Igneous rock - Knowledge

2006: 1957: 2022: 1941: 1972: 1988: 1922: 1010:). Abundances of trace elements are conventionally expressed as parts per million by weight (e.g., 420 ppm Ni, and 5.1 ppm Sm). The term "trace element" is typically used for elements present in most rocks at abundances less than 100 ppm or so, but some trace elements may be present in some rocks at abundances exceeding 1,000 ppm. The diversity of rock compositions has been defined by a huge mass of analytical data—over 230,000 rock analyses can be accessed on the web through a site sponsored by the U. S. National Science Foundation (see the External Link to EarthChem). 963: 920: 1703: 351: 913: 240: 22: 2049: 1488:, and so on, and the rocks are divided into groups strictly according to the relative proportion of these minerals to one another. This new classification scheme created a sensation, but was criticized for its lack of utility in fieldwork, and the classification scheme was abandoned by the 1960s. However, the concept of normative mineralogy has endured, and the work of Cross and his coinvestigators inspired a flurry of new classification schemes. 2930: 389: 841: 554: 1311: 751: 225: 546: 940:. An ultramafic rock contains more than 90% of iron- and magnesium-rich minerals such as hornblende, pyroxene, or olivine, and such rocks have their own classification scheme. Likewise, rocks containing more than 50% carbonate minerals are classified as carbonatites, while lamprophyres are rare ultrapotassic rocks. Both are further classified based on detailed mineralogy. 829:. Porphyritic texture develops when the larger crystals, called phenocrysts, grow to considerable size before the main mass of the magma crystallizes as finer-grained, uniform material called groundmass. Grain size in igneous rocks results from cooling time so porphyritic rocks are created when the magma has two distinct phases of cooling. 1203:, which is sufficient to immediately classify most volcanic rocks. Rocks in some fields, such as the trachyandesite field, are further classified by the ratio of potassium to sodium (so that potassic trachyandesites are latites and sodic trachyandesites are benmoreites). Some of the more mafic fields are further subdivided or defined by 1645:

of about 70 km. At greater depths, carbon dioxide can have more effect: at depths to about 200 km, the temperatures of initial melting of a carbonated peridotite composition were determined to be 450 °C to 600 °C lower than for the same composition with no carbon dioxide. Magmas of rock types such as

1584:

samples document that the solidus temperatures increase by 3 °C to 4 °C per kilometre. If the rock rises far enough, it will begin to melt. Melt droplets can coalesce into larger volumes and be intruded upwards. This process of melting from the upward movement of solid mantle is critical in

1499:

wrote a review article on igneous rock classification that ultimately led to the formation of the IUGG Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. By 1989 a single system of classification had been agreed upon, which was further revised in 2005. The number of recommended rock names was reduced

943:

In the great majority of cases, the rock has a more typical mineral composition, with significant quartz, feldspars, or feldspathoids. Classification is based on the percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, and feldspathoid out of the total fraction of the rock composed of these minerals,

1803:

Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization. For instance, magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude, both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them. Magmas of different compositions can mix with one another. In rare cases,

1608:

The change of rock composition most responsible for the creation of magma is the addition of water. Water lowers the solidus temperature of rocks at a given pressure. For example, at a depth of about 100 kilometres, peridotite begins to melt near 800 °C in the presence of excess water, but near

923:

Basic classification scheme for igneous rocks based on their mineral composition. If the approximate volume fractions of minerals in the rock are known, the rock name and silica content can be read off the diagram. This is not an exact method, because the classification of igneous rocks also depends

1644:

magmas has been attributed to the dominance of carbon dioxide over water in their mantle source regions. In the presence of carbon dioxide, experiments document that the peridotite solidus temperature decreases by about 200 °C in a narrow pressure interval at pressures corresponding to a depth

1471:

Geological occurrence, structure, mineralogical constitution—the hitherto accepted criteria for the discrimination of rock species—were relegated to the background. The completed rock analysis is first to be interpreted in terms of the rock-forming minerals which might be expected to be formed when

1401:

All three series are found in relatively close proximity to each other at subduction zones where their distribution is related to depth and the age of the subduction zone. The tholeiitic magma series is well represented above young subduction zones formed by magma from relatively shallow depth. The

1386:

The alkaline series is distinguishable from the other two on the TAS diagram, being higher in total alkali oxides for a given silica content, but the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series occupy approximately the same part of the TAS diagram. They are distinguished by comparing total alkali with iron

932:

recommends classifying igneous rocks by their mineral composition whenever possible. This is straightforward for coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock, but may require examination of thin sections under a microscope for fine-grained volcanic rock, and may be impossible for glassy volcanic rock. The

810:

In a simplified compositional classification, igneous rock types are categorized into felsic or mafic based on the abundance of silicate minerals in the Bowen's Series. Rocks dominated by quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar and muscovite are felsic. Mafic rocks are primarily composed of biotite,

765:

The classification of the many types of igneous rocks can provide important information about the conditions under which they formed. Two important variables used for the classification of igneous rocks are particle size, which largely depends on the cooling history, and the mineral composition of

715:

Because volcanic rocks are mostly fine-grained or glassy, it is much more difficult to distinguish between the different types of extrusive igneous rocks than between different types of intrusive igneous rocks. Generally, the mineral constituents of fine-grained extrusive igneous rocks can only be

1491:

Among these was the classification scheme of M.A. Peacock, which divided igneous rocks into four series: the alkalic, the alkali-calcic, the calc-alkali, and the calcic series. His definition of the alkali series, and the term calc-alkali, continue in use as part of the widely used Irvine-Barager

1467:

proposed that all existing classifications of igneous rocks should be discarded and replaced by a "quantitative" classification based on chemical analysis. They showed how vague, and often unscientific, much of the existing terminology was and argued that as the chemical composition of an igneous

1548:

of the Earth led to extensive melting, and the outer several hundred kilometres of our early Earth was probably an ocean of magma. Impacts of large meteorites in the last few hundred million years have been proposed as one mechanism responsible for the extensive basalt magmatism of several large

888:

Textural criteria are less critical in classifying intrusive rocks where the majority of minerals will be visible to the naked eye or at least using a hand lens, magnifying glass or microscope. Plutonic rocks also tend to be less texturally varied and less prone to showing distinctive structural

1665:

Increase in temperature is the most typical mechanism for formation of magma within continental crust. Such temperature increases can occur because of the upward intrusion of magma from the mantle. Temperatures can also exceed the solidus of a crustal rock in continental crust thickened by

2005: 1940: 1002:, which account for over ninety percent of all igneous rocks. The chemistry of igneous rocks is expressed differently for major and minor elements and for trace elements. Contents of major and minor elements are conventionally expressed as weight percent oxides (e.g., 51% SiO 1776:). As minerals crystallize, the composition of the residual melt typically changes. If crystals separate from the melt, then the residual melt will differ in composition from the parent magma. For instance, a magma of gabbroic composition can produce a residual melt of 685:, is usually erupted at low temperature and is up to 10,000 times as viscous as basalt. Volcanoes with rhyolitic magma commonly erupt explosively, and rhyolitic lava flows are typically of limited extent and have steep margins because the magma is so viscous. 1764:

are fully melted only for small parts of their histories. More typically, they are mixes of melt and crystals, and sometimes also of gas bubbles. Melt, crystals, and bubbles usually have different densities, and so they can separate as magmas evolve.

904:. Mineralogical classification is most often used to classify plutonic rocks. Chemical classifications are preferred to classify volcanic rocks, with phenocryst species used as a prefix, e.g. "olivine-bearing picrite" or "orthoclase-phyric rhyolite". 1402:

calc-alkaline and alkaline series are seen in mature subduction zones, and are related to magma of greater depths. Andesite and basaltic andesite are the most abundant volcanic rock in island arc which is indicative of the calc-alkaline magmas. Some

1617:, and it causes melting in the overlying mantle. Hydrous magmas composed of basalt and andesite are produced directly and indirectly as results of dehydration during the subduction process. Such magmas, and those derived from them, build up 2580:

Shanks III, W.C. Pat; Koski, Randolph A.; Mosier, Dan L.; Schulz, Klaus J.; Morgan, Lisa A.; Slack, John F.; Ridley, W. Ian; Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia; Seal II, Robert R.; Piatak, Nadine M. (2012). Shanks, W.C. Pat; Thurston, Roland (eds.).

