620:
sacred
Mesoamerican calendrical count. In general, the orientations in Mesoamerican architecture tend to mark the dates separated by multiples of 13 and 20 days, i.e. of basic periods of the calendrical system. The distribution of these dates in the year suggests that the orientations allowed the use of observational calendars that facilitated the prediction of agriculturally significant dates. These conclusions are supported by the results of systematic research accomplished in various Mesoamerican regions, including central Mexico, the Maya Lowlands, Oaxaca, the Gulf Coast lowlands, and western and northern Mesoamerica. While solar orientations prevail, some prominent buildings were aligned to Venus extremes, a notable example being the Governor's Palace at Uxmal. Orientations to lunar standstill positions on the horizon have also been documented; they are particularly common along the Northeast Coast of the Yucatán peninsula, where the worship of the goddess Ixchel, associated with the Moon, is known to have had an outstanding importance during the Postclassic period.
915:
711:
666:
575:, manifesting the same division that existed in the religious, mythical geography—a division between the underworld and the human world. The underworld was represented by the direction north and many structures and buildings related to the underworld, such as tombs, are often found in the city's northern half. The southern part represented life, sustenance, and rebirth and often contained structures related to the continuity and daily function of the city-state, such as monuments depicting the noble lineages, or residential quarters, markets, etc. Between the two halves of the north/south axis was the plaza, often containing stelae resembling the
872:
823:
758:
1028:
152:
2313:
777:
629:
142:
849:
20:
131:
1100:
559:
2171:
976:
680:. It consisted of an elaborate system of canals, aqueducts, and causeways allowing the city to supply its residents. The island was about 12 square kilometers and had a population of approximately 125,000 people, making it the largest Mesoamerican city ever recorded. The main plaza of Tenochtitlan was approximately 115,000 square meters, or 11.5 ha (28 acres). The main temple of Tenochtitlan known as
120:
1123:
46:, traditions which are best known in the form of public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures. The distinctive features of Mesoamerican architecture encompass a number of different regional and historical styles, which however are significantly interrelated. These styles developed throughout the different phases of
935:, which remained pliable enough to be worked with stone tools while being quarried, and only hardened once when removed from its bed. In addition to the structural use of limestone, much of their mortar consisted of crushed, burnt, and mixed limestone that mimicked the properties of cement and was used just as widely for
962:, and thatch were used to build homes over stone foundations. However, instances of what appear to be common houses of limestone have been discovered as well. Buildings were typically finished with high slanted roofs usually built of wood or thatch although stone roofs in these high slant fashions are also used rarely.
1141:
However, recent work by engineer James O'Kon suggests the
Mesoamerican "arch" is technically not a corbelled arch at all but a trapezium truss system. Moreover, unlike a corbelled arch, it does not rely on overlapping layers of blocks but cast-in-place concrete often supported by timber thrust beams.
718:
Often the most important religious temples sat atop the towering pyramids, presumably as the closest place to the heavens. While recent discoveries point toward the extensive use of pyramids as tombs, the temples themselves seem to rarely, if ever, contain burials. Residing atop the pyramids, some
749:
and one of the largest structures in the entire
Western Hemisphere. It stands at about 216 feet and is roughly 720 by 760 ft (220 by 230 m) at its base. The pyramid is located on the east side of the avenue of the dead which runs almost directly down the center of the city of Teotihuacan.
1373:
Mary Miller and Karl Taube write about this in their introduction to "The Gods and
Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya" pp. 31, they attribute this interpretation to Epigrapher David Stuart. American archeologist James E. Brady have done extensive research on importance of caves in Mesoamerican
639:
Nearly every known ancient
Mesoamerican city had one or more formal public plazas. They are typically large impressive spaces, surrounded by tall pyramids, temples, and other important buildings. Activities that would take place in these plazas would include private rituals, periodic markets, mass
562:
The layout of the city of
Teotihuacan. The central part of the city is laid out following a north/south axis aligned about 15.5 degrees off, and which is marked by the "Street of the dead". The pyramid of the sun is in the center, built on an artificial cave. The southern part is skewed about 16.5
930:
The most surprising aspect of the great
Mesoamerican structures is their lack of many advanced technologies that would seem to be necessary for such constructions. Lacking metal tools, Mesoamerican architecture required one thing in abundance: manpower. Yet, beyond this enormous requirement, the
834:
ritual was a symbolic journey between the underworld and the world of the living, and many ball courts are found in the mid-part of the city functioning as a connection between the northern and southern halves of the city. All but the earliest ball courts are masonry structures. Over 1300 ball
619:
calendar. However, recent research has shown that the earliest orientations marking sunsets on August 13 (and April 30) occur outside of the Maya area. Their purpose must have been to record the dates separated by a period of 260 days (from August 13 to April 30), equivalent to the length of the
1154:
were known in pre-Columbian times in
Mesoamerica; they point to various examples of true arches at a Maya site in La Muneca, the facade of Temple A at Nukum, two low domes at Tajin in Veracruz, a sweat bath at Chichen Itza, and an arch at Oztuma. In 2010, a robot discovered a long arch-roofed
695:
At the monumental Templo Mayor of
Tenochtitlan, archaeologists discovered that the Aztec enlarged the temple seven times, with five extra façades, but always kept intact the basic dual symbolism of the rain god Tlaloc and the tribute/war god Huitzilopochtli. Mexican Archaeologist Eduardo Matos
882:
Large and often highly decorated, the palaces usually sat close to the center of a city and housed the population's elite. Any exceedingly large royal palace, or one consisting of many chambers on different levels might be referred to as an acropolis. However, often these were one-story and
651:(or Zempoala), measuring at 48,088 square meters. Most plazas average at around 3,000 square meters, the smallest being at the site of Paxte which is 528 square meters. Some cities contain many smaller plazas throughout, while some focus their attention on a significantly large main plaza.
