253:
51:
1218:
245:
726:
359:
1390:
566:
2328:
439:
483:
40:
1187:
1016:. Here formerly deeply buried rock has been brought to the surface by uplift and erosion. The metamorphic rock exposed in orogenic belts may have been metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above. This kind of regional metamorphism is known as
2649:
906:
facies of a marble will not be identical with the amphibolite facies of a pelite. However, the facies are defined such that metamorphic rock with as broad a range of compositions as is practical can be assigned to a particular facies. The present definition of metamorphic facies is largely based on the work of the
Finnish geologist,
1020:. This tends to produce low-grade metamorphic rock. Much more common is metamorphic rock formed during the collision process itself. The collision of plates causes high temperatures, pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts. Metamorphic rock formed in these settings tends to shown well-developed schistosity.
342:. In metamorphosed sandstone, recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite, also known as metaquartzite, in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked. Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization. High temperatures allow the
917:
The metamorphic facies is not usually considered when classifying metamorphic rock based on protolith, mineral mode, or texture. However, a few metamorphic facies produce rock of such distinctive character that the facies name is used for the rock when more precise classification is not possible. The
313:
Many complex high-temperature reactions may take place between minerals without them melting, and each mineral assemblage produced indicates the temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism. These reactions are possible because of rapid diffusion of atoms at elevated temperature. Pore fluid
1070:
Many orogenic belts contain higher-temperature, lower-pressure metamorphic belts. These may form through heating of the rock by ascending magmas of volcanic arcs, but on a regional scale. Deformation and crustal thickening in an orogenic belt may also produce these kinds of metamorphic rocks. These
655:
is a fine-grained metamorphic rock that easily splits into thin plates but shows no obvious compositional layering. The term is used only when very little else is known about the rock that would allow a more definite classification. Textural classifications may be prefixed to indicate a sedimentary
905:
A metamorphic facies is a set of distinctive assemblages of minerals that are found in metamorphic rock that formed under a specific combination of pressure and temperature. The particular assemblage is somewhat dependent on the composition of that protolith, so that (for example) the amphibolite
270:
However, changes in the mineral composition can take place even when the bulk composition of the rock does not change. This is possible because all minerals are stable only within certain limits of temperature, pressure, and chemical environment. For example, at atmospheric pressure, the mineral
266:
can change the bulk composition of a rock. Hot fluids circulating through pore space in the rock can dissolve existing minerals and precipitate new minerals. Dissolved substances are transported out of the rock by the fluids while new substances are brought in by fresh fluids. This can obviously
1255:
is often used by geologists to signify those fine grained, compact, non-foliated products of contact metamorphism. The contact aureole typically shows little deformation, and so hornfels is usually devoid of schistosity and forms a tough, equigranular rock. If the rock was originally banded or
604:
classification system, if all that can be determined about the protolith is its general type, such as sedimentary or volcanic, the classification is based on the mineral mode (the volume percentages of different minerals in the rock). Metasedimentary rocks are divided into carbonate-rich rock
1130:
contain metavolcanic and metasedimentary rock that has undergone a relatively mild grade of metamorphism, at temperatures of 350–500 °C (662–932 °F) and pressures of 200–500 MPa (2,000–5,000 bar). They can be divided into a lower group of metabasalts, including rare
631:, which are medium-grained strongly foliated rocks. These show the most well-developed schistosity, defined as the extent to which platy minerals are present and are aligned in a single direction, so that the rock easily splits into plates less than a centimeter (0.4 inches) thick.
193:
Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rock is transformed physically or chemically at elevated temperature, without actually melting to any great degree. The importance of heating in the formation of metamorphic rock was first noted by the pioneering
Scottish naturalist,
710:
The basic classification can be supplemented by terms describing mineral content or texture. For example, a metabasalt showing weak schistosity might be described as a gneissic metabasalt, and a pelite containing abundant staurolite might be described as a staurolite pelite.
1075:, amphibolite, or granulite facies and are the most common of metamorphic rocks produced by regional metamorphosis. The association of an outer high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic zone with an inner zone of low-pressure, high-temperature metamorphic rocks is called a
1228:). The changes that occur are greatest wherever the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at this boundary and decrease with distance from it. Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a
556:
Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides, or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits, will not be foliated. Marble lacks platy minerals and is generally not foliated, which allows its use as a material for sculpture and architecture.
450:
Metamorphic rocks are typically more coarsely crystalline than the protolith from which they formed. Atoms in the interior of a crystal are surrounded by a stable arrangement of neighboring atoms. This is partially missing at the surface of the crystal, producing a
1138:
The greenstone belts are surrounded by high-grade gneiss terrains showing highly deformed low-pressure, high-temperature (over 500 °C (932 °F)) metamorphism to the amphibolite or granulite facies. These form most of the exposed rock in
Archean cratons.
1169:
is formed as tectonic plates move apart. Hydrothermal metamorphism is extensive here. This is characterized by metasomatism by hot fluids circulating through the rock. This produces metamorphic rock of the greenschist facies. The metamorphic rock,
580:
Metamorphic rocks are one of the three great divisions of all rock types, and so there is a great variety of metamorphic rock types. In general, if the protolith of a metamorphic rock can be determined, the rock is described by adding the prefix
522:, to become rotated such that their short axes are parallel to the direction of shortening. This results in a banded, or foliated, rock, with the bands showing the colors of the minerals that formed them. Foliated rock often develops planes of
1063:. Eclogites are occasionally found at sites of continental collision, where the subducted rock is rapidly brought back to the surface, before it can be converted to the granulite facies in the hot upper mantle. Many samples of eclogite are
541:, the following sequence develops with increasing temperature: The mudstone is first converted to slate, which is a very fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock, characteristic of very low grade metamorphism. Slate in turn is converted to
374:
Because every mineral is stable only within certain limits, the presence of certain minerals in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which the rock underwent metamorphism. These minerals are known as
128:
from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust.
