242:
40:
1207:
234:
715:
348:
1379:
555:
2317:
428:
472:
29:
1176:
1005:. Here formerly deeply buried rock has been brought to the surface by uplift and erosion. The metamorphic rock exposed in orogenic belts may have been metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above. This kind of regional metamorphism is known as
2638:
895:
facies of a marble will not be identical with the amphibolite facies of a pelite. However, the facies are defined such that metamorphic rock with as broad a range of compositions as is practical can be assigned to a particular facies. The present definition of metamorphic facies is largely based on the work of the
Finnish geologist,
1009:. This tends to produce low-grade metamorphic rock. Much more common is metamorphic rock formed during the collision process itself. The collision of plates causes high temperatures, pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts. Metamorphic rock formed in these settings tends to shown well-developed schistosity.
331:. In metamorphosed sandstone, recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite, also known as metaquartzite, in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked. Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization. High temperatures allow the
906:
The metamorphic facies is not usually considered when classifying metamorphic rock based on protolith, mineral mode, or texture. However, a few metamorphic facies produce rock of such distinctive character that the facies name is used for the rock when more precise classification is not possible. The
302:
Many complex high-temperature reactions may take place between minerals without them melting, and each mineral assemblage produced indicates the temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism. These reactions are possible because of rapid diffusion of atoms at elevated temperature. Pore fluid
1059:
Many orogenic belts contain higher-temperature, lower-pressure metamorphic belts. These may form through heating of the rock by ascending magmas of volcanic arcs, but on a regional scale. Deformation and crustal thickening in an orogenic belt may also produce these kinds of metamorphic rocks. These
644:
is a fine-grained metamorphic rock that easily splits into thin plates but shows no obvious compositional layering. The term is used only when very little else is known about the rock that would allow a more definite classification. Textural classifications may be prefixed to indicate a sedimentary
894:
A metamorphic facies is a set of distinctive assemblages of minerals that are found in metamorphic rock that formed under a specific combination of pressure and temperature. The particular assemblage is somewhat dependent on the composition of that protolith, so that (for example) the amphibolite
259:
However, changes in the mineral composition can take place even when the bulk composition of the rock does not change. This is possible because all minerals are stable only within certain limits of temperature, pressure, and chemical environment. For example, at atmospheric pressure, the mineral
255:
can change the bulk composition of a rock. Hot fluids circulating through pore space in the rock can dissolve existing minerals and precipitate new minerals. Dissolved substances are transported out of the rock by the fluids while new substances are brought in by fresh fluids. This can obviously
1244:
is often used by geologists to signify those fine grained, compact, non-foliated products of contact metamorphism. The contact aureole typically shows little deformation, and so hornfels is usually devoid of schistosity and forms a tough, equigranular rock. If the rock was originally banded or
593:
classification system, if all that can be determined about the protolith is its general type, such as sedimentary or volcanic, the classification is based on the mineral mode (the volume percentages of different minerals in the rock). Metasedimentary rocks are divided into carbonate-rich rock
1119:
contain metavolcanic and metasedimentary rock that has undergone a relatively mild grade of metamorphism, at temperatures of 350–500 °C (662–932 °F) and pressures of 200–500 MPa (2,000–5,000 bar). They can be divided into a lower group of metabasalts, including rare
620:, which are medium-grained strongly foliated rocks. These show the most well-developed schistosity, defined as the extent to which platy minerals are present and are aligned in a single direction, so that the rock easily splits into plates less than a centimeter (0.4 inches) thick.
182:
Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rock is transformed physically or chemically at elevated temperature, without actually melting to any great degree. The importance of heating in the formation of metamorphic rock was first noted by the pioneering
Scottish naturalist,
699:
The basic classification can be supplemented by terms describing mineral content or texture. For example, a metabasalt showing weak schistosity might be described as a gneissic metabasalt, and a pelite containing abundant staurolite might be described as a staurolite pelite.
1064:, amphibolite, or granulite facies and are the most common of metamorphic rocks produced by regional metamorphosis. The association of an outer high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic zone with an inner zone of low-pressure, high-temperature metamorphic rocks is called a
1217:). The changes that occur are greatest wherever the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at this boundary and decrease with distance from it. Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a
545:
Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides, or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits, will not be foliated. Marble lacks platy minerals and is generally not foliated, which allows its use as a material for sculpture and architecture.
439:
Metamorphic rocks are typically more coarsely crystalline than the protolith from which they formed. Atoms in the interior of a crystal are surrounded by a stable arrangement of neighboring atoms. This is partially missing at the surface of the crystal, producing a
1127:
The greenstone belts are surrounded by high-grade gneiss terrains showing highly deformed low-pressure, high-temperature (over 500 °C (932 °F)) metamorphism to the amphibolite or granulite facies. These form most of the exposed rock in
Archean cratons.
1158:
is formed as tectonic plates move apart. Hydrothermal metamorphism is extensive here. This is characterized by metasomatism by hot fluids circulating through the rock. This produces metamorphic rock of the greenschist facies. The metamorphic rock,
569:
Metamorphic rocks are one of the three great divisions of all rock types, and so there is a great variety of metamorphic rock types. In general, if the protolith of a metamorphic rock can be determined, the rock is described by adding the prefix
511:, to become rotated such that their short axes are parallel to the direction of shortening. This results in a banded, or foliated, rock, with the bands showing the colors of the minerals that formed them. Foliated rock often develops planes of
1052:. Eclogites are occasionally found at sites of continental collision, where the subducted rock is rapidly brought back to the surface, before it can be converted to the granulite facies in the hot upper mantle. Many samples of eclogite are
530:, the following sequence develops with increasing temperature: The mudstone is first converted to slate, which is a very fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock, characteristic of very low grade metamorphism. Slate in turn is converted to
363:
Because every mineral is stable only within certain limits, the presence of certain minerals in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which the rock underwent metamorphism. These minerals are known as
117:
from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust.