1013:, which first became common in Teotihuacan. This style consists of a platform structure, or the "tablero," on top of a sloped "talud". Many different variants on the talud-tablero style arose throughout Mesoamerica, developing and manifesting itself differently among the various cultures.
1081:
were typically built, partitioned by a ridge of stone. The blank lower façade is formed by flat cut stones and punctuated by doorways. The upper partition is richly decorated with repeating geometric patterns and iconographic elements, especially the distinctive curved-nosed
835:
courts have been identified, and although there is a tremendous variation in size, they all have the same general shape: a long narrow alley flanked by two walls with horizontal, sloping, and sometimes vertical faces. The later vertical faces, such as those at
Chichen Itza and
602:
Mesoamerican architecture is often designed to align to specific celestial events. Some pyramids, temples, and other structures were designed to achieve special lighting effects on particular days important in the Mesoamerican cosmovision. A famous example is the
611:, where a light-and-shadow effect can be observed during several weeks around the equinoxes. Contrary to a common opinion, however, there is no evidence that this phenomenon was the result of a purposeful design intended to commemorate the equinoxes.
958:. Very large and ornate architectural ornaments were fashioned from a very enduring stucco (kalk), especially in the Maya region, where a type of hydraulic limestone cement or concrete was also used. In the case of the common houses, wooden framing,
614:
Much Mesoamerican architecture is also aligned to roughly 15° east of north. Vincent H Malmstrom has argued that this is because of a general wish to align the pyramids to face the sunset on August 13, which was the beginning date of the Maya
883:
consisted of many small chambers and typically at least one interior courtyard; these structures appear to take into account the needed functionality required of a residence, as well as the decoration required for their inhabitants stature.
696:
Moctezuma has shown that the symbolic and ritual life of this imperial shrine unified the patterns of forced tributary payments from hundreds of communities with the agricultural and hydraulic subsystems of food production.
939:
finishing as it was for mortar. However, later improvements in quarrying techniques reduced the necessity for this limestone-stucco as their stones began to fit quite perfectly, yet it remained a crucial element in some
77:
in Mesoamerica. Much seems to suggest that many traits of Mesoamerican architecture were governed by religious and mythological ideas. For example, the layout of most Mesoamerican cities seem to be influenced by the
1119:. These arches are built without centering and can be built without support, by corbelling regularly the horizontal courses of the wall masonry. This type of arch supports much less weight than a true arch.
563:
degrees east of north, following the orientation of the Ciudadela, mostly surrounded by residential quarters, while the northern part is the ceremonial center used for among other things human sacrifice.
159:
The following tables show the different phases of Mesoamerican architecture and archeology and correlates them with the cultures, cities, styles and specific buildings that are notable from each period.
647:
with an estimated size of 115,000 square meters. This plaza is an outlier due to the population of the city being so large. The next largest estimated plaza is located in the Gulf Coast in the city of
50:
as a result of the intensive cultural exchange between the different cultures of the Mesoamerican culture area through thousands of years. Mesoamerican architecture is mostly noted for its
571:
system was replicating their beliefs in concrete tangible forms, in effect making the world an embodiment of their beliefs. This meant that the Mesoamerican city was constructed to be a
1732:
105:. Iconographic decorations and texts on buildings are important contributors to the overall current knowledge of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican society, history and religion.
1415:
In Chapter 22 of Archaeoastronomy in the Americas, edited by Ray A. Williamson, Ballena Press/Center for Archaeoastronomy, 1981, pp. 249–61, which can also be found at
590:
Some Mesoamericanists argue that in religious symbolism the Mesoamerican monumental architecture pyramids were mountains, stelae were trees, and wells, ballcourts and
101:. The monumental architecture of Mesoamerica was decorated with images of religious and cultural significance, and also in many cases with writing in some of the
214:
1406:
Aveni and Gibbs. Other researchers give other estimates or averages, but there is a remarkable consistency across time and space to this general orientation.
240:
2374:
1388:Šprajc, Ivan; Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco (2018). "El Sol en Chichén Itzá y Dzibilchaltún: la supuesta importancia de los equinoccios en Mesoamérica".
983:
An architectural construction technique that employs large dry-laid limestone blocks (c. 1 m Ă— 50 cm Ă— 30 cm) covered with a thick layer of
2605:
951:(a light, volcanic rock). It was common for palaces and monumental structures to be made of this rough stone and then covered with stucco or with a
800:. On the surfaces, the temple had murals illustrated on them just like so many temples that were built at the same time and by the same people. The
3080:
2203:
1340:
785:
1603:
692:
in 1521. Cortés and the Spaniards raided the city for its gold supply and artifacts, leaving little behind of the Aztec's civilization.