966:

Total alkali versus silica classification scheme (TAS) as proposed in Le Maitre's 2002 Igneous Rocks – A classification and glossary of terms Blue area is roughly where alkaline rocks plot; yellow area is where subalkaline rocks

794:

are all important minerals in the formation of almost all igneous rocks, and they are basic to the classification of these rocks. All other minerals present are regarded as nonessential in almost all igneous rocks and are called

1971: 275:

and global chemistry give information about the composition of the lower crust or upper mantle from which their parent magma was extracted, and the temperature and pressure conditions that allowed this

259:

Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up 90–95% of the top 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) of the Earth's crust by volume. Igneous rocks form about 15% of the Earth's current land surface. Most of the Earth's

948:, which often immediately determines the rock type. In a few cases, such as the diorite-gabbro-anorthite field, additional mineralogical criteria must be applied to determine the final classification. 653:, which is determined by temperature, composition, and crystal content. High-temperature magma, most of which is basaltic in composition, behaves in a manner similar to thick oil and, as it cools, 2021: 1017:, whether occurring as quartz or combined with other oxides as feldspars or other minerals. Both intrusive and volcanic rocks are grouped chemically by total silica content into broad categories. 1406:

have distributed volcanic series as can be seen in the Japanese island arc system where the volcanic rocks change from tholeiite—calc-alkaline—alkaline with increasing distance from the trench.

1788:

are concentrated in the last residues of magma during fractional crystallization and in the first melts produced during partial melting: either process can form the magma that crystallizes to

1690:

are types of igneous rock commonly interpreted as products of the melting of continental crust because of increases in temperature. Temperature increases also may contribute to the melting of

1038:

rocks have a moderate content of silica, and are predominantly composed of feldspars. These rocks (diorite, andesite) are typically darker in colour than felsic rocks and somewhat more dense.

832:

Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of texture and composition. Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of the mineral grains or crystals of which the rock is composed.

523:

rocks and they are usually much finer-grained, often resembling volcanic rock. Hypabyssal rocks are less common than plutonic or volcanic rocks and often form dikes, sills, laccoliths,

1537:

Rocks may melt in response to a decrease in pressure, to a change in composition (such as an addition of water), to an increase in temperature, or to a combination of these processes.

951:

Where the mineralogy of an volcanic rock can be determined, it is classified using the same procedure, but with a modified QAPF diagram whose fields correspond to volcanic rock types.

974:

There are relatively few minerals that are important in the formation of common igneous rocks, because the magma from which the minerals crystallize is rich in only certain elements:

1956: 435:

Intrusive igneous rocks make up the majority of igneous rocks and are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of a planet. Bodies of intrusive rock are known as

881:. However, the texture is only a subordinate part of classifying volcanic rocks, as most often there needs to be chemical information gleaned from rocks with extremely fine-grained 564:

Extrusive igneous rock, also known as volcanic rock, is formed by the cooling of molten magma on the earth's surface. The magma, which is brought to the surface through fissures or

3519: 1199:) is second only to silica in its importance for chemically classifying volcanic rock. The silica and alkali metal oxide percentages are used to place volcanic rock on the 869:

of volcanic rocks, including the size, shape, orientation, and distribution of mineral grains and the intergrain relationships, will determine whether the rock is termed a

461:

in such rocks can generally be identified with the naked eye. Intrusions can be classified according to the shape and size of the intrusive body and its relation to the

3524: 1921: 822:. Generally speaking, phaneritic implies an intrusive origin or plutonic, indicating slow cooling; aphanitic are extrusive or volcanic, indicating rapid cooling. 1946:

A "skylight" hole, about 6 m (20 ft) across, in a solidified lava crust reveals molten lava below (flowing towards the top right) in an eruption of

1987: 221:

Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and oceanic crust.

1451:

Much of the early classification of igneous rocks was based on the geological age and occurrence of the rocks. However, in 1902, the American petrologists

688:

Felsic and intermediate magmas that erupt often do so violently, with explosions driven by the release of dissolved gases—typically water vapour, but also

3510: 2650: 622:

The volume of extrusive rock erupted annually by volcanoes varies with plate tectonic setting. Extrusive rock is produced in the following proportions:

4870: 1390:

These three magma series occur in a range of plate tectonic settings. Tholeiitic magma series rocks are found, for example, at mid-ocean ridges,

4524: 1674:

just north of the boundary has crust about 80 kilometres thick, roughly twice the thickness of normal continental crust. Studies of electrical

1564:

temperatures of most rocks (the temperatures below which they are completely solid) increase with increasing pressure in the absence of water.

762:

Igneous rocks are classified according to mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, chemical composition, and the geometry of the igneous body.

3529: 1686:

melt and that stretches for at least 1,000 kilometres within the middle crust along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Granite and

4805: 2942: 576:

is the most common extrusive igneous rock and forms lava flows, lava sheets and lava plateaus. Some kinds of basalt solidify to form long

1784:

temperature near 1,200 °C, and the derivative granite-composition melt may have a liquidus temperature as low as about 700 °C.

2951: 3556: 1657:

are among those that may be generated following an influx of carbon dioxide into mantle at depths greater than about 70 km.

1596:

in intraplate regions, such as Europe, Africa and the Pacific sea floor. There, it is variously attributed either to the rise of

3273:

Unsworth, M. J.; et al. (2005). "Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data".

1800:

is used to determine temperature and pressure conditions at which magma differentiation occurred for specific igneous rocks.

3175: 2909: 2494: 2380: 2280: 2204: 2140: 2011:

A laccolith of granite (light-coloured) that was intruded into older sedimentary rocks (dark-coloured) at Cuernos del Paine,

591:. It rises because it is less dense than the rock from which it was extracted. When magma reaches the surface, it is called 500:

The central cores of major mountain ranges consist of intrusive igneous rocks. When exposed by erosion, these cores (called

4855: 3071:

Irvine, T. N.; Baragar, W. R. A. (6 February 2011). "A Guide to the Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks".

1773: 1707: 3230:

Dasgupta, R.; Hirschmann, M. M. (2007). "Effect of variable carbonate concentration on the solidus of mantle peridotite".

3796: 3452: 3392: 3332: 2268: 1207:, in which an idealized mineral composition is calculated for the rock based on its chemical composition. For example, 936:

Mineralogical classification of an intrusive rock begins by determining if the rock is ultramafic, a carbonatite, or a

2106:

15% is the arithmetic sum of the area for intrusive plutonic rock (7%) plus the area for extrusive volcanic rock (8%).

3362: 3148: 2881: 2622: 2425: 298:

their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment, allowing tectonic reconstructions (see

1495:

By 1958, there were some 12 separate classification schemes and at least 1637 rock type names in use. In that year,

4798: 2981:

Oldroyd, David; Young, Davis (1 January 2012). "Of the American Quantitative Igneous Rock Classification: Part 5".

1030:

quartz and feldspar. These rocks (granite, rhyolite) are usually light coloured, and have a relatively low density.

3482: 3422: 814:

For textural classification, igneous rocks that have crystals large enough to be seen by the naked eye are called

1338:(F), and MgO (M) with arrows showing the path of chemical variation in tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series magmas 811:

hornblende, pyroxene and olivine. Generally, felsic rocks are light colored and mafic rocks are darker colored.

29: 198:. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in 2012: 889:

fabrics. Textural terms can be used to differentiate different intrusive phases of large plutons, for instance

4865: 4860: 3507: 3534: 2657: 2129: 1797: 1670:. The plate boundary between the Indian and Asian continental masses provides a well-studied example, as the 1640:

is relatively a much less important cause of magma formation than the addition of water, but genesis of some

2583:"Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model: Chapter C in Mineral deposit models for resource assessment" 2156:

Wilkinson, Bruce H.; McElroy, Brandon J.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Peters, Shanan E.; Rothman, Edward D. (2008).