89:) or more, causing profound physical or chemical changes. During this process, the rock remains mostly in the solid state, but gradually recrystallizes to a new texture or mineral composition. The protolith may be an
1480:
Wilkinson, Bruce H.; McElroy, Brandon J.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Peters, Shanan E.; Rothman, Edward D. (2008). "Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers – Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies".
198:, who is often described as the father of modern geology. Hutton wrote in 1795 that some rock beds of the Scottish Highlands had originally been sedimentary rock but had been transformed by great heat.
1099:, which form in region of crustal extension. They are characterized by low-angle faulting that exposes domes of middle or lower crust metamorphic rock. These were first recognized and studied in the
1953:
687:. Special names may also be applied more generally to rocks dominated by a single mineral, or with a distinctive composition or mode or origin. Special names still in wide use include amphibolite,
116:. They may be formed simply by being deeply buried beneath the Earth's surface, where they are subject to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above. They can also form from
664:, such as orthogneiss). When nothing is known about the protolith, the textural name is used without a prefix. For example, a schist is a rock with schistose texture whose protolith is uncertain.
2431:
Liu, Liang; Zhang, Junfeng; Green, Harry W.; Jin, Zhenmin; Bozhilov, Krassmir N. (November 2007). "Evidence of former stishovite in metamorphosed sediments, implying subduction to >350 km".
597:. For a metamorphic rock to be classified in this manner, the protolith should be identifiable from the characteristics of the metamorphic rock itself, and not inferred from other information.
1264:) this character may not be obliterated, and a banded hornfels is the product. Contact metamorphism close to the surface produces distinctive low-pressure metamorphic minerals, such as
605:(metacarbonates or calcsilicate-rocks) or carbonate-poor rocks, and the latter are further classified by the relative abundance of mica in their composition. This ranges from low-mica
932:
as a classification for rock metamorphosed to the granulite facies. Instead, such rock will often be classified as a granofels. However, this approach is not universally accepted.
1955:
Metamorphic Rocks: A Classification and
Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks
1027:
is taking place, the basalt of the subducting slab is metamorphosed to high-pressure metamorphic facies. It initially undergoes low-grade metamorphism to metabasalt of the
990:
in the middle and lower crust, where the rock reaches the higher-pressure metamorphic facies. This rock is found at the surface only where extensive uplift and erosion has
225:, the circulation of fluids through buried rock, to the list of processes that help bring about metamorphism. However, metamorphism can take place without metasomatism (
152:. Slate and quartzite tiles are used in building construction. Marble is also prized for building construction and as a medium for sculpture. On the other hand, schist
120:
processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction, and distortion. Metamorphic rock can be formed locally when rock is heated by the
1294:
between the igneous magma and sedimentary country rock, whereby the chemicals in each are exchanged or introduced into the other. In that case, hybrid rocks called
910:, with refinements based on subsequent experimental work. Eskola drew upon the zonal schemes, based on index minerals, that were pioneered by the British geologist,
1234:. Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from the contact area to unmetamorphosed (unchanged) country rock some distance away. The formation of important
514:, meaning "leaves"). Foliation develops when a rock is being shortened along one axis during recrystallization. This causes crystals of platy minerals, such as
958:. The middle continental crust is dominated by metamorphic rock that has reached the amphibolite facies. Within the upper crust, which is the only part of the
2550:
350:
in solid crystals to migrate, thus reorganizing the crystals, while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact.
252:
2051:
Robinson, D.; Bevins, R. E.; Aguirre, L.; Vergara, M. (1 January 2004). "A reappraisal of episodic burial metamorphism in the Andes of central Chile".
457:
that makes the surface thermodynamically unstable. Recrystallization to coarser crystals reduces the surface area and so minimizes the surface energy.
1854:
1055:. Metabasalt and blueschist may be preserved in blueschist metamorphic belts formed by collisions between continents. They may also be preserved by
2572:
1154:
or TTG suite. These are the most voluminous rocks in the craton and may represent an important early phase in the formation of continental crust.
2609:
1122:
are regions of exposed ancient rock that make up the stable cores of continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of
637:, which are more coarse grained and show thicker foliation that schists, with layers over 5mm thick. These show less well-developed schistosity.
3494:
426:, may be found in metamorphic rocks but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism. These minerals can also form during the
1599:
PROCEEDINGS 4th
International Congress on "Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin" VOL. I
2340:
1174:, is particularly characteristic of these settings, and represents chemical transformation of olivine and pyroxene in ultramafic rock to
430:
of igneous rocks. They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process.
2349:
213:
constructed from a cannon barrel and heated it in an iron foundry furnace. Hall found that this produced a material strongly resembling
2580:– Detailed field and hand specimen photographs of metamorphic rocks grouped by setting and composition (Department of Earth Sciences,
2542:
1633:
Zhang, Xiao-Ping; Wong, Louis Ngai Yuen; Wang, Si-Jing; Han, Geng-You (August 2011). "Engineering properties of quartz mica schist".
613:. Psammites composed mostly of quartz are classified as quartzite. Metaigneous rocks are classified similarly to igneous rocks, by
1992:
Rudnick, Roberta L.; Fountain, David M. (1995). "Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective".
1344:, often as slabs for flooring, walls, or stairsteps. About 6% of crushed stone, used mostly for road aggregate, is quartzite.
1540:
1081:. The main islands of Japan show three distinct paired metamorphic belts, corresponding to different episodes of subduction.