78:) or more, causing profound physical or chemical changes. During this process, the rock remains mostly in the solid state, but gradually recrystallizes to a new texture or mineral composition. The protolith may be an
1469:
Wilkinson, Bruce H.; McElroy, Brandon J.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Peters, Shanan E.; Rothman, Edward D. (2008). "Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers – Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies".
187:, who is often described as the father of modern geology. Hutton wrote in 1795 that some rock beds of the Scottish Highlands had originally been sedimentary rock but had been transformed by great heat.
1088:, which form in region of crustal extension. They are characterized by low-angle faulting that exposes domes of middle or lower crust metamorphic rock. These were first recognized and studied in the
1942:
676:. Special names may also be applied more generally to rocks dominated by a single mineral, or with a distinctive composition or mode or origin. Special names still in wide use include amphibolite,
105:. They may be formed simply by being deeply buried beneath the Earth's surface, where they are subject to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above. They can also form from
653:, such as orthogneiss). When nothing is known about the protolith, the textural name is used without a prefix. For example, a schist is a rock with schistose texture whose protolith is uncertain.
2420:
Liu, Liang; Zhang, Junfeng; Green, Harry W.; Jin, Zhenmin; Bozhilov, Krassmir N. (November 2007). "Evidence of former stishovite in metamorphosed sediments, implying subduction to >350 km".
586:. For a metamorphic rock to be classified in this manner, the protolith should be identifiable from the characteristics of the metamorphic rock itself, and not inferred from other information.
1253:) this character may not be obliterated, and a banded hornfels is the product. Contact metamorphism close to the surface produces distinctive low-pressure metamorphic minerals, such as
594:(metacarbonates or calcsilicate-rocks) or carbonate-poor rocks, and the latter are further classified by the relative abundance of mica in their composition. This ranges from low-mica
921:
as a classification for rock metamorphosed to the granulite facies. Instead, such rock will often be classified as a granofels. However, this approach is not universally accepted.
1944:
Metamorphic Rocks: A Classification and
Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks
1016:
is taking place, the basalt of the subducting slab is metamorphosed to high-pressure metamorphic facies. It initially undergoes low-grade metamorphism to metabasalt of the
979:
in the middle and lower crust, where the rock reaches the higher-pressure metamorphic facies. This rock is found at the surface only where extensive uplift and erosion has
214:, the circulation of fluids through buried rock, to the list of processes that help bring about metamorphism. However, metamorphism can take place without metasomatism (
141:. Slate and quartzite tiles are used in building construction. Marble is also prized for building construction and as a medium for sculpture. On the other hand, schist
109:
processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction, and distortion. Metamorphic rock can be formed locally when rock is heated by the
1283:
between the igneous magma and sedimentary country rock, whereby the chemicals in each are exchanged or introduced into the other. In that case, hybrid rocks called
899:, with refinements based on subsequent experimental work. Eskola drew upon the zonal schemes, based on index minerals, that were pioneered by the British geologist,
1223:. Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from the contact area to unmetamorphosed (unchanged) country rock some distance away. The formation of important
503:, meaning "leaves"). Foliation develops when a rock is being shortened along one axis during recrystallization. This causes crystals of platy minerals, such as
947:. The middle continental crust is dominated by metamorphic rock that has reached the amphibolite facies. Within the upper crust, which is the only part of the
2539:
339:
in solid crystals to migrate, thus reorganizing the crystals, while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact.
241:
2040:
Robinson, D.; Bevins, R. E.; Aguirre, L.; Vergara, M. (1 January 2004). "A reappraisal of episodic burial metamorphism in the Andes of central Chile".
446:
that makes the surface thermodynamically unstable. Recrystallization to coarser crystals reduces the surface area and so minimizes the surface energy.
1843:
1044:. Metabasalt and blueschist may be preserved in blueschist metamorphic belts formed by collisions between continents. They may also be preserved by
2561:
1143:
or TTG suite. These are the most voluminous rocks in the craton and may represent an important early phase in the formation of continental crust.
2598:
1111:
are regions of exposed ancient rock that make up the stable cores of continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of
626:, which are more coarse grained and show thicker foliation that schists, with layers over 5mm thick. These show less well-developed schistosity.
3483:
415:, may be found in metamorphic rocks but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism. These minerals can also form during the
1588:
PROCEEDINGS 4th
International Congress on "Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin" VOL. I
2329:
1163:, is particularly characteristic of these settings, and represents chemical transformation of olivine and pyroxene in ultramafic rock to
419:
of igneous rocks. They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process.
2338:
202:
constructed from a cannon barrel and heated it in an iron foundry furnace. Hall found that this produced a material strongly resembling
2569:– Detailed field and hand specimen photographs of metamorphic rocks grouped by setting and composition (Department of Earth Sciences,
2531:
1622:
Zhang, Xiao-Ping; Wong, Louis Ngai Yuen; Wang, Si-Jing; Han, Geng-You (August 2011). "Engineering properties of quartz mica schist".
602:. Psammites composed mostly of quartz are classified as quartzite. Metaigneous rocks are classified similarly to igneous rocks, by
1981:
Rudnick, Roberta L.; Fountain, David M. (1995). "Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective".
1333:, often as slabs for flooring, walls, or stairsteps. About 6% of crushed stone, used mostly for road aggregate, is quartzite.
1529:
1070:. The main islands of Japan show three distinct paired metamorphic belts, corresponding to different episodes of subduction.
