
11287:10.1192/pb.bp.107.017137
11159:10.1136/bmj.322.7288.724
10687:10.1176/appi.ps.57.6.863
10363:10.1177/0022167808314174
10045:Hispanic Research Center
9133:10.1001/jama.291.21.2581
8011:10.1136/bmj.324.7342.886
7647:10.1176/appi.ps.54.5.712
6741:Progress in Neurobiology
6481:Comprehensive Psychiatry
4834:10.1177/2167702613497473
4698:Doward J (11 May 2013).
3543:Psychiatric Disabilities
3488:Psychological evaluation
3466:Mental disorders in film
3456:List of mental disorders
3175:Media and general public
2233:or specifically trained
2231:emotional support animal
2160:pharmaceutical marketing
2085:therapeutic relationship
1292:psychological disability
1245:Other drug-use disorders
1097:body dysmorphic disorder
1001:Impulse control disorder
995:
796:Schizoaffective disorder
267:, psychiatric nurse, or
212:, also referred to as a
15320:Childhood schizophrenia
14672:Frontotemporal dementia
14629:High-functioning autism
14446:Intellectual disability
14107:30 October 2008 at the
11681:"別再說「想太多」!一張表看懂憂鬱症身心症狀"
11525:10.15252/embr.201643041
11204:10.1023/A:1009018429802
11108:Health Sociology Review
10819:Weitz D (Spring 2002).
9980:10.1023/A:1021164602485
7740:"Introduction to HoNOS"
7563:Payne, Kattie. (2004).
6609:Insel TR (April 2009).
6493:10.1053/comp.2000.16560
6133:17 January 2013 at the
5709:10.1136/jnnp.73.2.211-c
5160:12 October 2007 at the
4649:Kato T (October 2011).
4401:www.healthdirect.gov.au
4374:8 November 2013 at the
3945:Jacka FN (March 2017).
3377:grounds and opposed on
3211:World Mental Health Day
3168:can not legally marry.
3101:mental disorder defence
2584:Insulin shock procedure
2235:psychiatric service dog
2185:in certain rare cases.
1942:UK Department of Health
1855:British Medical Journal
1604:Evolutionary psychology
966:obstructive sleep apnea
708:social anxiety disorder
690:An anxiety disorder is
595:intellectual disability
358:intellectual disability
218:mental health condition
140:substance use disorders
15758:Psychiatric assessment
15620:Female genital disease
15597:Maxillofacial disorder
15566:Cardiovascular disease
14837:Specific social phobia
14728:Organic brain syndrome
14570:Melancholic depression
14331:Childhood and learning
14038:
14018:Listen to this article
13693:Discovering Psychology
13641:. The Hague: Nijhoff.
13638:Psychiatry as Medicine
12578:Stuart H (June 2003).
12532:Annals of Epidemiology
12485:Law and Human Behavior
12214:10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1339
12165:10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1328
10143:minorityhealth.hhs.gov
8950:The Lancet. Psychiatry
8367:The Future of Children
7934:. Ideas and Opinions.
7788:10.1186/1477-7525-3-76
7341:Psychological Medicine
6874:The Lancet. Psychiatry
6834:Schizophrenia Bulletin
6453:Risks to mental health
6391:The Lancet. Psychiatry
6085:4 January 2012 at the
5486:. 2021. Archived from
5355:Psychological Medicine
5001:Psychological Bulletin
4155:Psychological Medicine
4078:Psychological Medicine
3319:Animal psychopathology
3143:
3060:shared decision-making
3013:involuntary commitment
2948:culture-bound syndrome
2915:Depression and culture
2895:carers rights movement
2842:psychiatric treatments
2829:
2821:
2791:Psychology of religion
2735:
2659:Deinstitutionalization
2620:, having emerged from
2587:
2564:
2527:
2494:medieval Islamic world
2403:
2318:
2109:psychiatric medication
1990:
1831:In 2013, psychiatrist
1731:relies excessively on
1699:developing countries.
1590:diathesis–stress model
1436:
1288:psychiatric disability
1062:Developmental disorder
1015:Substance use disorder
587:neurological disorders
536:
521:
510:
496:
303:psychiatric medication
269:clinical social worker
226:clinically significant
222:psychiatric disability
32:Mental Illness (album)
15543:Neurological disorder
15393:Psychomotor agitation
15183:and substance-related
15126:Postpartum depression
15006:Somatization disorder
14892:Acute stress reaction
14657:AIDS dementia complex
14037:
13672:Yale University Press
13411:10.1176/pn.38.12.0020
12370:. Sussex Publishers.
11759:Sydney Morning Herald
11374:Sklar R (June 2007).
11023:. Blackwell Science.
10872:10.1001/jama.2010.616
10436:10.1007/s001270200005
10014:Mental Health America
8912:10.1186/1475-2891-7-2
8607:10536/DRO/DU:30108896
8437:10.1093/heapro/dar056
8177:on 30 September 2004.
7839:10.1192/bjp.178.6.561
7584:Davies T (May 1997).
6847:10.1093/schbul/sbi060
5892:10.1192/bjp.178.6.506
5045:Psychological Science
3139:
3113:Further information:
3064:outpatient commitment
3028:involuntary treatment
2860:. Thomas Szasz wrote
2827:
2819:
2734:
2582:
2562:
2521:
2448:Ancient civilizations
2324:
2254:
2164:conflicts of interest
1995:psychiatric hospitals
1984:
1679:Psychological testing
1660:general practitioners
1573:Biological psychiatry
1567:biopsychosocial model
1477:in mental disorders.
1430:
1189:A follow-up study by
1089:somatization disorder
1034:Dissociative disorder
988:and various kinds of
947:restless leg syndrome
905:binge eating disorder
591:learning disabilities
522:
511:
497:
485:
415:(e.g., via a painful
315:involuntary detention
287:psychiatric hospitals
285:are usually based in
261:clinical psychologist
154:environmental factors
132:personality disorders
15684:Soft tissue disorder
15630:Male genital disease
15443:Major Disease groups
15388:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
15218:Substance dependence
15131:Postpartum psychosis
14677:Huntington's disease
14459:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
14308:Personality disorder
14069:More spoken articles
13877:on 12 November 2020.
13697:. Worth Publishers.
12621:Psychiatric Services
11274:Psychiatric Bulletin
11120:10.5172/hesr.13.1.54
10718:Psychiatric Services
10675:Psychiatric Services
10076:Psychiatric Services
9853:. 25 November 2016.
9568:10.4088/JCP.v65n0711
9007:(4): 413–426. 2000.
8042:Greenberg G (2013).
7635:Psychiatric Services
7570:26 June 2006 at the
7476:Molecular Psychiatry
7158:10.1192/apt.11.6.432
6138:New York City Voices
4586:11 June 2018 at the
4303:Pickering N (2006).
3345:learned helplessness
3147:socioeconomic status
3103:in some countries).
2991:institutional racism
2989:, including alleged
2926:culturally sensitive
2903:global mental health
2750:or pathologization.
1656:clinical formulation
1433:economically unequal
1385:Psychiatric genetics
1335:communication skills
1300:institutionalization
1221:Alcohol-use disorder
1107:Factitious disorders
1023:Substance dependence
869:obsessive–compulsive
812:Personality disorder
806:Personality disorder
469:mental health crisis
15748:Abnormal psychology
15712:Congenital disorder
15653:Postpartum disorder
15584:Respiratory disease
15517:Hematologic disease
15268:Delusional disorder
15213:Stimulant psychosis
15203:Physical dependence
15057:Rumination syndrome
14959:Conversion disorder
14936:Psychogenic amnesia
14786:with depressed mood
14784:Adjustment disorder
14687:Parkinson's disease
14662:Alzheimer's disease
14555:Atypical depression
14391:Social functioning
14266:Munchausen syndrome
14261:Factitious disorder
14095:29 May 2009 at the
14086:clevelandclinic.org
14082:4 July 2022 at the
13563:Atkinson J (2006).
13198:2011PLoSO...619855F
12847:10.1192/bjp.174.1.9
11363:on 25 October 2013.
10947:The Washington Post
9913:. 10 October 2021.
8837:1 July 2017 at the
8430:(Suppl 1): i10-28.
8204:European Psychiatry
7488:10.1038/mp.2011.182
5583:on 29 December 2020
4942:(4pt1): 1089–1101.
4579:Perring, C. (2005)
4470:Peter Tyrer (2013)
4450:David Healy (2013)
4397:"Nervous breakdown"
4369:"Nervous Breakdown"
4226:"Use of the Manual"
3119:Refrigerator mother
2727:Society and culture
2596:Clinical psychology
2460:, meaning "Hand of
2221:dietary supplements
2191:(professional) and
1191:Tohen and coworkers
1115:relational disorder
1093:conversion disorder
974:complex sleep apnea
970:central sleep apnea
874:adjustment disorder
792:delusional disorder
644:The high degree of
234:relapsing–remitting
136:psychotic disorders
68:clinical psychology
15738:Disability by type
15499:Metabolic disorder
15287:schizophrenia-like
14931:Dissociative fugue
14380:Movement disorders
14039:
12497:10.1037/lhb0000075
11955:Edney, RD. (2004)
11848:on 17 January 2013
11765:on 20 January 2013
10843:on 3 January 2014.
10638:Everett B (1994).
10611:Tom Burns (2006).
8380:10.1353/foc.0.0031
6239:(9783): 2093–102.
6126:Ferney, V. (2003)
5691:Trimble M (2002).
5510:"Eating Disorders"
5480:"Eating Disorders"
5267:on 18 October 2021
5013:10.1037/bul0000069
4763:(4pt1): 987–1012.
4474:, Wiley-Blackwell
4426:Shorter E (2013).
4385:, 2 November 2021.
3874:"Mental disorders"
3852:"Mental disorders"
3668:"Mental Disorders"
3306:two continua model
2830:
2822:
2736:
2692:Africa and Nigeria
2588:
2565:
2542:Nineteenth century
2528:
2514:Eighteenth century
2488:and developed the
2404:
2319:
2154:of medication and
1991:
1545:Personality traits
1437:
1410:assortative mating
1348:In terms of total
1240:14.4 million
1232:16.8 million
1224:23.7 million
1216:65.5 million
1164:Signs and symptoms
1158:Geschwind syndrome
1048:Cognitive disorder
770:Psychotic disorder
764:Psychotic disorder
640:Dimensional models
291:outpatient clinics
273:psychometric tests
238:signs and symptoms
15725:
15724:
15571:Lymphatic disease
15489:Endocrine disease
15458:Parasitic disease
15410:
15409:
15406:
15405:
15363:
15362:
15359:
15358:
15231:
15230:
15166:
15165:
15162:
15161:
15018:
15017:
15014:
15013:
14907:
14906:
14745:
14744:
14741:
14740:
14702:Vascular dementia
14624:Asperger syndrome
14590:
14589:
14500:
14499:
14496:
14495:
14434:Tourette syndrome
14320:
14319:
14316:
14315:
14116:Library resources
14035:
14013:
14012:
13907:978-1-84718-060-5
13867:978-92-4-155038-3
13791:on 18 March 2022.
13738:978-0-309-43912-1
13704:978-0-7167-5704-7
13664:Hicks JW (2005).
13648:978-90-247-2837-4
13619:978-90-277-0704-8
13576:978-1-903765-61-6
13089:on 1 August 2010.
12130:The Carter Center
11691:on 31 August 2019
11481:978-0-16-050300-9
11353:978-92-4-156282-9
10817:Republished from
10624:978-0-19-157939-4
10405:978-0-470-97029-4
10394:Clarke I (2010).
10082:(11): 1232–1238.
9746:978-1-4833-6583-1
9735:Wenzel A (2017).
9721:978-0-7141-1705-8
9685:978-0-313-29497-6
8899:Nutrition Journal
8361:Barth RP (2009).
8167:978-92-4-159215-4
8088:978-0-8156-0867-7
7896:(28 April 2012).
7347:(14): 2883–2906.
7186:10.1586/ern.11.83
6956:978-0-309-12674-8
6318:978-1-85433-290-5
6113:978-0-335-21583-6
5490:on 14 August 2021
5286:Clark LA (2007).
5128:978-0-16-050300-9
4877:(4pt1): 971–986.
4480:978-1-118-54052-7
4460:978-0-520-27576-8
4437:978-0-19-997825-0
4316:978-0-19-853087-9
3769:978-0-19-856592-5
3756:Bolton D (2008).
3427:Psychology portal
3413:Psychiatry portal
3399:Philosophy portal
3087:, sometimes used
3052:advance directive
3007:Mental health law
3001:Laws and policies
2965:in the domain of
2872:Giorgio Antonucci
2820:Giorgio Antonucci
2555:Twentieth century
2394: 4,000–4,200
2388: 3,800–4,000
2382: 3,600–3,800
2376: 3,400–3,600
2370: 3,200–3,400
2364: 3,000–3,200
2358: 2,800–3,000
2352: 2,600–2,800
2346: 2,400–2,600
2340: 2,200–2,400
2219:). Some advocate
2213:supported housing
2162:and professional
2007:recovery approach
1860:disease mongering
1818:Since the 1980s,
1816:
1815:
1808:
1790:
1644:medical diagnosis
1608:attachment theory
1284:
1283:
1280:3.5 million
1272:3.6 million
1264:5.1 million
1256:7.0 million
1248:8.4 million
980:Sexuality related
611:spectrum approach
255:or assessed by a
206:
205:
120:Anxiety disorders
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
15770:
15743:Mental disorders
15615:Urologic disease
15437:
15430:
15423:
15414:
15413:
15369:
15368:
15258:
15257:
15237:
15236:
15172:
15171:
15047:Anorexia nervosa
15035:
15034:
15024:
15023:
15001:Psychogenic pain
14969:Globus pharyngis
14817:Childhood phobia
14800:
14799:
14772:
14771:
14751:
14750:
14607:
14606:
14596:
14595:
14506:
14505:
14405:Selective mutism
14356:Conduct disorder
14339:
14338:
14326:
14325:
14303:Trichotillomania
14278:Gender dysphoria
14273:Fear of intimacy
14230:Sexual anhedonia
14198:
14197:
14187:
14186:
14174:Mental disorders
14167:
14160:
14153:
14144:
14143:
14059:
14057:
14046:
14045:
14036:
14026:
14024:
14019:
13922:
13921:
13911:
13892:
13886:
13878:
13876:
13870:. Archived from
13859:
13847:
13823:
13822:on 4 April 2022.