549:
is medium to coarse-grained and found in areas of medium grade metamorphism. High-grade metamorphism transforms the rock to
2759:
2638:
2602:
81:) is subjected to temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C (300 to 400 °F) and, often, elevated pressure of 100
2278:
2212:
1864:
962:
geologists can directly sample, metamorphic rock forms only from processes that can occur at shallow depth. These are
2303:
2175:
2126:
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1611:
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because of its pronounced planes of weakness. A hazard may exist even in undisturbed terrain. On August 17, 1959, a
2699:
2633:
2567:
2466:
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1051:. Eclogite is also significantly denser than blueschist, which drives further subduction of the slab deep into the
474:, or olivine, are particularly prone to form mylonites, while feldspar and garnet are resistant to mylonitization.
2547:
617:
content, from meta-ultramafic-rock (which is very low in silica) to metafelsic-rock (with a high silica content).
978:. These processes are relatively local in occurrence and usually reach only the low-pressure facies, such as the
3763:
2718:
2595:
1801:
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201:
Hutton also speculated that pressure was important in metamorphism. This hypothesis was tested by his friend,
1135:; a middle group of meta-intermediate-rock and meta-felsic-rock; and an upper group of metasedimentary rock.
17:
1340:
Quartzite is sufficiently hard and dense that it is difficult to quarry. However, some quartzite is used as
589:, the rock will be described as a metabasalt. Likewise, a metamorphic rock whose protolith is known to be a
460:
Although grain coarsening is a common result of metamorphism, rock that is intensely deformed may eliminate
1428:
679:. A few special names are used for rocks of unknown protolith but known modal composition, such as marble,
31:
1371:, Montana, composed of schist. This caused a massive landslide that killed 26 people camping in the area.
283:
when the temperature reaches about 800 °C (1,470 °F). All three have the identical composition,
1364:
1032:
753:
323:
202:
3768:
1450:
1108:
1043:. Metamorphism to the eclogite facies releases a great deal of water vapor from the rock, which drives
3773:
2559:
1952:
Schmid, R.; Fettes, D.; Harte, B.; Davis, E.; Desmons, J. (2007). "How to name a metamorphic rock.".
911:
620:
Where the mineral mode cannot be determined, as is often the case when rock is first examined in the
601:
537:
The type of foliation that develops depends on the metamorphic grade. For instance, starting with a
1100:
1096:
1090:
1077:
947:
676:
174:
Metamorphic rocks form one of the three great divisions of rock types. They are distinguished from
2824:
2792:
2752:
534:, and it typically shows well-developed cleavage that allows slate to be split into thin plates.
443:
229:) or at depths of just a few hundred meters where pressures are relatively low (for example, in
3244:
1225:
590:
50:
1374:
Metamorphosed ultramafic rock contains serpentine group minerals, which includes varieties of
1317:
by extraterrestrial bodies. It produces rare ultrahigh pressure metamorphic minerals, such as
1142:
The granite-greenstone belts are intruded by a distinctive group of granitic rocks called the
3209:
1662:
1413:
1013:
2444:
2333:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1603:
2581:
2440:
2060:
2001:
991:
889:
236:
Metamorphic processes change the texture or mineral composition of the metamorphosed rock.
366:
Metamorphic rocks are characterized by their distinctive mineral composition and texture.
8:
2704:
1257:
1224:
Contact metamorphism takes place when magma is injected into the surrounding solid rock (
1217:
502:
495:
322:
The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called
121:
113:
2064:
2005:
1796:(21st ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 449, 480, 483, 497, 516, 518, 529, 539, 543.
1313:
Impact metamorphism is unlike other forms of metamorphism in that it takes place during
279:
at a temperature of about 190 °C (374 °F). Andalusite, in turn, transforms to
104:
and form 12% of the Earth's land surface. They are classified by their protolith, their
3040:
2745:
2076:
1408:
1072:
900:
771:
746:
523:
1910:
3000:
2299:
2274:
2208:
2171:
2122:
2080:
1860:
1797:
1748:
1669:
1607:
1516:
1457:
1418:
1360:
1052:
1036:
983:
951:
784:
739:
573:
569:
471:
314:
between mineral grains can be an important medium through which atoms are exchanged.
157:
59:
3692:
3191:
3060:
2507:
2448:
2068:
2009:
1642:
1490:
1326:
1195:
1175:
1162:
1119:
959:
955:
766:
594:
221:
produced by heating of chalk in the open air. French geologists subsequently added
183:
101:
94:
55:
2577:
1597:
1544:
1126:
age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone belts. The
3504:
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3117:
2554:
1646:
1341:
1307:
1230:
1127:
1040:
979:
941:
777:
732:
672:
427:
210:
117:
1023:
Metamorphic rock of orogenic belts shows a variety of metamorphic facies. Where
3697:
3539:
3132:
3055:
2817:
2725:
2452:
1911:"BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks"
1395:
1347:
Marble is also prized for building construction and as a medium for sculpture.
1028:
761:
668:
519:
487:
453:
70:
2072:
3757:
3742:
3657:
3622:
3469:
3035:
2940:
2812:
2344:
2334:
1166:
907:
461:
376:
358:
82:
3667:
3647:
3519:
3166:
3144:
3085:
2990:
2935:
2920:
2774:
2353:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 332–33.
2250:
1314:
1291:
1273:
1239:
1203:
1171:
1151:
1147:
1048:
1035:, but as the basalt subducts to greater depths, it is metamorphosed to the
725:
692:
306:
at elevated pressure and temperature in more silicate-rich rock containing
263:
222:
195:
190:
eroded from existing rock or precipitated chemically from bodies of water.
175:
169:
90:
74:
2357:
3556:
3447:
3427:
3417:
3344:
3294:
3219:
3065:
3005:
2975:
2930:
2888:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2797:
2668:
2618:
1456:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. p. 5.
