414:). The population off the west coast of South Island has been estimated to have an unfished biomass of 88,900 tonnes and this fishery consistently produces the greatest annual landings. The SubâAntarctic population is the largest of the three populations and has an estimated unfished spawning biomass of 94,200 tonnes, however this stock has probably undergone the lowest levels of fishing. The third stock, in the area of the Chatham Rise is the smallest and has an unfished biomass of 37,000 tonnes has suffered the heaviest exploitation and is currently considered to be in a rebuilding phase.
37:
301:
the winter to spawn. Off South
America spawning takes place from May to August south of 47°S, in three separate areas. The spawning areas are situated in fjords and channels. They reach sexual maturity at around 65 cm in length for males and 85 cm for females, around 6 years of age. The sex ratio is skewed towards females. The adults are predatory, feeding on
300:
occurs at depths between 415 and 1 000 m with temperatures at the bottom of 5.8 to 8.0 °C off New
Zealand and 62 to 800 m with bottom temperatures 3.8 to 9.0 °C in South American waters. The adults are probably migratory, moving south to feed during the Austral summer and returning north in
417:
The South
American population is targeted by fisheries mainly from by Argentina and Chile. The annual catch reached a peak in 1987 but has now stabilised at between 3000 tonnes and 4000 tonnes in the Atlantic and around 25000 tonnes in the Pacific. Caught with trawls and marketed fresh, frozen, and
245:
are long and thin, but they do not reach as far as the origin of anal fin in specimens longer than 50 cm standard length. The caudal fin margin is normally truncate, but in smaller specimens it can be slightly emarginate. The scales are small and there are 144 to 171 scales along the
250:. They have a steel grey back which is tinged with blue, paler on sides, and a silvery white belly with dark fins. It grows to a maximum length of 160 cm but lengths of between 60 cm and 100 cm are more commonly recorded.
537:
Hakes of the World (family
Merlucciidae): An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Hake Species Known to Date Issue 2 of FAO species catalogue for fishery purposes, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
325:
invertebrates. On the northern part of the
Campbell Plateau spawning occurs between September and November and at the Chatham Rise between November and January. They can live as long as 28 years.
317:. Off New Zealand population the population spawns from July to August in the waters west of South Island at depths from 800 to 1000m, and here they also feed mainly on fish, particularly
214:, the true hakes. It is found in the southern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans with two disjunct populations, one around southern South America and the other in the waters around New Zealand.
567:"Merluccius tasmanicus Matallanas & Lloris 2006 is a junior synonym of M. australis (Hutton 1872) (Gadiformes: Merluciidae) based on morphological and molecular data"
261:
has two distinct populations one in New
Zealand and the other in the eastern South Pacific and western South Atlantic. The New Zealand population is found over the
476:
VOL.10 GADIFORM FISHES OF THE WORLD (Order
Gadiformes) An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date
400:
are caught almost exclusively by large trawlers, which both target this species and take it as byâcatch when the primary target species such as hoki (
775:
359:
However, the existence of separate populations made up of differently sized individuals off the east and west coasts of New
Zealand suggest that
801:
444:
749:
474:
788:
824:
491:
793:
549:
614:
541:
483:
850:
806:
878:
564:
148:
697:
684:
702:
36:
855:
816:
565:
Mariana Y. Del Antoni; Matias
Delpiani; Andrew L. Stewart & Juan Martin DĂaz de Astarloa (2015).
402:
636:
237:
has a single spine and 9 to 12 fin rays and the posterior dorsal fin has 39 to 45 fin rays. The
780:
652:
407:
376:
302:
131:
842:
689:
723:
8:
883:
472:
624:
497:
381:
157:
31:
837:
710:
610:
593:) in New Zealand: Biology, fisheries and stock assessment". In Hugo Arancibia (ed.).
566:
545:
487:
715:
602:
286:
266:
208:
473:
Daniel M. Cohen; Tadashi Inada; Tomio
Iwamoto & Nadia Scialabba, eds. (1990).
278:
675:
230:
186:
78:
606:
872:
440:
310:
270:
262:
247:
242:
211:
98:
762:
306:
754:
318:
234:
108:
88:
741:
767:
380:, but this taxon is not universally accepted a valid and it may be a
374:
but which was also said to be found off Japan was described in 2006,
282:
274:
48:
646:
736:
669:
453:
367:
238:
68:
285:
and north to 38°S in the South Atlantic. It is also found off the
728:
322:
233:
and a protruding lower jaw with some visible teeth. The anterior
829:
58:
229:, with a short head which is makes up around a quarter of its
314:
534:
599:) in New Zealand: biology, fisheries and stock assessment
225:
has a more slender body compared to other species of
589:
Peter L. Horn (11 September 2015). "Southern hake (
366:A new species of hake which was said to be largely
336:has two subspecies according to some authorities:
870:
588:
277:, the South American population extends from
535:Domingo Lloris & J. Matallanas (2005).
435:
433:
431:
486:of the United Nations. pp. 332â334.
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
439:
428:
871:
292:
651:
650:
558:
515:
468:
466:
464:
281:south to 59°S in the Pacific, around
817:47690498-b153-43ab-8951-aab17fc66524
582:
13:
461:
14:
895:
542:Food and Agriculture Organization
484:Food and Agriculture Organization
207:, is a species of fish from the
35:
253:
350:Merluccius australis polylepis
341:Merluccius australis australis
241:has 40 to 46 fin rays and the
217:
1:
421:
363:may not be a single species.