2175:
3167:
3221:
2021:
1830:
3571:
1706:
2705:
3189:
2598:
1742:
1616:
1586:
1556:
1514:
1449:
846:
Although the alleys in early ball courts were open-ended, later ball courts had enclosed end-zones, giving the structure an
3085:
2481:
2196:
1103:
The principle of the "false" or corbelled arch is to build it without a keystone, but just with overlapping tiers of blocks
2780:
1980:
2792:
979:
The talud-tablero style used in many Mesoamerican pyramids and a prominent stylistic feature of Teotihuacano architecture
1378:
also alludes to the Mayan belief that stelae represent trees, especially the world tree, axis mundi of the Mayan cosmos.
890:, beneath over four-hundred years of later remodeling, a tomb for one of the ancient rulers has been discovered and the
3551:
3323:
3112:
2787:
754:, and shards of clay pots in the pyramid, it was agreed upon that the pyramid was likely a ritual temple at one point.
1419:
1990:
1887:
1839:
1902:
Muriel Porter Weaver describes this on pp. 226–28 of the third edition of "The Aztecs, Maya and their Predecessors".
1501:
918:
Teotihuacan style architecture displaying decorative ornamentation made of obsidian and shell inlaid into a painted
3194:
3174:
3041:
2955:
2625:
2591:
2300:
914:
710:
616:
506:
1877:
3566:
3063:
2189:
1633:
1048:
840:
771:
804:
featured large serpent heads complete with elaborate headdresses. The feathered serpent refers to the Aztec god
665:
3556:
3291:
3249:
3075:
3001:
2820:
2743:
2142:
676:
was an Aztec city that thrived from 1325 to 1521. The city was built on an island, surrounded on all sides by
3561:
3179:
3097:
3092:
2950:
2865:
2850:
2658:
852:-shape when viewed from above. The playing alley may be at ground level, or the ball court may be "sunken".
1065:
So named after the Puuc hills in which this style developed and flourished during the latter portion of the
3384:
3328:
3184:
3144:
3127:
3117:
3021:
3016:
1175:
A number of important archeological sites representing Mesoamerican architecture have been categorized as "
102:
3286:
3154:
3102:
3011:
2748:
2653:
2285:
461:
1364:
Mary Miller and Karl Taube, introduction to "The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya" p. 30.
3440:
3264:
3244:
3199:
3162:
3107:
2996:
2991:
2693:
2688:
2262:
2007:
1801:
1330:
2666:
3481:
3445:
3301:
3137:
3070:
2885:
2860:
2845:
684:
or the Great Temple was 100 meters by 80 meters at its base, and 60 meters tall. The city ultimately
604:
1965:
750:
After archaeologists discovered animal remains, masks, figurines, specifically one of the Aztec god
2919:
2797:
2290:
465:
387:
337:
202:
643:
The size of the main plazas in Mesoamerican cities differed greatly, the largest being located in
3515:
3389:
3058:
2815:
2710:
2630:
2614:
2257:
2212:
1920:
James A O'Kon, The Lost Secrets of Maya Technology Pompton Plaines: Career Press 2012, pp. 114–23
1156:
1108:
1070:
1066:
992:
988:
903:
899:
572:
114:
47:
2671:
1734:
Aspectos astronĂłmicos de la arquitectura maya en la costa nororiental de la penĂnsula de Yucatán
3476:
3399:
3379:
3316:
2945:
2735:
2683:
2648:
2489:
1573:
891:
871:
817:
640:
spectator ceremonies, participatory public ceremonies, feasts, and other popular celebrations.
584:
3488:
3471:
3466:
3333:
2825:
2730:
2698:
2678:
2152:
1952:
831:
705:
568:
51:
1299:
822:
3525:
3520:
3461:
3409:
3338:
3306:
2981:
2880:
2875:
2840:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2393:
2384:
1687:
1648:
723:, the temples were impressive and decorated structures themselves. Commonly topped with a
685:
510:
91:
1465:Ĺ prajc, Ivan (2018). "Astronomy, Architecture, and Landscape in Prehispanic Mesoamerica".
757:
727:, or superficial grandiose wall, these temples might have served as a type of propaganda.
440:
8:
3530:
3493:
3363:
3348:
3254:
3132:
3031:
2960:
2897:
2870:
2830:
2280:
2270:
2220:
1575:
Orientaciones astronómicas en la arquitectura de Mesoamérica: Oaxaca y el Golfo de México
1176:
793:
403:
79:
1691:
1652:
1027:
796:
had been completed. The temple marks one of the first uses of the architecture style of
3353:
3296:
2914:
2237:
1664:
1482:
789:
742:
736:
689:
300:
188:
1851:
1774:
1427:
1135:
876:
210:
3510:
3503:
3311:
3051:
3036:
2965:
2909:
2439:
2295:
2242:
2228:
2029:
1986:
1883:
1835:
1738:
1668:
1612:
1582:
1552:
1546:
1510:
1486:
1445:
1325:
1022:
3430:
3046:
2519:
2434:
2312:
1656:
1474:
517:
1682:Ĺ prajc, Ivan (2015). "Governor's Palace at Uxmal". In Ruggles, Clive L. N. (ed.).