1423:
1368:
1269:
1199:
919:
883:
801:
688:
684:
585:
to the protolith rock name. For example, if the protolith is known to be
380:
307:
280:
256:
2587:
2378:"Geosights: Colorful coal "clinker" close to Castle Gate, Carbon County"
2298:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 427.
1747:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
624:, then classification must be based on texture. The textural types are:
565:
3722:
3707:
3682:
3677:
3587:
3572:
3489:
3457:
3422:
3412:
3394:
3374:
3319:
3299:
3254:
3176:
3161:
3137:
3097:
3070:
3050:
3025:
2985:
2960:
2950:
2945:
2925:
2834:
1403:
1322:
1104:
1024:
621:
411:
392:
388:
295:
276:
86:
2203:
Crittenden, M.D.; Coney, P.J.; Davis, G.H.; Davis, G.H., eds. (1980).
2013:
1712:
1389:
545:, which is fine-grained and found in areas of low grade metamorphism.
3737:
3727:
3717:
3702:
3672:
3652:
3637:
3632:
3597:
3592:
3551:
3544:
3509:
3479:
3464:
3442:
3384:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3334:
3314:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3234:
3199:
3112:
3080:
3030:
3020:
2995:
2970:
2965:
2905:
2866:
2829:
1628:
1626:
1494:
1132:
1060:
1056:
1044:
928:
704:
696:
640:
331:
244:
218:
149:
78:
43:
2184:
2147:
2135:
1337:
Slate tiles are used in construction, particularly as roof shingle.
1208:
651:
is a granofels that is known to result from contact metamorphism. A
3712:
3687:
3612:
3582:
3577:
3499:
3484:
3452:
3432:
3329:
3304:
3181:
3156:
3149:
3127:
3122:
3075:
3015:
2900:
2851:
2841:
2787:
2673:
2563:
2240:
2238:
2236:
1375:
1251:
1143:
1064:
923:
879:
790:
680:
648:
606:
542:
538:
500:
Many kinds of metamorphic rocks show a distinctive layering called
466:
419:
407:
303:
187:
105:
2512:
2495:
1623:
438:
3732:
3662:
3627:
3602:
3534:
3369:
3309:
3249:
3214:
3107:
2955:
2915:
2883:
2878:
2782:
2737:
1356:
1329:, but the presence of stishovite is unique to impact structures.
1318:
1191:
1123:
1009:
1003:
403:
384:
327:
272:
153:
109:
2233:
2221:
1325:. Coesite is rarely found in eclogite brought to the surface in
1310:. Here intense shearing of the rock typically forms mylonites.
926:. The British Geological Survey strongly discourages the use of
482:
3642:
3617:
3514:
3474:
3437:
3339:
3204:
3102:
3092:
3045:
3010:
2980:
2910:
2895:
2873:
2807:
2802:
2683:
2520:
1265:
1261:
1243:
634:
628:
614:
610:
586:
550:
546:
530:
is an example of a foliated metamorphic rock, originating from
423:
396:
339:
299:
214:
145:
141:
133:
1834:
1103:
of southwestern North
America, but are also found in southern
3607:
3529:
3524:
3389:
3354:
3274:
3229:
3224:
2678:
2032:
1306:
Dynamic (cataclastic) metamorphism takes place locally along
1295:
888:
graph corresponds to conditions within the Earth's crust and
700:
652:
531:
527:
507:
335:
206:
179:
137:
125:
2573:
Metamorphic Rocks Tour, an introduction to metamorphic rocks
2050:
1479:
298:
is stable over a broad range of pressure and temperature in
39:
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3239:
3171:
2121:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 275–279.
1852:
1724:
1280:
1279:
Similar changes may be induced in shales by the burning of
1260:(as, for example, a laminated sandstone or a foliated calc-
1242:
at or near the contact zone. Contact aureoles around large
1186:
954:
is mostly metamafic-rock and pelite which have reached the
795:
667:
Special classifications exist for metamorphic rocks with a
515:
415:
362:
Metamorphic rock containing staurolite and almandine garnet
343:
2117:
Kearey, P.; Klepeis, Keith A.; Vine, Frederick J. (2009).
1810:
1761:
2648:
2496:"The Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959"
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347:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2020:
1973:
1873:
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1685:
2543:
Metamorphic textures – Middle East
Technical University
1773:
1702:
1700:
470:. Certain kinds of rock, such as those rich in quartz,
2400:
1961:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–15
1951:
1822:
2412:
2087:
1846:
1682:
1668:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 57.
248:
Basalt hand-sized sample showing fine-grained texture
2566:) – Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,
1697:
1385:
950:
and form 12% of the Earth's land surface. The lower
338:
change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock
2205:
Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes (Memoir 153)
1792:Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993).
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
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1449:
30:"Metamorphic" redirects here. For other uses, see
2256:
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2227:
2190:
2153:
2141:
2116:
1794:Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)
994:rock that was formerly much deeper in the crust.
643:, which show no obvious foliation or schistosity.
486:Folded foliation in a metamorphic rock from near
464:by recrystallizing as a fine-grained rock called
3755:
2430:
1743:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Metaquartzite".
1632:
1592:
1590:
1190:A contact metamorphic rock made of interlayered
1012:produced by the collision of tectonic plates at
878:Figure 1. Diagram showing metamorphic facies in
2296:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1991:
1932:
1618:white marble prized for use to make sculptures.
1543:. Mineral Information Institute. Archived from
1475:
1473:
310:, with which the forsterite reacts chemically.
1511:Schunck, Eberhard; Oster, Hans Jochen (2003).
946:Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the
160:because of its pronounced planes of weakness.
100:Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the
2753:
2603:
2293:
1587:
1513:Roof Construction Manual : Pitched Roofs
1084:
1067:brought to the surface by volcanic activity.
