33:
1800:
1808:
3018:
3063:
568:(known as TORC1 and TORC2) with distinct functions and compositions. They went on to show the mammalian counterpart of TORC2 (named mTORC2) is not inhibited by rapamycin and regulates a different
1573:
Guri, Yakir; Colombi, Marco; Dazert, Eva; Hindupur, Sravanth K.; Roszik, Jason; Moes, Suzette; Jenoe, Paul; Heim, Markus H.; Riezman, Isabelle; Riezman, Howard; Hall, Michael N. (2017).
962:
3038:
1886:
761:
3033:
2037:
3028:
835:
2127:
1830:
1384:
Loewith, Robbie; Jacinto, Estela; Wullschleger, Stephan; Lorberg, Anja; Crespo, José L.; Bonenfant, Débora; Oppliger, Wolfgang; Jenoe, Paul; Hall, Michael N. (2002).
3013:
3058:
2197:
3008:
2097:
2964:
1804:
619:
1768:
3053:
2883:
2470:
2968:
1684:
Stuttfeld, Edward; Aylett, Christopher H. S.; Imseng, Stefan; Boehringer, Daniel; Scaiola, Alain; Sauer, Evelyn; Hall, Michael N.; Maier, Timm;
932:
1978:
676:
125:
525:. It is a central controller of cell growth and metabolism. The TOR protein plays a key role in aging and the development of diseases such as
970:
796:
724:
2101:
1922:
1893:
688:
312:
80:
2067:
1918:
768:
3068:
2190:
1532:
Durán, Raúl V.; Oppliger, Wolfgang; Robitaille, Aaron M.; Heiserich, Lisa; Skendaj, Roswitha; Gottlieb, Eyal; Hall, Michael N. (2012).
2582:
2308:
682:
2045:
3043:
2011:
2008:
936:
607:
433:
387:
181:
432:
Hall was twice appointed Vice
Director of the Biozentrum, from 2002 to 2009 and from 2013 to 2016. He was also Chairman of the
2183:
664:
1741:
2462:
2135:
1948:
1834:
1160:"TOR1 and TOR2 Are Structurally and Functionally Similar but not Identical Phosphatidylinositol Kinase Homologues in Yeast"
1158:
Helliwell, Stephen B.; Wagner, Philipp; Kunz, Jeannette; Deuter-Reinhard, Maja; Henriquez, Ruben; Hall, Michael N. (1994).
297:
1856:
2655:
1952:
658:
646:
138:
134:
3023:
2215:
2131:
1105:"Target of rapamycin in yeast, TOR2, is an essential phosphatidylinositol kinase homolog required for G1 progression"
1102:
Kunz, Jeannette; Henriquez, Ruben; Schneider, Ulrich; Deuter-Reinhard, Maja; Movva, N. Rao; Hall, Michael N. (1993).
875:
870:
1427:
Jacinto, Estela; Loewith, Robbie; Schmidt, Anja; Lin, Shuo; Rüegg, Markus A.; Hall, Alan; Hall, Michael N. (2004).
625:
150:
2622:
2239:
2105:
2071:
839:
414:
239:
1775:
1164:
2490:
2426:
2394:
800:
652:
2695:
2414:
1386:"Two TOR Complexes, Only One of which Is Rapamycin Sensitive, Have Distinct Roles in Cell Growth Control"
1104:
301:
3048:
502:
it encodes are later renamed the "mechanistic target of rapamycin", while the short form remains mTOR.
590:
2400:
1209:
Brown, Eric J.; Albers, Mark W.; Shin, Tae Bum; Ichikawa, Kazuo; Keith, Curtis T.; Lane, William S.;
940:
199:
Genetic studies on the regulation of the major outer membrane porin proteins of
Escherichia coli K-12
2157:
1986:
436:
Council between 2021 and 2022, served on the
Council from 2017 to 2019 and again from 2020 to 2022.