1193:
931:
remaining materials seem to have been readily available. They most often utilized
776:
3026:
3006:
2399:
2388:
1423:
1345:
952:
941:
919:
349:
276:
628:
151:
3259:
2986:
2722:
2514:
2349:
2181:
1825:
1660:
1605:
Orientaciones astronómicas en la arquitectura de Mesoamérica: Occidente y Norte
1503:
Orientaciones astronómicas en la arquitectura prehispánica del centro de México
1305:
Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca (with the
1295:
1009:
Pyramids in Mesoamerican were platformed pyramids and many used a style called
304:
1478:
1256:
886:
Archaeologists seem to agree that many palaces are home to various tombs. At
481:
296:
263:
3545:
3216:
3149:
3122:
2892:
2572:
2033:
1004:
797:
395:
341:
55:
39:
1760:
The Size of Plazas in Mesoamerican Cities and Towns: A Quantitative Analysis
1602:Šprajc, Ivan; Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco; Cañas Ortiz, Alejandro (2016).
1142:
Computer analysis reveals this to be structurally superior to a curved arch
3414:
3394:
3269:
2539:
1442:
Skywatchers: A Revised and Updated Version of Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico
1416:
1375:
1288:
1262:
955:
859:
stones on El Tajin's South Ball court is 11 m long and weighs more than 10
805:
681:
677:
673:
660:
644:
608:
502:
498:
417:
236:
206:
141:
74:
35:
2583:
3358:
3206:
2924:
2902:
2552:
2449:
2404:
2344:
1250:
1164:
1160:
1127:
1116:
751:
746:
633:
280:
252:
98:
43:
27:(Chiapas, Mexico), an example of Classic period Mesoamerican architecture
473:
375:
284:
3226:
3211:
2509:
2275:
2113:
2089:
2053:
1548:
Orientaciones astronĂłmicas en la arquitectura maya de las tierras bajas
1268:
720:
580:
576:
524:
363:
259:
255:
2252:
2114:"Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca"
2065:
558:
531:
513:
3435:
2940:
2557:
2334:
1634:"The Venus-Rain-Maize Complex in the Mesoamerican World View: Part I"
1430:
article for more information on the alignments of Mesoamerican Cities
1335:
1151:
1112:
932:
856:
848:
724:
83:
70:
62:
19:
1944:
1374:
culture. The title of the famous book "Forest of Kings" by Mayanist
1115:, but instead, all of their architecture made use of the "false" or
1078:
383:
130:
61:
One interesting and widely researched topic is the relation between
3404:
3343:
3276:
2454:
2329:
2321:
1731:
Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco; Šprajc, Ivan; Hobel, Martin (2016).
1294:
Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila (with
1281:
1274:
1238:
1225:
1044:
1031:
Puuc-style geometric design on a wall of the great temple of Uxmal.
948:
923:
836:
648:
535:
367:
329:
279:, Teotihuacan and Zapotec, Teuchitlan Tradition formative periods,
232:
124:
66:
24:
1982:
The Land of Prehistory: A Critical History of American Archaeology
1206:
1077:
consists of veneer facing stones applied to a concrete core. Two
887:
345:
333:
317:
Classic Maya Centers, Teotihuacan, Zapotecs, Teuchitlan Tradition
292:
244:
3281:
2504:
2494:
2444:
2424:
2339:
527:
520:
448:
432:
425:
421:
371:
248:
2052:
The entire list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites can be found at
1099:
987:. This style was common in the northern Maya lowlands from the
399:
2567:
2562:
2547:
2471:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2379:
2170:
1180:
984:
975:
936:
591:
444:
436:
87:
2090:"Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila"
1551:. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de AntropologĂa e Historia.
1509:. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de AntropologĂa e Historia.
119:
2529:
2524:
2466:
2414:
2364:
2359:
2354:
1601:
1306:
1244:
1218:
1131:
1083:
959:
898:
appears to have been the site of numerous burials during the
895:
860:
669:
Reconstructed scale model of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan
494:
477:
469:
429:
379:
288:
228:
184:
145:
135:
1122:
866:
2499:
2461:
2369:
2247:
1150:
Scholars such as David Eccott and Gordon Ekholm argue that
1074:
1060:
855:
Ball courts were no mean feats of engineering. One of the
391:
2640:
2008:"THE TRUE ARCH: AN ABSENT TRAIT IN PRECOLUMBIAN AMERICA?"
587:
which served as a crossing point between the two worlds.
1730:
1255:
Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of
155:
Chichen Itza, Great Ball Court, Temple of the Jaguars
2157:
Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820
1572:Šprajc, Ivan; Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco (2015).
1545:
Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco; Šprajc, Ivan (2015).
1287:
Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco (with
1035:Palenque, Tikal, Copán, Tonina, the corbeled arch.
594:were caves that provided access to the underworld.
54:, which are the largest such structures outside of
1882:. John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated. p. 230.
1571:
1544:
1387:
826:Layout chart of a typical Mesoamerican ball court.
765:
688:when it was destroyed by the Spanish conquistador
172:Important cultures, cities, structures and styles
23:Overview of the central plaza of the Maya city of
947:A common building material in central Mexico was
839:, are often covered with complex iconography and
543:
97:Another part of Mesoamerican architecture is its
3543:
2211:
1831:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
745:is the largest structure created in the city of
16:Building traditions of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
2140:
2066:"Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco"
1707:"Lunar alignments in Mesoamerican architecture"
1684:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
1534:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
1170:
2599:
2197:
1086:masks. Carved columnettes are also common.
1016:
548:
2144:The Iconography of Middle American sculpture
1933:, Pompton Plains: New Page, 2012, pp. 149–50
1529:
2613:
2147:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1038:
2606:
2592:
2204:
2190:
719:of over two-hundred feet, such as that at
1107:Mesoamerican cultures never invented the
867:Residential quarters and elite residences
1834:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
1775:"Tenochtitlan: History of Aztec Capital"
1686:. New York: Springer. pp. 773–781.