2526:
2476:. Marble Institute of America. p. 23-15
2363:
2294:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
2273:(3rd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
1791:
1575:. Marble Institute of America. p. 23-15
1510:
1506:
1504:
1470:
660:, such as paraschist) or igneous protolith (
27:Rock that was subjected to heat and pressure
1246:may be as much as several kilometers wide.
1114:
1008:Metamorphic rock is extensively exposed in
2760:
2746:
2610:
2596:
553:, which is coarse to very coarse-grained.
69:arise from the transformation of existing
2617:
2511:
2500:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2165:
2053:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1918:British Geological Survey Research Report
1908:
1501:
73:to new types of rock in a process called
2375:
1452:An introduction to metamorphic petrology
1216:
1185:
564:
481:
437:
357:
251:
243:
239:
49:
38:
2418:
2406:
2268:
2104:
2026:
1979:
1879:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1779:
1767:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1691:
1447:
1283:seams. This produces a rock type named
369:
267:change the mineral makeup of the rock.
132:Some examples of metamorphic rocks are
14:
3756:
2312:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1515:(2003 ed.). München: DE GRUYTER.
1483:Geological Society of America Bulletin
54:Metamorphic rock, deformed during the
2741:
2591:
2338:
2038:
1859:. Cengage Learning. pp. 174–77.
1659:
1534:
1532:
1238:minerals may occur by the process of
1059:onto the overriding plate as part of
986:. Most metamorphic rock is formed by
714:
1853:Wicander R. & Munroe J. (2005).
1378:that pose a hazard to human health.
1301:
1095:Metamorphic rock is also exposed in
2639:Ultra-high-temperature metamorphism
2433:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2170:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
1885:
1367:destabilized a mountain slope near
1181:
1157:
1111:, and in other areas of extension.
317:
24:
2767:
2168:Metamorphism and Metamorphic Belts
1538:
1529:
968:dynamic (cataclastic) metamorphism
25:
3785:
2536:
2376:Milligan, Mark (September 2007).
2207:. Geological Society of America.
997:
572:marble in Big Cottonwood Canyon,
560:
330:crystals in the sedimentary rock
2700:Dynamic quartz recrystallization
2647:
2634:Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism
2568:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
2326:
1388:
1202:of Canada. Once thought to be a
724:
609:through semipelite to high-mica
259:formed by metamorphism of basalt
97:, or existing metamorphic rock.
2488:
2459:
2424:
2369:
2287:
2262:
2257:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2245:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2228:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2196:
2191:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2159:
2154:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2142:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2110:
2044:
1985:
1785:
1736:
1721:, pp. 32–33, 110, 130–131.
2366:, pp. 385, 456, 466, 485.
1653:
1558:
1441:
964:contact (thermal) metamorphism
353:
13:
1:
1434:
1290:There is also a tendency for
935:
2548:Contact metamorphism example
1647:10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.04.020
1429:Subduction zone metamorphism
671:protolith or formed along a
477:
46:, a type of metamorphic rock
32:Metamorphic (disambiguation)
7:
2339:Flett, John Smith (1911). "
1381:
1033:prehnite-pumpellyite facies
602:British Geological Survey's
10:
3790:
2578:Atlas of Metamorphic Rocks
2453:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.010
2259:, pp. 28–29, 129–131.
1602:. Angelo Ferrari. p.
1448:Yardley, B. W. D. (1989).
1350:
1097:metamorphic core complexes
1088:
1085:Metamorphic core complexes
1001:
939:
898:
493:
433:
326:. For instance, the small
167:
124:of hot molten rock called
29:
3565:
3403:
3190:
2773:
2713:
2692:
2656:
2645:
2626:
2560:Metamorphic Rock Database
2269:Marshak, Stephen (2009).
2166:Miyashiro, Akiho (1973).
2073:10.1007/s00410-003-0516-4
1660:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
1359:can pose a challenge for
972:hydrothermal metamorphism
942:Metamorphism § Types
178:, which form from molten
163:
156:can pose a challenge for
2527:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
2364:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
2041:, pp. 76–77, 82–83.
1365:magnitude 7.2 earthquake
1115:Granite-greenstone belts
1101:Basin and Range Province
1091:Metamorphic core complex
886:space. The domain of the
677:hydrothermal circulation
402:Other minerals, such as
227:isochemical metamorphism
217:, rather than the usual
2825:Basaltic trachyandesite
2793:Alkali feldspar granite
2445:2007E&PSL.263..180L
2350:Encyclopædia Britannica
1332:
1109:D'Entrecasteaux Islands
1078:paired metamorphic belt
707:, mylonite, and slate.
593:will be described as a
444:petrographic microscope
2502:. Professional Paper.
1909:Robertson, S. (1999).
1843:, p. 22, 168-170.
1664:The earth through time
1221:
1214:
577:
491:
447:
442:A mylonite (through a
363:
302:, but is converted to
260:
249:
63:
47:
3764:Metamorphic petrology
3210:Banded iron formation
2693:Metamorphic processes
2627:Types of metamorphism
2271:Essentials of Geology
1994:Reviews of Geophysics
1856:Essentials of Geology
1414:List of rock textures
1220:
1189:
1014:convergent boundaries
1002:Further information:
988:regional metamorphism
940:Further information:
568:
485:
441:
361:
255:
247:
240:Mineralogical changes
77:. The original rock (
53:
42:
2582:University of Oxford
691:, phyllite, marble,
370:Metamorphic minerals
231:contact metamorphism
2705:Foliation (geology)
2529:, pp. 507–511.
2193:, pp. 368–369.
2156:, pp. 367–368.
2144:, pp. 275–279.
2065:2004CoMP..146..513R
2006:1995RvGeo..33..267R
1745:Glossary of geology
1733:, p. 127, 154.
1635:Engineering Geology
1120:Continental shields
1018:burial metamorphism
976:impact metamorphism
918:chief examples are
496:Foliation (geology)
379:. Examples include
3566:Specific varieties
2553:2012-02-16 at the
1819:, p. 148-158.