2871:
966:
440:
2338:
804:
732:
2908:
2769:
2644:
2576:
2474:
391:
1616:
Aylett, Christopher H. S.; Sauer, Evelyn; Imseng, Stefan; Boehringer, Daniel; Hall, Michael N.;
3003:
2922:
2755:
728:
538:
395:
670:
129:
2075:
1926:
452:
198:
2998:
2865:
2729:
2548:
2498:
1860:
1635:
1228:
1009:
640:
631:
344:
146:
142:
93:
8:
2888:
2849:
2739:
1982:
1433:
569:
422:
418:
328:
243:
177:
84:
1639:
1232:
1013:
2942:
2853:
2735:
2572:
2522:
2486:
2404:
2372:
2291:
2206:
1718:
1689:
1659:
1514:
1458:
1361:
1336:
1308:
1281:
1252:
1133:
1084:
1033:
897:
348:
340:
89:
2015:
1622:
1429:"Mammalian TOR complex 2 controls the actin cytoskeleton and is rapamycin insensitive"
1404:
1385:
1186:
1159:
994:
2857:
2831:
2777:
2725:
2683:
2663:
2512:
2508:
2318:
2267:
2257:
1723:
1651:
1598:
1555:
1506:
1450:
1409:
1366:
1332:
1313:
1244:
1191:
1125:
1121:
1076:
1025:
1000:
902:
483:, short for "Target of Rapamycin", which his group also sequenced and characterized.
375:
231:
215:
185:
167:
2900:
1663:
1462:
1137:
1088:
360:
2976:
2926:
2896:
2827:
2821:
2795:
2721:
2709:
2671:
2612:
2592:
2502:
2384:
2368:
2330:
2285:
2227:
1713:
1703:
1643:
1588:
1545:
1518:
1496:
1483:
Zinzalla, Vittoria; Stracka, Daniele; Oppliger, Wolfgang; Hall, Michael N. (2011).
1442:
1399:
1356:
1348:
1303:
1295:
1277:
1256:
1236:
1219:
1210:
1181:
1173:
1117:
1066:
1037:
1017:
892:
884:
597:
and Timm Maier, Hall reported the structures of mTORC1 in 2016 and mTORC2 in 2018.
487:
210:
1282:"The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin: The Grand ConducTOR of Metabolism and Aging"
694:
613:
121:
2972:
2952:
2938:
2912:
2875:
2787:
2783:
2765:
2751:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2626:
2606:
2588:
2554:
2410:
2376:
2360:
2223:
1745:
1550:
1533:
1286:
565:
293:
1956:
1593:
1574:
331:
in 1976. He found out he was not attracted to medicine after working at a local
2960:
2934:
2930:
2839:
2813:
2679:
2667:
2568:
2558:
2530:
2494:
2482:
2478:
2342:
2261:
2175:
1864:
1501:
1484:
1390:
1352:
1299:
1071:
1057:
1052:
583:
510:
383:
2992:
2956:
2904:
2835:
2761:
2743:
2713:
2634:
2630:
2596:
2538:
2466:
2436:
2418:
2380:
2350:
2326:
2297:
2279:
2251:
514:
364:
305:
289:
277:
1647:
1021:
2916:
2861:
2843:
2809:
2805:
2675:
2526:
2444:
2334:
2041:
1727:
1655:
1602:
1559:
1510:
1454:
1413:
1370:
1317:
1214:
1080:
995:"Targets for cell cycle arrest by the immunosuppressant rapamycin in yeast"
906:
700:
410:
117:
1428:
1248:
1195:
1129:
1029:
910:
2817:
2799:
2773:
2747:
2687:
2516:
2458:
2454:
2364:
2235:
2231:
1579:
1215:"A mammalian protein targeted by G1-arresting rapamycin-receptor complex"
456:
406:
273:
261:
247:
59:
1708:
1177:
498:, known as the "mammalian target of rapamycin" (mTOR). The gene and the
2791:
2640:
2534:
2440:
2422:
2346:
2273:
32:
2948:
2879:
2388:
2322:
1685:
1617:
1240:
1101:
888:
594:
580:
468:
426:
285:
235:
1446:
2245:
2158:"Michael N. Hall, Balzan Price for Biological Mechanisms of Ageing"
576:
534:
518:
371:
368:
332:
324:
316:
3019:
Fellows of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2128:"Sjöberg Prize awarded for decisive discoveries about cell growth"
1157:
335:, and turned to research when working on his undergraduate honors
1383:
530:
522:
499:
320:
257:
3064:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic
Medical Research
1531:
575:
Hall also identified many roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2, including
2616:
1683:
526:
491:
336:
192:
382:
as a research fellow in 1981 for eight months. He then joined
1694:
587:
553:
472:
402:
379:
762:"Charles Rodolphe Brupbacher Prize for Cancer Research 2019"
2448:
1615:
1482:
464:
460:
281:
252:
106:
3039:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
1744:. European Molecular Biology Organization. Archived from
1572:
992:
Heitman, Joseph; Movva, N. Rao; Hall, Michael N. (1991).