1121:
1098:
1026:
974:
913:
870:
821:
775:
756:
709:
664:
627:
557:
150:
140:
129:
118:
18:
2141:Bernal, I; Coe, M; et al. (1973).
2022:"Teotihuacan ruins explored by a robot"
1762:. The Society for American Archaeology.
1341:Buildings and structures in Mesoamerica
1237:Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of
3544:
2151:Leibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy,
1704:
1681:
1631:
1499:
1464:
1159:, which stands in the ancient city of
2587:
2185:
1978:
1875:
1772:
1444:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
1439:
909:
730:
328:Teotihuacan apogee, Monte Albán III,
1942:
1757:
1641:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1532:Maya City Planning and the Calendar
13:
2134:
1467:Journal of Archaeological Research
714:Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan
14:
3583:
2163:
2005:
1876:Ching, Francis (April 17, 2017).
1267:Archaeological Monuments Zone of
1224:Archaeological Park and Ruins of
1094:
2311:
2169:
2153:"The Mechanics of the Art World"
1979:Kehoe, Alice Beck (2015-12-22).
1879:A Global History of Architecture
1799:
998:
847:
2106:
2082:
2058:
2046:
2014:
1999:
1972:
1936:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1869:
1844:
1819:
1793:
1766:
1751:
1724:
1698:
1675:
1625:
1595:
1565:
1538:
1530:Aveni, A.; Hartung, H. (1986).
1277:, Pre-Hispanic City of Veracruz
1073:in the northern Maya lowlands,
786:Temple of the Feathered Serpent
780:Temple of the Feathered Serpent
772:Temple of the Feathered Serpent
766:Temple of the Feathered Serpent
654:
1931:The Secrets of Maya Technology
1523:
1493:
1458:
1433:
1409:
1400:
1381:
1367:
1358:
1111:, and so were unable to build
597:
544:Urban planning and cosmovision
42:cultures and civilizations of
1:
3572:Central American architecture
2866:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
1089:
991:until the early parts of the
970:
811:
108:
2213:Native American architecture
2118:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2094:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2070:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1773:Jarus, Owen (15 June 2017).
1145:
1043:Chichén Itzá, Tula Hidalgo,
623:
553:
103:Mesoamerican writing systems
7:
1828:. "Ceremonial Centers." In
1319:
1171:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
875:Courtyard in the Palace of
699:
227:Late Olmec and Early Maya,
10:
3588:
1781:. Live Science Contributor
1737:. Ljubljana: ZaloĹľba ZRC.
1661:10.1177/002182869302400102
1611:. Ljubljana: ZaloĹľba ZRC.
1581:. Ljubljana: ZaloĹľba ZRC.
1440:Aveni, Anthony F. (2001).
1331:Mayan Revival architecture
1167:, dated to around 200 AD.
1155:passageway underneath the
1058:
1020:
1017:Classic Period Maya styles
1002:
815:
788:was constructed after the
769:
734:
703:
658:
632:View of the main plaza in
549:Cosmos and its replication
112:
3552:Mesoamerican architecture
3454:
3423:
3372:
3237:
2974:
2933:
2808:
2721:
2639:
2621:
2538:
2480:
2320:
2309:
2219:
2176:Mesoamerican architecture
2026:Christian Science Monitor
1945:"The Arch in Mesoamerica"
1714:Anthropological Notebooks
1479:10.1007/s10814-017-9109-z
965:
841:scenes of human sacrifice
567:An important part of the
344:, Hieroglyphic stairs of
171:
168:
32:Mesoamerican architecture
1852:"The Pyramid of the Sun"
1802:"The Great Aztec Temple"
1351:
1307:yagul archeological site
1051:, Quetzalcoatl designs.
388:Classic Veracruz Culture
338:Classic Veracruz culture
203:San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan
165:
2631:History of construction
2615:History of architecture
1856:Encyclopedia Britannica
1157:Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl
1054:
177:Pre-Classic(Formative)
115:Mesoamerican chronology
38:traditions produced by
3567:Architecture in Mexico
2626:Architectural timeline
1960:Cite journal requires
1138:
1130:from the Maya site of
1104:
1032:
980:
927:
879:
827:
818:Mesoamerican ballcourt
781:
762:
715:
670:
636:
569:Mesoamerican religious
564:
156:
148:
138:
127:
28:
3557:Architectural history
3168:America and Australia
2788:Medieval Scandinavian
1758:Ossa, Alanna (2017).
1705:Ĺ prajc, Ivan (2016).
1632:Ĺ prajc, Ivan (1993).
1500:Ĺ prajc, Ivan (2001).