971:

When it is impractical to classify a volcanic rock by mineralogy, the rock must be classified chemically.

4791: 3549: 1222: 1714:. While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. 4954: 2873: 2823: 1793: 1364: 825:

An igneous rock with larger, clearly discernible crystals embedded in a finer-grained matrix is termed

2083: – Branch of geology that studies the formation, composition, distribution and structure of rocks 1058:. These rocks (basalt, gabbro) are usually dark coloured, and have a higher density than felsic rocks. 513:) rocks and are usually coarse-grained. Intrusive igneous rocks that form near the surface are termed 3165: 1464: 2532: 2232:

Heinrich, Christoph A. (1 May 1990). "The chemistry of hydrothermal tin(-tungsten) ore deposition".

3626: 3613: 1448:

The naming of new rock types accelerated in the 19th century and peaked in the early 20th century.

1445: 712:. Fine volcanic ash is also erupted and forms ash tuff deposits, which can often cover vast areas. 1572:

may be hotter than its solidus temperature at some shallower level. If such rock rises during the

3849: 3829: 3789: 2854: 1753: 1348: 2158:"Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers—Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies" 1796:

is important for understanding the idealised sequence of fractional crystallisation of a magma.

4949: 4274: 3542: 2717:

Pearce, J; Peate, D (1995). "Tectonic Implications of the Composition of Volcanic ARC Magmas".

2527: 1580:, but the cooling is only about 0.3 °C per kilometre. Experimental studies of appropriate 1395: 443: 79: 2157: 4239: 3138: 2900:

Le Maitre, R.W.; Streckeisen, A.; Zanettin, B.; Le Bas, M.J.; Bonin, B.; Bateman, P. (2005).

1452: 1371: 292: 3208: 2935:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

1516:. The continental crust is composed primarily of sedimentary rocks resting on a crystalline 587:

The molten rock, which typically contains suspended crystals and dissolved gases, is called

4959: 4891: 3282: 3239: 3204: 3111: 3080: 3025: 2990: 2726: 2519: 2241: 2169: 1785: 1641: 1622: 1204: 202:, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as 8: 4922: 1609:

or above about 1,500 °C in the absence of water. Water is driven out of the oceanic

1561: 1545: 1424: 1327: 866: 860: 632: 581: 367: 207: 3286: 3243: 3115: 3084: 3029: 3002: 2994: 2738: 2730: 2523: 2245: 2173: 4917: 4070: 3782: 3306: 3255: 3041: 2753: 2545: 2386: 2062: 1858: 1518: 1496: 1468:

rock was its most fundamental characteristic, it should be elevated to prime position.

1180: 944:

ignoring all other minerals present. These percentages place the rock somewhere on the

894: 826: 745: 733: 721: 626: 565: 284: 228: 187: 52: 4025: 3298: 3171: 3144: 3045: 2905: 2877: 2699: 2695: 2618: 2490: 2421: 2390: 2376: 2276: 2200: 2136: 1993: 1780:

composition if early formed crystals are separated from the magma. Gabbro may have a

1630: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1509: 1456: 1419: 1353: 1258: 1034: 999: 642: 577: 462: 448: 160: 25: 3259: 2549: 962: 509:

Intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the crust are termed plutonic (or

4722: 4434: 4221: 4090: 3668: 3310: 3290: 3247: 3212: 3191:

Grove, T. L.; Chatterjee, N.; Parman, S. W.; Medard, E. (2006). "The influence of H

3119: 3088: 3033: 2998: 2768: 2734: 2691: 2590: 2537: 2510:

Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".

2368: 2249: 2177: 2086: 2068: 1931: 1679: 1589: 1460: 1236: 898: 882: 874: 732:, this is often impractical, and chemical classification is done instead using the 693: 515: 191: 168: 164: 88: 70: 43: 799:. Types of igneous rocks with other essential minerals are very rare, but include 139: 4886: 4833: 4534: 4294: 4147: 3648: 3635: 3618: 3605: 3592: 3587: 3570: 3514: 1671: 1614: 1375: 1315: 1192: 636: 616: 470: 299: 280: 211: 195: 183: 121: 112: 103: 2131:

Sedimentary geology : an introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy

1026:

rocks have the highest content of silica, and are predominantly composed of the

4727: 4569: 4162: 4085: 3686: 3216: 3106:

Kennedy, W. Q. (1 March 1933). "Trends of differentiation in basaltic magmas".

2253: 2054: 1884: 1667: 1637: 1500:

to 316. These included a number of new names promulgated by the Subcommission.

1414:

Some igneous rock names date to before the modern era of geology. For example,

1391: 901: 725: 689: 540: 482: 478: 415: 402: 383: 359: 244: 215: 203: 144: 3564: 3136: 3123: 2372: 1600:(the "Plume hypothesis") or to intraplate extension (the "Plate hypothesis"). 919: 150: 4943: 4772: 4687: 4652: 4499: 4060: 3965: 3661: 3444: 2946: 2936: 2703: 2541: 2199:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 356–361. 1879: 1848: 1743: 1702: 1626: 1513: 1066:

rock is very low in silica, with more than 90% of mafic minerals (komatiite,

852: 612: 558: 420: 371: 261: 94: 3384: 3324: 1508:

The Earth's crust averages about 35 kilometres (22 mi) thick under the

350: 4896: 4828: 4697: 4677: 4549: 4196: 4174: 4115: 4015: 3960: 3945: 3742: 3738: 3302: 1962: 1927: 1898: 1863: 1597: 1541: 1477: 1418:

as a description of a particular composition of lava-derived rock dates to

1300: 1184: 945: 775: 717: 666: 239: 21: 3354: 3016:

Peacock, M. A. (1 January 1931). "Classification of Igneous Rock Series".

2796: 1815: 1804:

melts can separate into two immiscible melts of contrasting compositions.

4586: 4477: 4457: 4447: 4374: 4324: 4249: 4095: 4030: 4000: 3955: 3913: 3886: 3881: 3871: 3834: 3251: 2595: 2582: 1893: 1769: 1735: 1691: 1675: 1650: 1646: 1610: 1403: 1304: 1200: 1055: 937: 912: 890: 800: 705: 465:

of the country rock into which it intrudes. Typical intrusive bodies are

458: 3294: 2955:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 330. 2773: 865:

Texture is an important criterion for the naming of volcanic rocks. The

214:

to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form

4881: 4875: 4752: 4737: 4712: 4707: 4617: 4602: 4519: 4487: 4452: 4442: 4424: 4404: 4349: 4329: 4284: 4206: 4191: 4167: 4127: 4100: 4080: 4050: 4010: 3985: 3975: 3970: 3950: 3859: 3691: 3474: 3414: 1977:

A cascade of molten lava flowing into Aloi Crater during the 1969–1971

1654: 1618: 1581: 1565: 1531: 1512:, but averages only some 7–10 kilometres (4.3–6.2 mi) beneath the 1379: 1146: 1062: 848: 815: 709: 607: 453: 2832:

Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt (Wein)

2682:

Gill, J.B. (1982). "Andesites: Orogenic andesites and related rocks".

2275:. Vol. 38. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 272–319. 2048: 1947: 1522:

formed of a great variety of metamorphic and igneous rocks, including

1046:

rocks have a relatively low silica content and are composed mostly of

4928: 4783: 4767: 4757: 4747: 4732: 4702: 4682: 4667: 4662: 4627: 4622: 4581: 4574: 4539: 4509: 4494: 4472: 4414: 4394: 4389: 4379: 4364: 4344: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4299: 4289: 4264: 4229: 4142: 4110: 4055: 4045: 4020: 3995: 3990: 3930: 3891: 3854: 2434: 2181: 2080: 2074: 2028: 1978: 1789: 1593: 1523: 1481: 1171: 995: 987: 819: 804: 787: 650: 601: 596: 569: 528: 502: 474: 466: 451:, so the magma cools slowly, and intrusive rocks are coarse-grained ( 437: 407: 396: 171:. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of 3092: 2966:

Cross, C.W.; Iddings, J.P.; Pirsson, L.V.; Washington, H.S. (1903).