548:, Hall continued studying the function and regulation of
1833:. Louis-Jeantet Foundation. October 2017. Archived from
1426:
767:. Charles Rodolphe Brupbacher Foundation. Archived from
1485:"Activation of mTORC2 by Association with the Ribosome"
1208:
439:
Currently, Hall serves on the Board of
Trustees of the
3034:
Members of the
European Molecular Biology Organization
636:
2013 - Member of the Swiss
Academy of Medical Sciences
288:
a few years later. When Hall was 13, he went to the
1892:. Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences. Archived from
1887:"Senate of the SAMS: Individual members since 1992"
1805:
1575:"mTORC2 Promotes Tumorigenesis via Lipid Synthesis"
1337:"mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease"
620:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3029:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
1621:
1103:
993:
556:. His group was the first to recognize that yeast
2038:"2017 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award"
2990:
2205:
991:
1690:"Architecture of the human mTORC2 core complex"
1534:"Glutaminolysis Activates Rag-mTORC1 Signaling"
3014:University of California, San Francisco alumni
1330:
1276:
677:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
579:physically interact with and activate mTORC2,
126:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
3059:University of California, San Francisco staff
2191:
2102:BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
1923:Federation of European Biochemical Societies
756:
754:
752:
750:
725:"Debrecen Award for Molecular Medicine 2016"
689:BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
459:control, and is best known for discovering
313:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
267:
81:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2198:
2184:
719:
717:
31:
3054:Academic staff of the University of Basel
2583:The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
1717:
1707:
1592:
1549:
1500:
1403:
1360:
1307:
1185:
1070:
896:
747:
463:. In 1991, Hall seminally discovered two
398:in 1984, leading his own research group.
284:when he was three years old, and then to
230:(born 12 June 1953) is an American-Swiss
3009:St. Mark's School (Massachusetts) alumni
1774:. Max Cloëtta Foundation. Archived from
359:Hall was intrigued with the research of
2012:National Foundation for Cancer Research
1769:"TOR SIGNALLING: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE"
937:European Molecular Biology Organization
714:
608:European Molecular Biology Organization
586:stimulates mTORC1, and mTORC2 promotes
434:European Molecular Biology Organization
388:University of California, San Francisco
182:University of California, San Francisco
2991:
1623:"Architecture of human mTOR complex 1"
963:"The members of the Board of Trustees"
2179:
868:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
791:
789:
665:Debrecen Award for Molecular Medicine
2009:"2017 Prize: Michael N. Hall, Ph.D."
1050:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
703:for Biological Mechanisms of Ageing.
600:
1953:Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
659:Canada Gairdner International Award
647:Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
139:Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
135:Canada Gairdner International Award
13:
2134:. February 3, 2020. Archived from
969:. December 7, 2017. Archived from
871:"A conversation with Michael Hall"
853:
786:
16:American-Swiss molecular biologist
14:
3080:
3069:American emigrants to Switzerland
2132:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
876:Journal of Clinical Investigation
836:"CV of Prof. Dr. Michael N. Hall"
819:
471:unable to inhibit cell growth in
2014:. April 26, 2016. Archived from
1766:
939:. March 22, 2021. Archived from
626:Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
151:Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
2150:
2120:
2090:
2060:
2030:
2001:
1971:
1941:
1911:
1879:
1849:
1823:
1793:
1760:
1734:
1677:
1609:
1566:
1525:
1476:
1420:
1377:
1324:
1270:
1202:
1151:
1095:
593:and cancer. Collaborating with
3044:Biozentrum University of Basel
2072:Human Frontier Science Program
1044:
985:
955:
925:
840:Biozentrum University of Basel
343:laboratory. Hall obtained his
1:
1405:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00636-6
1280:; Lamming, Dudley W. (2016).