13818:. Archived from
13792:
13790:
13785:. Archived from
13762:
13760:
13758:
13730:
13708:
13696:
13685:
13660:
13631:
13596:
13549:
13548:
13480:
13474:
13473:
13421:
13415:
13414:
13399:Psychiatric News
13394:
13388:
13387:
13385:
13383:
13311:
13305:
13304:
13236:
13230:
13229:
13219:
13209:
13177:
13171:
13170:
13102:
13091:
13090:
13075:
13069:
13068:
13058:
13026:
13020:
13019:
12983:
12977:
12976:
12948:
12942:
12941:
12905:
12899:
12898:
12830:
12824:
12823:
12813:
12803:
12779:
12770:
12769:
12759:
12735:
12729:
12728:
12700:
12694:
12693:
12683:
12651:
12645:
12644:
12616:
12610:
12609:
12599:
12584:World Psychiatry
12575:
12566:
12565:
12555:
12523:
12517:
12516:
12480:
12474:
12473:
12463:
12431:
12425:
12424:
12414:
12390:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12379:
12368:Psychology Today
12359:
12353:
12352:
12350:
12348:
12328:
12322:
12321:
12285:
12279:
12278:
12242:
12236:
12235:
12225:
12208:(9): 1339–1345.
12193:
12187:
12186:
12176:
12159:(9): 1328–1333.
12144:
12138:
12137:
12132:. 19 July 2016.
12122:
12116:
12115:
12113:
12111:
12096:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12070:
12064:
12063:
12046:(12): 1594–600.
12035:
12029:
12028:
12000:
11994:
11993:
11973:
11967:
11953:
11947:
11946:
11907:
11901:
11900:
11864:
11858:
11857:
11855:
11853:
11838:
11832:
11831:
11829:
11827:
11789:
11781:
11775:
11774:
11772:
11770:
11761:. Archived from
11750:
11744:
11743:
11707:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11696:
11676:
11670:
11669:
11633:
11627:
11626:
11624:
11622:
11602:
11596:
11595:
11585:
11553:
11547:
11546:
11536:
11519:(9): 1250–1253.
11504:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11467:
11447:
11441:
11440:
11438:
11436:
11421:
11415:
11412:
11406:
11405:
11395:
11371:
11365:
11364:
11362:
11356:. Archived from
11345:
11335:
11322:
11321:
11319:
11317:
11306:store.samhsa.gov
11298:
11292:
11291:
11289:
11265:
11259:
11258:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11187:
11181:
11180:
11170:
11138:
11132:
11131:
11103:
11097:
11096:
11068:
11062:
11061:
11041:
11035:
11034:
11022:
11012:
11006:
11005:
10969:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10938:
10932:
10931:
10903:
10894:
10893:
10883:
10851:
10845:
10844:
10839:. Archived from
10816:
10795:Weitz D (2003).
10792:
10786:
10785:
10757:
10751:
10748:
10742:
10741:
10713:
10707:
10706:
10670:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10635:
10629:
10628:
10608:
10599:
10598:
10596:
10594:
10588:
10558:(11): 1095–103.
10549:
10540:
10534:
10533:
10505:
10499:
10498:
10462:
10456:
10455:
10419:
10410:
10409:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10374:
10346:
10340:
10339:
10303:
10297:
10296:
10294:
10292:
10273:
10267:
10266:
10256:
10245:10.1037/h0099844
10224:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10193:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10169:Pattani, Aneri.
10166:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10154:
10135:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10123:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10056:
10036:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10006:
10000:
9999:
9963:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9933:
9927:
9926:
9924:
9922:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9892:
9883:. 12 June 2019.
9873:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9843:
9837:
9836:
9835:on 7 March 2008.
9816:
9810:
9800:
9794:
9793:
9765:
9759:
9758:
9732:
9726:
9725:
9705:
9690:
9689:
9673:
9660:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9550:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9521:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9480:
9470:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9430:on 9 August 2017
9429:
9423:. Archived from
9390:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9290:
9258:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9247:
9229:
9205:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9176:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9135:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9085:
9079:
9078:
9068:
9044:
9035:
9034:
9024:
8993:
8984:
8983:
8973:
8956:(12): 995–1010.
8941:
8935:
8934:
8924:
8914:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8847:
8841:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8763:
8757:
8756:
8720:
8714:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8685:on 3 August 2020
8684:
8678:. Archived from
8653:
8635:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8609:
8599:
8575:
8569:
8568:
8558:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8456:
8450:
8449:
8439:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8382:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8333:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8293:on 4 April 2015.
8279:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8265:
8251:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8186:
8178:
8176:
8170:. Archived from
8159:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8131:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8077:Szasz T (2007).
8074:
8068:
8067:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8022:
8005:(7342): 886–91.
7990:
7984:
7983:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7951:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7841:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7800:
7790:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7746:. Archived from
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7710:"What is HoNOS?"
7706:
7700:
7699:
7689:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7630:
7624:
7623:
7613:
7596:(7093): 1536–9.
7581:
7575:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7536:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7499:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7450:
7418:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7312:. Archived from
7302:
7296:
7295:
7285:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7244:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7119:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7065:
7054:
7053:
7043:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6869:
6860:
6859:
6849:
6825:
6816:
6815:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6719:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6638:
6627:10.1172/jci38832
6606:
6600:
6599:
6563:
6554:
6553:
6543:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6448:
6433:
6432:
6414:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6365:
6350:World Psychiatry
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6211:
6147:
6141:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6099:
6090:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6027:
6021:
6020:
5995:(12): 2099–107.
5984:
5978:
5977:
5967:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5894:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5838:(9690): 635–45.
5827:
5821:
5820:
5810:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5761:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5608:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5539:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5413:on 13 March 2023
5409:. Archived from
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5260:. Archived from
5215:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5171:
5165:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5114:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5059:
5048:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5024:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4975:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4655:World Psychiatry
4646:
4640:
4639:
4629:
4606:World Psychiatry
4597:
4591:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4488:
4482:
4468:
4462:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4392:
4386:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4202:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4125:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4028:
4022:
4021:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3858:. 22 June 2022.
3848:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3789:Behavior Therapy
3780:
3774:
3773:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3504:
3483:Parity of esteem
3443:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3364:behavior therapy
3360:social isolation
3352:anthropomorphism
3097:insanity defense
3032:informed consent
2887:Patient advocacy
2857:The Divided Self
2698:spiritual attack
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2125:Mood stabilizers
2070:Systemic therapy
2035:psychotherapists
1867:the Book of Woe"
1811:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1748:
1724:
1716:
1461:traumatic events
1308:social exclusion
1269:Primary insomnia
1237:Bipolar disorder
1202:
1201:
1154:Couvade syndrome
1138:Othello syndrome
1130:Capgras syndrome
1074:conduct disorder
901:exercise bulimia
893:anorexia nervosa
861:anxious-avoidant
780:thought disorder
750:Bipolar disorder
742:major depression
686:Anxiety disorder
680:Anxiety disorder
534:
519:
508:
494:
429:deviant behavior
374:social exclusion
370:social movements
334:bipolar disorder
189:mood stabilizers
124:eating disorders
42:
41:
21:
15778:
15777:
15773:
15772:
15771:
15769:
15768:
15767:
15753:Psychopathology
15728:
15727:
15726:
15721:
15703:
15670:
15657:
15634:
15606:
15588:
15575:
15557:
15534:
15530:Mental disorder
15521:
15508:
15504:Immune disorder
15480:
15462:
15444:
15441:
15411:
15402:
15374:
15355:
15339:
15308:
15286:
15277:
15252:
15227:
15184:
15181:substance abuse
15158:
15135:
15112:
15066:
15052:Bulimia nervosa
15029:
15010:
14986:Hypochondriasis
14981:False pregnancy
14964:Ganser syndrome
14946:Somatic symptom
14940:
14903:
14855:
14844:Specific phobia
14789:
14766:
14737:
14711:
14643:
14639:Savant syndrome
14611:Autism spectrum
14601:
14586:
14514:
14492:
14471:
14465:
14440:
14333:
14312:
14288:Dermatillomania
14249:
14235:Sexual anorexia
14192:
14181:
14171:
14141:
14140:
14139:
14124:
14123:
14119:
14109:Wayback Machine
14097:Wayback Machine
14084:Wayback Machine
14073:
14072:
14061:
14055:
14053:
14050:This audio file
14047:
14040:
14031:
14028:
14022:
14021:
14017:
14014:
14009:
14008:
13933:
13919:
13914:
13908:
13880:
13879:
13874:
13868:
13857:
13844:
13783:
13756:
13754:
13739:
13705:
13682:
13649:
13620:
13577:
13558:
13556:Further reading
13553:
13552:
13491:(4–5): 503–13.
13481:
13477:
13422:
13418:
13395:
13391:
13381:
13379:
13312:
13308:
13237:
13233:
13178:
13174:
13103:
13094:
13077:
13076:
13072:
13027:
13023:
12984:
12980:
12949:
12945:
12906:
12902:
12831:
12827:
12794:(8): e1000120.
12780:
12773:
12736:
12732:
12701:
12697:
12652:
12648:
12627:(10): 1358–66.
12617:
12613:
12576:
12569:
12524:
12520:
12481:
12477:
12432:
12428:
12391:
12387:
12377:
12375:
12360:
12356:
12346:
12344:
12329:
12325:
12286:
12282:
12243:
12239:
12194:
12190:
12145:
12141:
12124:
12123:
12119:
12109:
12107:
12098:
12097:
12093:
12083:
12081:
12072:
12071:
12067:
12036:
12032:
12001:
11997:
11974:
11970:
11964:Wayback Machine
11954:
11950:
11908:
11904:
11865:
11861:
11851:
11849:
11840:
11839:
11835:
11825:
11823:
11782:
11778:
11768:
11766:
11751:
11747:
11708:
11704:
11694:
11692:
11677:
11673:
11644:(10): 979–999.
11634:
11630:
11620:
11618:
11603:
11599:
11554:
11550:
11505:
11501:
11491:
11489:
11482:
11465:
11448:
11444:
11434:
11432:
11423:
11422:
11418:
11413:
11409:
11372:
11368:
11360:
11354:
11343:
11337:
11336:
11325:
11315:
11313:
11300:
11299:
11295:
11266:
11262:
11223:
11219:
11188:
11184:
11153:(7288): 724–7.
11139:
11135:
11104:
11100:
11069:
11065:
11042:
11038:
11031:
11013:
11009:
10970:
10966:
10956:
10954:
10939:
10935:
10904:
10897:
10852:
10848:
10793:
10789:
10758:
10754:
10749:
10745:
10714:
10710:
10671:
10667:
10657:
10655:
10636:
10632:
10625:
10609:
10602:
10592:
10590:
10586:
10547:
10541:
10537:
10506:
10502:
10463:
10459:
10420:
10413:
10406:
10392:
10388:
10347:
10343:
10304:
10300:
10290:
10288:
10281:www.rutgers.edu
10275:
10274:
10270:
10225:
10221:
10211:
10209:
10194:
10190:
10180:
10178:
10167:
10163:
10152:
10150:
10137:
10136:
10132:
10121:
10119:
10068:
10064:
10054:
10052:
10037:
10033:
10023:
10021:
10008:
10007:
10003:
9964:
9960:
9950:
9948:
9943:. 25 May 2021.
9935:
9934:
9930:
9920:
9918:
9905:
9904:
9900:
9890:
9888:
9875:
9874:
9870:
9860:
9858:
9845:
9844:
9840:
9817:
9813:
9801:
9797:
9766:
9762:
9747:
9733:
9729:
9722:
9706:
9693:
9686:
9661:
9652:
9642:
9640:
9631:
9630:
9626:
9595:
9591:
9551:
9547:
9537:
9535:
9498:
9494:
9447:
9443:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9388:
9382:
9378:
9338:
9334:
9324:
9322:
9309:
9308:
9304:
9259:
9255:
9245:
9243:
9206:
9202:
9192:
9190:
9153:
9149:
9126:(21): 2581–90.
9112:
9108:
9098:
9096:
9087:
9086:
9082:
9045:
9038:
8995:
8994:
8987:
8942:
8938:
8891:
8887:
8848:
8844:
8839:Wayback Machine
8829:
8825:
8815:
8813:
8800:
8799:
8795:
8764:
8760:
8721:
8717:
8712:Wayback Machine
8702:
8698:
8688:
8686:
8682:
8651:10.1.1.476.1948
8633:
8627:
8623:
8576:
8572:
8541:(6): CD004408.
8527:
8523:
8492:
8488:
8457:
8453:
8416:
8412:
8359:
8355:
8302:
8298:
8281:
8280:
8276:
8263:
8261:
8249:
8243:
8239:
8200:
8196:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8157:
8149:
8145:
8100:
8096:
8089:
8075:
8071:
8056:
8040:
8036:
7991:
7987:
7973:
7969:
7930:(August 2013).