1742:: plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a 305:

in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits (

4742: 4717: 4642: 4612: 4607: 4529: 4514: 4482: 4462: 4359: 4334: 4211: 4186: 4179: 4157: 4152: 4105: 4040: 3925: 3876: 3866: 3824: 3751: 3717: 3037: 2827: 2463: 2461: 2296: 2032: 1781: 1727: 1687: 1683: 1485: 1357: 1212: 1208: 1161: 1156: 1047: 840: 783: 767: 724:, so only an approximate classification can usually be made in the 682: 674: 662: 658: 524: 426: 363: 334: 330: 310: 272: 199: 16:

Rock formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

2899: 2089: – Rock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles 1432:

goes back at least to the 1640s and is derived either from French

1394:, oceanic islands formed by hotspots, island arcs and continental 553: 388: 4762: 4692: 4657: 4632: 4564: 4399: 4339: 4279: 4244: 4137: 4065: 3980: 3940: 3908: 3903: 3819: 3774: 3759: 3755: 3725: 3721: 3704: 1777: 1719: 1473: 1283: 1136: 1131: 1051: 991: 975: 779: 755: 654: 494: 486: 326: 322: 318: 288: 248: 61: 2631: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2458: 2397: 1557:

Decompression melting occurs because of a decrease in pressure.

1310: 924:

on other components, yet in most cases it is a good first guess.

750: 728:. Although classification by mineral makeup is preferred by the 4672: 4647: 4544: 4504: 4467: 4369: 4234: 4132: 4122: 4075: 4035: 4005: 3935: 3920: 3898: 3844: 3839: 3734: 3708: 3700: 3675: 3643: 3630: 1997: 1761: 1527: 1526:

and granite. Oceanic crust is composed primarily of basalt and

1166: 1141: 1067: 1022: 983: 979: 844: 771: 697: 678: 573: 490: 338: 2446: 2344: 2332: 2320: 885:

or from airfall tuffs, which may be formed from volcanic ash.

549:

Extrusive igneous rock is made from lava released by volcanoes

4814: 4637: 4559: 4554: 4419: 4384: 4304: 4259: 4254: 3600: 2965: 2556: 1888: 1853: 1824: 1711: 1492:

classification, along with W.Q. Kennedy's tholeiitic series.

1281:

In older terminology, silica oversaturated rocks were called

1042: 661:

surfaces are common. Intermediate composition magma, such as

588: 243:

Natural columns of igneous rock separated from each other by

232: 224: 172: 3052: 2824:"Studien aus den ungarisch-siebenbürgischen Trachytgebirgen" 2155: 1444:

was introduced in 1860 by the German traveler and geologist

545: 4409: 4354: 4269: 4201: 3190: 3137:

Geoff C. Brown; C. J. Hawkesworth; R. C. L. Wilson (1992).

2579: 2308: 2213: 1576:

of solid mantle, it will cool slightly as it expands in an

1218:

Other refinements to the basic TAS classification include:

1076: 929: 878: 870: 791: 754:

Close-up of granite (an intrusive igneous rock) exposed in

729: 701: 670: 592: 176: 1792:, a rock type commonly enriched in incompatible elements. 1303:

classifies a rock as silica-undersaturated; an example is

1074:

This classification is summarized in the following table:

673:

and lava, and may have a viscosity similar to thick, cold

605:, whereas those occurring underneath the ocean are termed 4839: 568:, rapidly solidifies. Hence such rocks are fine-grained ( 314: 306: 3143:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 93. 957: 2587:

U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report

557:

Sample of basalt (an extrusive igneous rock), found in

267:

Igneous rocks are also geologically important because:

2615:

Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

2589:. Scientific Investigations Report. 2010-5070-C: 237. 1603: 818:; those with crystals too small to be seen are called 2902:

Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms

2849:

Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S. C., eds. (1989).

2617:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 185. 2489:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 17. 2273:

Uranium: Mineralogy, geochemistry and the Environment

3525:

Igneous Rocks Tour, an introduction to Igneous Rocks

2487:

An introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology

2077: – Mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock 2071: – Rock that was subjected to heat and pressure 2044: 619:

basalt are examples of submarine volcanic activity.