1165:Molecular Biology of the Cell
707:
409:, and joined the Division of
2491:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
1551:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.043
1122:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90144-F
801:National Academy of Sciences
653:National Academy of Sciences
7:
2415:Supernova Cosmology Project
1831:"Professor Michael N. HALL"
1594:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.11.011
1053:"An Amazing Turn of Events"
505:The protein encoded by the
446:
10:
3085:
1502:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.014
1353:10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.004
1300:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.009
1072:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.021
280:culture, so they moved to
104:Discovery and research of
3024:Harvard University alumni
2654:
2307:
2214:
1051:Hall, Michael N. (2017).
467:that, when mutated, made
451:Hall is a pioneer in the
354:
221:
209:
191:
173:
163:
156:
113:
100:
76:
66:
42:
30:
23:
967:Louis-Jeantet Foundation
869:Neill, Ushma S. (2017).
441:Louis-Jeantet Foundation
374:, and so he went to the
268:Early life and education
2909:Shankar Balasubramanian
2645:Alexander Zamolodchikov
2577:Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
1648:10.1126/science.aaa3870
1022:10.1126/science.1715094
552:and mTOR in yeasts and
401:In 1987, Hall moved to
319:major, but switched to
260:central for regulating
37:Michael N. Hall in 2014
2923:Clifford P. Brangwynne
2756:Emmanuelle Charpentier
1620:; Maier, Timm (2016).
729:University of Debrecen
564:proteins can form two
544:After the discovering
539:cardiovascular disease
396:principal investigator
323:as he wanted to study
2427:High-Z Supernova Team
2068:"2019 - Michael Hall"
651:2014 - Member of the
618:2009 - Fellow of the
606:1995 - Member of the
509:(and mTOR) gene is a
453:PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
425:. He was promoted to
2866:Virginia Man-Yee Lee
2730:Alexander Varshavsky
2549:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
2447:and contributors to
2048:on February 28, 2023
2018:on February 28, 2023
1989:on February 28, 2023
1929:on December 16, 2014
1899:on February 27, 2023
1867:on February 26, 2023
1861:Marcel Benoist Prize
1837:on February 26, 2023
1811:on February 26, 2023
1781:on February 26, 2023
1748:on November 27, 2022
1211:Schreiber, Stuart L.
943:on November 29, 2022
807:on February 24, 2023
774:on February 23, 2023
735:on February 24, 2023
641:Sir Hans Krebs Medal
632:Marcel Benoist Prize
276:. His parents liked
147:Marcel Benoist Prize
143:Sir Hans Krebs Medal
2850:Jeffrey M. Friedman
2740:Charles David Allis
2425:and members of the
2413:and members of the
1983:Gairdner Foundation
1959:on January 16, 2023
1709:10.7554/eLife.33101
1640:2016Sci...351...48A
1434:Nature Cell Biology
1331:Saxton, Robert A.;
1233:1994Natur.369..756B
1178:10.1091/mbc.5.1.105
1014:1991Sci...253..905H
683:HFSP Nakasone Award
671:Szent-Györgyi Prize
486:Three years later,
423:assistant professor
419:University of Basel
392:postdoctoral fellow
244:University of Basel
232:molecular biologist
178:University of Basel
130:Szent-Györgyi Prize
2943:Masashi Yanagisawa
2854:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
2784:Stephen J. Elledge
2736:Alim Louis Benabid
2623:Charles H. Bennett
2573:Daniel Z. Freedman
2523:Charles L. Bennett
2487:Arthur B. McDonald
2475:Kōichirō Nishikawa
2405:John Henry Schwarz
2395:Alexander Polyakov
2373:Michel Della Negra
2292:Daniel A. Spielman
2207:Breakthrough Prize
1919:"Plenary Lectures"
1333:Sabatini, David M.
475:. Hall named them
349:Harvard University
341:molecular genetics
90:Harvard University
3049:Pasteur Institute
2986:
2985:
2965:Fredrick Van Goor
2858:Arthur L. Horwich
2832:Adrian R. Krainer
2726:Richard P. Lifton
2684:Napoleone Ferrara
2664:Cornelia Bargmann
2513:Andrew Strominger
2509:Joseph Polchinski
2319:Nima Arkani-Hamed
2268:Vincent Lafforgue
2258:Christopher Hacon
2130:(Press release).