538:
is medium to coarse-grained and found in areas of medium grade metamorphism. High-grade metamorphism transforms the rock to
2748:
2627:
2591:
70:) is subjected to temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C (300 to 400 °F) and, often, elevated pressure of 100
2267:
2201:
1853:
951:
geologists can directly sample, metamorphic rock forms only from processes that can occur at shallow depth. These are
2292:
2164:
2115:
1662:
1600:
1509:
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because of its pronounced planes of weakness. A hazard may exist even in undisturbed terrain. On August 17, 1959, a
2688:
2622:
2556:
2455:
1554:
1040:. Eclogite is also significantly denser than blueschist, which drives further subduction of the slab deep into the
463:, or olivine, are particularly prone to form mylonites, while feldspar and garnet are resistant to mylonitization.
2536:
606:
content, from meta-ultramafic-rock (which is very low in silica) to metafelsic-rock (with a high silica content).
967:. These processes are relatively local in occurrence and usually reach only the low-pressure facies, such as the
3752:
2707:
2584:
1790:
1741:
1450:
190:
Hutton also speculated that pressure was important in metamorphism. This hypothesis was tested by his friend,
1124:; a middle group of meta-intermediate-rock and meta-felsic-rock; and an upper group of metasedimentary rock.
1329:
Quartzite is sufficiently hard and dense that it is difficult to quarry. However, some quartzite is used as
578:, the rock will be described as a metabasalt. Likewise, a metamorphic rock whose protolith is known to be a
449:
Although grain coarsening is a common result of metamorphism, rock that is intensely deformed may eliminate
1417:
668:. A few special names are used for rocks of unknown protolith but known modal composition, such as marble,
20:
1360:, Montana, composed of schist. This caused a massive landslide that killed 26 people camping in the area.
272:
when the temperature reaches about 800 °C (1,470 °F). All three have the identical composition,
1353:
1021:
742:
312:
191:
3757:
1439:
1097:
1032:. Metamorphism to the eclogite facies releases a great deal of water vapor from the rock, which drives
3762:
2548:
1941:
Schmid, R.; Fettes, D.; Harte, B.; Davis, E.; Desmons, J. (2007). "How to name a metamorphic rock.".
900:
609:
Where the mineral mode cannot be determined, as is often the case when rock is first examined in the
590:
526:
The type of foliation that develops depends on the metamorphic grade. For instance, starting with a
1089:
1085:
1079:
1066:
936:
665:
163:
Metamorphic rocks form one of the three great divisions of rock types. They are distinguished from
2813:
2781:
2741:
523:, and it typically shows well-developed cleavage that allows slate to be split into thin plates.
432:
218:) or at depths of just a few hundred meters where pressures are relatively low (for example, in
3233:
1214:
579:
39:
1363:
Metamorphosed ultramafic rock contains serpentine group minerals, which includes varieties of
1306:
by extraterrestrial bodies. It produces rare ultrahigh pressure metamorphic minerals, such as
1131:
The granite-greenstone belts are intruded by a distinctive group of granitic rocks called the
3198:
1651:
1402:
1002:
2433:
2322:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1592:
2570:
2429:
2049:
1990:
980:
878:
225:
Metamorphic processes change the texture or mineral composition of the metamorphosed rock.
355:
Metamorphic rocks are characterized by their distinctive mineral composition and texture.
8:
2693:
1246:
1213:
Contact metamorphism takes place when magma is injected into the surrounding solid rock (
1206:
491:
484:
311:
The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called
110:
102:
2053:
1994:
1785:(21st ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 449, 480, 483, 497, 516, 518, 529, 539, 543.
1302:
Impact metamorphism is unlike other forms of metamorphism in that it takes place during
268:
at a temperature of about 190 °C (374 °F). Andalusite, in turn, transforms to
93:
and form 12% of the Earth's land surface. They are classified by their protolith, their
3029:
2734:
2065:
1397:
1061:
889:
760:
735:
512:
1899:
2989:
2288:
2263:
2197:
2160:
2111:
2069:
1849:
1786:
1737:
1658:
1596:
1505:
1446:
1407:
1349:
1041:
1025:
972:
940:
773:
728:
562:
558:
460:
303:
between mineral grains can be an important medium through which atoms are exchanged.
146:
48:
3681:
3180:
3049:
2496:
2437:
2057:
1998:
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1479:
1315:
1184:
1164:
1151:
1108:
948:
944:
755:
583:
210:
produced by heating of chalk in the open air. French geologists subsequently added
172:
90:
83:
44:
2566:
1586:
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1115:
age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone belts. The
3493:
3253:
3106:
2543:
1635:
1330:
1296:
1219:
1116:
1029:
968:
930:
766:
721:
661:
416:
199:
106:
1012:
Metamorphic rock of orogenic belts shows a variety of metamorphic facies. Where
3686:
3528:
3121:
3044:
2806:
2714:
2441:
1900:"BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks"
1384:
1336:
Marble is also prized for building construction and as a medium for sculpture.
1017:
750:
657:
508:
476:
442:
59:
2061:
3746:
3731:
3646:
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3024:
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2801:
2333:
2323:
1155:
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450:
365:
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71:
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3636:
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3133:
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2342:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 332–33.
2239:
1303:
1280:
1262:
1228:
1192:
1160:
1140:
1136:
1037:
1024:, but as the basalt subducts to greater depths, it is metamorphosed to the
714:
681:
295:
at elevated pressure and temperature in more silicate-rich rock containing
252:
211:
184:
179:
eroded from existing rock or precipitated chemically from bodies of water.
164:
158:
79:
63:
2346:
3545:
3436:
3416:
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3333:
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3208:
3054:
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2964:
2919:
2877:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2786:
2657:
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1445:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. p. 5.