2065: – List of rock types recognized by geologists 1965:, an eroded laccolith in the Black Hills of Wyoming 1544:, are less important today, but impacts during the 3229: 2895: 2893: 2128: 1013:The single most important component is silica, SiO 998:. These are the elements that combine to form the 2567: 2509: 1706:Schematic diagrams showing the principles behind 1588:Decompression melting creates the ocean crust at 4941: 1472:the magma crystallizes, e.g., quartz feldspars, 1378:and the rare, very high potassium-bearing (i.e. 506:) may occupy huge areas of the Earth's surface. 441:and are surrounded by pre-existing rock (called 2890: 2870:Mind Over Magma: The Story of Igneous Petrology 2867: 2415: 2197:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 2135:(2nd ed.). New York: Freeman. p. 12. 907: 2904:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–48. 2608: 2606: 2126: 1682:have detected a layer that appears to contain 1342:Magmas are further divided into three series: 4799: 3790: 3550: 3163: 3070: 3058: 2848: 2719:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2637: 2467: 2452: 2440: 2416:Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984). 2403: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2266: 2219: 2194: 1530:. Both continental and oceanic crust rest on 1299:was applied to the most silicic. A normative 665:, tends to form cinder cones of intermingled 235:volcano in the Philippines, erupting in 2009) 231:of lava are major sources of igneous rocks. ( 2980: 2968:Quantitative Classification of Igneous Rocks 2822:Richthofen, Ferdinand Freiherrn von (1860). 2751: 2195:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). 2149: 1440:, meaning simply "granulate rock". The term 1409: 1215:by having a high normative olivine content. 911: 3167:Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy 2716: 2603: 584:in Antrim, Northern Ireland is an example. 287:and can be compared to adjacent geological 4806: 4792: 3797: 3783: 3557: 3543: 2830:mountains of Hungarian Transylvania]. 2821: 2656:. University of Washington. Archived from 2612: 2127:Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (2004). 254: 2923: 2921: 2861: 2772: 2594: 2531: 2362: 1772:from the melt at different temperatures ( 1540:Other mechanisms, such as melting from a 1295:was greater than 66% and the family term 933:rock must then be classified chemically. 851:texture, from Rock Creek Canyon, eastern 3272: 2613:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). 2231: 1701: 1309: 961: 918: 839: 749: 552: 544: 387: 349: 238: 223: 20: 3157: 3105: 3015: 2970:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2853:. Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). Oxford: 1934:with a 1906 lava flow in the foreground 1660: 649:The behaviour of lava depends upon its 4942: 4813: 3130: 2918: 2484: 2420:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 5. 2162:Geological Society of America Bulletin 1318:showing the relative proportions of Na 283:can be obtained from various forms of 4787: 3778: 3538: 3530:The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks 3520:Igneous rock classification flowchart 2940: 2480: 2478: 2476: 958:Chemical classification and petrology 345: 291:, thus permitting calibration of the 3485:from the original on 15 October 2022 3455:from the original on 15 October 2022 3425:from the original on 15 October 2022 3395:from the original on 15 October 2022 3365:from the original on 15 October 2022 3335:from the original on 15 October 2022 2959: 2842: 2752:Tietz, Olaf; Büchner, Joerg (2018). 2681: 2267:Plant, J.A.; Saunders, A.D. (1999). 2100: 447:). The country rock is an excellent 34: 3197:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3003:10.17704/eshi.31.1.17660412784m64r4 2739:10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.001343 1768:As magma cools, minerals typically 1694:dragged down in a subduction zone. 1604:Effects of water and carbon dioxide 1503: 893:margins to large intrusive bodies, 13: 3804: 3073:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2675: 2473: 1887:igneous rock, is derived from the 1697: 210:rocks. Igneous rock may form with 14: 4971: 3501: 2754:"The origin of the term 'basalt'" 2512:Journal of the Geological Society 2367:. Berlin: Springer. p. 295. 1629:series, an important part of the 1625:. These magmas form rocks of the 739: 2928: 2794: 2047: 2031:dike, which in turn is cut by a 2020: 2004: 1986: 1970: 1955: 1939: 1920: 1552: 3467: 3437: 3407: 3377: 3347: 3317: 3266: 3223: 3184: 3099: 3064: 3009: 2974: 2815: 2788: 2745: 2710: 2684:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2643: 2573: 2503: 2409: 2363:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). 2356: 657:. Long, thin basalt flows with 2260: 2225: 2188: 2120: 2027:An igneous intrusion cut by a 2013:Torres del Paine National Park 1907:having some characteristics of 1872:having some characteristics of 186:of existing rocks in either a 182:The magma can be derived from 1: 2568:Le Bas & Streckeisen 1991 2113: 1798:Clinopyroxene thermobarometry 716:determined by examination of 677:or even rubber when erupted. 485:. Common intrusive rocks are 337:are commonly associated with 321:are commonly associated with 3195:O on mantle wedge melting". 2696:10.1016/0016-7037(82)90392-1 1807: 1585:the evolution of the Earth. 908:Mineralogical classification 534: 377: 358:Igneous rocks can be either 7: 3108:American Journal of Science 2941:Flett, John Smith (1911). " 2801:Online Etymology Dictionary 2040: 1981:eruption of Kilauea volcano 1901:god of the underworld, and 1261:– rocks containing molar (K 1239:– rocks containing molar (K 392:Basic types of intrusions: 159:, is one of the three main 10: 4976: 4856:Fractional crystallization 3217:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.043 2874:Princeton University Press 2254:10.2113/gsecongeo.85.3.457 1913: 1823:. and is derived from the 1774:fractional crystallization 1751: 1708:fractional crystallisation 1225:– rocks containing molar K 858: 835: 803:, which contain essential 743: 538: 381: 4905: 4848: 4821: 4595: 4433: 4220: 3810: 3578: 3124:10.2475/ajs.s5-25.147.239 3059:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2851:Oxford English Dictionary 2638:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2468:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2453:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2441:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2404:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2373:10.1007/978-3-642-18952-4 2351:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2339:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2327:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2315:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2303:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2220:Philpotts & Ague 2009 1465:Henry Stephens Washington 1410:History of classification 1081: 354:Formation of igneous rock 264:is made of igneous rock. 3513:21 February 2013 at the 3110:. s5-25 (147): 239–256. 2868:Young, Davis A. (2003). 2542:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825 2485:Winter, John D. (2001). 2443:, pp. 23–26, 59–73. 2093: 1996:in the Alcantara Gorge, 1446:Ferdinand von Richthofen 3850:Basaltic trachyandesite 3830:Alkali feldspar granite 3209:2006E&PSL.249...74G 3140:Understanding the Earth 2952:Encyclopædia Britannica 2855:Oxford University Press 1883:rock, another name for 1794:Bowen's reaction series 1754:Igneous differentiation 1396:large igneous provinces 1387:and magnesium content. 255:Geological significance 4906:Surface manifestations 4838:Dissolved and exolved 3164:Foulger, G.R. (2010). 3018:The Journal of Geology 2983:Earth Sciences History 2761:Journal of Geosciences 2305:, p. 96, 387–388. 