7925:
7921:
7911:
7909:
7902:Washington Post
7891:
7887:
7818:
7814:
7767:
7763:
7753:
7751:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7666:
7662:
7631:
7627:
7582:
7578:
7572:Wayback Machine
7562:
7558:
7534:10.1.1.500.5290
7517:
7513:
7468:
7464:
7419:
7412:
7402:
7400:
7333:
7329:
7319:
7317:
7316:on 16 July 2022
7304:
7303:
7299:
7262:
7258:
7217:"Schizophrenia"
7213:
7209:
7170:
7166:
7137:
7133:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7080:
7067:
7066:
7057:
6996:
6992:
6982:
6980:
6957:
6931:
6927:
6917:
6915:
6914:on 5 April 2013
6906:
6905:
6901:
6870:
6863:
6826:
6819:
6796:10.2307/2137220
6780:
6776:
6737:
6733:
6696:JAMA Psychiatry
6688:
6684:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6607:
6603:
6564:
6557:
6512:
6508:
6477:
6473:
6463:
6461:
6450:
6449:
6436:
6383:
6379:
6342:
6338:
6328:
6326:
6319:
6303:
6299:
6289:
6287:
6272:
6268:
6229:
6225:
6148:
6144:
6135:Wayback Machine
6125:
6121:
6114:
6100:
6093:
6087:Wayback Machine
6077:
6073:
6048:10.1038/475027a
6042:(7354): 27–30.
6028:
6024:
5985:
5981:
5958:(14): 892–900.
5944:
5940:
5871:
5867:
5828:
5824:
5799:10.1038/nrn2513
5779:
5775:
5730:
5726:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5541:
5540:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5414:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5218:C N S Spectrums
5213:
5207:
5203:
5172:
5168:
5162:Wayback Machine
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5129:
5112:
5095:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5071:. 1 July 2005.
5061:
5060:
5051:
5042:
5038:
4993:
4989:
4928:
4924:
4863:
4859:
4814:
4810:
4749:
4745:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4696:
4692:
4647:
4643:
4598:
4594:
4588:Wayback Machine
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4393:
4389:
4376:Wayback Machine
4366:
4362:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4147:
4143:
4070:
4066:
4029:
4025:
4018:
3994:
3990:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3850:
3849:
3834:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3715:10.2307/2676305
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3648:on 7 April 2017
3636:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3588:on 30 June 2022
3576:
3575:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3341:self-mutilation
3324:Psychopathology
3321:
3315:
3294:
3288:
3250:
3206:Rosalynn Carter
3183:
3177:
3157:, or a lack of
3130:
3125:
3109:
3009:
3003:
2987:minority groups
2943:Arthur Kleinman
2921:
2911:
2834:anti-psychiatry
2814:
2793:
2787:
2756:
2729:
2722:pharmacotherapy
2694:
2671:Benzodiazepines
2577:
2557:
2544:
2536:moral treatment
2516:
2507:
2502:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2402:
2401:
2400: >4,200
2397:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334: <2,200
2331:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2197:Psychoeducation
2172:
2152:adverse effects
2113:Antidepressants
2105:
2093:confidentiality
2031:
2023:
1979:
1967:Main articles:
1965:
1934:
1928:
1883:
1812:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1737:primary sources
1725:
1714:
1640:
1624:systemic-family
1555:
1547:
1538:
1536:Chronic disease
1497:
1425:
1419:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1296:mental disorder
1200:
1171:
1166:
1146:Cotard delusion
1142:Ganser syndrome
1066:autism spectrum
1027:substance abuse
998:
982:
959:polysomnography
919:
913:
897:bulimia nervosa
888:
886:Eating disorder
882:
880:Eating disorder
814:
808:
772:
766:
738:
732:
688:
682:
674:
668:
642:
547:
541:
539:Classifications
535:
528:
520:
517:
509:
503:
495:
492:
477:
475:Nervous illness
436:mental disorder
389:
382:
210:mental disorder
177:Antidepressants
166:and medications
45:Mental disorder
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15776:
15766:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15723:
15722:
15720:
15719:
15714:
15708:
15705:
15704:
15702:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15681:
15675:
15672:
15671:
15669:
15668:
15662:
15659:
15658:
15656:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15639:
15636:
15635:
15633:
15632:
15627:
15625:Breast disease
15622:
15617:
15611:
15608:
15607:
15605:
15604:
15599:
15593:
15590:
15589:
15587:
15586:
15580:
15577:
15576:
15574:
15573:
15568:
15562:
15559:
15558:
15556:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15539:
15536:
15535:
15533:
15532:
15526:
15523:
15522:
15520:
15519:
15513:
15510:
15509:
15507:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15491:
15485:
15482:
15481:
15479:
15478:
15473:
15467:
15464:
15463:
15461:
15460:
15455:
15449:
15446:
15445:
15440:
15439:
15432:
15425:
15417:
15408:
15407:
15404:
15403:
15401:
15400:
15395:
15390:
15385:
15379:
15376:
15375:
15365:
15364:
15361:
15360:
15357:
15356:
15354:
15353:
15347:
15345:
15341:
15340:
15338:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15316:
15314:
15310:
15309:
15307:
15306:
15301:
15296:
15290:
15288:
15279:
15278:
15276:
15275:
15270:
15264:
15262:
15254:
15253:
15233:
15232:
15229:
15228:
15226:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15210:
15208:Rebound effect
15205:
15200:
15195:
15189:
15186:
15185:
15168:
15167:
15164:
15163:
15160:
15159:
15157:
15156:
15151:
15149:Hypersexuality
15145:
15143:
15137:
15136:
15134:
15133:
15128:
15122:
15120:
15114:
15113:
15111:
15110:
15109:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15088:
15083:
15077:
15075:
15068:
15067:
15065:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15043:
15041:
15031:
15030:
15020:
15019:
15016:
15015:
15012:
15011:
15009:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14977:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14956:
14950:
14948:
14942:
14941:
14939:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14917:
14915:
14909:
14908:
14905:
14904:
14902:
14901:
14900:
14899:
14894:
14884:
14882:Panic disorder
14879:
14874:
14869:
14863:
14861:
14857:
14856:
14854:
14853:
14852:
14851:
14849:Claustrophobia
14841:
14840:
14839:
14834:
14832:Anthropophobia
14824:
14822:Social anxiety
14819:
14814:
14808:
14806:
14797:
14791:
14790:
14788:
14787:
14780:
14778:
14768:
14767:
14747:
14746:
14743:
14742:
14739:
14738:
14736:
14735:
14730:
14725:
14719:
14717:
14713:
14712:
14710:
14709:
14704:
14699:
14694:
14692:Pick's disease
14689:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14664:
14659:
14653:
14651:
14645:
14644:
14642:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14615:
14613:
14603:
14602:
14592:
14591:
14588:
14587:
14585:
14584:
14579:
14578:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14557:
14547:
14546:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14519:
14516:
14515:
14502:
14501:
14498:
14497:
14494:
14493:
14491:
14490:
14485:
14479:
14477:
14467:
14466:
14464:
14463:
14462:
14461:
14450:
14448:
14442:
14441:
14439:
14438:
14437:
14436:
14426:
14425:
14424:
14419:
14409:
14408:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14389:
14388:
14387:
14377:
14376:
14375:
14365:
14364:
14363:
14353:
14347:
14345:
14335:
14334:
14322:
14321:
14318:
14317:
14314:
14313:
14311:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14269:
14268:
14257:
14255:
14251:
14250:
14248:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14227:
14226:
14225:
14220:
14210:
14204:
14202:
14194:
14193:
14183:
14182:
14178:Classification
14170:
14169:
14162:
14155:
14147:
14138:
14137:
14132:
14126:
14125:
14121:Mental illness
14114:
14113:
14112:
14111:
14099:
14087:
14062:
14048:
14041:
14029:
14016:
14015:
14011:
14010:
14007:
14006:
13995:
13984:
13965:
13950:
13934:
13929:
13928:
13926:
13925:Classification
13918:
13917:External links
13915:
13913:
13912:
13906:
13893:
13866:
13848:
13842:
13827:
13793:
13781:
13763:
13737:
13728:10.17226/23442
13709:
13703:
13686:
13680:
13661:
13647:
13632:
13618:
13597:
13575:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13551:
13550:
13475:
13416:
13389:
13306:
13231:
13172:
13113:(8): 1246–59.
13092:
13070:
13041:(2): 110–119.
13021:
12978:
12943:
12900:
12825:
12771:
12750:(5): 393–401.
12730:
12695:
12646:
12611:
12567:
12518:
12475:
12426:
12385:
12354:
12323:
12280:
12237:
12188:
12139:
12117:
12091:
12065:
12030:
11995:
11984:(3): 289–302.
11968:
11948:
11921:(5): 697–700.
11902:
11859:
11833:
11776:
11745:
11702:
11671:
11628:
11611:www.samhsa.gov
11597:
11568:(4): 466–485.
11548:
11499:
11480:
11442:
11416:
11407:
11366:
11352:
11323:
11293:
11280:(10): 367–68.
11260:
11217:
11182:
11133:
11098:
11079:(7): 1625–35.
11063:
11036:
11029:
11007:
10964:
10933:
10914:(1): 377–404.
10895:
10866:(19): 1976–7.
10846:
10787:
10752:
10743:
10708:
10665:
10650:(1–2): 55–70.
10630:
10623:
10600:
10535:
10500:
10457:
10411:
10404:
10386:
10341:
10298:
10268:
10239:(4): 353–363.
10219:
10188:
10161:
10130:
10062:
10031:
10001:
9958:
9928:
9898:
9868:
9851:Africa Renewal
9838:
9811:
9795:
9760:
9745:
9727:
9720:
9691:
9684:
9664:Nemet-Nejat KR
9650:
9624:
9589:
9545:
9492:
9441:
9376:
9332:
9321:on 24 May 2013
9302:
9253:
9200:
9147:
9106:
9080:
9059:(6): 593–602.
9036:
8985:
8936:
8885:
8842:
8823:
8793:
8758:
8715:
8696:
8621:
8590:(4): 427–436.
8570:
8521:
8502:(8): 1385–91.
8486:
8451:
8410:
8353:
8316:(2): 125–139.
8296:
8274:
8260:on 6 July 2012
8237:
8194:
8166:
8143:
8114:(9): 915–916.
8094:
8087:
8069:
8055:978-0399158537
8054:
8034:
7985:
7967:
7919:
7885:
7812:
7761:
7750:on 1 July 2017
7731:
7701:
7660:
7625:
7576:
7556:
7511:
7462:
7433:(5): 686–697.
7410:
7327:
7297:
7256:
7227:(7610): 91–5.
7207:
7180:(8): 1185–95.
7164:
7131:
7090:
7055:
6990:
6955:
6947:10.17226/12480
6925:
6899:
6861:
6817:
6774:
6747:(4): 197–217.
6731:
6682:
6650:
6601:
6555:
6506:
6471:
6434:
6397:(7): 591–604.
6377:
6336:
6317:
6297:
6266:
6223:
6142:
6119:
6112:
6091:
6071:
6022:
5979:
5938:
5865:
5822:
5793:(12): 947–57.
5773:
5724:
5683:
5594:
5564:
5553:on 16 May 2022
5531:
5520:on 7 June 2022
5501:
5471:
5444:(3): 129–136.
5424:
5337:
5278:
5201:
5166:
5146:
5127:
5086:
5049:
5036:
5007:(2): 142–186.
4987:
4922:
4857:
4828:(2): 119–137.
4808:
4743:
4740:on 7 May 2013.
4721:
4690:
4641:
4592:
4581:Mental Illness
4572:
4513:
4483:
4463:
4443:
4436:
4418:
4387:
4360:
4322:
4315:
4295:
4265:
4246:
4217:
4141:
4064:
4043:(12): 656–62.
4023:
4016:
3988:
3934:
3927:
3895:
3865:
3832:
3795:(4): 576–587.
3775:
3768:
3748:
3709:(2): 188–207.
