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3627:(126 million). The report shows that globally, 30% of women aged 15–49 years are living with anaemia while 10 per cent of women aged 20–49 years suffer from underweight. South Asia, West and Central Africa and Eastern and Southern Africa are home to 60% of women with anaemia and 65% of women being underweight. In contrast, overweight is affecting more than 35% of women aged 20–49 years, of which 13% are living with obesity. Middle East and North Africa has the highest prevalence of overweight with 61% affected. North America closely follows at 60%. Fewer than 1 in 3 adolescent girls and women have diets meeting the minimum dietary diversity in the Sudan (10%), Burundi (12%), Burkina Faso (17%) and Afghanistan (26%). In Niger, the percentage of women accessing a minimally diverse diet fell from 53% to 37% between 2020 and 2022.
293:. Stunting is more prevalent in urban slums than in rural areas. Studies on malnutrition have the population categorised into different groups including infants, under-five children, children, adolescents, pregnant women, adults and the elderly population. The use of different growth references in different studies leads to variances in the undernutrition prevalence reported in different studies. Some of the growth references used in studies include the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts, WHO reference 2007, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), WHO reference 1995, Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria and Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) growth charts.
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prevalence of chronic undernutrition among under-five children in East Africa was identified to be 33.3%. This prevalence of undernutrition among under-five children ranged from 21.9% in Kenya to 53% in
Burundi. In Tanzania, the prevalence of stunting, among children under five varied from 41% in lowland and 64.5% in highland areas. Undernutrition by underweight and wasting was 11.5% and 2.5% in lowland and 22.% and 1.4% in the highland areas of Tanzania respectively. In South Sudan, the prevalence of undernutrition explained by stunting, underweight and wasting in under-five children were 23.8%, 4.8% and 2.3% respectively. In 28 countries, at least 30% of children were still affected by stunting in 2022.
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Organization estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide, about 1 million children. There is a strong association between undernutrition and child mortality. Another estimate also by WHO states that childhood underweight is the cause for about 35% of all deaths of children under the age of five years worldwide. Over 90% of the stunted children below five years of age live in sub-Saharan Africa and South
Central Asia. Although access to adequate food and improving nutritional intake is an obvious solution to tackling undernutrition in children, the progress in reducing children undernutrition is disappointing.
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access food are associated with aging, and may contribute to malnutrition. Sadness or depression can play a role, causing changes in appetite, digestion, energy level, weight, and well-being. A study on the relationship between malnutrition and other conditions in the elderly found that malnutrition in the elderly can result from gastrointestinal and endocrine system disorders, loss of taste and smell, decreased appetite and inadequate dietary intake. Poor dental health, ill-fitting dentures, or chewing and swallowing problems can make eating difficult. As a result of these factors, malnutrition is seen to develop more easily in the elderly.
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2975:(GHI) is a multidimensional statistical tool used to describe the state of countries' hunger situation. The GHI measures progress and failures in the global fight against hunger. The GHI is updated once a year. The data from the 2015 report shows that Hunger levels have dropped 27% since 2000. Fifty two countries remain at serious or alarming levels. In addition to the latest statistics on Hunger and Food Security, the GHI also features different special topics each year. The 2015 report include an article on conflict and food security.
2160:, and access to healthcare. Many newly made mothers face financial barriers; community-based healthcare workers have helped to alleviate these barriers, while also providing a viable alternative to traditional and expensive hospital-based medical care. Recent studies, based upon surveys conducted from 1995 to 2010, show that exclusive breastfeeding rates have risen globally, from 33% to 39%. Despite the growth rates, medical professionals acknowledge the need for improvement given the importance of exclusive breastfeeding.
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malnutrition in women is associated with poverty, lack of development and awareness, and illiteracy. The same study showed that gender discrimination in households can prevent a woman's access to sufficient food and healthcare. How socialization affects the health of women in
Bangladesh, Najma Rivzi explains in an article about a research program on this topic. In some cases, such as in parts of Kenya in 2006, rates of malnutrition in pregnant women were even higher than rates in children.
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exceeded male undernutrition prevalence rates in South/Southeast Asia and Latin
America and were lower in Sub-Saharan Africa. Datasets for Ethiopia and Zimbabwe reported undernutrition rates between 1.5 and 2 times higher in men than in women; however, in India and Pakistan, datasets rates of undernutrition were 1.5–2 times higher in women than in men. Intra-country variation also occurs, with frequent high gaps between regional undernutrition rates.