1291:and adjacent temples)
1280:Ancient Maya City of
1261:Pre-Hispanic City of
1249:Pre-Hispanic City of
1243:Pre-Hispanic Town of
1125:
1102:
1030:
978:
917:
874:
832:Mesoamerican ballgame
825:
779:
760:
713:
706:Mesoamerican pyramids
668:
631:
561:
183:Gulf Coast cultures,
154:
144:
133:
122:
22:
3562:Architectural styles
3410:Critical regionalism
2385:Mesoamerican pyramid
2178:at Wikimedia Commons
1390:ArqueologĂa Mexicana
1177:World Heritage Sites
1126:A fine example of a
900:Terminal Pre-classic
215:La Mojarra Steala 12
92:Mesoamerican culture
48:Mesoamerican history
3349:Stripped Classicism
3324:International style
3307:Rationalist-Fascist
2956:Portuguese Colonial
2706:Pre-Islamic Persian
2301:Territorial Revival
1692:2015hae..book.....R
1653:1993JHA....24...17S
1069:and throughout the
922:surface set upon a
794:Pyramid of the Moon
455:Early Post-Classic
404:Yaxchilan Lintel 24
221:Middle Pre-Classic
134:Governor's Palace,
80:cardinal directions
3354:Postconstructivism
3297:Streamline Moderne
1422:2006-11-03 at the
1300:teuchitlán culture
1139:
1105:
1033:
981:
928:
910:Building materials
880:
828:
790:Pyramid of the Sun
782:
763:
761:Pyramid of the Sun
743:Pyramid of the Sun
737:Pyramid of the Sun
731:Pyramid of the Sun
716:
671:
637:
565:
488:Late Post-Classic
301:Pyramid of the Sun
195:Early Pre-Classic
189:Monte Alto Culture
157:
149:
139:
128:
29:
3539:
3538:
2581:
2580:
2174:Media related to
1911:Wilkerson, p. 50.
1744:978-961-254-896-4
1618:978-961-254-892-6
1588:978-961-254-816-2
1558:978-607-484-727-7
1516:978-970-18-4180-8
1451:978-0-292-70504-3
1326:Maya architecture
1075:Puuc architecture
1049:Atlantean figures
1023:Maya architecture
579:the Mesoamerican
541:
540:
270:Late Pre-Classic
241:Usulután ceramics
3579:
3431:Deconstructivism
3190:Spanish Colonial
2951:Spanish Colonial
2851:Western Chalukya
2659:Ancient Egyptian
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2315:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2148:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2006:Eccot, David J.
2003:
1997:
1996:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1943:Schwerin, Karl.
1940:
1934:
1929:James A. O'Kon,
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1848:
1842:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1437:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1071:Terminal Classic
851:
273:BC 400 – 200 AD
163:
162:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3450:
3419:
3368:
3302:Totalitarianism
3292:New Objectivity
3233:
3086:Serbo-Byzantine
3081:Russo-Byzantine
2970:
2929:
2804:
2781:Islamic Persian
2717:
2635:
2617:
2612:
2582:
2577:
2534:
2476:
2316:
2307:
2215:
2210:
2166:
2137:
2135:Further reading
2132:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1826:Carrasco, DavĂd
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1800:Alex, Bridget.
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1680:
1676:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1543:
1539:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1438:
1434:
1424:Wayback Machine
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1346:Triadic pyramid
1322:
1296:guachimonotones
1173:
1148:
1097:
1092:
1063:
1057:
1041:
1025:
1019:
1007:
1001:
973:
968:
942:post and lintel
912:
892:North Acropolis
877:Quetzalpapálotl
869:
820:
814:
774:
768:
739:
733:
708:
702:
663:
657:
626:
600:
556:
551:
546:
350:Pacal the Great
277:Preclassic Maya
211:San José Mogote
117:
111:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Constructivism
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3260:Prairie School
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2793:Pre-Romanesque
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2723:1st millennium
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:Platform mound
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2322:Building types
2318:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2165:
2164:External links
2162:
2161:
2160:
2149:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2105:
2081:
2057:
2045:
2028:. 2010-11-12.
2013:
1998:
1991:
1971:
1962:|journal=
1935:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1868:
1843:
1818:
1792:
1765:
1750:
1743:
1723:
1697:
1674:
1647:(1–2): 17–70.
1624:
1617:
1594:
1587:
1564:
1557:
1537:
1522:
1515:
1492:
1473:(2): 197–251.
1457:
1450:
1432:
1408:
1399:
1380:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1172:
1169:
1147:
1144:
1128:corbelled arch
1117:Corbelled arch
1096:
1095:Corbelled arch
1093:
1091:
1088:
1059:Main article:
1056:
1053:
1040:
1039:"Toltec" Style
1037:
1021:Main article:
1018:
1015:
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
972:
969:
967:
964:
911:
908:
868:
865:
816:Main article:
813:
810:
770:Main article:
767:
764:
735:Main article:
732:
729:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
659:Main article:
656:
653:
625:
622:
599:
596:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
539:
538:
492:
489:
485:
484:
459:
456:
452:
451:
414:
411:
407:
406:
361:
358:
354:
353:
326:
323:
322:Early Classic
319:
318:
315:
312:
308:
307:
305:Guachimontones
274:
271:
267:
266:
225:
222:
218:
217:
201:Olmec centers
199:
196:
192:
191:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
167:
123:The Palace in
113:Main article:
110:
107:
34:is the set of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3584:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:New Classical
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Structuralism
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Functionalism
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:Expressionism
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:Liberty style
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Neo-Manueline
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:Monumentalism
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:Mediterranean
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Romano-Gothic
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
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2694:Ancient Roman
2692:
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2689:Ancient Greek
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2573:Talud-tablero
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2394:Twin-pyramids
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2263:Mayan Revival
2261:
2259:
2256:
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2251:
2249:
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2168:
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2139:
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2119:
2115:
2109:
2095:
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2071:
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2061:
2055:
2054:their website
2049:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1992:9781134720651
1988:
1985:. Routledge.