1770:, p. 154-158.
1409:List of rock types
1222:
1215:
901:Metamorphic facies
715:Metamorphic facies
578:
506:(derived from the
492:
472:carbonate minerals
448:
364:
261:
250:
186:, which form from
112:makeup, and their
64:
48:
3769:Metamorphic rocks
3751:
3750:
3001:Nepheline syenite
2735:
2734:
2657:Metamorphic rocks
2474:Glossary of Terms
2029:, pp. 12–13.
2014:10.1029/95RG01302
1982:, pp. 49–51.
1882:, pp. 21–27.
1573:Glossary of Terms
1419:Metavolcanic rock
1361:civil engineering
1302:Other occurrences
1047:in the overlying
1037:blueschist facies
984:sanidinite facies
952:continental crust
897:
896:
893:
787:
780:
758:
749:
742:
735:
574:Wasatch Mountains
324:recrystallization
209:into a makeshift
184:sedimentary rocks
158:civil engineering
67:Metamorphic rocks
16:(Redirected from
3781:
3693:Rapakivi granite
3405:Metamorphic rock
3192:Sedimentary rock
3061:Quartz monzonite
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2664:Metamorphic rock
2651:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2119:Global tectonics
2114:
2108:
2102:
2085:
2084:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1949:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1915:
1906:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1783:
1782:, pp. 8–10.
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1641:(3–4): 135–149.
1630:
1621:
1620:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1539:Powell, Darryl.
1536:
1527:
1526:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1495:10.1130/B26457.1
1477:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1445:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1327:kimberlite pipes
1182:Contact aureoles
1176:serpentine group
1163:Mid-ocean ridges
1158:Mid-ocean ridges
1128:greenstone belts
1071:rocks reach the
956:granulite facies
877:
783:
776:
752:
745:
738:
731:
728:
719:
718:
595:metaconglomerate
318:Textural changes
293:
56:Variscan orogeny
21:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3561:
3505:Pseudotachylite
3399:
3186:
3118:Tephriphonolite
2769:
2766:
2736:
2731:
2709:
2688:
2652:
2643:
2622:
2616:
2555:Wayback Machine
2539:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2306:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2088:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1694:, pp. 1–5.
1690:
1683:
1676:
1658:
1654:
1631:
1624:
1614:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1509:
1502:
1489:(5–6): 760–79.
1478:
1471:
1464:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1353:
1342:dimension stone
1335:
1304:
1231:contact aureole
1213:. Scale in mm.
1184:
1160:
1117:
1093:
1087:
1041:eclogite facies
1006:
1000:
944:
938:
903:
887:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
799:
793:
788:
781:
774:
769:
764:
759:
755:
750:
743:
736:
717:
563:
498:
480:
436:
428:crystallization
372:
356:
320:
292:
288:
284:
242:
211:pressure vessel
172:
166:
62:, Lérida, Spain
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Rhomb porphyry
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3540:Talc carbonate
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3133:Trachyandesite
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Quartz diorite
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2818:Picrite basalt
2815:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:Types of rocks
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2557:
2545:
2538:
2537:External links
2535:
2532:
2531:
2519:
2487:
2458:
2423:
2411:
2409:, p. 126.
2399:
2368:
2356:
2345:Chisholm, Hugh
2311:
2304:
2286:
2280:978-0393196566
2279:
2261:
2249:
2247:, p. 350.
2232:
2230:, p. 169.
2220:
2214:978-0813711539
2213:
2195:
2183:
2176:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2127:
2109:
2086:
2059:(4): 513–528.
2043:
2031:
2019:
1984:
1972:
1931:
1884:
1872:
1866:978-0495013655
1865:
1845:
1833:
1831:, p. 158.
1821:
1809:
1802:
1784:
1772:
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1735:
1723:
1711:
1696:
1681:
1674:
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1432:
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1421:
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1411:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:Geology portal
1383:
1380:
1352:
1349:
1334:
1331:
1303:
1300:
1268:, andalusite,
1183:
1180:
1165:are where new
1159:
1156:
1116:
1113:
1089:Main article:
1086:
1083:
1053:Earth's mantle
1010:orogenic belts
999:
998:Orogenic belts
996:
937:
934:
899:Main article:
895:
894:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
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806:
800:
789:
782:
775:
770:
765:
760:
751:
744:
737:
730:
722:
716:
713:
669:volcaniclastic
645:
644:
638:
632:
562:
561:Classification
559:
494:Main article:
488:Geirangerfjord
479:
476:
454:surface energy
435:
432:
377:index minerals
371:
368:
355:
352:
319:
316:
290:
286:
275:transforms to
241:
238:
168:Main article:
165:
162:
60:Vall de Cardós
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3786:
3775:
3774:Earth's crust
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
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3724:
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3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
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3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:Litchfieldite
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Hyaloclastite
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Litchfieldite
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Phonotephrite
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Hyaloclastite
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Alkali basalt
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2528:
2523:
2514:
2513:10.3133/pp435
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2421:, p. 13.
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2335:public domain
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2305:9780521880060
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2177:9789401168366
2173:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2128:9781405107778
2124:
2120:
2113:
2107:, p. 12.