1412:
1357:
1258:
1188:
908:
872:
790:
677:
673:
574:
to the protolith rock name. For example, if the protolith is known to be
369:
296:
269:
245:
2576:
2367:"Geosights: Colorful coal "clinker" close to Castle Gate, Carbon County"
2287:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 427.
1736:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
613:, then classification must be based on texture. The textural types are:
554:
3711:
3696:
3671:
3666:
3576:
3561:
3478:
3446:
3411:
3401:
3383:
3363:
3308:
3288:
3243:
3165:
3150:
3126:
3086:
3059:
3039:
3014:
2974:
2949:
2939:
2934:
2914:
2823:
1392:
1311:
1093:
1013:
610:
400:
381:
377:
284:
265:
75:
2192:
Crittenden, M.D.; Coney, P.J.; Davis, G.H.; Davis, G.H., eds. (1980).
2002:
1701:
1378:
534:, which is fine-grained and found in areas of low grade metamorphism.
3726:
3716:
3706:
3691:
3661:
3641:
3626:
3621:
3586:
3581:
3540:
3533:
3498:
3468:
3453:
3431:
3373:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3323:
3303:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3223:
3188:
3101:
3069:
3019:
3009:
2984:
2959:
2954:
2894:
2855:
2818:
1617:
1615:
1483:
1121:
1049:
1045:
1033:
917:
693:
685:
629:
320:
233:
207:
138:
67:
32:
2173:
2136:
2124:
1326:
Slate tiles are used in construction, particularly as roof shingle.
1197:
640:
is a granofels that is known to result from contact metamorphism. A
3701:
3676:
3601:
3571:
3566:
3488:
3473:
3441:
3421:
3318:
3293:
3170:
3145:
3138:
3116:
3111:
3064:
3004:
2889:
2840:
2830:
2776:
2662:
2552:
2229:
2227:
2225:
1364:
1240:
1132:
1053:
912:
868:
779:
669:
637:
595:
531:
527:
489:
Many kinds of metamorphic rocks show a distinctive layering called
455:
408:
396:
292:
176:
94:
2501:
2484:
1612:
427:
3721:
3651:
3616:
3591:
3523:
3358:
3298:
3238:
3203:
3096:
2944:
2904:
2872:
2867:
2771:
2726:
1345:
1318:, but the presence of stishovite is unique to impact structures.
1307:
1180:
1112:
998:
992:
392:
373:
316:
261:
142:
98:
2222:
2210:
1314:. Coesite is rarely found in eclogite brought to the surface in
1299:. Here intense shearing of the rock typically forms mylonites.
915:. The British Geological Survey strongly discourages the use of
471:
3631:
3606:
3503:
3463:
3426:
3328:
3193:
3091:
3081:
3034:
2999:
2969:
2899:
2884:
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2791:
2672:
2509:
1254:
1250:
1232:
623:
617:
603:
599:
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539:
535:
519:
is an example of a foliated metamorphic rock, originating from
412:
385:
328:
288:
203:
134:
130:
122:
1823:
1092:
of southwestern North
America, but are also found in southern
3596:
3518:
3513:
3378:
3343:
3263:
3218:
3213:
2667:
2021:
1295:
Dynamic (cataclastic) metamorphism takes place locally along
1284:
877:
graph corresponds to conditions within the Earth's crust and
689:
641:
520:
516:
496:
324:
195:
168:
126:
114:
2562:
Metamorphic Rocks Tour, an introduction to metamorphic rocks
2039:
1468:
287:
is stable over a broad range of pressure and temperature in
28:
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3228:
3160:
2110:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 275–279.
1841:
1713:
1269:
1268:
Similar changes may be induced in shales by the burning of
1249:(as, for example, a laminated sandstone or a foliated calc-
1231:
at or near the contact zone. Contact aureoles around large
1175:
943:
is mostly metamafic-rock and pelite which have reached the
784:
656:
Special classifications exist for metamorphic rocks with a
504:
404:
351:
Metamorphic rock containing staurolite and almandine garnet
332:
2106:
Kearey, P.; Klepeis, Keith A.; Vine, Frederick J. (2009).
1799:
1750:
2637:
2485:"The Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959"
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336:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2009:
1962:
1862:
1676:
1674:
2532:
Metamorphic textures – Middle East
Technical University
1762:
1691:
1689:
459:. Certain kinds of rock, such as those rich in quartz,
2389:
1950:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–15
1940:
1811:
2401:
2076:
1835:
1671:
1657:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 57.
237:
Basalt hand-sized sample showing fine-grained texture
2555:) – Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,
1686:
1374:
939:
and form 12% of the Earth's land surface. The lower
327:
change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock
2194:
Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes (Memoir 153)
1781:Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993).
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1650:
1438:
19:"Metamorphic" redirects here. For other uses, see
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2216:
2179:
2142:
2130:
2105:
1783:Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)
983:rock that was formerly much deeper in the crust.
632:, which show no obvious foliation or schistosity.
475:Folded foliation in a metamorphic rock from near
453:by recrystallizing as a fine-grained rock called
3744:
2419:
1732:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Metaquartzite".
1621:
1581:
1579:
1179:A contact metamorphic rock made of interlayered
1001:produced by the collision of tectonic plates at
867:Figure 1. Diagram showing metamorphic facies in
2285:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1980:
1921:
1607:white marble prized for use to make sculptures.
1532:. Mineral Information Institute. Archived from
1464:
1462:
299:, with which the forsterite reacts chemically.
1500:Schunck, Eberhard; Oster, Hans Jochen (2003).
935:Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the
149:because of its pronounced planes of weakness.
89:Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the
2742:
2592:
2282:
1576:
1502:Roof Construction Manual : Pitched Roofs
1073:
1056:brought to the surface by volcanic activity.