1984:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1891:
1889:9781118981610
1885:
1881:
1880:
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1853:
1847:
1841:
1840:9780195188431
1837:
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1447:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1428:John Q Jacobs
1425:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1396:(149): 26–31.
1395:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
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1254:
1252:
1248:
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1242:
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1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1221:National Park
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1205:Maya Site of
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1194:Joya de Cerén
1192:Maya site of
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
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1120:
1118:
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1087:
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1068:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:talud-tablero
1006:
1005:Talud-tablero
999:Talud-tablero
996:
994:
993:Early Classic
990:
986:
977:
963:
961:
957:
954:
950:
945:
943:
938:
934:
925:
921:
916:
907:
905:
904:Early Classic
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
878:
873:
864:
862:
858:
853:
850:
844:
842:
838:
833:
824:
819:
809:
807:
803:
799:
798:talud-tablero
795:
791:
787:
778:
773:
759:
755:
753:
748:
744:
738:
728:
726:
722:
712:
707:
697:
693:
691:
690:Hernán Cortés
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
662:
652:
650:
646:
641:
635:
630:
621:
618:
612:
610:
607:" pyramid at
606:
595:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
560:
537:
533:
529:
526:
522:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:
491:AD 1200–1519
490:
487:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
457:
454:
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
410:Post-Classic
409:
408:
405:
401:
397:
396:Rio Bec style
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
359:
357:Late Classic
356:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Talud-tablero
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
310:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
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257:
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246:
242:
238:
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220:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
198:BC 2000–1000
197:
194:
193:
190:
186:
182:
180:BC 2000–1000
179:
176:
175:
164:
161:
153:
147:
143:
137:
132:
126:
121:
116:
106:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
56:Ancient Egypt
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:pre-Columbian
37:
36:architectural
33:
26:
21:
3499:Mesoamerican
3498:
3446:Contemporary
3424:2000–present
3415:Neo-futurism
3395:Blobitecture
3222:Modern Style
3138:Neoclassical
2886:Indo-Islamic
2861:Great Seljuk
2846:Vijayanagara
2740:East Slavic
2654:Mesopotamian
2350:GuachimontĂłn
2234:Mesoamerican
2233:
2156:
2143:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:
2108:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:
2060:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2001:
1981:
1974:
1953:cite journal
1938:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1878:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1829:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:Live Science
1778:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1644:
1640:
1627:
1604:
1597:
1574:
1567:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1502:
1495:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1441:
1435:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1376:Linda Schele
1369:
1360:
1289:templo mayor
1263:Chichen Itza
1231:
1230:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1149:
1140:
1106:
1067:Late Classic
1064:
1042:
1034:
1010:
1008:
982:
946:
929:
885:
881:
854:
845:
829:
806:Quetzalcoatl
801:
783:
740:
717:
694:
686:fell in 1521
682:Templo Mayor
678:Lake Texcoco
674:Tenochtitlan
672:
661:Tenochtitlan
655:Tenochtitlan
645:Tenochtitlan
642:
638:
613:
609:Chichen Itza
601:
589:
566:
507:Tzintzuntzan
503:Templo Mayor
499:Tenochtitlan
458:AD 900–1200
418:Chichen Itza
413:AD 900–1519
299:I & II,
237:Tres Zapotes
224:BC 1000–400
207:Chalcatzingo
158:
96:
90:meanings in
84:mythological
75:architecture
60:
31:
30:
3359:PWA Moderne
3245:Rationalism
3207:Art Nouveau
3195:Territorial
3175:Renaissance
3159:Queen Anne
3032:Elizabethan
2925:Plateresque
2920:Renaissance
2903:Sondergotik
2798:Carolingian
2744:Kievan Rus'
2553:Corbel arch
2520:Rope bridge
2450:Sweat lodge
2405:Plank house
2345:Earth lodge
2296:Territorial
2258:San Bartolo
1720:(3): 61–85.
1426:. See also
1417:his website
1257:Monte Albán
1251:Teotihuacan
1187:El Salvador
1165:Mexico City
1161:Teotihuacan
1152:true arches
1113:true arches
752:Huehueteotl
747:Teotihuacan
634:Teotihuacan
605:El Castillo
598:Orientation
482:KaminaljuyĂş
416:Maya Itzá,
360:AD 600–900
325:AD 200–600
314:AD 200–900
297:Monte Albán
281:Teotihuacan
264:KaminaljuyĂş
253:Xunantunich
99:iconography
63:cosmovision
44:Mesoamerica
3546:Categories
3516:Portuguese
3390:Postmodern
3339:Organicism
3227:Modernisme
3212:Jugendstil
3071:Revivalism
3059:Industrial
3042:Portuguese
2816:Romanesque
2711:Achaemenid
2510:Moki steps
2482:Structures
2276:Neo-Andean
2123:2020-12-22
2099:2020-12-22
2075:2020-12-22
2039:2018-05-19
1284:, Campeche
1269:Xochicalco
1090:Technology
989:Preclassic
971:Megalithic
812:Ballcourts
721:El Mirador
617:Long Count
581:axis mundi
577:world tree
364:Xochicalco
348:, Tomb of
260:El Mirador
256:Naj Tunich
109:Chronology
82:and their
3477:Dravidian
3436:Neomodern
3400:High-tech
3380:Brutalism
3373:1950–2000
3317:Stalinist
3250:Mycenaean
3238:1900–1950
3076:Byzantine
3052:Ukrainian
3037:Naryshkin
3002:Edwardian
2975:1750–1900
2946:Palladian
2941:Manueline
2934:1500–1750
2809:1000–1500
2749:Muscovite
2736:Byzantine
2684:Classical
2672:Mycenaean
2649:Neolithic
2558:Roof comb
2490:Ballcourt
2375:Longhouse
2335:Corn crib
2034:0882-7729
1811:March 10,
1785:March 10,
1669:118585661
1487:149439162
1336:Maya city
1298:and near
1271:, Morelos
1213:Guatemala
1179:" by the
1163:north of
1146:True arch
1045:chacmools
933:limestone
926:interior.
