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commonly consumed foods can make an enormous difference. Correcting iodine, vitamin A, and iron deficiencies can improve the population-wide intelligence quotient by 10–15 points, reduce maternal deaths by one-fourth, decrease infant and child mortality by 40 percent, and increase people's work capacity by almost half. The elimination of these deficiencies will reduce health care and education costs, improve work capacity and productivity, and accelerate equitable economic growth and national development. Improved nutrition is essential to sustain economic growth. Micronutrient deficiency elimination is as cost-effective as the best public health interventions and fortification is the most cost-effective strategy.
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is a major strategy for addressing iodine deficiency, which is a major cause of mental health problems. In 1990, less than 20 percent of households in developing countries were consuming iodized salt. By 1994, international partnerships had formed in a global campaign for
Universal Salt Iodization.
116:
Along with a growing understanding of the extent and impact of micronutrient malnutrition, several interventions have demonstrated the feasibility and benefits of correction and prevention. Distributing inexpensive capsules, diversifying to include more micronutrient-rich foods, or fortifying
130:
By 2008, it was estimated that 72 percent of households in developing countries were consuming iodized salt, and the number of countries in which iodine deficiency disorders were a public health concern reduced by more than half from 110 to 47 countries.
145:
worldwide, particularly among children. Global vitamin A supplementation efforts have targeted 103 priority countries. In 1999, 16 percent of children in these countries received two annual doses of vitamin A. By 2007, the rate increased to 62 percent.
95:
Inadequate intake of essential nutrients predisposes humans to various chronic diseases, with some 50% of
American adults having one or more preventable disease. In the United States, foods poor in micronutrient content and high in
104:
intake. One US national survey (National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006) found that persons with high sugar intake consumed fewer micronutrients, especially vitamins A, C, and E, and magnesium.
169:
zinc ratio in grain. People who eat bread prepared from zinc-enriched wheat show a significant increase in serum zinc, suggesting that the zinc fertilizer strategy is a promising approach to address
161:
zinc levels in the population. Other effects such as improving zinc deficiency, children's growth, cognition, work capacity of adults, or blood indicators are unknown. Experiments show that soil and
249:
are cofactors essential for the functioning of many enzymes. For plants, deficiency in these elements often results in inefficient production of chlorophyll, manifested in
76:
213:
is believed to be involved in carbohydrate transport in plants; it also assists in metabolic regulation. Boron deficiency will often result in bud dieback.
108:
A 1994 report by the World Bank estimated that micronutrient malnutrition costs developing economies at least 5 percent of gross domestic product. The
507:
853:
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Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A has uncertain benefits on reducing the risk of subclinical vitamin A deficiency.
544:
780:"Fortification of staple foods with zinc for improving zinc status and other health outcomes in the general population"
190:
927:
836:
309:
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Ca core of the oxygen-evolving site in plants, illustrating one of many roles of the trace mineral, manganese.
64:
354:. Corvallis, OR: Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2023
332:. Corvallis, OR: Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2023
80:
693:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 25 February 2021
384:
910:
Dittmar H, Drach M, Vosskamp R, Trenkel ME, Gutser R, Steffens G (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types".
387:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 March 2018
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Some seven trace elements are essential to plant growth, although often in trace quantities.
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In varying amounts supplied through the diet, micronutrients include such compounds as
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Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin A and mineral deficiencies
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Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies
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Enriching Lives: Overcoming
Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries
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476:
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408:"Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: Health effects and prevention"
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has summarized the benefits of eliminating micronutrient deficiencies as follows:
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Asia
Development Bank (October 2000). . TAR: OTH 34014. Retrieved on: 2011-10-13.
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854:"Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å"
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Flour
Fortification Initiative, GAIN, Micronutrient Initiative, USAID, The
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World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
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84:
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457:"Nutrient intake, nutritional status, and cognitive function with aging"
731:"Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency"
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Hombali AS, Solon JA, Venkatesh BT, Nair NS, Peña-Rosas JP (May 2019).
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Shah D, Sachdev HS, Gera T, De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP (June 2016).