2515:
2465:. Marble Institute of America. p. 23-15
2352:
2283:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
2262:(3rd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
1780:
1564:. Marble Institute of America. p. 23-15
1499:
1495:
1493:
1459:
649:, such as paraschist) or igneous protolith (
16:Rock that was subjected to heat and pressure
1235:may be as much as several kilometers wide.
1103:
997:Metamorphic rock is extensively exposed in
2749:
2735:
2599:
2585:
542:, which is coarse to very coarse-grained.
58:arise from the transformation of existing
2606:
2500:
2489:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2154:
2042:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1907:British Geological Survey Research Report
1897:
1490:
62:to new types of rock in a process called
2364:
1441:An introduction to metamorphic petrology
1205:
1174:
553:
470:
426:
346:
240:
232:
228:
38:
27:
2407:
2395:
2257:
2093:
2015:
1968:
1868:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1768:
1756:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1680:
1436:
1272:seams. This produces a rock type named
358:
256:change the mineral makeup of the rock.
121:Some examples of metamorphic rocks are
3745:
2301:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1504:(2003 ed.). München: DE GRUYTER.
1472:Geological Society of America Bulletin
43:Metamorphic rock, deformed during the
2730:
2580:
2327:
2027:
1848:. Cengage Learning. pp. 174–77.
1648:
1523:
1521:
1227:minerals may occur by the process of
1048:onto the overriding plate as part of
975:. Most metamorphic rock is formed by
703:
1842:Wicander R. & Munroe J. (2005).
1367:that pose a hazard to human health.
1290:
1084:Metamorphic rock is also exposed in
2628:Ultra-high-temperature metamorphism
2422:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2159:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
1874:
1356:destabilized a mountain slope near
1170:
1146:
1100:, and in other areas of extension.
306:
13:
2756:
2157:Metamorphism and Metamorphic Belts
1527:
1518:
957:dynamic (cataclastic) metamorphism
14:
3774:
2525:
2365:Milligan, Mark (September 2007).
2196:. Geological Society of America.
986:
561:marble in Big Cottonwood Canyon,
549:
319:crystals in the sedimentary rock
2689:Dynamic quartz recrystallization
2636:
2623:Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism
2557:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
2315:
1377:
1191:of Canada. Once thought to be a
713:
598:through semipelite to high-mica
248:formed by metamorphism of basalt
86:, or existing metamorphic rock.
2477:
2448:
2413:
2358:
2276:
2251:
2246:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2234:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2217:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2185:
2180:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2148:
2143:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2131:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2099:
2033:
1974:
1774:
1725:
1710:, pp. 32–33, 110, 130–131.
2355:, pp. 385, 456, 466, 485.
1642:
1547:
1430:
953:contact (thermal) metamorphism
342:
1:
1423:
1279:There is also a tendency for
924:
2537:Contact metamorphism example
1636:10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.04.020
1418:Subduction zone metamorphism
660:protolith or formed along a
466:
35:, a type of metamorphic rock
21:Metamorphic (disambiguation)
7:
2328:Flett, John Smith (1911). "
1370:
1022:prehnite-pumpellyite facies
591:British Geological Survey's
10:
3779:
2567:Atlas of Metamorphic Rocks
2442:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.010
2248:, pp. 28–29, 129–131.
1591:. Angelo Ferrari. p.
1437:Yardley, B. W. D. (1989).
1339:
1086:metamorphic core complexes
1077:
1074:Metamorphic core complexes
990:
928:
887:
482:
422:
315:. For instance, the small
156:
113:of hot molten rock called
18:
3554:
3392:
3179:
2762:
2702:
2681:
2645:
2634:
2615:
2549:Metamorphic Rock Database
2258:Marshak, Stephen (2009).
2155:Miyashiro, Akiho (1973).
2062:10.1007/s00410-003-0516-4
1649:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
1348:can pose a challenge for
961:hydrothermal metamorphism
931:Metamorphism § Types
167:, which form from molten
152:
145:can pose a challenge for
2516:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
2353:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
2030:, pp. 76–77, 82–83.
1354:magnitude 7.2 earthquake
1104:Granite-greenstone belts
1090:Basin and Range Province
1080:Metamorphic core complex
875:space. The domain of the
666:hydrothermal circulation
391:Other minerals, such as
216:isochemical metamorphism
206:, rather than the usual
2814:Basaltic trachyandesite
2782:Alkali feldspar granite
2434:2007E&PSL.263..180L
2339:Encyclopædia Britannica
1321:
1098:D'Entrecasteaux Islands
1067:paired metamorphic belt
696:, mylonite, and slate.
582:will be described as a
433:petrographic microscope
2491:. Professional Paper.
1898:Robertson, S. (1999).
1832:, p. 22, 168-170.
1653:The earth through time
1210:
1203:
566:
480:
436:
431:A mylonite (through a
352:
291:, but is converted to
249:
238:
52:
36:
3753:Metamorphic petrology
3199:Banded iron formation
2682:Metamorphic processes
2616:Types of metamorphism
2260:Essentials of Geology
1983:Reviews of Geophysics
1845:Essentials of Geology
1403:List of rock textures
1209:
1178:
1003:convergent boundaries
991:Further information:
977:regional metamorphism
929:Further information:
557:
474:
430:
350:
244:
236:
229:Mineralogical changes
66:. The original rock (
42:
31:
2571:University of Oxford
680:, phyllite, marble,
359:Metamorphic minerals
220:contact metamorphism
2694:Foliation (geology)
2518:, pp. 507–511.
2182:, pp. 368–369.
2145:, pp. 367–368.
2133:, pp. 275–279.
2054:2004CoMP..146..513R
1995:1995RvGeo..33..267R
1734:Glossary of geology
1722:, p. 127, 154.