2269:"Uranium ore deposits" 1747: 1374:series – subgroups of 1339: 1211:is distinguished from 968: 925: 916: 856: 759: 692:. Explosively erupted 561: 550: 432: 355: 251: 236: 149: 138: 131: 80:Large igneous province 4240:Banded iron formation 3232:American Mineralogist 1786:Incompatible elements 1705: 1642:silica-undersaturated 1621:such as those in the 1453:Charles Whitman Cross 1313: 965: 922: 915: 843: 753: 744:Further information: 556: 548: 391: 353: 293:geological time scale 242: 227: 206:or on the surface as 24: 4892:Anorogenic magmatism 3252:10.2138/am.2007.2201 2826:[Studies of the 2596:10.3133/sir20105070C 1852:is derived from the 1680:magnetotelluric data 1661:Temperature increase 1623:Pacific Ring of Fire 1422:in 1546 in his work 1205:normative mineralogy 720:of the rock under a 599:into air are termed 4923:Geothermal gradient 4822:Components of magma 3295:10.1038/nature04154 3287:2005Natur.438...78U 3244:2007AmMin..92..370D 3170:. Wiley-Blackwell. 3116:1933AmJS...25..239K 3085:1971CaJES...8..523I 3030:1931JG.....39...54P 2995:2012ESHis..31....1Y 2774:10.3190/jgeosci.273 2731:1995AREPS..23..251P 2651:"Mafic magma types" 2640:, pp. 143–146. 2524:1991JGSoc.148..825L 2470:, pp. 139–143. 2406:, pp. 365–374. 2246:1990EcGeo..85..457H 2174:2009GSAB..121..760W 1549:igneous provinces. 1425:De Natura Fossilium 1367:series – andesites. 1328:Alkali earth metals 1181:alkali metal oxides 1087:Mode of occurrence 861:Rock microstructure 696:material is called 633:convergent boundary 366:and hypabyssal) or 163:, the others being 155: 'fiery'), or 4918:Geothermal systems 4815:Magmatic processes 4596:Specific varieties 3705:Diabase (Dolerite) 3508:USGS Igneous Rocks 2063:List of rock types 1748: 1497:Albert Streckeisen 1354:basaltic andesites 1340: 1179:The percentage of 969: 926: 917: 857: 797:accessory minerals 760: 746:List of rock types 734:TAS classification 627:divergent boundary 572:) or even glassy. 566:volcanic eruptions 562: 551: 433: 356: 346:Geological setting 329:, whereas ores of 285:radiometric dating 252: 237: 229:Volcanic eruptions 132: 26:Geologic provinces 4955:Igneous petrology 4937: 4936: 4781: 4780: 4026:Nepheline syenite 3772: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3739:Microgranodiorite 3669:Subvolcanic rocks 3177:978-1-4051-6148-0 2911:978-0-521-66215-4 2496:978-0-13-240342-9 2455:, pp. 73–77. 2418:Pyroclastic rocks 2382:978-3-540-43650-8 2353:, pp. 28–35. 2341:, pp. 19–26. 2329:, pp. 52–59. 2282:978-1-5015-0919-3 2206:978-0-521-88006-0 2142:978-0-7167-3905-0 1994:Columnar jointing 1866:god of fire, and 1666:compression at a 1631:continental crust 1592:. It also causes 1578:adiabatic process 1457:Joseph P. Iddings 1420:Georgius Agricola 1177: 1176: 1000:silicate minerals 877:lava or a simple 847:specimen showing 578:polygonal columns 449:thermal insulator 129: 128: 4967: 4834:Igneous minerals 4808: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4723:Rapakivi granite 4435:Metamorphic rock 4222:Sedimentary rock 4091:Quartz monzonite 3799: 3792: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3581: 3580: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3238:(2–3): 370–379. 3227: 3221: 3220: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2803:. Douglas Harper 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2758: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2663:on 1 August 2020 2662: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2554: 2553: 2535: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2482: 2471: 2465: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2234:Economic Geology 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2182:10.1130/B26457.1 2168:(5–6): 760–779. 2153: 2147: 2146: 2134: 2124: 2107: 2104: 2087:Sedimentary rock 2069:Metamorphic rock 2057: 2052: 2051: 2024: 2008: 1990: 1974: 1959: 1943: 1932:Aleutian Islands 1924: 1821:composed of fire 1636:The addition of 1615:subduction zones 1590:mid-ocean ridges 1568:at depth in the 1542:meteorite impact 1504:Origin of magmas 1461:Louis V. Pirsson 1376:alkaline basalts 1077: 582:Giant's Causeway 309:): for example, 119: 110: 101: 86: 77: 68: 59: 50: 41: 35: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4901: 4887:Partial melting 4844: 4817: 4812: 4782: 4777: 4591: 4535:Pseudotachylite 4429: 4216: 4148:Tephriphonolite 3806: 3803: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3673: 3666: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3633: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3596: 3590: 3574: 3571:silicon dioxide 3563: 3515:Wayback Machine 3504: 3499: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3281:(7064): 78–81. 3271: 3267: 3228: 3224: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3104: 3100: 3093:10.1139/e71-055 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3014: 3010: 2979: 2975: 2964: 2960: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2876:. p. 117. 2866: 2862: 2847: 2843: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2715: 2711: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2611: 2604: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2557: 2533:10.1.1.692.4446 2508: 2504: 2497: 2483: 2474: 2466: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2383: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2265: 2261: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2193: 2189: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2036: 2025: 2016: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1951: 1944: 1935: 1930:volcano in the 1925: 1916: 1810: 1756: 1734:: pyroxene and 1700: 1698:Magma evolution 1672:Tibetan Plateau 1663: 1606: 1555: 1534:of the mantle. 1506: 1476:, akermannite, 1412: 1392:back-arc basins 1337: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1316:ternary diagram 1294: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1228: 1196: 1188: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1110:(45% to 52% SiO 1109: 1104: 1101:(52% to 63% SiO 1100: 1095: 1091: 1028:felsic minerals 1016: 1009: 1006:, and 1.50% TiO 1005: 960: 954: 910: 863: 838: 748: 742: 681:magma, such as 637:subduction zone 617:mid-ocean ridge 595:. Eruptions of 543: 537: 457:). The mineral 431: 386: 380: 348: 300:plate tectonics 257: 245:columnar joints 216:natural glasses 212:crystallization 204:intrusive rocks 130: 124: 117: 115: 108: 106: 99: 91: 87: Extended 84: 82: 75: 73: 66: 64: 57: 55: 48: 46: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4973: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871:Magma mingling 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4728:Rhomb porphyry 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4570:Talc carbonate 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4163:Trachyandesite 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4086:Quartz diorite 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805:Types of rocks 3802: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3696: 3687:Picrite basalt 3684: 3682: 3676:Plutonic rocks 3662:Volcanic rocks 3658: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3641: 3637: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3569:classified by 3562: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3503: 3502:External links 3500: 3497: 3496: 3479:Dictionary.com 3466: 3449:Dictionary.com 3436: 3419:Dictionary.com 3406: 3389:Dictionary.com 3376: 3359:Dictionary.com 3346: 3329:Dictionary.com 3316: 3265: 3222: 3203:(1–2): 74–89. 3192: 3183: 3176: 3156: 3149: 3129: 3098: 3079:(5): 523–548. 3063: 3061:, p. 143. 3051: 3038:10.1086/623788 3008: 2973: 2958: 2947:Chisholm, Hugh 2917: 2910: 2889: 2882: 2860: 2857:. p. 873. 2841: 2814: 2787: 2767:(4): 295–298. 2744: 2725:(1): 251–285. 2709: 2674: 2642: 2630: 2623: 2602: 2572: 2555: 2518:(5): 825–833. 2502: 2495: 2472: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2426: 2408: 2396: 2381: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2317:, p. 139. 2307: 2295: 2281: 2259: 2240:(3): 457–481. 2224: 2222:, p. 295. 