3689:
3659:
3629:
3599:
3566:
3529:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3441:Society portal
3430:
3416:
3402:
3386:
3383:
3339:of movements,
3317:Main article:
3314:
3311:
3302:classification
3290:Main article:
3287:
3284:
3249:
3246:
3179:Main article:
3176:
3173:
3129:
3126:
3108:
3105:
3017:medical ethics
3002:
2999:
2910:
2907:
2813:
2810:
2786:
2783:
2760:Latin American
2755:
2752:
2748:medicalization
2728:
2725:
2693:
2690:
2644:Erving Goffman
2640:mental illness
2636:chlorpromazine
2592:mental hygiene
2576:
2573:
2556:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2470:hallucinations
2449:
2446:
2441:Main article:
2438:
2435:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2245:Main article:
2242:
2239:
2171:
2168:
2129:Antipsychotics
2104:
2101:
2066:Psychoanalysis
2039:family therapy
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2001:or a range of
1987:rehabilitation
1964:
1961:
1930:Main article:
1927:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1882:
1879:
1850:Robert Spitzer
1846:Stuart A. Kirk
1814:
1813:
1728:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1639:
1636:
1612:Psychoanalytic
1554:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1496:
1493:
1421:Main article:
1418:
1415:
1383:Main article:
1380:
1377:
1368:Main article:
1365:
1362:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1328:
1304:discrimination
1282:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:Panic disorder
1250:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1150:Ekbom syndrome
1007:(stealing) or
997:
994:
981:
978:
917:Sleep disorder
915:Main article:
912:
911:Sleep disorder
909:
884:Main article:
881:
878:
810:Main article:
807:
804:
784:hallucinations
768:Main article:
765:
762:
734:Main article:
731:
728:
712:panic disorder
684:Main article:
681:
678:
667:
664:
641:
638:
570:
569:
561:
556:, part of the
543:Main article:
540:
537:
526:
515:
501:
490:
476:
473:
381:
378:
366:discrimination
230:social context
214:mental illness
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
181:antipsychotics
174:
168:
167:
161:
157:
156:
147:
143:
142:
128:mood disorders
117:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
77:
71:
70:
61:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
18:Mental illness
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15775:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15739:
15736:
15735:
15733:
15718:
15717:Fetal disease
15715:
15713:
15710:
15709:
15706:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15676:
15673:
15667:
15664:
15663:
15660:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15640:
15637:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15612:
15609:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15594:
15591:
15585:
15582:
15581:
15578:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15563:
15560:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15540:
15537:
15531:
15528:
15527:
15524:
15518:
15515:
15514:
15511:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15486:
15483:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15468:
15465:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15450:
15447:
15438:
15433:
15431:
15426:
15424:
15419:
15418:
15415:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15384:
15381:
15380:
15377:
15370:
15366:
15352:
15349:
15348:
15346:
15342:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15317:
15315:
15313:Schizophrenia
15311:
15305:
15302:
15300:
15297:
15295:
15292:
15291:
15289:
15284:
15280:
15274:
15271:
15269:
15266:
15265:
15263:
15259:
15255:
15251:
15247:
15243:
15242:Schizophrenia
15238:
15234:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15193:Drug overdose
15191:
15190:
15187:
15182:
15178:
15173:
15169:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15146:
15144:
15142:
15141:Sexual desire
15138:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15123:
15121:
15119:
15115:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15093:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15078:
15076:
15074:
15069:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15044:
15042:
15040:
15036:
15032:
15025:
15021:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14961:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14951:
14949:
14947:
14943:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14918:
14916:
14914:
14910:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14889:
14888:
14885:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14864:
14862:
14858:
14850:
14847:
14846:
14845:
14842:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14829:
14828:
14827:Social phobia
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14809:
14807:
14805:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14792:
14785:
14782:
14781:
14779:
14777:
14773:
14769:
14765:
14762:-related and
14761:
14757:
14752:
14748:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14720:
14718:
14714:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14654:
14652:
14650:
14646:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14616:
14614:
14612:
14608:
14604:
14597:
14593:
14583:
14580:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14552:
14551:
14548:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14525:
14524:
14521:
14520:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14503:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14468:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14452:
14451:
14449:
14447:
14443:
14435:
14432:
14431:
14430:
14427:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14414:
14413:
14410:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14392:
14390:
14386:
14383:
14382:
14381:
14378:
14374:
14371:
14370:
14369:
14366:
14362:
14359:
14358:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14348:
14346:
14344:
14340:
14336:
14332:
14327:
14323:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14267:
14264:
14263:
14262:
14259:
14258:
14256:
14252:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14215:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14205:
14203:
14199:
14195:
14188:
14184:
14179:
14175:
14168:
14163:
14161:
14156:
14154:
14149:
14148:
14145:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14110:
14106:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14094:
14091:
14088:
14085:
14081:
14078:
14075:
14074:
14070:
14066:
14051:
14005:
14001:
14000:
13996:
13994:
13990:
13989:
13985:
13983:
13979:
13975:
13974:
13970:
13966:
13964:
13960:
13959:
13955:
13951:
13949:
13945:
13944:
13940:
13936:
13935:
13932:
13927:
13923:
13909:
13903:
13899:
13894:
13890:
13884:
13873:
13869:
13863:
13856:
13855:
13849:
13845:
13839:
13835:
13834:
13828:
13826:
13821:
13817:
13813:
13809:
13805:
13801:
13800:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13782:0-19-280267-4
13778:
13774:
13773:
13768:
13764:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13740:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13720:
13719:
13714:
13710:
13706:
13700:
13695:
13694:
13687:
13683:
13681:9780300106572
13677:
13673:
13669:
13668:
13662:
13658:
13654:
13650:
13644:
13640:
13639:
13633:
13629:
13625:
13621:
13615:
13611:
13607:
13603:
13598:
13594:
13590:
13586:
13582:
13578:
13572:
13568:
13567:
13561:
13560:
13546:
13542:
13538:
13534:
13530:
13526:
13522:
13518:
13514:
13510:
13506:
13502:
13498:
13494:
13490:
13486:
13479:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13451:
13447:
13443:
13439:
13435:
13432:(3): 419–49.
13431:
13427:
13420:
13412:
13408:
13405:(12): 20–30.
13404:
13400:
13393:
13377:
13373:
13369:
13365:
13361:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13345:
13341:
13337:
13333:
13329:
13326:(4): 365–75.
13325:
13321:
13317:
13310:
13302:
13298:
13294:
13290:
13286:
13282:
13278:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13262:
13258:
13254:
13250:
13246:
13242:
13235:
13227:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13199:
13195:
13192:(6): e19855.
13191:
13187:
13183:
13176:
13168:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13132:
13128:
13124:
13120:
13116:
13112:
13108:
13101:
13099:
13097:
13088:
13084:
13080:
13074:
13066:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13025:
13017:
13013:
13009:
13005:
13001:
12997:
12993:
12989:
12982:
12974:
12970:
12966:
12962:
12959:(5): 139–51.
12958:
12954:
12947:
12939:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12915:
12911:
12904:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12884:
12880:
12876:
12872:
12868:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12852:
12848:
12844:
12840:
12836:
12829:
12821:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12793:
12789:
12788:PLOS Medicine
12785:
12778:
12776:
12767:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12749:
12745:
12741:
12734:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12711:(6): 655–94.
12710:
12706:
12699:
12691:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12673:
12669:
12666:(8): 911–21.
12665:
12661:
12657:
12650:
12642:
12638:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12622:
12615:
12607:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12589:
12585:
12581:
12574:
12572:
12563:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12545:
12541:
12538:(5): 366–76.
12537:
12533:
12529:
12522:
12514:
12510:
12506:
12502:
12498:
12494:
12491:(5): 439–49.
12490:
12486:
12479:
12471:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12445:
12441:
12437:
12430:
12422:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12405:(2): 152–61.
12404:
12400:
12396:
12389:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12358:
12342:
12339:. Australia.
12338:
12334:
12327:
12319:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12299:
12295:
12291:
12284:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12248:
12241:
12233:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12215:
12211:
12207:
12203:
12199:
12192:
12184:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12166:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12143:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12121:
12105:
12101:
12095:
12079:
12075:
12069:
12061:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12034:
12026:
12022:
12018:
12014:
12011:(3): 259–69.
12010:
12006:
11999:
11991:
11987:
11983:
11979:
11972:
11965:
11961:
11958:
11952:
11944:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11920:
11916:
11912:
11906:
11898:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11882:
11878:
11875:(5): 303–18.
11874:
11870:
11863:
11847:
11843:
11842:"Stop Stigma"
11837:
11821:
11817:
11813:
11809:
11805:
11801:
11797:
11793:
11792:The Telegraph
11788:
11780:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11749:
11741:
11737:
11733:
11729:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11706:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11675:
11667:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11632:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11601:
11593:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11563:
11559:
11552:
11544:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11510:
11503:
11487:
11483:
11477:
11473:
11472:
11464:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11446:
11430:
11426:
11420:
11411:
11403:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11370:
11359:
11355:
11349:
11342:
11341:
11334:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11297:
11288:
11283:
11279:
11275:
11271:
11264:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11240:
11236:
11233:(4): 215–35.
11232:
11228:
11221:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11186:
11178:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11137:
11129:
11125:
11121:
11117:
11113:
11109:
11102:
11094:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11067:
11059:
11055:
11052:(2): 184–85.
11051:
11047:
11040:
11032:
11030:9780865426740
11026:
11021:
11020:
11011:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10968:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10937:
10929:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10902:
10900:
10891:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10850:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10791:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10756:
10747:
10739:
10735:
10731:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10712:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10684:
10680:
10676:
10669:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10641:
10634:
10626:
10620:
10616:
10615:
10607:
10605:
10585:
10581:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10546:
10539:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10516:(3): 245–59.
10515:
10511:
10504:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10473:(2): 158–72.
10472:
10468:
10461:
10453:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10418:
10416:
10407:
10401:
10397:
10390:
10382:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10357:(4): 505–27.
10356:
10352:
10345:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10314:(3): 163–72.
10313:
10309:
10302:
10286:
10282:
10278:
10272:
10264:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10223:
10207:
10203:
10202:Salud America
10199:
10192:
10176:
10172:
10165:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10134:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10066:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10035:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10005:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9962:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9932:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9902:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9872:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9842:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9815:
9809:
9808:3-927408-82-4
9805:
9799:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9776:(4): 337–51.
9775:
9771:
9764:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9742:
9738:
9731:
9723:
9717:
9713:
9712:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9698:
9696:
9687:
9681:
9677:
9672:
9671:
9665:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9638:
9634:
9628:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9605:(1): 109–34.
9604:
9600:
9593:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9562:(7): 948–58.
9561:
9557:
9549:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9496:
9488:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9455:PLOS Medicine
9452:
9445:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9399:(4): 357–76.
9398:
9394:
9387:
9380:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9349:(420): 21–7.
9348:
9344:
9336:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9306:
9298:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9273:(6): 617–27.
9272:
9268:
9264:
9257:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9220:(2): 124–38.
9219:
9215:
9211:
9204:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9167:(2): 100–13.
9166:
9162:
9158:
9151:
9143:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9110:
9094:
9090:
9084:
9076:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9043:
9041:
9032:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8992:
8990:
8981:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8940:
8932:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8889:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8858:(3): 409–19.
8857:
8853:
8846:
8840:
8836:
8833:
8832:Psychosurgery
8827:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8797:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8774:(4): 258–65.
8773:
8769:
8762:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8719:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8700:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8644:(1): 92–103.
8643:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8617:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8574:
8566:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8525:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8490:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8447:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8414:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8373:(2): 95–118.
8372:
8368:
8364:
8357:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8300:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8278:
8271:
8259:
8255:
8248:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8198:
8190:
8184:
8173:
8169:
8163:
8156:
8155:
8147:
8139:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8098:
8090:
8084:
8080:
8073:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8051:
8047:
8046:
8038:
8030:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7989:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7889:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7816:
7808:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7765:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7735:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7664:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7629:
7621:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7580:
7573:
7569:
7566:
7560:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7527:(3): 307–10.
7526:
7522:
7515:
7507:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7482:(4): 377–88.
7481:
7477:
7473:
7466:
7458:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7415:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7331:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7293:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7260:
7252:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7211:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7168:
7159:
7154:
7151:(6): 432–39.
7150:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7094:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7051:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7010:(3): 881–97.
7009:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6929:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6866:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6824:
6822:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6790:(2): 122–37.
6789:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6702:(4): 354–61.
6701:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6667:
6660:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6574:(6): 647–54.
6573:
6569:
6562:
6560:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6526:(1): 103–14.
6525:
6521:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6487:(6): 416–25.
6486:
6482:
6475:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6340:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6301:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6162:(5): 368–75.
6161:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6123:
6115:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5885:(6): 506–17.
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5826:
5818:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5744:(4): 359–64.
5743:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5361:(7): 983–94.
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5298:(1): 227–57.
5297:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5046:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4533:(2): 145–60.
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4439:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4383:Archived copy
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4341:(2): 242–52.
4340:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4253:
4249:
4247:9780890425541
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4017:9780890425541
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3957:(17): 24–29.
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3928:9780890425541
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3618:on 2 May 2022
3617:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3389:
3382:
3380:
3379:animal rights
3376:
3372:
3371:animal models
3367:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3326:in non-human
3325:
3320:
3313:Other animals
3310:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:mental health
3293:
3292:Mental health
3286:Mental health
3283:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3203:US First Lady
3200:
3196:
3195:Carter Center
3191:
3188:
3182:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:perfectionism
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:social stigma
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3036:supreme court
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2971:postmodernist
2968:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2909:Cultural bias
2906:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2801:transpersonal
2798:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2718:psychotherapy
2713:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2622:endocrinology
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:Enlightenment
2525:
2520:
2511:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2444:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2327:
2323:
2315: 100–356
2253:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:music therapy
2198:
2194:
2193:co-counseling
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:Psychosurgery
2176:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:off-label use
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:psychotherapy
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:public health
2044:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:Peter Breggin
1834:
1833:Allen Frances
1829:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1807:
1799:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757: –
1756:
1752:
1751:Find sources:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1729:This section
1727:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:medical model
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:developmental
1578:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:Causal models
1550:
1542:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:socioeconomic
1462:
1458:
1457:social stress
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:Schizophrenia
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
993:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
877:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:schizophrenia
785:
781:
777:
771:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
737:
736:Mood disorder
730:Mood disorder
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
677:
673:
663:
661:
656:
652:
647:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:
578:
577:
567:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
551:
550:
546:
532:
525:
514:
506:
500:
489:
484:
482:
472:
470:
466:
461:
455:
453:
448:
444:
441:In 2013, the
439:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
387:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:schizophrenia
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:psychotherapy
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
242:mental health
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
173:
169:
165:
164:Psychotherapy
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
108:
107:Complications
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
15699:Chondropathy
15694:Bone disease
15666:Skin disease
15529:
15494:Malnutrition
15471:Benign tumor
15273:Folie à deux
15198:Intoxication
15179:substances,
15177:Psychoactive
15096:Night terror
14913:Dissociative
14877:Panic attack
14429:Tic disorder
14173:
14120:
13997:
13986:
13967:
13952:
13937:
13897:
13875:(Guidelines)
13872:the original
13853:
13832:
13820:the original
13798:
13788:the original
13771:
13755:. Retrieved
13717:
13692:
13665:
13637:
13601:
13565:
13488:
13484:
13478:
13429:
13425:
13419:
13402:
13398:
13392:
13380:. Retrieved
13323:
13319:
13309:
13244:
13240:
13234:
13189:
13185:
13175:
13110:
13106:
13087:the original
13082:
13073:
13038:
13034:
13024:
12991:
12987:
12981:
12956:
12952:
12946:
12916:(1): 40–54.
12913:
12909:
12903:
12838:
12834:
12828:
12791:
12787:
12747:
12743:
12733:
12708:
12704:
12698:
12663:
12659:
12649:
12624:
12620:
12614:
12590:(2): 121–4.