2098:"Michael N. Hall"
2042:Lasker Foundation
1979:"Michael N. Hall"
1949:"Michael N. Hall"
1801:"Elected Fellows"
1767:Hall, Michael N.
1742:"Michael N. Hall"
1441:(11): 1122–1128.
1278:Kennedy, Brian K.
1008:(5022): 905–909.
883:(11): 3916–3917.
797:"Michael N. Hall"
601:Awards and honors
570:signaling pathway
566:protein complexes
376:Pasteur Institute
311:Hall entered the
298:St. Mark's School
272:Hall was born in
225:
224:
216:Thomas J. Silhavy
186:Pasteur Institute
168:Molecular biology
158:Scientific career
3076:
2977:Andrew Singleton
2927:Anthony A. Hyman
2897:Jeffery W. Kelly
2892:
2884:Richard J. Youle
2828:C. Frank Bennett
2822:Don W. Cleveland
2796:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2722:Robert S. Langer
2710:James P. Allison
2672:Lewis C. Cantley
2613:Hidetoshi Katori
2593:Jens H. Gundlach
2503:Super-Kamiokande
2385:Joseph Incandela
2369:Fabiola Gianotti
2331:Maxim Kontsevich
2286:Takuro Mochizuki
2228:Maxim Kontsevich
2200:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2138:on March 1, 2023
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2108:on March 1, 2023
2104:. Archived from
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2078:on March 1, 2023
2074:. Archived from
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2044:. Archived from
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:. Archived from
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1955:. Archived from
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1925:. Archived from
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1863:. Archived from
1857:"Past laureates"
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1807:. Archived from
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1625:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1504:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1241:10.1038/369756a0
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1048:
1042:
1041:
997:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
973:on March 7, 2023
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
913:on March 2, 2023
909:. Archived from
900:
889:10.1172/JCI97760
866:
851:
850:
848:
846:
832:
817:
816:
814:
812:
803:. Archived from
793:
784:
783:
781:
779:
773:
766:
758:
745:
744:
742:
740:
731:. Archived from
721:
488:Stuart Schreiber
386:'s group at the
250:. He discovered
228:Michael Nip Hall
211:Doctoral advisor
205:
56:
52:
50:
35:
25:Michael Nip Hall
21:
20:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2973:Ellen Sidransky
2953:Michel Sadelain
2939:Emmanuel Mignot
2913:David Klenerman
2886:
2876:Catherine Dulac
2788:Harry F. Noller
2766:Karl Deisseroth
2752:Jennifer Doudna
2718:Michael N. Hall
2704:Bert Vogelstein
2700:Shinya Yamanaka
2696:Robert Weinberg
2692:Charles Sawyers
2650:
2627:Gilles Brassard
2607:Steven Weinberg
2589:Eric Adelberger
2499:Yōichirō Suzuki
2411:Saul Perlmutter
2377:Tejinder Virdee
2361:Stephen Hawking
2310:
2303:
2224:Simon Donaldson
2210:
2204:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1634:(6268): 48–52.
1614:
1610:
1571:
1567:
1530:
1526:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1447:10.1038/ncb1183
1425:
1421:
1382:
1378:
1329:
1325:
1294:(6): 990–1003.
1287:Cell Metabolism
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1227:(6483): 756–8.
1207:
1203:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1100:
1096:
1049:
1045:
990:
986:
976:
974:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
867:
854:
844:
842:
834:
833:
820:
810:
808:
795:
794:
787:
777:
775:
771:
764:
760:
759:
748:
738:
736:
723:
722:
715:
710:
603:
494:counterpart of
490:identified the
449:
357:
294:boarding school
270:
203:
184:
180:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
124:
120:
88:
71:
62:
57:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2961:Paul Negulescu
2946:
2931:Demis Hassabis
2920:
2901:Katalin Karikó
2894:
2869:
2847:
2840:Xiaowei Zhuang
2825:
2814:Kazutoshi Mori
2803:
2781:
2759:
2733:
2707:
2680:Titia de Lange
2668:David Botstein
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2586:
2580:
2569:Sergio Ferrara
2562:
2552:
2542:
2535:Lyman Page Jr.