906:periods.
857:sandstone
725:roof comb
624:The Plaza
585:ballcourt
573:microcosm
554:Symbolism
518:Kaqchikel
441:Purépecha
169:Timespan
71:geography
3489:Japanese
3467:Colonial
3455:Regional
3405:Arcology
3344:Art Deco
3334:Futurism
3277:De Stijl
3180:Romanian
3098:Egyptian
3093:Colonial
3047:Siberian
2857:Islamic
2826:Ottonian
2821:Galician
2731:Sasanian
2699:Herodian
2679:Etruscan
2540:Elements
2455:Temazcal
2330:Barabara
1861:11 March
1806:Discover
1420:Archived
1320:See also
1282:Calakmul
1275:El Tajin
1239:Palenque
1226:Quirigua
1200:Honduras
1109:keystone
949:tezontle
924:tezontle
837:El Tajin
802:tableros
792:and the
700:Pyramids
649:Cempoala
583:, and a
536:Cempoala
530:, Maya,
474:El TajĂn
376:Quiriguá
368:Cacaxtla
330:Palenque
311:Classic
285:UaxactĂşn
233:La Venta
125:Palenque
88:symbolic
67:religion
52:pyramids
25:Palenque
3526:Spanish
3521:Russian
3462:Chinese
3282:Bauhaus
3185:Russian
3163:Britain
3145:Moorish
3128:Baroque
3118:Mission
3064:British
3027:Petrine
3022:Maltese
3017:Italian
3007:English
2982:Baroque
2881:Ottoman
2876:Timurid
2841:Hoysala
2837:Indian
2776:Fatimid
2771:Abbasid
2766:Moorish
2761:Umayyad
2756:Islamic
2663:Aegean
2505:E-Group
2495:Chultun
2445:Shabono
2425:Quiggly
2389:Triadic
2340:Chickee
2286:Revival
2253:RĂo Bec
2159:(2015).
1688:Bibcode
1649:Bibcode
1136:Yucatán
1079:façades
953:cantera
944:roofs.
920:cantera
592:cenotes
532:Utatlán
528:Zaculeu
521:Iximche
514:Utatlán
462:Cholula
449:Totonac
433:Topoxte
426:Tayasal
422:Mayapan
394:style,
372:Cancuen
249:Lamanai
166:Period
3531:Somali
3511:Newari
3494:Korean
3472:Indian
3364:Googie
3270:Cubism
3255:Modern
3155:Pueblo
3133:Rococo
3103:Gothic
3012:French
2987:Andean
2961:Mughal
2898:Gothic
2871:Mamluk
2831:Norman
2667:Minoan
2568:Sipapu
2563:Sascab
2548:Ashlar
2472:Wigwam
2435:Ramada
2430:Qullqa
2420:Qarmaq
2410:Pukara
2380:Maloca
2281:Pueblo
2271:Muisca
2221:Styles
2032:
1989:
1886:
1838:
1741:
1667:
1615:
1585:
1555:
1513:
1485:
1448:
1302:sites)
1232:Mexico
1181:UNESCO
985:stucco
966:Styles
956:veneer
937:stucco
511:Quiché
445:Mixtec
437:Toltec
428:, and
384:Toniná
258:Cave,
73:, and
3482:Hindu
3200:Tudor
3108:Mayan
2997:Dutch
2992:Czech
2915:Aztec
2910:Incan
2530:Ushnu
2525:Sacbe
2467:Tupiq
2415:Qargi
2365:Jacal
2360:Igloo
2355:Hogan
2238:Aztec
1710:(PDF)
1665:S2CID
1637:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1483:S2CID
1352:Notes
1245:Uxmal
1219:Tikal
1207:Copán
1132:Uxmal
1084:Chaac
960:adobe
896:Tikal
888:Copán
495:Aztec
478:Tulum
470:Mitla
430:Kowoj
380:Uxmal
346:Copán
334:Copán
293:Edzná
289:Tikal
245:Nakbé
229:Izapa
185:Olmec
146:Tikal
136:Uxmal
3504:Maya
3312:Nazi
2966:Sikh
2500:Cuel
2462:Tipi
2440:Ruka
2370:Kiva
2291:Deco
2248:Puuc
2243:Maya
2229:Inca
2030:ISSN
1987:ISBN
1966:help
1884:ISBN
1863:2020
1836:ISBN
1813:2020
1787:2020
1739:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1061:Puuc
1055:Puuc
902:and
861:tons
830:The
784:The
741:The
523:and
466:Tula
400:Cobá
392:Puuc
86:and
2641:BCE
2400:Oca
1657:doi
1475:doi
894:at
525:Mam
336:,
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2092:.
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1955:}}
1951:{{
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