12587:
12583:
12535:
12531:
12521:
12488:
12484:
12478:
12446:(2): 240–9.
12443:
12439:
12429:
12402:
12398:
12388:
12376:. Retrieved
12367:
12357:
12345:. Retrieved
12336:
12326:
12296:(1): 31–37.
12293:
12289:
12283:
12253:(2): 88–93.
12250:
12246:
12240:
12205:
12201:
12191:
12156:
12152:
12142:
12129:
12120:
12108:. Retrieved
12094:
12082:. Retrieved
12068:
12043:
12039:
12033:
12008:
12004:
11998:
11981:
11977:
11971:
11951:
11918:
11914:
11905:
11872:
11868:
11862:
11850:. Retrieved
11846:the original
11836:
11824:. Retrieved
11791:
11779:
11767:. Retrieved
11763:the original
11758:
11748:
11718:(5): 522–6.
11715:
11711:
11705:
11693:. Retrieved
11689:the original
11684:
11674:
11641:
11637:
11631:
11619:. Retrieved
11610:
11600:
11565:
11561:
11551:
11516:
11513:EMBO Reports
11512:
11502:
11490:. Retrieved
11470:
11445:
11433:. Retrieved
11419:
11410:
11386:(6): 390–6.
11383:
11379:
11369:
11358:the original
11339:
11314:. Retrieved
11305:
11296:
11277:
11273:
11263:
11230:
11226:
11220:
11198:(2): 71–84.
11195:
11191:
11185:
11150:
11146:
11136:
11111:
11107:
11101:
11076:
11072:
11066:
11049:
11045:
11039:
11018:
11010:
10980:(6): 343–4.
10977:
10973:
10967:
10955:. Retrieved
10946:
10936:
10911:
10907:
10863:
10859:
10849:
10841:the original
10828:
10824:
10804:
10800:
10790:
10765:
10761:
10755:
10746:
10721:
10717:
10711:
10681:(6): 863–6.
10678:
10674:
10668:
10656:. Retrieved
10647:
10643:
10633:
10613:
10591:. Retrieved
10555:
10551:
10538:
10513:
10509:
10503:
10470:
10466:
10460:
10430:(3): 130–8.
10427:
10423:
10395:
10389:
10354:
10350:
10344:
10311:
10307:
10301:
10289:. Retrieved
10280:
10271:
10236:
10232:
10222:
10210:. Retrieved
10201:
10191:
10179:. Retrieved
10164:
10151:. Retrieved
10142:
10133:
10120:. Retrieved
10079:
10075:
10065:
10053:. Retrieved
10044:
10034:
10022:. Retrieved
10013:
10004:
9974:(3): 291–5.
9971:
9967:
9961:
9949:. Retrieved
9940:
9931:
9919:. Retrieved
9910:
9901:
9889:. Retrieved
9880:
9871:
9859:. Retrieved
9850:
9841:
9833:the original
9828:
9824:
9814:
9798:
9773:
9769:
9763:
9736:
9730:
9710:
9669:
9641:. Retrieved
9627:
9602:
9598:
9592:
9559:
9555:
9548:
9536:. Retrieved
9512:(6): 590–6.
9509:
9505:
9495:
9458:
9454:
9444:
9432:. Retrieved
9425:the original
9396:
9392:
9379:
9346:
9342:
9335:
9323:. Retrieved
9319:the original
9305:
9270:
9266:
9256:
9244:. Retrieved
9217:
9213:
9203:
9191:. Retrieved
9164:
9160:
9150:
9123:
9119:
9109:
9097:. Retrieved
9083:
9056:
9052:
9004:
9000:
8953:
8949:
8939:
8902:
8898:
8888:
8855:
8851:
8845:
8826:
8814:. Retrieved
8805:
8796:
8771:
8767:
8761:
8728:
8724:
8718:
8699:
8687:. Retrieved
8680:the original
8641:
8637:
8624:
8587:
8583:
8573:
8538:
8534:
8524:
8499:
8495:
8489:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8427:
8423:
8413:
8370:
8366:
8356:
8313:
8309:
8299:
8291:the original
8286:
8277:
8269:
8262:. Retrieved
8258:the original
8253:
8240:
8210:(2): 68–80.
8207:
8203:
8197:
8172:the original
8153:
8146:
8111:
8107:
8097:
8078:
8072:
8044:
8037:
8002:
7998:
7988:
7979:
7970:
7961:
7942:(3): 221–2.
7939:
7935:
7922:
7910:. Retrieved
7901:
7900:. Opinions.
7888:
7832:(6): 561–6.
7829:
7825:
7815:
7778:
7774:
7764:
7752:. Retrieved
7748:the original
7743:
7734:
7722:. Retrieved
7713:
7704:
7680:(4): 581–7.
7677:
7673:
7663:
7641:(5): 712–8.
7638:
7634:
7628:
7593:
7589:
7579:
7559:
7524:
7520:
7514:
7479:
7475:
7465:
7430:
7426:
7401:. Retrieved
7344:
7340:
7330:
7318:. Retrieved
7314:the original
7309:
7300:
7276:(12): 44–8.
7273:
7269:
7259:
7224:
7220:
7210:
7177:
7173:
7167:
7148:
7144:
7134:
7110:(3): 260–6.
7107:
7103:
7093:
7081:. Retrieved
7072:
7007:
7003:
6993:
6981:. Retrieved
6938:
6928:
6916:. Retrieved
6912:the original
6908:"The Report"
6902:
6880:(3): 271–4.
6877:
6873:
6840:(4): 795–9.
6837:
6833:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6699:
6695:
6685:
6673:. Retrieved
6653:
6621:(4): 700–5.
6618:
6614:
6604:
6571:
6567:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6462:. Retrieved
6452:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6356:(3): 181–5.
6353:
6349:
6339:
6327:. Retrieved
6307:
6300:
6288:. Retrieved
6279:
6269:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6137:
6122:
6103:
6074:
6039:
6035:
6025:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5882:
5878:
5868:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5703:(2): 211–c.
5700:
5696:
5686:
5674:. Retrieved
5617:(2): 120–7.
5614:
5610:
5597:
5585:. Retrieved
5581:the original
5576:
5567:
5555:. Retrieved
5551:the original
5546:
5522:. Retrieved
5518:the original
5513:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5488:the original
5483:
5474:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5415:. Retrieved
5411:the original
5358:
5354:
5340:
5328:. Retrieved
5295:
5291:
5281:
5269:. Retrieved
5262:the original
5221:
5217:
5204:
5182:(1): 45–54.
5179:
5175:
5169:
5149:
5137:. Retrieved
5117:
5079:29 September
5077:. Retrieved
5066:
5044:
5039:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4738:the original
4733:
4724:
4712:. Retrieved
4704:The Guardian
4703:
4693:
4661:(3): 198–9.
4658:
4654:
4644:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4575:
4563:. Retrieved
4530:
4526:
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4495:
4486:
4471:
4466:
4452:Pharmageddon
4451:
4446:
4427:
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4400:
4390:
4378:
4363:
4338:
4334:
4305:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4277:
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4229:
4220:
4212:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4135:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4040:
4036:
4026:
3998:
3991:
3954:
3951:eBioMedicine
3950:
3905:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3877:
3868:
3855:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3758:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3706:
3702:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3672:Medline Plus
3671:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3646:the original
3641:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3616:the original
3611:
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3586:the original
3581:
3557:. Retrieved
3520:. Retrieved
3511:
3502:
3448:
3368:
3357:
3350:The risk of
3349:
3322:
3305:
3295:
3280:
3264:
3255:
3251:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3219:
3192:
3184:
3170:
3163:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3110:
3089:colloquially
3082:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3045:
3039:
3025:
3021:
3010:
2975:
2960:
2953:
2938:
2922:
2900:
2880:
2861:
2855:
2845:and brutal.
2838:David Cooper
2831:
2828:Thomas Szasz
2794:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2744:
2737:
2714:
2706:
2702:sociological
2695:
2681:
2678:neuroscience
2676:Advances in
2675:
2657:
2648:
2626:
2613:
2610:World War II
2608:
2589:
2566:
2545:
2529:
2508:
2457:
2451:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2241:Epidemiology
2225:
2217:social firms
2187:
2183:neurologists
2173:
2145:
2106:
2074:
2055:
2051:peer support
2032:
2024:
2011:
1992:
1957:
1951:
1935:
1920:neuroimaging
1917:
1885:in 2018 the
1884:
1874:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1842:Thomas Szasz
1830:
1824:
1820:Paula Caplan
1817:
1802:
1793:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1750:
1730:
1701:
1688:
1672:
1641:
1632:social model
1602:
1571:
1556:
1548:
1539:
1525:amphetamines
1498:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1442:
1438:
1407:
1395:heritability
1391:Twin studies
1388:
1373:
1364:Risk factors
1358:
1347:
1333:. Including
1317:
1313:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1123:
1112:
1105:
1101:Neurasthenia
1086:
1060:
1046:
1032:
1013:
999:
983:
963:
951:
920:
889:
857:narcissistic
828:
825:axis II
815:
773:
739:
689:
675:
654:
643:
634:
615:
599:
580:
574:
571:
563:
553:
548:
531:Thomas Szasz
523:
512:
498:
486:
480:
478:
468:
456:
440:
435:
433:
402:
390:
323:
307:peer support
293:, or in the
281:
277:social norms
265:psychiatrist
259:, such as a
246:
221:
217:
213:
209:
207:
36:
15553:Ear disease
15548:Eye disease
15246:schizotypal
15081:Hypersomnia
15071:Nonorganic
14812:Agoraphobia
14543:Cyclothymia
14538:Bipolar NOS
14513:(affective)
14385:Stereotypic
14293:Kleptomania
12994:(2): 92–7.
12841:(1): 9–14.
11911:Coverdale J
11621:18 December
10957:4 September
10831:(1): 71–2.
10807:(1): 71–2.
10372:11244/24872
9941:Daily Trust
9461:(5): e141.
9013:10665/57240
8731:(1): 10–4.
8467:: 181–212.
8045:Book of Woe
7912:4 September
7320:21 November
5577:Mayo Clinic
5547:Mayo Clinic
5228:: 116–117.
4714:15 December
4612:(1): 21–8.
4496:icd.who.int
4379:Mayo Clinic
3612:Mayo Clinic
3276:alcohol use
3267:psychopathy
3234:(2011) and
2891:stereotypes
2795:Religious,
2633:neuroleptic
2604:shell shock
2600:World War I
2524:Salpêtrière
2505:Middle Ages
2454:Mesopotamia
2309: 71–99
2303: 54–70
2297: 40–53
2291: 32–39
2285: 25–31
2279: 16–24
2273: 10–15
2205:art therapy
2119:(including
2117:Anxiolytics
2037:(including
1696:comorbidity
1563:pluralistic
1417:Environment
1005:kleptomania
986:dyspareunia
935:sleep apnea
841:schizotypal
821:maladaptive
817:Personality
716:agoraphobia
646:comorbidity
602:dichotomous
505:David Healy
185:anxiolytics
50:Other names
15732:Categories
15398:Stereotypy
15261:Delusional
15250:delusional
15223:Withdrawal
15091:Parasomnia
14996:Nosophobia
14776:Adjustment
14764:somatoform
14697:Sundowning
14550:Depression
14533:Bipolar II
14422:Stuttering
14417:Cluttering
14213:Paraphilia
14065:Audio help
14056:2005-08-20
13999:DiseasesDB
13843:0702014486
13585:2007367763
11826:24 October
11816:A106746772
11769:13 October
10768:(1): 3–9.
10658:12 January
10593:15 January
10467:Psychiatry
9643:12 January
8689:25 October
8586:(Review).
7270:Psychiatry
6876:(Review).
5676:15 January
5271:23 October
4565:9 November
4288:2 November
3953:(Review).
3494:References
3337:stereotypy
3333:great apes
3241:Iron Man 3
3222:stereotype
3187:pejorative
3005:See also:
2982:race-based
2913:See also:
2852:R.D. Laing
2789:See also:
2740:subculture
2629:lobotomies
2549:psychiatry
2478:melancholy
2189:Counseling
2137:Stimulants
2103:Medication
2097:engagement
2077:humanistic
2043:counselors
1963:Management
1926:Prevention
1899:biomarkers
1766:newspapers
1733:references
1683:algorithms
1620:behavioral
1577:biomedical
1575:follows a
1482:urbanicity
1435:countries.
1403:biomarkers
1198:Disability
1082:psychopath
1068:disorder,
990:paraphilia
955:actigraphs
931:narcolepsy
853:histrionic
849:borderline
845:antisocial
831:, such as
800:Schizotypy
670:See also:
626:scientific
421:disability
380:Definition
340:and other
326:depression
193:stimulants
172:Medication
88:depression
64:Psychiatry
15763:Suffering
15453:Infection
15351:Catatonia
15283:Psychosis
15118:Postnatal
15101:Nightmare
14707:Wandering
14560:Dysthymia
14528:Bipolar I
14483:Pervasive
14298:Pyromania
14223:Voyeurism
14218:Fetishism
13883:cite book
13816:643092515
13808:1095-5054
13628:2214-7942
13593:475785132
13521:78-643607
13513:0149-7634
13505:1873-7528
13454:0954-5794
13446:1469-2198
13348:0735-7036
13340:1939-2087
13277:78-643607
13269:0149-7634
13261:1873-7528
13143:78-643607
13135:0149-7634
13127:1873-7528
12863:0007-1250
12855:1472-1465
12725:145599816
12060:145696394
12025:145291023
11800:0307-1235
11753:Lucas C.
11128:145545714
11114:: 54–64.