1624:Engineering Geology
1109:Continental shields
1007:burial metamorphism
965:impact metamorphism
907:chief examples are
485:Foliation (geology)
368:. Examples include
3555:Specific varieties
2542:2012-02-16 at the
1808:, p. 148-158.
1759:, p. 154-158.
1398:List of rock types
1211:
1204:
890:Metamorphic facies
704:Metamorphic facies
567:
495:(derived from the
481:
461:carbonate minerals
437:
353:
250:
239:
175:, which form from
101:makeup, and their
53:
37:
3758:Metamorphic rocks
3740:
3739:
2990:Nepheline syenite
2724:
2723:
2646:Metamorphic rocks
2463:Glossary of Terms
2018:, pp. 12–13.
2003:10.1029/95RG01302
1971:, pp. 49–51.
1871:, pp. 21–27.
1562:Glossary of Terms
1408:Metavolcanic rock
1350:civil engineering
1291:Other occurrences
1036:in the overlying
1026:blueschist facies
973:sanidinite facies
941:continental crust
886:
885:
882:
776:
769:
747:
738:
731:
724:
563:Wasatch Mountains
313:recrystallization
198:into a makeshift
173:sedimentary rocks
147:civil engineering
56:Metamorphic rocks
3770:
3682:Rapakivi granite
3394:Metamorphic rock
3181:Sedimentary rock
3050:Quartz monzonite
2751:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2653:Metamorphic rock
2640:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2108:Global tectonics
2103:
2097:
2091:
2074:
2073:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1938:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1895:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1778:
1772:
1771:, pp. 8–10.
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1630:(3–4): 135–149.
1619:
1610:
1609:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1528:Powell, Darryl.
1525:
1516:
1515:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1484:10.1130/B26457.1
1466:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1434:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1316:kimberlite pipes
1171:Contact aureoles
1165:serpentine group
1152:Mid-ocean ridges
1147:Mid-ocean ridges
1117:greenstone belts
1060:rocks reach the
945:granulite facies
866:
772:
765:
741:
734:
727:
720:
717:
708:
707:
584:metaconglomerate
307:Textural changes
282:
45:Variscan orogeny
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3550:
3494:Pseudotachylite
3388:
3175:
3107:Tephriphonolite
2758:
2755:
2725:
2720:
2698:
2677:
2641:
2632:
2611:
2605:
2544:Wayback Machine
2528:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2295:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2077:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1683:, pp. 1–5.
1679:
1672:
1665:
1647:
1643:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1498:
1491:
1478:(5–6): 760–79.
1467:
1460:
1453:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1342:
1331:dimension stone
1324:
1293:
1220:contact aureole
1202:. Scale in mm.
1173:
1149:
1106:
1082:
1076:
1030:eclogite facies
995:
989:
933:
927:
892:
876:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
788:
782:
777:
770:
763:
758:
753:
748:
744:
739:
732:
725:
706:
552:
487:
469:
425:
417:crystallization
361:
345:
309:
281:
277:
273:
231:
200:pressure vessel
161:
155:
51:, Lérida, Spain
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Rhomb porphyry
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3529:Talc carbonate
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3122:Trachyandesite
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:Quartz diorite
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2807:Picrite basalt
2804:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:Types of rocks
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2546:
2534:
2527:
2526:External links
2524:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2476:
2447:
2412:
2400:
2398:, p. 126.
2388:
2357:
2345:
2334:Chisholm, Hugh
2300:
2293:
2275:
2269:978-0393196566
2268:
2250:
2238:
2236:, p. 350.
2221:
2219:, p. 169.
2209:
2203:978-0813711539
2202:
2184:
2172:
2165:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2116:
2098:
2075:
2048:(4): 513–528.
2032:
2020:
2008:
1973:
1961:
1920:
1873:
1861:
1855:978-0495013655
1854:
1834:
1822:
1820:, p. 158.
1810:
1798:
1791:
1773:
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1388:
1385:Geology portal
1372:
1369:
1341:
1338:
1323:
1320:
1292:
1289:
1257:, andalusite,
1172:
1169:
1154:are where new
1148:
1145:
1105:
1102:
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
1042:Earth's mantle
999:orogenic belts
988:
987:Orogenic belts
985:
926:
923:
888:Main article:
884:
883:
863:
862:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
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771:
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749:
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733:
726:
719:
711:
705:
702:
658:volcaniclastic
634:
633:
627:
621:
551:
550:Classification
548:
483:Main article:
477:Geirangerfjord
468:
465:
443:surface energy
424:
421:
366:index minerals
360:
357:
344:
341:
308:
305:
279:
275:
264:transforms to
230:
227:
157:Main article:
154:
151:
49:Vall de Cardós
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3775:
3764:
3763:Earth's crust
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
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3750:
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3730:
3728:
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3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Litchfieldite
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Hyaloclastite
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Litchfieldite
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Phonotephrite
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Hyaloclastite
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Alkali basalt
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2512:
2503:
2502:10.3133/pp435
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2410:, p. 13.
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2324:public domain
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2294:9780521880060
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2166:9789401168366
2162:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2117:9781405107778
2113:
2109:
2102:
2096:, p. 12.