2531:Norman Jarosik
2520:
2506:
2495:Takaaki Kajita
2452:
2451:project (2016)
2430:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2354:
2343:Nathan Seiberg
2339:Juan Maldacena
2315:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2262:James McKernan
2255:
2249:
2243:
2240:Richard Taylor
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2149:
2119:
2089:
2059:
2029:
2000:
1970:
1940:
1910:
1878:
1848:
1822:
1792:
1759:
1733:
1676:
1608:
1587:(6): 807–823.
1565:
1544:(3): 349–358.
1538:Molecular Cell
1524:
1495:(5): 757–768.
1475:
1419:
1398:(3): 457–468.
1391:Molecular Cell
1376:
1347:(6): 960–976.
1323:
1269:
1201:
1172:(1): 105–118.
1150:
1116:(7): 585–596.
1094:
1043:
984:
954:
924:
852:
818:
785:
746:
712:
711:
709:
706:
705:
704:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
602:
599:
515:growth factors
511:protein kinase
448:
445:
394:. He became a
384:Ira Herskowitz
361:François Jacob
356:
353:
327:, earning his
278:Latin American
269:
266:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
195:
189:
188:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
154:
153:
115:
111:
110:
102:
101:Known for
98:
97:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3081:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Living people
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2969:Thomas Gasser
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:Sabine Hadida
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:Drew Weissman
2902:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:Angelika Amon
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:Roeland Nusse
2789:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:Edward Boyden
2760:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:Victor Ambros
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:Mahlon DeLong
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2656:Life sciences
2653:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:Peter W. Shor
2632:
2631:David Deutsch
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:Blayne Heckel
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:David Spergel
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:Atsuto Suzuki
2464:
2463:Daya Bay team
2460:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:Ronald Drever
2434:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:Brian Schmidt
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:Michael Green
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:Guido Tonelli
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:Edward Witten
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:Alexei Kitaev
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2298:Simon Brendle
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:Martin Hairer
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:Jean Bourgain
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2159:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
996:
988:
972:
968:
964:
958:
942:
938:
934:
928:
912:
908:
904:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
872:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
841:
837:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
806:
802:
798:
792:
790:
770:
763:
757:
755:
753:
751:
734:
730:
726:
720:
718:
713:
702:
698:
696:
695:Sjöberg Prize
692:
690:
686:
684:
680:
678:
674:
672:
668:
666:
662:
660:
656:
654:
650:
648:
644:
642:
638:
635:
633:
629:
627:
623:
621:
617:
615:
614:Cloëtta Prize
611:
609:
605:
604:
598:
596:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
573:
572:from mTORC1.
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:activated by
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
444:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
365:Jacques Monod
362:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
306:Massachusetts
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:United States
287:
283:
279:
275:
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
217:
214:
212:
208:
201:
200:
196:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
122:Sjöberg Prize
119:
116:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
79:
75:
69:
65:
61:
55:(age 71)
53:June 12, 1953
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2917:Pascal Mayer
2862:David Julius
2844:Zhijian Chen
2810:Peter Walter
2806:Joanne Chory
2778:Svante Pääbo
2717:
2676:Hans Clevers
2602:
2564:
2555:Charles Kane
2544:
2527:Gary Hinshaw
2445:Rainer Weiss
2432:
2391:(LHC) (2013)
2356:
2335:Andrei Linde
2164:September 9,
2162:. Retrieved
2160:. balzan.org
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:the original
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2062:
2052:February 28,
2050:. Retrieved
2046:the original
2032:
2022:February 28,
2020:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2003:
1993:February 28,
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1943:
1933:December 16,
1931:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1913:
1903:February 27,
1901:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1881:
1871:February 26,
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1851:
1841:February 26,
1839:. Retrieved
1835:the original
1825:
1815:February 26,
1813:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1795:
1785:February 26,
1783:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1762:
1752:February 26,
1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1736:
1699:
1693:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1631:
1627:
1611:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1438:
1432:
1422:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1344:
1340:
1326:
1291:
1285:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1224:
1218:
1204:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1113:
1109:
1097:
1065:(1): 18–22.