10530:145793759
10495:207509518
10381:145541617
10112:248503963
10096:1075-2730
9755:982958263
8646:CiteSeerX
8348:234820994
8183:cite book
8064:827119919
7928:Frances A
7894:Caplan PJ
7856:0007-1250
7848:1472-1465
7781:(1): 76.
7529:CiteSeerX
7369:0033-2917
7361:1469-8978
7032:0954-5794
7024:1469-2198
6973:142581788
6329:24 August
6261:205962371
6184:0007-1250
6176:1472-1465
6140:Jan/March
5909:0007-1250
5901:1472-1465
5860:208792724
5647:613502930
5639:0940-1334
5631:1433-8491
5458:0022-3999
5383:0033-2917
5375:1469-8978
5347:Skodol AE
5258:Q47783989
5242:1092-8529
4964:0954-5794
4956:1469-2198
4899:0954-5794
4891:1469-2198
4785:0954-5794
4777:1469-2198
4506:13 August
4183:0033-2917
4175:1469-8978
4106:0033-2917
4098:1469-8978
3809:0005-7894
3723:0022-1465
3592:10 August
3522:10 August
3512:mhamd.org
3381:grounds.
3375:empirical
3271:mediating
3151:resilient
3083:The term
2978:heretical
2930:Carl Bell
2868:survivors
2812:Movements
2797:spiritual
2779:familismo
2569:Kraepelin
2458:Qāt Ištar
2267: 7–9
2261: 0–6
2156:adherence
2121:sedatives
2021:Lifestyle
1953:Parenting
1871:suffering
1796:July 2021
1712:Criticism
1638:Diagnosis
1616:cognitive
1517:psychosis
1469:migration
1354:self-harm
1342:workplace
1126:syndromes
1009:pyromania
865:dependent
829:eccentric
776:delusions
758:hypomania
746:dysthymia
666:Disorders
630:prototype
622:objective
607:continuum
465:stressors
342:psychoses
319:treatment
311:self-help
295:community
253:diagnosed
199:Frequency
160:Treatment
100:psychosis
80:Agitation
59:Specialty
15086:Insomnia
14756:Neurotic
14723:Delirium
14649:Dementia
14488:Specific
14105:Archived
14093:Archived
14080:Archived
14067: ·
13769:(2002).
13767:Porter R
13757:8 August
13751:Archived
13747:27631043
13715:(2016).
13657:83004224
13545:23468566
13537:15925695
13470:25469071
13462:11523842
13382:8 August
13376:Archived
13372:10608560
13364:08997203
13356:83648068
13301:20587935
13293:17079015
13226:21698223
13186:PLOS ONE
13167:10101196
13159:17141312
13065:20502508
13016:12605241
13008:15233709
12973:11779087
12938:20067766
12930:15574672
12895:24432329
12887:10211145
12871:89649366
12820:19668362
12690:16061769
12641:11585953
12606:16946914
12562:24861430
12505:24730388
12470:25496006
12421:19188537
12372:Archived
12341:Archived
12318:34916201
12310:18444456
12275:19652980
12267:24660972
12232:10474550
12183:10474548
12134:Archived
12104:Archived
12078:Archived
11960:Archived
11943:19862722
11935:12225457
11897:27738025
11889:17022790
11852:23 April
11820:Archived
11808:49632006
11740:45821626
11732:16874128
11666:26075592
11658:16283995
11615:Archived
11592:30484715
11543:27470237
11486:Archived
11461:(1999).
11429:Archived
11402:17696026
11310:Archived
11255:20638428
11247:16333686
11212:53444644
11177:11264215
11093:15652693
11002:43256486
10951:Archived
10928:10751976
10890:20483977
10837:15279009
10813:15279009
10782:11421968
10738:16870979
10703:19635873
10695:16754765
10652:Archived
10584:Archived
10580:13042932
10572:19821066
10487:20557227
10444:11990010
10336:22897500
10328:15990520
10285:Archived
10263:24999521
10206:Archived
10175:Archived
10147:Archived
10116:Archived
10104:35502519
10049:Archived
10018:Archived
9996:28266198
9988:12517037
9945:Archived
9915:Archived
9885:Archived
9855:Archived
9666:(1998).
9637:Archived
9619:14959805
9584:29235629
9576:15291684
9532:Archived
9528:11386989
9487:15916472
9434:20 April
9421:26089761
9413:15961293
9371:24499847
9363:15128384
9297:15939839
9240:Archived
9236:15065747
9187:Archived
9183:16989109
9142:15173149
9093:Archived
9075:15939837
9031:10885160
8980:31672337
8931:18208598
8905:(1): 2.
8880:10303872
8872:15914249
8835:Archived
8810:Archived
8788:17064322
8753:22521457
8745:15792289
8708:Archived
8676:27310867
8668:16240075
8616:28942748
8565:28303578
8516:12900296
8481:20192789
8446:22079931
8397:19719024
8389:27795049
8340:36523952
8232:15874608
8224:22285092
8138:30173550
8029:11950740
7958:23685989
7906:Archived
7880:11388975
7864:89649366
7807:16313678
7718:Archived
7696:10739417
7655:12719503
7568:Archived
7551:16787375
7506:22230881
7457:23702592
7403:8 August
7397:Archived
7393:23548727
7385:27523506
7377:01588231
7292:20104292
7251:17626963
7194:21797659
7126:19255375
7083:23 April
7077:Archived
7050:18606036
6983:17 March
6977:Archived
6965:20662125
6918:23 April
6894:26359904
6856:16150958
6769:22224892
6761:17350153
6726:26913486
6675:22 April
6666:Archived
6645:19339761
6588:18092242
6550:20373672
6501:11086146
6458:Archived
6429:21703364
6421:29773478
6372:16946849
6323:Archived
6284:Archived
6253:21652063
6218:18450663
6192:89649366
6131:Archived
6083:Archived
6066:21734685
6017:30881311
6009:14638578
5974:16494258
5933:11388966
5917:89649366
5852:19700006
5817:19002191
5768:17551351
5667:Archived
5663:21221326
5655:17131216
5587:31 March
5557:31 March
5466:11897231
5417:13 March
5407:15568151
5399:17121690
5391:01588231
5324:Archived
5312:16903806
5254:Wikidata
5250:28264727
5196:16488021
5158:Archived
5133:Archived
5108:(1999).
5073:Archived
5031:28004947
4982:27739393
4917:27739384
4852:25360393
4803:27739389
4708:Archived
4685:21991278
4636:20148149
4584:Archived
4559:Archived
4555:25866251
4547:10336212
4500:Archived
4411:25 March
4405:Archived
4372:Archived
4282:Archived
4258:2 August
4252:Archived
4209:20624327
4191:01588231
4132:20624327
4114:01588231
4059:24331284
3983:28242200
3882:Archived
3880:. 2016.
3860:Archived
3827:24912469
3741:14 March
3735:Archived
3676:Archived
3652:28 April
3550:Archived
3516:Archived
3385:See also
3328:primates
3248:Violence
3244:(2013).
3231:Homeland
3085:insanity
2967:morality
2847:Diazepam
2785:Religion
2653:Rosenhan
2631:and the
2490:humorism
2482:hysteria
1648:symptoms
1630:" or a "
1559:eclectic
1529:cannabis
1509:caffeine
1501:cannabis
1495:Drug use
1453:bullying
1399:genetics
1379:Genetics
1205:Disorder
1056:dementia
1052:delirium
927:insomnia
891:include
837:schizoid
833:paranoid
655:p factor
651:g factor
527:—
516:—
502:—
491:—
413:distress
409:syndrome
348:include
330:dementia
96:paranoia
75:Symptoms
14795:Anxiety
14634:PDD-NOS
14523:Bipolar
14176: (
14054: (
14025:minutes
13993:D001523
13529:3552135
13285:3552135
13217:3116818
13194:Bibcode
13151:3552135
13056:2866965
12879:1537306
12811:2718581
12766:9596041
12681:1389236
12597:1525086
12553:4211925
12513:2228512
12461:4318286
12223:1508769
12174:1508784
11583:6532404
11534:5007563
11435:15 July
11168:1119907
10994:9385013
10881:3432444
10452:8949296
10291:17 July
10254:4194077
10212:17 July
10181:17 July
10153:17 July
10122:17 July
10055:14 July
10024:14 July
9478:1140952
9288:2847357
9022:2560724
8971:6949116
8922:2248201
8556:4393705
8405:2548960
8331:9749862
8129:6583905
8020:1122833
7976:Kirk SA
7872:1537306
7798:1315350
7620:9183204
7611:2126757
7497:3312951
7448:4382368
7283:2811144
7242:1914490
7202:5364016
7041:2504732
6812:9113138
6804:2137220
6717:5082975
6636:2662575
6541:3181941
6464:21 June
6363:1489848
6290:2 April
6209:2681238
6200:1537306
6057:3173804
5925:1537306
5808:2762785
5759:1925038
5718:1738003
5330:21 June
5320:2728977
5022:5269437
4973:5079621
4908:5098269
4843:4209412
4794:5119897
4676:3188773
4627:2816922
4355:9857496
4200:3101504
4123:3101504
3974:5360575
3888:9 April
3818:4234113
3731:2676305
3682:10 June
3259:victims
3199:Romania
3159:courage
3093:synonym
2956:DSM-III
2667:lithium
2649:Science
2586:, 1950s
2526:, Paris
2466:Shamash
2437:History
2029:Therapy
2014:placebo
1999:clinics
1780:scholar
1670:cases.
1668:chronic
1521:cocaine
1513:anxiety
1505:alcohol
1449:neglect
1019:alcohol
700:phobias
692:anxiety
417:symptom
220:, or a
150:Genetic
84:anxiety
15476:Cancer
15039:Eating
14887:Stress
14804:Phobia
14760:stress
14619:Autism
14412:Speech
14201:Sexual
14118:about
13904:
13864:
13840:
13814:
13806:
13779:
13745:
13735:
13701:
13678:
13655:
13645:
13626:
13616:
13591:
13583:
13573:
13543:
13535:
13527:
13519:
13511:
13503:
13468:
13460:
13452:
13444:
13370:
13362:
13354:
13346:
13338:
13299:
13291:
13283:
13275:
13267:
13259:
13224:
13214:
13165:
13157:
13149:
13141:
13133:
13125:
13063:
13053:
13014:
13006:
12971:
12936:
12928:
12893:
12885:
12877:
12869:
12861:
12853:
12818:
12808:
12764:
12723:
12688:
12678:
12639:
12604:
12594:
12560:
12550:
12511:
12503:
12468:
12458:
12419:
12378:4 July
12347:4 July
12316:
12308:
12273:
12265:
12230:
12220:
12181:
12171:
12110:28 May
12084:28 May
12058:
12023:
11941:
11933:
11895:
11887:
11814:
11806:
11798:
11738:
11730:
11695:9 July
11664:
11656:
11590:
11580:
11541:
11531:
11492:28 May
11478:
11400:
11350:
11316:1 July
11253:
11245:
11210:
11175:
11165:
11126:
11091:
11027:
11000:
10992:
10926:
10888:
10878:
10835:
10811:
10780:
10736:
10701:
10693:
10621:
10578:
10570:
10528:
10493:
10485:
10450:
10442:
10402:
10379:
10334:
10326:
10261:
10251:
10110:
10102:
10094:
9994:
9986:
9951:2 July
9921:2 July
9891:2 July
9861:2 July
9806:
9790:336681
9788:
9753:
9743:
9718:
9682:
9617:
9582:
9574:
9538:25 May
9526:
9485:
9475:
9419:
9411:
9369:
9361:
9325:27 May
9295:
9285:
9246:28 May
9234:
9193:28 May
9181:
9140:
9073:
9029:
9019:
8978:
8968:
8929:
8919:
8878:
8870:
8786:
8751:
8743:
8674:
8666:
8648:
8614:
8563:
8553:
8514:
8479:
8444:
8403:
8395:
8387:
8346:
8338:
8328:
8264:27 May
8230:
8222:
8164:
8136:
8126:
8085:
8062:
8052:
8027:
8017:
7956:
7878:
7870:
7862:
7854:
7846:
7805:
7795:
7754:13 May
7724:13 May
7694:
7653:
7618:
7608:
7549:
7531:
7504:
7494:
7455:
7445:
7391:
7383:
7375:
7367:
7359:
7290:
7280:
7249:
7239:
7200:
7192:
7124:
7048:
7038:
7030:
7022:
6971:
6963:
6953:
6892:
6854:
6810:
6802:
6767:
6759:
6724:
6714:
6643:
6633:
6594:
6586:
6548:
6538:
6499:
6427:
6419:
6370:
6360:
6315:
6259:
6251:
6233:Lancet
6216:
6206:
6198:
6190:
6182:
6174:
6110:
6064:
6054:
6036:Nature
6015:
6007:
5972:
5931:
5923:
5915:
5907:
5899:
5858:
5850:
5832:Lancet
5815:
5805:
5766:
5756:
5715:
5661:
5653:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5464:
5456:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5381:
5373:
5318:
5310:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5194:
5139:28 May
5125:
5029:
5019:
4980:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4915:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4850:
4840:
4801:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4683:
4673:
4634:
4624:
4553:
4545:
4478:
4458:
4434:
4353:
4313:
4244:
4207:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4130:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4057:
4014:
3981:
3971:
3925:
3911:101–05
3825:
3815:
3807:
3766:
3729:
3721:
3582:ws.edu
3128:Stigma
3121:, and
2934:ethnic
2618:stress
2500:Europe
2486:phobia
2462:Ishtar
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2045:, and
1975:, and
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1586:stress
1523:, and
1515:. For
1323:Basic
1169:Course
1148:, and
1076:, and
972:, and
945:, and
790:, and
618:normal
460:ICD-10
452:ICD-11
405:DSM-IV
362:Stigma
356:, and
309:, and
146:Causes
15344:Other
15073:sleep
14860:Other
14716:Other
14582:Mania
14254:Other
14004:28852
13858:(PDF)
13541:S2CID
13501:eISSN
13466:S2CID
13442:eISSN
13336:eISSN
13297:S2CID
13257:eISSN
13163:S2CID
13123:eISSN
13012:S2CID
12934:S2CID
12891:S2CID
12851:eISSN
12721:S2CID
12509:S2CID
12314:S2CID
12271:S2CID
12056:S2CID
12021:S2CID
11939:S2CID
11893:S2CID
11736:S2CID
11662:S2CID
11466:(PDF)
11361:(PDF)
11344:(PDF)
11251:S2CID
11208:S2CID
11124:S2CID
10998:S2CID
10699:S2CID
10587:(PDF)
10576:S2CID
10548:(PDF)
10526:S2CID
10491:S2CID
10448:S2CID
10377:S2CID
10332:S2CID
10108:S2CID
9992:S2CID
9678:–81.