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1664:9780470387740
1660:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1602:9788896680315
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1536:on 2009-03-02
1535:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1511:9783034615631
1507:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:impact events
1300:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:oceanic crust
1153:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:and then the
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:Earth's crust
946:
942:
938:
937:Earth's crust
932:
922:
920:
919:
914:
910:
904:
902:
901:George Barrow
898:
897:Pentti Eskola
891:
880:
874:
870:
865:
864:
792:
786:
781:
775:
768:
762:
757:
752:
746:
737:
730:
723:
718:
716:
710:
709:
701:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
643:
639:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:
614:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
564:
560:
559:Mississippian
556:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:
486:
478:
473:
464:
462:
458:
457:
452:
451:strain energy
447:
445:
444:
434:
429:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
356:
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
271:
267:
263:
257:
254:
247:
243:
235:
226:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:, who sealed
193:
188:
186:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:igneous rocks
160:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:Earth's crust
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
41:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3657:Luxullianite
3637:Lapis lazuli
3582:Blue Granite
3509:Serpentinite
3484:Metapsammite
3393:
3234:Conglomerate
3156:Trondhjemite
3134:Trachybasalt
3075:Pantellerite
2980:Monzogranite
2925:Hornblendite
2910:Granodiorite
2764:Igneous rock
2713:
2706:
2652:
2511:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2462:
2450:
2428:(3–4): 181.
2425:
2421:
2415:
2408:Yardley 1989
2403:
2396:Yardley 1989
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2374:
2371:Survey Notes
2370:
2360:
2348:
2337:
2284:
2278:
2259:
2253:
2241:
2212:
2193:
2187:
2175:
2156:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2107:
2101:
2094:Yardley 1989
2045:
2041:
2035:
2023:
2016:Yardley 1989
2011:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1969:Yardley 1989
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1943:
1911:. Retrieved
1906:
1869:Yardley 1989
1864:
1844:
1837:
1830:Yardley 1989
1825:
1818:Yardley 1989
1813:
1806:Yardley 1989
1801:
1782:
1776:
1769:Yardley 1989
1764:
1757:Yardley 1989
1752:
1733:
1727:
1720:Yardley 1989
1715:
1708:Yardley 1989
1703:
1698:, p. 5.
1696:Yardley 1989
1681:Yardley 1989
1652:
1644:
1627:
1623:
1606:
1587:
1566:. Retrieved
1561:
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1501:
1475:
1471:
1440:
1432:
1362:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1301:
1294:
1281:metasomatism
1278:
1273:
1267:
1263:wollastonite
1239:
1237:
1229:metasomatism
1218:
1215:country rock
1212:
1196:
1193:pseudofossil
1161:serpentinite
1150:
1141:granodiorite
1137:trondhjemite
1130:
1126:
1107:
1083:
1065:
1058:
1038:volcanic arc
1011:
1006:
996:
976:
964:
960:
956:
952:
934:
916:
905:
893:
879:upper mantle
712:
698:
684:, eclogite,
682:serpentinite
655:
650:
646:
635:
608:
588:
580:conglomerate
571:
568:
544:
525:
500:
490:
488:
454:
448:
441:
438:
390:
362:
354:
310:
301:
283:. Likewise,
258:
253:Metasomatism
251:
224:
219:
215:
212:metasomatism
189:
185:James Hutton
181:
162:
159:Metamorphism
120:
88:
74:(1,000
64:metamorphism
55:
54:
25:
3546:Whiteschist
3437:Greenschist
3417:Cataclasite
3407:Amphibolite
3334:Phosphorite
3284:Itacolumite
3209:Calcarenite
3055:Quartzolite
2995:Nephelinite
2965:Lamprophyre
2920:Harzburgite
2878:Napoleonite
2851:Charnockite
2846:Carbonatite
2836:Blairmorite
2787:Anorthosite
2658:Amphibolite
2608:Metamorphic
2469:28 February
2381:28 February
1954:28 February
1913:27 February
1568:28 February
1530:"Quartzite"
1413:Neomorphism
1358:Hebgen Lake
1259:vesuvianite
1189:Precambrian
1167:minerals.
1062:greenschist
909:amphibolite
873:temperature
761:Amphibolite
745:Pumpellyite
736:Greenschist
678:greenschist
674:amphibolite
664:or through
645:protolith (
384:, and some
370:sillimanite
343:Description
297:plagioclase
270:sillimanite
246:Amphibolite
84:sedimentary
72:megapascals
3747:Categories
3712:Teschenite
3697:Shonkinite
3672:Pietersite
3667:Novaculite
3577:Borolanite
3562:Adamellite
3479:Metapelite
3447:Calcflinta
3412:Blueschist
3402:Anthracite
3384:Wackestone
3364:Travertine
3309:Lumachelle
3289:Jaspillite
3244:Diamictite
3166:Websterite
3151:Troctolite
3127:Benmoreite
3087:Shonkinite
3060:Rhyodacite
3040:Pyroxenite
3015:Peridotite
2975:Lherzolite
2950:Kimberlite
2940:Ignimbrite
2935:Icelandite
2915:Granophyre
2824:Shoshonite
2028:Levin 2010
1989:(3): 267.