2212: 2205: 2187: 2148: 2141: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2058: 2055:Geology portal 2042: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2010: 2003: 2001: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1961: 1954: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1936: 1926: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1891:root words of 1875: 1856:root words of 1844: 1827:root words of 1809: 1806: 1758: 1757: 1752:Main article: 1726:: olivine and 1722:crystallizes; 1699: 1696: 1668:plate boundary 1662: 1659: 1638:carbon dioxide 1605: 1602: 1570:Earth's mantle 1554: 1551: 1505: 1502: 1411: 1408: 1384: 1383: 1368: 1361: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1292: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1194: 1186: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1059: 1039: 1031: 1014: 1007: 1003: 959: 956: 909: 906: 859:Main article: 837: 834: 741: 740:Classification 738: 690:carbon dioxide 647: 646: 640: 630: 541:Extrusive rock 539:Main article: 536: 533: 430: 429: 424: 418: 413: 410: 405: 399: 393: 384:Intrusive rock 382:Main article: 379: 376: 347: 344: 343: 342: 303: 296: 277: 256: 253: 127: 126: 116: 107: 98: 92: 83: 74: 65: 56: 47: 38: 33: 28:of the world ( 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4972: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4950:Igneous rocks 4948: 4947: 4945: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4688:Litchfieldite 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4653:Hyaloclastite 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4500:Litchfieldite 4498: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4061:Phonotephrite 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3966:Hyaloclastite 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3567:igneous rocks 3560: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3160: 3152: 3150:0-521-42740-1 3146: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2937:public domain 2924: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2885: 2883:0-691-10279-1 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2834:(in German). 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2659: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2624:0-7167-2438-3 2620: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2429: 2427:3-540-12756-9 2423: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2103: 2099: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2045: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1849:volcanic rock 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1744:cumulate rock 1741: 1738:crystallize; 1737: 1733: 1730:crystallize; 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678:deduced from 1677: 1673: 1669: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627:calc-alkaline 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1601: 1599: 1598:mantle plumes 1595: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1553:Decompression 1550: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:Feldspathoids 1475: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1365:calc-alkaline 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1329: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1291:where the SiO 1290: 1286: 1285: 1260: 1257: 1238: 1235: 1224: 1223:Ultrapotassic 1221: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1182: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 982:, aluminium, 981: 977: 972: 964: 955: 952: 949: 947: 941: 939: 934: 931: 921: 914: 905: 903: 900: 896: 892: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 862: 854: 853:Sierra Nevada 850: 846: 842: 833: 830: 828: 823: 821: 817: 812: 808: 806: 802: 798: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:feldspathoids 773: 769: 763: 757: 752: 747: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718:thin sections 713: 711: 707: 703: 700:and includes 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 644: 641: 638: 634: 631: 628: 625: 624: 623: 620: 618: 614: 613:Black smokers 610: 609: 604: 603: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 560: 559:Massachusetts 555: 547: 542: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517: 512: 507: 505: 504: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 455: 450: 446: 445: 440: 439: 428: 425: 422: 421:Volcanic neck 419: 417: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 400: 398: 395: 394: 390: 385: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 352: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301: 297: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281:absolute ages 278: 274: 270: 269: 268: 265: 263: 262:oceanic crust 250: 246: 241: 234: 230: 226: 222: 219: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184:partial melts 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 157:magmatic rock 154: 153: 152: 146: 142: 141: 136: 123: 120: >65 114: 105: 96: 95:Oceanic crust 93: 90: 81: 72: 63: 54: 45: 37: 36: 31: 27: 23: 19: 4913:Igneous rock 4912: 4897:Flux melting 4866:Magma mixing 4861:Assimilation 4829:Liquid phase 4698:Luxullianite 4678:Lapis lazuli 4623:Blue Granite 4550:Serpentinite 4525:Metapsammite 4275:Conglomerate 4197:Trondhjemite 4175:Trachybasalt 4116:Pantellerite 4016:Monzogranite 3961:Hornblendite 3946:Granodiorite 3812:Igneous rock 3811: 3756:Microgranite 3750: 3743:Granodiorite 3733: 3722:Microdiorite 3716: 3699: 3685: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3659: 3627:Intermediate 3614:Intermediate 3566: 3487:. Retrieved 3478: 3469: 3457:. Retrieved 3448: 3439: 3427:. Retrieved 3418: 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3388: 3379: 3367:. Retrieved 3358: 3349: 3337:. Retrieved 3328: 3319: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3166: 3159: 3139: 3132: 3107: 3101: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3054: 3024:(1): 54–67. 3021: 3017: 3011: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2967: 2961: 2950: 2901: 2869: 2863: 2850: 2844: 2835: 2831: 2817: 2805:. Retrieved 2800: 2790: 2778:. Retrieved 2764: 2760: 2747: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2690:(12): 2688. 2687: 2683: 2677: 2665:. Retrieved 2658:the original 2645: 2633: 2614: 2586: 2575: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2486: 2448: 2436: 2417: 2411: 2399: 2364: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286:. Retrieved 2272: 2262: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2215: 2196: 2190: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2130: 2122: 2102: 1963:Devils Tower 1906: 1902: 1892: 1878: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1814: 1802: 1767: 1759: 1739: 1731: 1723: 1715: 1664: 1635: 1607: 1587: 1559: 1556: 1539: 1536: 1517: 1507: 1494: 1490: 1470: 1450: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1400: 1389: 1385: 1347: 1341: 1301:feldspathoid 1296: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1259:Peraluminous 1217: 1178: 1119:(<45% SiO 1099:Intermediate 1092:(>63% SiO 1082:Composition 1073: 1061: 1041: 1035:Intermediate 1033: 1027: 1021: 1012: 994:, iron, and 973: 970: 953: 950: 946:QAPF diagram 942: 935: 927: 887: 864: 855:, California 831: 824: 813: 809: 801:carbonatites 796: 764: 761: 714: 687: 648: 621: 606: 600: 586: 563: 520: 514: 510: 508: 501: 499: 452: 444:country rock 442: 436: 434: 357: 266: 258: 220: 181: 156: 148: 135:Igneous rock 134: 133: 111: 20–65 18: 4960:Volcanology 4587:Whiteschist 4478:Greenschist 4458:Cataclasite 4448:Amphibolite 4375:Phosphorite 4325:Itacolumite 4250:Calcarenite 4096:Quartzolite 4031:Nephelinite 4001:Lamprophyre 3956:Harzburgite 3914:Napoleonite 3887:Charnockite 3882:Carbonatite 3872:Blairmorite 3835:Anorthosite 2989:(1): 1–41. 2288:13 February 1841:composed of 1819:rock means 1770:crystallize 1736:plagioclase 1692:lithosphere 1676:resistivity 1651:carbonatite 1647:nephelinite 1619:island arcs 1611:lithosphere 1436:or Italian 1428:. The word 1404:island arcs 1380:shoshonitic 1330:), FeO + Fe 1305:nephelinite 1297:quartzolite 1269:O + CaO)/Al 1237:Peralkaline 1201:TAS diagram 1056:plagioclase 1054:and calcic 938:lamprophyre 899:subvolcanic 897:stocks and 891:porphyritic 875:pyroclastic 706:agglomerate 694:pyroclastic 516:subvolcanic 276:extraction; 169:metamorphic 165:sedimentary 102: 0–20 4944:Categories 4882:Outgassing 4876:Exsolution 4753:Teschenite 4738:Shonkinite 4713:Pietersite 4708:Novaculite 4618:Borolanite 4603:Adamellite 4520:Metapelite 4488:Calcflinta 4453:Blueschist 4443:Anthracite 4425:Wackestone 4405:Travertine 4350:Lumachelle 4330:Jaspillite 4285:Diamictite 4207:Websterite 4192:Troctolite 4168:Benmoreite 4128:Shonkinite 4101:Rhyodacite 4081:Pyroxenite 4051:Peridotite 4011:Lherzolite 3986:Kimberlite 3976:Ignimbrite 3971:Icelandite 3951:Granophyre 3860:Shoshonite 3692:Peridotite 3588:Ultramafic 3489:15 October 3459:15 October 3429:15 October 3399:15 October 3369:15 October 3339:15 October 2838:: 153–273. 