9580:S2CID
9428:(PDF)
9417:S2CID
9389:(PDF)
9367:S2CID
9099:1 May
8876:S2CID
8816:6 May
8749:S2CID
8683:(PDF)
8672:S2CID
8634:(PDF)
8401:S2CID
8385:JSTOR
8344:S2CID
8250:(PDF)
8228:S2CID
8175:(PDF)
8158:(PDF)
7844:eISSN
7547:S2CID
7389:S2CID
7357:eISSN
7198:S2CID
7020:eISSN
6969:S2CID
6800:JSTOR
6765:S2CID
6669:(PDF)
6662:(PDF)
6596:95140
6592:S2CID
6425:S2CID
6257:S2CID
6172:eISSN
6013:S2CID
5897:eISSN
5856:S2CID
5670:(PDF)
5659:S2CID
5627:eISSN
5607:(PDF)
5524:6 May
5494:6 May
5403:S2CID
5371:eISSN
5316:S2CID
5265:(PDF)
5224:(2).
5214:(PDF)
5113:(PDF)
5068:WebMD
4952:eISSN
4887:eISSN
4773:eISSN
4551:S2CID
4171:eISSN
4094:eISSN
3727:JSTOR
3622:3 May
3559:2 May
3553:(PDF)
3546:(PDF)
3091:as a
2876:Imola
2799:, or
2170:Other
2089:trust
1787:JSTOR
1773:books
1664:acute
1652:signs
1445:abuse
996:Other
923:sleep
867:, or
754:mania
447:DSM-5
425:grief
116:Types
92:mania
15248:and
14897:PTSD
14511:Mood
14351:ADHD
13988:MeSH
13973:9-CM
13948:6E8Z
13902:ISBN
13889:link
13862:ISBN
13838:ISBN
13812:OCLC
13804:ISSN
13777:ISBN
13759:2016
13743:PMID
13733:ISBN
13699:ISBN
13676:ISBN
13653:LCCN
13643:ISBN
13624:ISSN
13614:ISBN
13589:OCLC
13581:LCCN
13571:ISBN
13533:PMID
13525:OCLC
13517:LCCN
13509:ISSN
13458:PMID
13450:ISSN
13384:2019
13368:PMID
13360:OCLC
13352:LCCN
13344:ISSN
13289:PMID
13281:OCLC
13273:LCCN
13265:ISSN
13222:PMID
13155:PMID
13147:OCLC
13139:LCCN
13131:ISSN
13061:PMID
13004:PMID
12969:PMID
12926:PMID
12883:PMID
12875:OCLC
12867:LCCN
12859:ISSN
12816:PMID
12762:PMID
12686:PMID
12637:PMID
12602:PMID
12558:PMID
12501:PMID
12466:PMID
12417:PMID
12380:2022
12349:2022
12306:PMID
12263:PMID
12228:PMID
12179:PMID
12112:2013
12086:2013
11931:PMID
11885:PMID
11854:2013
11828:2013
11812:Gale
11804:OCLC
11796:ISSN
11771:2012
11728:PMID
11697:2019
11685:健康遠見
11654:PMID
11623:2018
11588:PMID
11539:PMID
11494:2013
11476:ISBN
11437:2022
11398:PMID
11348:ISBN
11318:2022
11243:PMID
11173:PMID
11089:PMID
11025:ISBN
10990:PMID
10959:2017
10924:PMID
10886:PMID
10860:JAMA
10833:PMID
10809:PMID
10778:PMID
10734:PMID
10691:PMID
10660:2012
10619:ISBN
10595:2019
10568:PMID
10483:PMID
10440:PMID
10400:ISBN
10324:PMID
10293:2022
10259:PMID
10214:2022
10183:2022
10155:2022
10124:2022
10100:PMID
10092:ISSN
10057:2022
10026:2022
9984:PMID
9953:2022
9923:2022
9893:2022
9863:2022
9804:ISBN
9786:PMID
9751:OCLC
9741:ISBN
9716:ISBN
9680:ISBN
9645:2012
9615:PMID
9572:PMID
9540:2019
9524:PMID
9483:PMID
9436:2018
9409:PMID
9359:PMID
9327:2013
9293:PMID
9248:2013
9232:PMID
9195:2013
9179:PMID
9138:PMID
9120:JAMA
9101:2007
9071:PMID
9027:PMID
8976:PMID
8927:PMID
8868:PMID
8818:2019
8784:PMID
8741:PMID
8691:2017
8664:PMID
8612:PMID
8561:PMID
8512:PMID
8477:PMID
8442:PMID
8393:PMID
8336:PMID
8266:2013
8220:PMID
8189:link
8162:ISBN
8134:PMID
8083:ISBN
8060:OCLC
8050:ISBN
8025:PMID
7954:PMID
7914:2017
7876:PMID
7868:OCLC
7860:LCCN
7852:ISSN
7803:PMID
7756:2013
7726:2013
7692:PMID
7651:PMID
7616:PMID
7502:PMID
7453:PMID
7405:2019
7381:PMID
7373:OCLC
7365:ISSN
7322:2019
7288:PMID
7247:PMID
7190:PMID
7122:PMID
7085:2013
7046:PMID
7028:ISSN
6985:2012
6961:PMID
6951:ISBN
6920:2013
6890:PMID
6852:PMID
6808:PMID
6757:PMID
6722:PMID
6677:2016
6641:PMID
6584:PMID
6546:PMID
6497:PMID
6466:2022
6417:PMID
6368:PMID
6331:2020
6313:ISBN
6292:2011
6249:PMID
6214:PMID
6196:OCLC
6188:LCCN
6180:ISSN
6108:ISBN
6062:PMID
6005:PMID
5970:PMID
5929:PMID
5921:OCLC
5913:LCCN
5905:ISSN
5848:PMID
5813:PMID
5764:PMID
5678:2019
5651:PMID
5643:OCLC
5635:ISSN
5589:2022
5559:2022
5526:2019
5496:2019
5462:PMID
5454:ISSN
5419:2023
5395:PMID
5387:OCLC
5379:ISSN
5332:2022
5308:PMID
5273:2020
5246:PMID
5238:ISSN
5192:PMID
5141:2013
5123:ISBN
5081:2009
5027:PMID
4978:PMID
4960:ISSN
4913:PMID
4895:ISSN
4848:PMID
4799:PMID
4781:ISSN
4716:2016
4681:PMID
4632:PMID
4567:2022
4543:PMID
4508:2022
4476:ISBN
4456:ISBN
4432:ISBN
4413:2019
4351:PMID
4311:ISBN
4290:2018
4260:2017
4242:ISBN
4205:PMID
4187:OCLC
4179:ISSN
4128:PMID
4110:OCLC
4102:ISSN
4055:PMID
4012:ISBN
3979:PMID
3923:ISBN
3890:2016
3823:PMID
3805:ISSN
3764:ISBN
3743:2023
3719:ISSN
3684:2016
3654:2017
3624:2020
3594:2022
3561:2023
3524:2022
3132:The
3026:For
2917:and
2881:The
2850:was
2707:The
2686:SSRI
2484:and
2474:Elam
2211:and
2141:ADHD
2095:and
1895:fMRI
1759:news
1622:and
1507:and
1306:and
1290:and
1156:and
1091:and
1072:and
1025:and
957:and
839:and
722:and
696:fear
624:and
398:body
394:mind
364:and
247:The
216:, a
152:and
15285:and
14872:OCD
14400:RAD
14395:DAD
14361:ODD
13982:319
13978:290
13969:ICD
13963:F99
13954:ICD
13939:ICD
13723:doi
13606:doi
13493:doi
13434:doi
13407:doi
13328:doi
13324:113
13249:doi
13212:PMC
13202:doi
13115:doi
13051:PMC
13043:doi
12996:doi
12992:110
12961:doi
12918:doi
12843:doi
12839:174
12806:PMC
12796:doi
12752:doi
12713:doi
12676:PMC
12668:doi
12629:doi
12592:PMC
12548:PMC
12540:doi
12493:doi
12456:PMC
12448:doi
12444:105
12407:doi
12337:SBS
12298:doi
12255:doi
12218:PMC
12210:doi
12169:PMC
12161:doi
12048:doi
12013:doi
11986:doi
11923:doi
11877:doi
11873:114
11720:doi
11646:doi
11578:PMC
11570:doi
11529:PMC
11521:doi
11388:doi
11282:doi
11235:doi
11200:doi
11163:PMC
11155:doi
11151:322
11147:BMJ
11116:doi
11081:doi
11054:doi
10982:doi
10916:doi
10876:PMC
10868:doi
10864:303
10770:doi
10726:doi
10683:doi
10560:doi
10518:doi
10475:doi
10432:doi
10367:hdl
10359:doi
10316:doi
10249:PMC
10241:doi
10084:doi
9976:doi
9881:D+C
9778:doi
9607:doi
9564:doi
9514:doi
9473:PMC
9463:doi
9401:doi
9351:doi
9347:109
9283:PMC
9275:doi
9222:doi
9169:doi
9128:doi
9124:291
9061:doi
9017:PMC
9009:hdl
8966:PMC
8958:doi
8917:PMC
8907:doi
8860:doi
8776:doi
8733:doi
8656:doi
8602:hdl
8592:doi
8551:PMC
8543:doi
8504:doi
8500:160
8469:doi
8432:doi
8375:doi
8326:PMC
8318:doi
8212:doi
8124:PMC
8116:doi
8112:175
8015:PMC
8007:doi
8003:324
7999:BMJ
7944:doi
7940:159
7834:doi
7830:178
7793:PMC
7783:doi
7682:doi
7678:157
7643:doi
7606:PMC
7598:doi
7594:314
7590:BMJ
7539:doi
7492:PMC
7484:doi
7443:PMC
7435:doi
7349:doi
7278:PMC
7237:PMC
7229:doi
7225:335
7221:BMJ
7182:doi
7153:doi
7112:doi
7036:PMC
7012:doi
6943:doi
6882:doi
6842:doi
6792:doi
6749:doi
6712:PMC
6704:doi
6631:PMC
6623:doi
6619:119
6576:doi
6536:PMC
6528:doi
6489:doi
6407:hdl
6399:doi
6358:PMC
6241:doi
6237:377
6204:PMC
6164:doi
6160:192
6052:PMC
6044:doi
6040:475
5997:doi
5993:160
5960:doi
5887:doi
5883:178
5840:doi
5836:374
5803:PMC
5795:doi
5754:PMC
5746:doi
5713:PMC
5705:doi
5619:doi
5615:257
5446:doi
5363:doi
5300:doi
5230:doi
5184:doi
5017:PMC
5009:doi
5005:143
4968:PMC
4944:doi
4903:PMC
4879:doi
4838:PMC
4830:doi
4789:PMC
4765:doi
4671:PMC
4663:doi
4622:PMC
4614:doi
4535:doi
4343:doi
4234:doi
4195:PMC
4163:doi
4118:PMC
4086:doi
4045:doi
4004:doi
3969:PMC
3959:doi
3915:doi
3813:PMC
3797:doi
3711:doi
3238:in
3040:not
2709:WHO
2682:DSM
2651:by
2606:".
2041:),
1891:MRI
1735:to
1666:or
1561:or
1058:).
1040:or
903:or
855:or
756:or
694:or
593:or
419:),
317:or
301:or
15734::
15244:,
14758:,
14023:12
14002::
13991::
13976::
13961::
13958:10
13946::
13943:11
13885:}}
13881:{{
13810:.
13802:.
13749:.
13741:.
13731:.
13674:.
13670:.
13651:.
13622:.
13612:.
13587:.
13579:.
13539:.
13531:.
13523:.
13515:.
13507:.
13499:.
13489:29
13487:.
13464:.
13456:.
13448:.
13440:.
13430:13
13428:.
13403:38
13401:.
13374:.
13366:.
13358:.
13350:.
13342:.
13334:.
13322:.
13318:.
13295:.
13287:.
13279:.
13271:.
13263:.
13255:.
13245:30
13243:.
13220:.
13210:.
13200:.
13188:.
13184:.
13161:.
13153:.
13145:.
13137:.
13129:.
13121:.
13111:30
13109:.
13095:^
13059:.
13049:.
13039:17
13037:.
13033:.
13010:.
13002:.
12990:.
12967:.
12955:.
12932:.
12924:.
12912:.
12889:.
12881:.
12873:.
12865:.
12857:.
12849:.
12837:.
12814:.
12804:.
12790:.
12786:.
12774:^
12760:.
12748:55
12746:.
12742:.
12719:.
12709:28
12707:.
12684:.
12674:.
12664:62
12662:.
12658:.
12635:.
12625:52
12623:.
12600:.
12586:.
12582:.
12570:^
12556:.
12546:.
12536:25
12534:.
12530:.
12507:.
12499:.
12489:38
12487:.
12464:.
12454:.
12442:.
12438:.
12415:.
12403:66
12401:.
12397:.
12366:.