1909:. RR 99-02
1792:047157452X
1743:0922152349
1540:2009-09-09
1452:0582300967
1424:References
1393:Blueschist
1344:Schistose
1312:stishovite
1185:serpentine
1122:komatiites
1094:Aegean Sea
1050:ophiolites
1014:subduction
925:Occurrence
774:Sanidinite
729:Blueschist
589:Under the
401:hornblende
382:andalusite
378:staurolite
285:forsterite
266:andalusite
192:James Hall
3727:Variolite
3717:Theralite
3707:Tachylite
3692:Rodingite
3662:Mangerite
3642:Larvikite
3627:Jasperoid
3622:Jadeitite
3587:Epidosite
3541:Tectonite
3534:Soapstone
3499:Quartzite
3469:Migmatite
3454:Itabirite
3432:Granulite
3374:Turbidite
3354:Sylvinite
3349:Siltstone
3339:Sandstone
3324:Oil shale
3304:Limestone
3279:Gritstone
3274:Greywacke
3269:Geyserite
3259:Evaporite
3249:Diatomite
3224:Claystone
3189:Argillite
3102:Tachylyte
3070:Comendite
3020:Phonolite
3010:Pegmatite
2985:Monzonite
2960:Lamproite
2955:Komatiite
2895:Foidolite
2856:Enderbite
2819:Mugearite
2610:petrology
2330:Petrology
2070:140567746
1238:The term
1200:canadense
1187:from the
1096:, in the
1054:xenoliths
1046:obduction
1034:volcanism
918:granulite
756:Granulite
743:Prehnite-
694:granulite
686:migmatite
630:Granofels
492:foliation
467:Foliation
409:feldspars
397:pyroxenes
321:limestone
208:quicklime
177:sediments
139:quartzite
111:intrusion
68:protolith
33:Quartzite
3702:Taconite
3677:Pyrolite
3602:Ganister
3572:Aphanite
3567:Appinite
3489:Phyllite
3474:Mylonite
3442:Hornfels
3422:Eclogite
3319:Mudstone
3294:Laterite
3254:Dolomite
3171:Wehrlite
3146:Trachyte
3139:Hawaiite
3117:Tonalite
3112:Tephrite
3065:Rhyolite
3030:Porphyry
3005:Obsidian
2890:Essexite
2841:Boninite
2831:Basanite
2777:Andesite
2708:Category
2663:Anatexis
2553:MetPetDB
2540:Archived
2495:. 1964.
2456:"Marble"
1555:"Marble"
1371:See also
1365:asbestos
1247:foliated
1241:hornfels
1133:tonalite
969:hornfels
913:eclogite
869:pressure
767:Hornfels
722:Eclogite
670:eclogite
638:hornfels
624:Gneisses
596:psammite
532:phyllite
528:mudstone
513:cleavage
509:chlorite
479:, Norway
456:mylonite
393:olivines
293:pyroxene
107:tectonic
95:chemical
3722:Unakite
3652:Llanite
3617:Ijolite
3592:Felsite
3524:Suevite
3359:Tillite
3299:Lignite
3239:Coquina
3204:Breccia
3097:Syenite
2945:Ijolite
2905:Granite
2873:Diorite
2868:Diabase
2772:Adakite
2430:Bibcode
2336:(ed.).
2326::
2050:Bibcode
1991:Bibcode
1346:bedrock
1340:Hazards
1308:coesite
1287:arise.
1274:clinker
1233:plutons
1195:called
1181:calcite
1113:Archean
1018:zeolite
993:Orogeny
981:exhumed
751:Zeolite
618:Schists
423:Texture
374:kyanite
317:calcite
262:kyanite
143:bedrock
103:texture
99:mineral
80:igneous
3632:Kenyte
3607:Gossan
3504:Schist
3464:Marble
3427:Gneiss
3329:Oolite
3194:Arkose
3092:Sovite
3082:Scoria
3035:Pumice
3000:Norite
2970:Latite
2900:Gabbro
2885:Dunite
2863:Dacite
2797:Basalt
2792:Aplite
2715:Portal
2673:Schist
2332:". In
2320:
2291:
2266:
2200:
2163:
2114:
2068:
1852:
1789:
1740:
1661:
1599:
1508:
1449:
1297:faults
1255:spinel
1251:schist
1198:Eozoön
963:, and
651:ortho-
604:silica
600:pelite
576:basalt
565:, Utah
540:gneiss
536:Schist
413:quartz
411:, and
386:garnet
329:marble
289:marble
204:marble
171:, and
153:Origin
137:, and
135:schist
131:marble
123:gneiss
3597:Flint
3519:Slate
3514:Skarn
3379:Varve
3344:Shale
3264:Flint
3219:Chert
3214:Chalk
2668:Augen
2459:(PDF)
2066:S2CID
1948:(PDF)
1903:(PDF)
1558:(PDF)
1285:skarn
1261:, or
690:skarn
672:, or
662:fault
647:para-
642:slate
611:field
572:meta-
521:shale
517:Slate
501:folia
499:word
497:Latin
405:micas
333:atoms
325:chalk
196:chalk
169:magma
127:slate
115:magma
47:, at
3369:Tufa
3314:Marl
3229:Coal
3161:Tuff
2471:2021
2383:2021
2289:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2112:ISBN
1956:2021
1915:2021
1850:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1570:2021
1506:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1322:Uses
1310:and
1270:coal
1183:and
1120:meta
1020:and
971:and
911:and
826:1000
793:(°C)
785:kbar
507:and
505:mica
337:ions
335:and
323:and
97:and
60:rock
3732:Wad
2497:doi
2493:435
2438:doi
2426:263
2377:(3)
2058:doi
2046:146
1999:doi
1632:doi
1628:121
1593:371
1480:doi
1476:121
1225:ore
823:900
820:800
817:700
814:600
811:500
808:400
805:300
802:200
799:100
515:.
278:SiO
222:).
76:bar
3749::
2487:.
2461:.
2436:.
2424:.
2375:39
2373:.
2369:.
2303:^
2224:^
2078:^
2064:.
2056:.
2044:.
1997:.
1987:33
1985:.
1923:^
1905:.
1876:^
1688:^
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1461:^
1276:.
1265:.
959:,
955:,
903:.
859:20
856:18
853:16
850:14
847:12
844:10
692:,
688:,
636:A
407:,
403:,
399:,
395:,
388:.
380:,
376:,
372:,
274:Al
133:,
129:,
125:,
82:,
2750:e
2743:t
2736:v
2600:e
2593:t
2586:v
2573:)
2551:(
2505:.
2499::
2473:.
2444:.
2440::
2432::
2385:.
2297:.
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2206:.
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2001::
1993::
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1139:-
1135:-
881:.
871:-
841:8
838:6
835:4
832:2
829:0
796:0
791:T
787:)
783:(
780:P
435:)
280:5
276:2
23:.
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