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1675:9780470387740
1671:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1613:9788896680315
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1547:on 2009-03-02
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1522:9783034615631
1518:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:impact events
1311:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1167:oceanic crust
1164:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:and then the
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:Earth's crust
957:
953:
949:
948:Earth's crust
943:
933:
931:
930:
925:
921:
915:
913:
912:George Barrow
909:
908:Pentti Eskola
902:
891:
885:
881:
876:
875:
803:
797:
792:
786:
779:
773:
768:
763:
757:
748:
741:
734:
729:
727:
721:
720:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
654:
650:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
626:
625:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
575:
571:
570:Mississippian
567:
558:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
497:
489:
484:
475:
473:
469:
468:
463:
462:strain energy
458:
456:
455:
445:
440:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
367:
360:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
282:
278:
274:
268:
265:
258:
254:
246:
237:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:, who sealed
204:
199:
197:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:igneous rocks
171:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Earth's crust
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
57:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Metamorphosed
3668:Luxullianite
3648:Lapis lazuli
3593:Blue Granite
3520:Serpentinite
3495:Metapsammite
3404:
3245:Conglomerate
3167:Trondhjemite
3145:Trachybasalt
3086:Pantellerite
2991:Monzogranite
2936:Hornblendite
2921:Granodiorite
2775:Igneous rock
2724:
2717:
2663:
2522:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2473:
2461:
2439:(3–4): 181.
2436:
2432:
2426:
2419:Yardley 1989
2414:
2407:Yardley 1989
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2385:
2382:Survey Notes
2381:
2371:
2359:
2348:
2295:
2289:
2270:
2264:
2252:
2223:
2204:
2198:
2186:
2167:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2118:
2112:
2105:Yardley 1989
2056:
2052:
2046:
2034:
2027:Yardley 1989
2022:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1980:Yardley 1989
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1954:
1922:. Retrieved
1917:
1880:Yardley 1989
1875:
1855:
1848:
1841:Yardley 1989
1836:
1829:Yardley 1989
1824:
1817:Yardley 1989
1812:
1793:
1787:
1780:Yardley 1989
1775:
1768:Yardley 1989
1763:
1744:
1738:
1731:Yardley 1989
1726:
1719:Yardley 1989
1714:
1709:, p. 5.
1707:Yardley 1989
1692:Yardley 1989
1663:
1655:
1638:
1634:
1617:
1598:
1577:. Retrieved
1572:
1560:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1512:
1486:
1482:
1451:
1443:
1373:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1312:
1305:
1292:metasomatism
1289:
1284:
1278:
1274:wollastonite
1250:
1248:
1240:metasomatism
1229:
1226:country rock
1223:
1207:
1204:pseudofossil
1172:serpentinite
1161:
1152:granodiorite
1148:trondhjemite
1141:
1137:
1118:
1094:
1076:
1069:
1049:volcanic arc
1022:
1017:
1007:
987:
975:
971:
967:
963:
945:
927:
916:
904:
890:upper mantle
723:
709:
695:, eclogite,
693:serpentinite
666:
661:
657:
646:
619:
599:
591:conglomerate
582:
579:
555:
536:
511:
501:
499:
465:
459:
452:
449:
401:
373:
365:
321:
312:
294:. Likewise,
269:
264:Metasomatism
262:
235:
230:
226:
223:metasomatism
200:
196:James Hutton
192:
173:
170:Metamorphism
131:
99:
85:(1,000
75:metamorphism
66:
65:
36:
3557:Whiteschist
3448:Greenschist
3428:Cataclasite
3418:Amphibolite
3345:Phosphorite
3295:Itacolumite
3220:Calcarenite
3066:Quartzolite
3006:Nephelinite
2976:Lamprophyre
2931:Harzburgite
2889:Napoleonite
2862:Charnockite
2857:Carbonatite
2847:Blairmorite
2798:Anorthosite
2669:Amphibolite
2619:Metamorphic
2480:28 February
2392:28 February
1965:28 February
1924:27 February
1579:28 February
1541:"Quartzite"
1424:Neomorphism
1369:Hebgen Lake
1270:vesuvianite
1200:Precambrian
1178:minerals.
1073:greenschist
920:amphibolite
884:temperature
772:Amphibolite
756:Pumpellyite
747:Greenschist
689:greenschist
685:amphibolite
675:or through
656:protolith (
395:, and some
381:sillimanite
354:Description
308:plagioclase
281:sillimanite
257:Amphibolite
95:sedimentary
83:megapascals
3758:Categories
3723:Teschenite
3708:Shonkinite
3683:Pietersite
3678:Novaculite
3588:Borolanite
3573:Adamellite
3490:Metapelite
3458:Calcflinta
3423:Blueschist
3413:Anthracite
3395:Wackestone
3375:Travertine
3320:Lumachelle
3300:Jaspillite
3255:Diamictite
3177:Websterite
3162:Troctolite
3138:Benmoreite
3098:Shonkinite
3071:Rhyodacite
3051:Pyroxenite
3026:Peridotite
2986:Lherzolite
2961:Kimberlite
2951:Ignimbrite
2946:Icelandite
2926:Granophyre
2835:Shoshonite
2039:Levin 2010
2000:(3): 267.