2807:2 December 2667:2 December 2114:References 1905:, meaning 1870:, meaning 1831:, meaning 1655:kimberlite 1582:peridotite 1574:convection 1566:Peridotite 1532:peridotite 1510:continents 1349:tholeiitic 1153:Extrusive 1147:Peridotite 1128:Intrusive 1117:Ultramafic 1063:Ultramafic 883:groundmass 849:phaneritic 816:phaneritic 805:carbonates 788:amphiboles 766:the rock. 722:microscope 710:ignimbrite 529:phacoliths 521:hypabyssal 503:batholiths 475:laccoliths 467:batholiths 454:phaneritic 438:intrusions 161:rock types 4929:Volcanism 4925:anomalies 4849:Processes 4768:Variolite 4758:Theralite 4748:Tachylite 4733:Rodingite 4703:Mangerite 4683:Larvikite 4668:Jasperoid 4663:Jadeitite 4628:Epidosite 4582:Tectonite 4575:Soapstone 4540:Quartzite 4510:Migmatite 4495:Itabirite 4473:Granulite 4415:Turbidite 4395:Sylvinite 4390:Siltstone 4380:Sandstone 4365:Oil shale 4345:Limestone 4320:Gritstone 4315:Greywacke 4310:Geyserite 4300:Evaporite 4290:Diatomite 4265:Claystone 4230:Argillite 4143:Tachylyte 4111:Comendite 4056:Phonolite 4046:Pegmatite 4021:Monzonite 3996:Lamproite 3991:Komatiite 3931:Foidolite 3892:Enderbite 3855:Mugearite 3385:"Volvano" 3325:"igneous" 3046:140563237 2943:Petrology 2797:"Granite" 2780:19 August 2704:0016-7037 2528:CiteSeerX 2391:220886233 2365:Volcanism 2081:Petrology 2075:Migmatite 2029:pegmatite 1979:Mauna Ulu 1950:in Hawaii 1885:intrusive 1877:The word 1846:The word 1813:The word 1808:Etymology 1790:pegmatite 1594:volcanism 1546:accretion 1524:granulite 1482:magnetite 1358:andesites 1352:series – 1326:O (A for 1172:Komatiite 1048:pyroxenes 996:magnesium 988:potassium 820:aphanitic 784:pyroxenes 768:Feldspars 651:viscosity 608:submarine 602:subaerial 597:volcanoes 570:aphanitic 535:Extrusive 525:lopoliths 408:Batholith 397:Laccolith 378:Intrusive 368:extrusive 360:intrusive 208:extrusive 143:from 4878:of gases 4743:Taconite 4718:Pyrolite 4643:Ganister 4613:Aphanite 4608:Appinite 4530:Phyllite 4515:Mylonite 4483:Hornfels 4463:Eclogite 4360:Mudstone 4335:Laterite 4295:Dolomite 4212:Wehrlite 4187:Trachyte 4180:Hawaiite 4158:Tonalite 4153:Tephrite 4106:Rhyolite 4071:Porphyry 4041:Obsidian 3926:Essexite 3877:Boninite 3867:Basanite 3825:Andesite 3752:Rhyolite 3718:Andesite 3647:>69% 3591:<45% 3511:Archived 3483:Archived 3453:Archived 3423:Archived 3393:Archived 3363:Archived 3333:Archived 3303:16267552 3260:95932394 2828:trachyte 2550:28548230 2041:See also 2033:dolerite 1880:plutonic 1839:meaning 1782:liquidus 1778:granitic 1728:pyroxene 1688:rhyolite 1684:silicate 1519:basement 1486:corundum 1442:rhyolite 1382:) lavas. 1372:alkaline 1233:O >3. 1213:tephrite 1209:basanite 1162:Andesite 1157:Rhyolite 1052:olivines 895:porphyry 827:porphyry 780:olivines 683:rhyolite 675:molasses 663:andesite 659:pahoehoe 427:Lopolith 372:volcanic 364:plutonic 335:platinum 331:chromium 327:diorites 323:granites 311:tungsten 273:minerals 200:pressure 53:Platform 4763:Unakite 4693:Llanite 4658:Ijolite 4633:Felsite 4565:Suevite 4400:Tillite 4340:Lignite 4280:Coquina 4245:Breccia 4138:Syenite 4066:Picrite 3981:Ijolite 3941:Granite 3909:Diorite 3904:Diabase 3820:Adakite 3760:Granite 3726:Diorite 3634:63–69% 3617:52–63% 3604:45–52% 3573:content 3565:Common 3445:"Pluto" 3355:"-eous" 3311:4359642 3283:Bibcode 3240:Bibcode 3205:Bibcode 3112:Bibcode 3081:Bibcode 3026:Bibcode 2991:Bibcode 2949:(ed.). 2939:: 2727:Bibcode 2520:Bibcode 2242:Bibcode 2170:Bibcode 2015:, Chile 1948:Kīlauea 1914:Gallery 1816:igneous 1720:olivine 1562:solidus 1474:olivine 1438:granito 1430:granite 1284:silicic 1137:Diorite 1132:Granite 992:calcium 976:silicon 867:texture 836:Texture 758:, India 756:Chennai 655:treacle 643:hotspot 511:abyssal 495:diorite 487:granite 463:bedding 339:gabbros 319:uranium 249:Madeira 140:igneous 4673:Kenyte 4648:Gossan 4545:Schist 4505:Marble 4468:Gneiss 4370:Oolite 4235:Arkose 4133:Sovite 4123:Scoria 4076:Pumice 4036:Norite 4006:Latite 3936:Gabbro 3921:Dunite 3899:Dacite 3845:Basalt 3840:Aplite 3735:Dacite 3709:Gabbro 3701:Basalt 3644:Felsic 3631:felsic 3309: 3301: 3275:Nature 3258: 3174: 3147: 3044: 2945:". In 2933: 2908: 2880: 2795:Biek. 2702: 2621: 2548: 2530: 2493: 2424: 2389: 2379: 2279: 2203: 2139: 1998:Sicily 1928:Kanaga 1897:, the 1862:, the 1859:Vulcan 1835:, and 1762:magmas 1746:forms. 1653:, and 1528:gabbro 1514:oceans 1463:, and 1434:granit 1416:basalt 1289:acidic 1277:<1. 1265:O + Na 1255:>1. 1243:O + Na 1167:Basalt 1142:Gabbro 1090:Felsic 1068:dunite 1023:Felsic 984:sodium 980:oxygen 845:Gabbro 790:, and 772:quartz 698:tephra 679:Felsic 645:: 12%. 639:): 15% 580:. The 574:Basalt 491:gabbro 471:stocks 459:grains 423:, pipe 401:Small 317:, and 289:strata 279:their 271:their 192:mantle 188:planet 151:igneus 125: 118: 109: 100: 85: 78: 76: 69: 67: 62:Orogen 60: 58: 51: 49: 44:Shield 42: 40: 4840:gases 4638:Flint 4560:Slate 4555:Skarn 4420:Varve 4385:Shale 4305:Flint 4260:Chert 4255:Chalk 3601:Mafic 3307:S2CID 3256:S2CID 3042:S2CID 2757:(PDF) 2661:(PDF) 2654:(PDF) 2546:S2CID 2387:S2CID 2094:Notes 1899:Roman 1894:Pluto 1889:Latin 1864:Roman 1854:Latin 1837:-eous 1829:igni- 1825:Latin 1760:Most 1712:magma 1710:in a 1322:O + K 1247:O)/Al 1191:plus 1108:Mafic 1043:Mafic 967:plot. 902:dikes 792:micas 726:field 629:: 73% 589:magma 527:, or 493:, or 483:dikes 479:sills 247:, in 233:Mayon 196:crust 173:magma 147: 145:Latin 89:crust 71:Basin 4410:Tufa 4355:Marl 4270:Coal 4202:Tuff 3584:Type 3491:2022 3475:"ic" 3461:2022 3431:2022 3415:"ic" 3401:2022 3371:2022 3341:2022 3299:PMID 3172:ISBN 3145:ISBN 2906:ISBN 2878:ISBN 2809:2020 2782:2020 2700:ISSN 2669:2020 2619:ISBN 2491:ISBN 2422:ISBN 2377:ISBN 2290:2021 2277:ISBN 2201:ISBN 2137:ISBN 2035:dike 1833:fire 1560:The 1370:The 1363:The 1356:and 1346:The 1314:AFM 1229:O/Na 930:IUGS 928:The 879:lava 873:, a 871:tuff 730:IUGS 708:and 702:tuff 671:tuff 615:and 593:lava 481:and 416:Sill 412:Dike 403:dike 333:and 325:and 307:ores 177:lava 167:and 30:USGS 4773:Wad 3649:SiO 3636:SiO 3619:SiO 3606:SiO 3593:SiO 3291:doi 3279:438 3248:doi 3213:doi 3201:249 3120:doi 3089:doi 3034:doi 2999:doi 2769:doi 2735:doi 2692:doi 2591:doi 2538:doi 2516:148 2369:doi 2250:doi 2178:doi 2166:121 1903:-ic 1868:-ic 1613:in 1287:or 774:or 667:ash 519:or 374:). 315:tin 194:or 190:'s 175:or 4946:: 3481:. 3477:. 3451:. 3447:. 3421:. 3417:. 3391:. 3387:. 3361:. 3357:. 3331:. 3327:. 3305:. 3297:. 3289:. 3277:. 3254:. 3246:. 3236:92 3234:. 3211:. 3199:. 3118:. 3087:. 3075:. 3040:. 3032:. 3022:39 3020:. 2997:. 2987:31 2985:. 2920:^ 2892:^ 2872:. 2836:11 2799:. 2765:63 2763:. 2759:. 2733:. 2723:23 2721:. 2698:. 2688:46 2686:. 2605:^ 2585:. 2558:^ 2544:. 2536:. 2526:. 2514:. 2475:^ 2460:^ 2385:. 2375:. 2271:. 2248:. 2238:85 2236:. 2176:. 2164:. 2160:. 1718:: 1649:, 1633:. 1484:, 1480:, 1459:, 1455:, 1398:. 1307:. 1185:Na 1123:) 1114:) 1105:) 1096:) 1070:). 1050:, 990:, 986:, 978:, 807:. 786:, 782:, 778:, 770:, 736:. 704:, 669:, 611:. 531:. 497:. 489:, 477:, 473:, 469:, 313:, 302:); 218:. 179:. 122:Ma 113:Ma 104:Ma 4807:e 4800:t 4793:v 3798:e 3791:t 3784:v 3678:: 3671:: 3664:: 3651:2 3638:2 3629:– 3621:2 3608:2 3595:2 3558:e 3551:t 3544:v 3493:. 3463:. 3433:. 3403:. 3373:. 3343:. 3313:. 3293:: 3285:: 3262:. 3250:: 3242:: 3219:. 3215:: 3207:: 3193:2 3180:. 3153:. 3126:. 3122:: 3114:: 3095:. 3091:: 3083:: 3077:8 3048:. 3036:: 3028:: 3005:. 3001:: 2993:: 2914:. 2886:. 2811:. 2784:. 2771:: 2741:. 2737:: 2729:: 2706:. 2694:: 2671:. 2627:. 2599:. 2593:: 2570:. 2552:. 2540:: 2522:: 2499:. 2430:. 2393:. 2371:: 2292:. 2256:. 2252:: 2244:: 2209:. 2184:. 2180:: 2172:: 2145:. 1909:. 1874:. 1843:. 1740:4 1732:3 1724:2 1716:1 1360:. 1336:3 1334:O 1332:2 1324:2 1320:2 1293:2 1275:3 1273:O 1271:2 1267:2 1263:2 1253:3 1251:O 1249:2 1245:2 1241:2 1231:2 1227:2 1197:O 1195:2 1193:K 1189:O 1187:2 1183:( 1121:2 1112:2 1103:2 1094:2 1015:2 1008:2 1004:2 635:( 370:( 362:( 341:. 295:; 137:( 97:: 32:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index