12335:.
12312:.
12304:.
12294:17
12292:.
12269:.
12261:.
12251:23
12249:.
12226:.
12216:.
12206:89
12204:.
12200:.
12177:.
12167:.
12157:89
12155:.
12151:.
12128:.
12054:.
12044:46
12042:.
12019:.
12009:12
12007:.
11982:25
11980:.
11937:.
11929:.
11919:36
11917:.
11891:.
11883:.
11871:.
11818:.
11810:.
11802:.
11790:.
11757:.
11734:.
11726:.
11716:19
11714:.
11683:.
11660:.
11652:.
11642:26
11640:.
11613:.
11609:.
11586:.
11576:.
11566:59
11564:.
11560:.
11537:.
11527:.
11517:17
11515:.
11511:.
11484:.
11468:.
11457:;
11453:;
11427:.
11396:.
11384:52
11382:.
11378:.
11326:^
11308:.
11304:.
11278:31
11276:.
11272:.
11249:.
11241:.
11231:26
11229:.
11206:.
11196:21
11194:.
11171:.
11161:.
11149:.
11145:.
11122:.
11112:13
11110:.
11087:.
11077:60
11075:.
11050:20
11048:.
10996:.
10988:.
10976:.
10949:.
10945:.
10922:.
10912:51
10910:.
10898:^
10884:.
10874:.
10862:.
10858:.
10827:.
10823:.
10803:.
10799:.
10776:.
10766:10
10764:.
10732:.
10722:57
10720:.
10697:.
10689:.
10679:57
10677:.
10648:15
10646:.
10642:.
10603:^
10582:.
10574:.
10566:.
10556:45
10554:.
10550:.
10524:.
10514:13
10512:.
10489:.
10481:.
10471:73
10469:.
10446:.
10438:.
10428:37
10426:.
10414:^
10375:.
10365:.
10355:48
10353:.
10330:.
10322:.
10310:.
10283:.
10279:.
10257:.
10247:.
10237:84
10235:.
10231:.
10204:.
10200:.
10173:.
10145:.
10141:.
10114:.
10106:.
10098:.
10090:.
10080:73
10078:.
10074:.
10047:.
10043:.
10016:.
10012:.
9990:.
9982:.
9970:.
9939:.
9909:.
9879:.
9849:.
9829:15
9827:.
9823:.
9784:.
9774:13
9772:.
9749:.
9694:^
9676:80
9653:^
9613:.
9603:45
9601:.
9578:.
9570:.
9560:65
9558:.
9530:.
9522:.
9510:58
9508:.
9504:.
9481:.
9471:.
9457:.
9453:.
9415:.
9407:.
9397:15
9395:.
9391:.
9365:.
9357:.
9345:.
9313:.
9291:.
9281:.
9271:62
9269:.
9265:.
9238:.
9230:.
9218:49
9216:.
9212:.
9185:.
9177:.
9165:51
9163:.
9159:.
9136:.
9122:.
9118:.
9069:.
9057:62
9055:.
9051:.
9039:^
9025:.
9015:.
9005:78
9003:.
8999:.
8988:^
8974:.
8964:.
8952:.
8948:.
8925:.
8915:.
8901:.
8897:.
8874:.
8866:.
8856:48
8854:.
8808:.
8804:.
8782:.
8772:15
8770:.
8747:.
8739:.
8729:14
8727:.
8670:.
8662:.
8654:.
8642:33
8640:.
8636:.
8610:.
8600:.
8588:76
8582:.
8559:.
8549:.
8537:.
8533:.
8510:.
8498:.
8475:.
8463:.
8440:.
8428:26
8426:.
8422:.
8399:.
8391:.
8383:.
8371:19
8369:.
8365:.
8342:.
8334:.
8324:.
8312:.
8308:.
8285:.
8268:.
8226:.
8218:.
8208:27
8206:.
8185:}}
8181:{{
8132:.
8122:.
8110:.
8106:.
8058:.
8023:.
8013:.
8001:.
7960:.
7952:.
7938:.
7904:.
7874:.
7866:.
7858:.
7850:.
7842:.
7828:.
7824:.
7801:.
7791:.
7777:.
7773:.
7742:.
7716:.
7712:.
7690:.
7676:.
7672:.
7649:.
7639:54
7637:.
7614:.
7604:.
7592:.
7588:.
7545:.
7537:.
7525:28
7523:.
7500:.
7490:.
7480:17
7478:.
7474:.
7451:.
7441:.
7431:33
7429:.
7425:.
7413:^
7395:.
7387:.
7379:.
7371:.
7363:.
7355:.
7345:46
7343:.
7339:.
7308:.
7286:.
7272:.
7268:.
7245:.
7235:.
7223:.
7219:.
7196:.
7188:.
7178:11
7176:.
7149:11
7147:.
7143:.
7120:.
7108:66
7106:.
7102:.
7075:.
7071:.
7058:^
7044:.
7034:.
7026:.
7018:.
7008:20
7006:.
7002:.
6975:.
6967:.
6959:.
6949:.
6937:.
6888:.
6864:^
6850:.
6838:31
6836:.
6832:.
6820:^
6806:.
6798:.
6788:36
6786:.
6763:.
6755:.
6745:81
6743:.
6720:.
6710:.
6700:73
6698:.
6694:.
6664:.
6639:.
6629:.
6617:.
6613:.
6590:.
6582:.
6572:19
6570:.
6558:^
6544:.
6534:.
6524:12
6522:.
6518:.
6495:.
6485:41
6483:.
6437:^
6423:.
6415:.
6405:.
6393:.
6389:.
6366:.
6352:.
6348:.
6321:.
6282:.
6278:.
6255:.
6247:.
6235:.
6212:.
6202:.
6194:.
6186:.
6178:.
6170:.
6158:.
6154:.
6094:^
6060:.
6050:.
6038:.
6034:.
6011:.
6003:.
5991:.
5968:.
5956:50
5954:.
5950:.
5927:.
5919:.
5911:.
5903:.
5895:.
5881:.
5877:.
5854:.
5846:.
5834:.
5811:.
5801:.
5789:.
5785:.
5762:.
5752:.
5742:20
5740:.
5736:.
5711:.
5701:73
5699:.
5695:.
5665:.
5657:.
5649:.
5641:.
5633:.
5625:.
5613:.
5609:.
5575:.
5545:.
5534:^
5482:.
5460:.
5452:.
5442:52
5440:.
5436:.
5401:.
5393:.
5385:.
5377:.
5369:.
5359:37
5357:.
5353:.
5322:.
5314:.
5306:.
5296:58
5294:.
5290:.
5252:.
5244:.
5236:.
5222:22
5220:.
5216:.
5190:.
5180:92
5178:.
5131:.
5115:.
5104:;
5100:;
5089:^
5065:.
5052:^
5025:.
5015:.
5003:.
4999:.
4976:.
4966:.
4958:.
4950:.
4940:28
4938:.
4934:.
4911:.
4901:.
4893:.
4885:.
4875:28
4873:.
4869:.
4846:.
4836:.
4824:.
4820:.
4797:.
4787:.
4779:.
4771:.
4761:28
4759:.
4755:.
4732:.
4706:.
4702:.
4679:.
4669:.
4659:10
4657:.
4653:.
4630:.
4620:.
4608:.
4604:.
4557:.
4549:.
4541:.
4531:33
4529:.
4525:.
4498:.
4494:.
4403:.
4399:.
4381:.
4349:.
4339:71
4337:.
4325:^
4280:.
4276:.
4250:.
4240:.
4228:.
4211:.
4203:.
4193:.
4185:.
4177:.
4169:.
4159:40
4157:.
4153:.
4134:.
4126:.
4116:.
4108:.
4100:.
4092:.
4082:40
4080:.
4076:.
4053:.
4041:58
4039:.
4035:.
4010:.
3977:.
3967:.
3955:17
3949:.
3937:^
3921:.
3913:.
3876:.
3854:.
3835:^
3821:.
3811:.
3803:.
3793:45
3791:.
3787:.
3733:.
3725:.
3717:.
3707:41
3705:.
3701:.
3670:.
3640:.
3610:.
3580:.
3569:^
3532:^
3510:.
3217:.
3161:.
3153:,
3117:,
3019:.
2997:.
2870:.
2669:.
2496:.
2480:,
2223:.
2203:,
2143:.
2099:.
2091:,
1997:,
1971:,
1840:,
1746:.
1650:,
1600:.
1503:,
1484:.
1459:,
1455:,
1451:,
1447:,
1302:,
1160:.
1144:,
1140:,
1136:,
1132:,
1099:.
968:,
949:.
941:,
937:,
933:,
907:.
899:,
895:,
863:,
851:,
847:,
835:,
794:.
782:,
778:,
748:.
726:.
718:,
714:,
710:,
706:,
702:,
662:.
597:.
589:,
471:.
400:.
376:.
352:,
289:,
263:,
244:.
208:A
191:,
187:,
183:,
179:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
98:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
66:,
15436:e
15429:t
15422:v
14476:)
14472:(
14180:)
14166:e
14159:t
14152:v
14071:)
14063:(
14058:)
14027:)
14020:(
13980:–
13971:-
13956:-
13941:-
13931:D
13910:.
13891:)
13846:.
13761:.
13725::
13707:.
13684:.
13659:.
13630:.
13608::
13595:.
13547:.
13495::
13472:.
13436::
13413:.
13409::
13386:.
13330::
13303:.
13251::
13228:.
13204::
13196::
13190:6
13169:.
13117::
13067:.
13045::
13018:.
12998::
12975:.
12963::
12957:9
12940:.
12920::
12914:6
12897:.
12845::
12822:.
12798::
12792:6
12768:.
12754::
12727:.
12715::
12692:.
12670::
12643:.
12631::
12608:.
12588:2
12564:.
12542::
12515:.
12495::
12472:.
12450::
12423:.
12409::
12382:.
12351:.
12320:.
12300::
12277:.
12257::
12234:.
12212::
12185:.
12163::
12114:.
12088:.
12062:.
12050::
12027:.
12015::
11992:.
11988::
11945:.
11925::
11899:.
11879::
11856:.
11830:.
11773:.
11742:.
11722::
11699:.
11668:.
11648::
11625:.
11594:.
11572::
11545:.
11523::
11496:.
11439:.
11404:.
11390::
11320:.
11290:.
11284::
11257:.
11237::
11214:.
11202::
11179:.
11157::
11130:.
11118::
11095:.
11083::
11060:.
11056::
11033:.
11004:.
10984::
10978:4
10961:.
10930:.
10918::
10892:.
10870::
10829:5
10815:.
10805:5
10784:.
10772::
10740:.
10728::
10705:.
10685::
10662:.
10627:.
10597:.
10562::
10532:.
10520::
10497:.
10477::
10454:.
10434::
10408:.
10383:.
10369::
10361::
10338:.
10318::
10312:7
10295:.
10265:.
10243::
10216:.
10185:.
10157:.
10126:.
10086::
10059:.
10028:.
9998:.
9978::
9972:5
9955:.
9925:.
9895:.
9865:.
9792:.
9780::
9757:.
9724:.
9688:.
9647:.
9621:.
9609::
9586:.
9566::
9542:.
9516::
9489:.
9465::
9459:2
9438:.
9403::
9373:.
9353::
9329:.
9299:.
9277::
9250:.
9224::
9197:.
9171::
9144:.
9130::
9103:.
9077:.
9063::
9033:.
9011::
8982:.
8960::
8954:6
8933:.
8909::
8903:7
8882:.
8862::
8820:.
8790:.
8778::
8755:.
8735::
8693:.
8658::
8618:.
8604::
8594::
8567:.
8545::
8539:3
8518:.
8506::
8483:.
8471::
8465:6
8448:.
8434::
8407:.
8377::
8350:.
8320::
8314:2
8234:.
8214::
8191:)
8140:.
8118::
8091:.
8066:.
8031:.
8009::
7946::
7916:.
7882:.
7836::
7809:.
7785::
7779:3
7758:.
7728:.
7698:.
7684::
7657:.
7645::
7622:.
7600::
7553:.
7541::
7508:.
7486::
7459:.
7437::
7407:.
7351::
7324:.
7294:.
7274:6
7253:.
7231::
7204:.
7184::
7161:.
7155::
7128:.
7114::
7087:.
7052:.
7014::
6987:.
6945::
6922:.
6896:.
6884::
6878:2
6858:.
6844::
6814:.
6794::
6771:.
6751::
6728:.
6706::
6679:.
6647:.
6625::
6598:.
6578::
6552:.
6530::
6503:.
6491::
6468:.
6431:.
6409::
6401::
6395:5
6374:.
6354:1
6333:.
6294:.
6263:.
6243::
6220:.
6166::
6116:.
6068:.
6046::
6019:.
5999::
5976:.
5962::
5935:.
5889::
5862:.
5842::
5819:.
5797::
5791:9
5770:.
5748::
5721:.
5707::
5680:.
5621::
5591:.
5561:.
5528:.
5498:.
5468:.
5448::
5421:.
5365::
5334:.
5302::
5275:.
5232::
5198:.
5186::
5143:.
5083:.
5033:.
5011::
4984:.
4946::
4919:.
4881::
4854:.
4832::
4826:2
4805:.
4767::
4718:.
4687:.
4665::
4638:.
4616::
4610:9
4569:.
4537::
4510:.
4440:.
4415:.
4357:.
4345::
4319:.
4292:.
4262:.
4236::
4165::
4088::
4061:.
4047::
4020:.
4006::
3985:.
3961::
3931:.
3917::
3892:.
3829:.
3799::
3772:.
3745:.
3713::
3686:.
3656:.
3626:.
3596:.
3563:.
3526:.
1893:/
1809:)
1803:(
1798:)
1794:(
1784:·
1777:·
1770:·
1763:·
1740:.
1618:-
388:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.