321:but also on squid, krill and
391:
7:
328:
10:
900:
659:
607:10.1002/9781118568262.ch4
403:Macruronus novaezelandiae
163:
156:
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
457:. February 2018 version.
443:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
412:Micromesistius australis
879:Fish described in 1872
408:southern blue whiting
377:Merluccius tasmanicus
303:southern blue whiting
690:Merluccius_australis
661:Merluccius australis
601:. pp. 101â125.
597:Merluccius australis
591:Merluccius australis
447:Merluccius australis
334:Merluccius australis
298:Merluccius australis
259:Merluccius australis
223:Merluccius australis
200:Merluccius australis
183:Merluccius polylepis
175:Merlangius australis
141:Merluccius australis
25:Merluccius australis
293:Habitat and biology
544:. pp. 21â22.
866:
865:
838:Open Tree of Life
653:Taxon identifiers
493:978-92-5-102890-2
354:
345:
196:
195:
190:
179:
171:
123:M. australis
891:
859:
858:
846:
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820:
819:
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797:
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586:
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503:on July 20, 2021
502:
496:. Archived from
481:
470:
459:
458:
437:
352:
343:
287:Falkland Islands
267:Campbell Plateau
185:
177:
169:
143:
40:
39:
21:
20:
899:
898:
894:
893:
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890:
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869:
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836:
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748:
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696:
688:
683:
674:
673:
668:
655:
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632:
631:
622:
621:
617:
595:Southern hake (
587:
583:
563:
559:
552:
533:
516:
506:
504:
500:
494:
479:
471:
462:
438:
429:
424:
396:In New Zealand
394:
355:, South America
331:
295:
256:
231:standard length
220:
167:Gadus australis
152:
145:
139:
126:
34:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
897:
887:
886:
881:
864:
863:
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847:
834:
821:
811:
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733:
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694:
681:
665:
663:
657:
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642:
633:|journal=
615:
581:
557:
551:978-9251049846
550:
514:
492:
460:
441:Froese, Rainer
426:
425:
423:
420:
393:
390:
357:
356:
353:Ginsburg, 1954
347:
330:
327:
294:
291:
255:
252:
219:
216:
194:
193:
192:
191:
180:
178:(Hutton, 1872)
172:
161:
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154:
153:
146:
135:
134:
128:
127:
120:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
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79:Actinopterygii
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
896:
885:
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616:9781118568262
612:
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585:
577:(1): 029â055.
576:
572:
568:
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531:
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521:
519:
499:
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489:
485:
478:
477:
469:
467:
465:
456:
455:
450:
448:
442:
436:
434:
432:
427:
419:
418:as fishmeal.
415:
413:
409:
405:
404:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:
364:
362:
351:
348:
346:, New Zealand
342:
339:
338:
337:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
290:
288:
284:
280:
279:Chiloé Island
276:
273:north to the
272:
268:
264:
260:
251:
249:
244:
243:pectoral fins
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
213:
210:
206:
205:southern hake
202:
201:
188:
184:
181:
176:
173:
168:
165:
164:
162:
159:
155:
150:
144:
142:
136:
133:
132:Binomial name
129:
125:
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119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
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100:
97:
94:
93:
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84:
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64:
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53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
660:
598:
594:
590:
584:
574:
570:
560:
536:
505:. Retrieved
498:the original
475:
452:
446:
416:
411:
401:
398:M. australis
397:
395:
386:M. australis
385:
375:
372:M. australis
371:
365:
361:M. australis
360:
358:
349:
344:Hutton, 1872
340:
333:
332:
311:nototheniids
297:
296:
271:South Island
263:Chatham Rise
258:
257:
254:Distribution
248:lateral line
226:
222:
221:
212:Merlucciidae
204:
199:
198:
197:
182:
174:
170:Hutton, 1872
166:
140:
138:
122:
121:
109:
99:Merlucciidae
24:
18:
763:iNaturalist
269:and around
218:Description
884:Merluccius
873:Categories
422:References
235:dorsal fin
227:Merluccius
110:Merluccius
89:Gadiformes
676:Q14639553
635:ignored (
625:cite book
579:Abstract.
392:Fisheries
368:sympatric
307:whiptails
283:Cape Horn
275:East Cape
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
781:10153228
737:FishBase
729:46564946
670:Wikidata
454:FishBase
329:Taxonomy
239:anal fin
187:Ginsburg
158:Synonyms
95:Family:
69:Chordata
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
755:2415632
571:Zootaxa
538:Nations
507:2 April
382:synonym
323:benthic
319:gadoids
151:, 1872)
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
856:272452
843:492392
830:272452
814:NZOR:
794:164797
613:
548:
490:
406:) and
209:family
203:, the
189:, 1954
149:Hutton
851:WoRMS
807:89946
776:IRMNG
768:82350
716:3ZV6P
703:47383
501:(PDF)
480:(PDF)
370:with
315:squid
825:OBIS
802:NCBI
789:ITIS
750:GBIF
698:BOLD
637:help
611:ISBN
575:3956
546:ISBN
509:2018
488:ISBN
313:and
742:322
724:EoL
711:CoL
685:AFD
603:doi
384:of
875::
853::
840::
827::
804::
791::
778::
765::
752::
739::
726::
713::
700::
687::
672::
629::
627:}}
623:{{
609:.
573:.
569:.
540:.
517:^
482:.
463:^
451:.
430:^
388:.
309:,
305:,
289:.
265:,
639:)
619:.
605::
554:.
511:.
449:"
445:"
410:(
147:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