1062:
1056:
1046:
1005:
999:
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
957:
947:November 29,
945:. Retrieved
941:the original
927:
915:. Retrieved
911:the original
880:
874:
843:. Retrieved
811:February 24,
809:. Retrieved
805:the original
778:February 23,
776:. Retrieved
769:the original
739:February 24,
737:. Retrieved
733:the original
701:Balzan Prize
574:
561:
557:
549:
545:
543:
506:
504:
495:
485:
480:
476:
450:
438:
431:
411:Biochemistry
400:
358:
310:
302:Southborough
271:
251:
227:
226:
197:
174:Institutions
157:
118:Balzan Prize
105:
18:
2999:1953 births
2935:John Jumper
2887: [
2872:David Baker
2818:Kim Nasmyth
2800:Huda Zoghbi
2774:Helen Hobbs
2748:Gary Ruvkun
2688:Eric Lander
2559:Eugene Mele
2517:Cumrun Vafa
2505:team (2016)
2459:Kam-Biu Luk
2455:Yifang Wang
2365:Peter Jenni
2309:Fundamental
2236:Terence Tao
2232:Jacob Lurie
2216:Mathematics
1963:January 16,
1580:Cancer Cell
457:cell growth
407:Switzerland
274:Puerto Rico
262:cell growth
248:Switzerland
67:Nationality
60:Puerto Rico
2993:Categories
2770:John Hardy
2641:John Cardy
2441:Kip Thorne
2423:Adam Riess
2387:(CMS) and
2347:Ashoke Sen
2274:Alex Eskin
1702:: e33101.
1686:Ban, Nenad
1618:Ban, Nenad
708:References
415:Biozentrum
240:Biozentrum
49:1953-06-12
2949:Carl June
2880:Dennis Lo
2389:Lyn Evans
2371:(ATLAS),
2323:Alan Guth
2209:laureates
1669:March 14,
1468:March 13,
1262:March 10,
1143:March 13,
933:"Council"
595:Nenad Ban
591:synthesis
584:breakdown
581:glutamine
577:ribosomes
519:nutrients
492:mammalian
469:rapamycin
429:in 1992.
427:professor
369:bacterial
351:in 1981.
286:Venezuela
236:professor
77:Education
2501:and the
2489:and the
2477:and the
2469:and the
2461:and the
2246:Ian Agol
2142:March 1,
2112:March 1,
2082:March 1,
1728:29424687
1688:(2018).
1664:32663149
1656:26678875
1603:29232555
1560:22749528
1511:21376236
1463:13831153
1455:15467718
1414:12408816
1371:28283069
1335:(2017).
1318:27304501
1213:(1994).
1138:42926249
1089:26247385
1081:28888325
977:March 7,
917:March 2,
907:29091075
535:diabetes
447:Research
421:, as an
372:genetics
333:hospital
325:medicine
72:American
2603:Special
2565:Special
2545:Special
2471:KamLAND
2433:Special
2357:Special
2311:physics
1719:5837792
1636:Bibcode
1628:Science
1519:6454568
1362:5394987
1309:4910876
1257:4359651
1249:8008069
1229:Bibcode
1196:8186460
1130:8387896
1038:9937225
1030:1715094
1010:Bibcode
1001:Science
898:5663369
845:May 15,
699:2024 -
693:2020 -
687:2019 -
681:2019 -
675:2017 -
669:2017 -
663:2016 -
657:2015 -
645:2014 -
639:2014 -
630:2012 -
624:2009 -
612:2003 -
531:obesity
523:insulin
500:protein
413:of the
321:zoology
258:protein
242:of the
238:at the
2979:(2024)
2945:(2023)
2919:(2022)
2893:(2021)
2868:(2020)
2846:(2019)
2824:(2018)
2802:(2017)
2780:(2016)
2758:(2015)
2732:(2014)
2706:(2013)
2647:(2024)
2637:(2023)
2619:(2022)
2617:Jun Ye
2609:(2021)
2599:(2021)
2585:(2020)
2579:(2019)
2561:(2019)
2551:(2018)
2541:(2018)
2519:(2017)
2493:team,
2485:team,
2473:team,
2429:(2015)
2407:(2014)
2397:(2013)
2353:(2012)
2300:(2024)
2294:(2023)
2288:(2022)
2282:(2021)
2276:(2020)
2270:(2019)
2264:(2018)
2254:(2017)
2248:(2016)
2242:(2015)
1726:
1716:
1662:
1654:
1601:
1558:
1517:
1509:
1461:
1453:
1412:
1369:
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