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Gernand AD, Schulze KJ, Stewart CP, West Jr KP, Christian P (2016).
55:, micronutrient requirements are in amounts generally less than 100
216:
60:
40:. Micronutrients support the health of organisms throughout life.
29:
25:
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Blancquaert D, De Steur H, Gellynck X, Van Der
Straeten D (2017).
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Plants tend not to use vitamins, although minerals are required.
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385:"Micronutrient Inadequacies in the US Population: an Overview"
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application of zinc fertilizer can effectively reduce the
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571:"Metabolic engineering of micronutrients in crop plants"
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831:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
510:. US Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2023
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852:Umena Y, Kawakami K, Shen JR, Kamiya N (May 2011).
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90:
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912:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
829:Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants
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508:"Reference Guide: Daily Values for Nutrients"
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223:and ionic balance; it also plays a role in
578:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
461:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
157:Fortification of staple foods may improve
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63:are required in gram quantities daily. A
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141:deficiency is a major factor in causing
16:Essential elements required by organisms
735:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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678:The State of the World's Children 2010
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547:from the original on 14 October 2022
81:Deficiencies in micronutrient intake
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529:World Health Organization (2019).
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32:in varying quantities to regulate
14:
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638:. Development in Practice Series.
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310:Manganese deficiency (medicine)
91:Inadequate micronutrient intake
796:10.1002/14651858.CD010697.pub2
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1:
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65:multiple micronutrient powder
680:, Statistical Tables, p. 15.
412:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
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784:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
715:, The World Bank, UNICEF,
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100:make up some 27% of daily
26:essential dietary elements
827:Marschner P, ed. (2012).
305:Silicon § Human nutrition
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134:Vitamin A supplementation
920:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01
952:Oregon State University
290:Macronutrient (ecology)
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34:physiological functions
424:10.1038/nrendo.2016.37
280:List of micronutrients
203:
119:
110:Asian Development Bank
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535:(Technical report).
881:10.1038/nature09913
873:2011Natur.473...55U
634:World Bank (1994).
590:2017NYASA1390...59B
473:2016NYASA1367...38T
194:Structure of the Mn
83:commonly result in
598:10.1111/nyas.13274
482:10.1111/nyas.13062
455:Tucker KL (2016).
299:Mineral (nutrient)
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67:of at least iron,
219:is necessary for
171:zinc deficiencies
75:was added to the
59:per day, whereas
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53:human nutrition
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941:External links
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272:Ecology portal
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85:malnutrition
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28:required by
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691:"Vitamin A"
173:in humans.
98:food energy
697:1 December
663:, UNICEF,
661:World Bank
551:14 January
514:1 December
391:1 December
358:1 December
352:"Minerals"
336:1 December
330:"Vitamins"
316:References
243:molybdenum
57:milligrams
968:Nutrition
897:205224374
251:chlorosis
239:manganese
143:blindness
139:Vitamin A
79:in 2019.
73:vitamin A
30:organisms
962:Category
889:21499260
814:27281654
765:31074495
719:, p. 17.
676:UNICEF,
667:, p. 19.
614:27801945
545:Archived
491:27116240
442:27032981
258:See also
217:Chloride
45:vitamins
869:Bibcode
805:8627255
756:6509778
622:9439102
586:Bibcode
469:Bibcode
433:4927329
221:osmosis
167:phytate
102:calorie
926:
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861:Nature
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245:, and
231:Copper
177:Plants
163:foliar
71:, and
51:. For
38:organs
893:S2CID
857:(PDF)
713:USAID
618:S2CID
574:(PDF)
211:Boron
159:serum
924:ISBN
885:PMID
833:ISBN
810:PMID
788:2016
761:PMID
739:2019
699:2023
610:PMID
582:1390
553:2023
516:2023
487:PMID
465:1367
438:PMID
393:2023
360:2023
338:2023
247:zinc
235:iron
153:Zinc
69:zinc
47:and
24:are
916:doi
877:doi
865:473
800:PMC
792:doi
751:PMC
743:doi
602:hdl
594:doi
537:hdl
477:doi
428:PMC
420:doi
964::
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