1920:. RR 99-02
1803:047157452X
1754:0922152349
1551:2009-09-09
1463:0582300967
1435:References
1404:Blueschist
1355:Schistose
1323:stishovite
1196:serpentine
1133:komatiites
1105:Aegean Sea
1061:ophiolites
1025:subduction
936:Occurrence
785:Sanidinite
740:Blueschist
600:Under the
412:hornblende
393:andalusite
389:staurolite
296:forsterite
277:andalusite
203:James Hall
3738:Variolite
3728:Theralite
3718:Tachylite
3703:Rodingite
3673:Mangerite
3653:Larvikite
3638:Jasperoid
3633:Jadeitite
3598:Epidosite
3552:Tectonite
3545:Soapstone
3510:Quartzite
3480:Migmatite
3465:Itabirite
3443:Granulite
3385:Turbidite
3365:Sylvinite
3360:Siltstone
3350:Sandstone
3335:Oil shale
3315:Limestone
3290:Gritstone
3285:Greywacke
3280:Geyserite
3270:Evaporite
3260:Diatomite
3235:Claystone
3200:Argillite
3113:Tachylyte
3081:Comendite
3031:Phonolite
3021:Pegmatite
2996:Monzonite
2971:Lamproite
2966:Komatiite
2906:Foidolite
2867:Enderbite
2830:Mugearite
2621:petrology
2341:Petrology
2081:140567746
1249:The term
1211:canadense
1198:from the
1107:, in the
1065:xenoliths
1057:obduction
1045:volcanism
929:granulite
767:Granulite
754:Prehnite-
705:granulite
697:migmatite
641:Granofels
503:foliation
478:Foliation
420:feldspars
408:pyroxenes
332:limestone
219:quicklime
188:sediments
150:quartzite
122:intrusion
79:protolith
44:Quartzite
3713:Taconite
3688:Pyrolite
3613:Ganister
3583:Aphanite
3578:Appinite
3500:Phyllite
3485:Mylonite
3453:Hornfels
3433:Eclogite
3330:Mudstone
3305:Laterite
3265:Dolomite
3182:Wehrlite
3157:Trachyte
3150:Hawaiite
3128:Tonalite
3123:Tephrite
3076:Rhyolite
3041:Porphyry
3016:Obsidian
2901:Essexite
2852:Boninite
2842:Basanite
2788:Andesite
2719:Category
2674:Anatexis
2564:MetPetDB
2551:Archived
2506:. 1964.
2467:"Marble"
1566:"Marble"
1382:See also
1376:asbestos
1258:foliated
1252:hornfels
1144:tonalite
980:hornfels
924:eclogite
880:pressure
778:Hornfels
733:Eclogite
681:eclogite
649:hornfels
635:Gneisses
607:psammite
543:phyllite
539:mudstone
524:cleavage
520:chlorite
490:, Norway
467:mylonite
404:olivines
304:pyroxene
118:tectonic
106:chemical
3733:Unakite
3663:Llanite
3628:Ijolite
3603:Felsite
3535:Suevite
3370:Tillite
3310:Lignite
3250:Coquina
3215:Breccia
3108:Syenite
2956:Ijolite
2916:Granite
2884:Diorite
2879:Diabase
2783:Adakite
2441:Bibcode
2347:(ed.).
2337::
2061:Bibcode
2002:Bibcode
1357:bedrock
1351:Hazards
1319:coesite
1298:arise.
1285:clinker
1244:plutons
1206:called
1192:calcite
1124:Archean
1029:zeolite
1004:Orogeny
992:exhumed
762:Zeolite
629:Schists
434:Texture
385:kyanite
328:calcite
273:kyanite
154:bedrock
114:texture
110:mineral
91:igneous
3643:Kenyte
3618:Gossan
3515:Schist
3475:Marble
3438:Gneiss
3340:Oolite
3205:Arkose
3103:Sovite
3093:Scoria
3046:Pumice
3011:Norite
2981:Latite
2911:Gabbro
2896:Dunite
2874:Dacite
2808:Basalt
2803:Aplite
2726:Portal
2684:Schist
2343:". In
2331:
2302:
2277:
2211:
2174:
2125:
2079:
1863:
1800:
1751:
1672:
1610:
1519:
1460:
1308:faults
1266:spinel
1262:schist
1209:Eozoön
974:, and
662:ortho-
615:silica
611:pelite
587:basalt
576:, Utah
551:gneiss
547:Schist
424:quartz
422:, and
397:garnet
340:marble
300:marble
215:marble
182:, and
164:Origin
148:, and
146:schist
142:marble
134:gneiss
3608:Flint
3530:Slate
3525:Skarn
3390:Varve
3355:Shale
3275:Flint
3230:Chert
3225:Chalk
2679:Augen
2470:(PDF)
2077:S2CID
1959:(PDF)
1914:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1296:skarn
1272:, or
701:skarn
683:, or
673:fault
658:para-
653:slate
622:field
583:meta-
532:shale
528:Slate
512:folia
510:word
508:Latin
416:micas
344:atoms
336:chalk
207:chalk
180:magma
138:slate
126:magma
58:, at
3380:Tufa
3325:Marl
3240:Coal
3172:Tuff
2482:2021
2394:2021
2300:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2209:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2123:ISBN
1967:2021
1926:2021
1861:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1581:2021
1517:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1333:Uses
1321:and
1281:coal
1194:and
1131:meta
1031:and
982:and
922:and
837:1000
804:(°C)
796:kbar
518:and
516:mica
348:ions
346:and
334:and
108:and
71:rock
3743:Wad
2508:doi
2504:435
2449:doi
2437:263
2388:(3)
2069:doi
2057:146
2010:doi
1643:doi
1639:121
1604:371
1491:doi
1487:121
1236:ore
834:900
831:800
828:700
825:600
822:500
819:400
816:300
813:200
810:100
526:.
289:SiO
233:).
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2498:.
2472:.
2447:.
2435:.
2386:39
2384:.
2380:.
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2235:^
2089:^
2075:.
2067:.
2055:.
2008:.
1998:33
1996:.
1934:^
1916:.
1887:^
1699:^
1684:^
1637:.
1625:^
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1606:.
1589:^
1571:.
1531:^
1503:^
1485:.
1472:^
1287:.
1276:.
970:,
966:,
914:.
870:20
867:18
864:16
861:14
858:12
855:10
703:,
699:,
647:A
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
399:.
391:,
387:,
383:,
285:Al
144:,
140:,
136:,
93:,
2761:e
2754:t
2747:v
2611:e
2604:t
2597:v
2584:)
2562:(
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2510::
2484:.
2455:.
2451::
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2396:.
2308:.
2283:.
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2012::
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1150:-
1146:-
892:.
882:-
852:8
849:6
846:4
843:2
840:0
807:0
802:T
798:)
794:(
791:P
446:)
291:5
287:2
34:.
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