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2685:) of clean water and 6 teaspoons of sugar; however, they disagree about whether they should contain half a teaspoon of table salt or a full teaspoon. Most sources recommend using half a teaspoon of salt per liter of water. However, people with malnutrition have an excess of body sodium. To avoid worsening this symptom, ORS for people with severe undernutrition should contain half the usual amount of sodium and more potassium.
2592:, and unsweetened fresh fruit juice. Along with continued eating, many homemade products can also help restore normal electrolyte levels. For example, early during the course of a child's diarrhea, it can be beneficial to provide cereal water (salted or unsalted) or vegetable broth (salted or unsalted). If available, vitamin A, potassium, magnesium, and zinc supplements should be added, along with other vitamins and minerals.
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2750:) can occur in malnutrition, particularly in children. Mild hypothermia causes confusion, trembling, and clumsiness; more severe cases can be fatal. Keeping malnourished children warm can prevent or treat hypothermia. Covering the child (including their head) in blankets is one method. Another method is to warm the child through direct skin-to-skin contact with their mother or father, then covering both parent and child.
1827:. However, in the early 2000s, the Malawian government changed its agricultural policies, and implemented subsidies for fertilizer and seed introduced against World Bank strictures. By 2007, farmers were producing record-breaking corn harvests. Corn production leaped to 3.4 million in 2007 compared to 1.2 million in 2005, making Malawi a major food exporter. Consequently, food prices lowered and wages for
3403:, for example, account for 1 million. Malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible. Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower education achievement. Their own children tend to be smaller. Malnutrition was previously seen as something that exacerbates the problems of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhea, but malnutrition actually causes diseases, and can be fatal in its own right.
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2374:. Its objective was to help doctors provide more efficient treatments. There may be some chance of error when using this method. The Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMPa) is another method for the identification and evaluation of malnutrition in young children. The assessment tool has fair to medium reliability in the identification of children at risk of malnutrition.
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not a lack of food. Age-related reduced dietary intake due to chewing and swallowing problems, sensory decline, depression, imbalanced gut microbiome, poverty and loneliness are major contributors to undernutrition in the elderly population. Malnutrition is also attributed due to wrong diet plan adopted by people who aim to reduce their weight without medical practitioners or nutritionist advice.
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3684:" has created several methods to teach children about nutrition. They introduce 2 different topics, self-awareness which teaches children about taking care of their own health and social awareness, which is how culinary arts vary from culture to culture. As well as its importance when it comes to nutrition. They include eBooks, tips, cooking clubs. including facts about vegetables and fruits.
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live; this is inefficient because approximately half of the money spent goes for transport. Cuny further pointed out that "studies of every recent famine have shown that food was available in-country—though not always in the immediate food deficit area" and "even though by local standards the prices are too high for the poor to purchase it, it would usually be cheaper for a donor to buy the
1386:, access to land, or levels of education. Community plays a crucial role in addressing the social causes of malnutrition. For example, communities with high social support and knowledge sharing about social protection programs can enable better public service demands. Better public service demands and social protection programs minimise the risk of malnutrition in these communities.
3544:. This document reaffirmed the right to have access to safe and nutritious food by everyone, also considering that everyone gets sufficient food, and set the goals for all nations to improve their commitment to food security by halving their number of undernourished people by 2015. In 2004 the Food and Agriculture Organization adopted the
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Nyonator, Frank, J Koku
Awooner-Williams, James Phillips, Tanya Jones, Robert Miller. (2003). The Ghana Community-based Health Planning and Services Initiative: Fostering Evidence-based Organizational Change and Development in a Resource-constrained Setting. In Policy Research Division Working Papers
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Rates of malnutrition tend to increase with age with less than 10 percent of the "young" elderly (up to age 75) malnourished, while 30 to 65 percent of the elderly in home care, long-term care facilities, or acute hospitals are malnourished. Many elderly people require assistance in eating, which may
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During pregnancy and breastfeeding, women must ingest enough nutrients for themselves and their child, so they need significantly more protein and calories during these periods, as well as more vitamins and minerals (especially iron, iodine, calcium, folic acid, and vitamins A, C, and K). In 2001 the
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In 2022, more than 1 billion adolescent girls and women suffered from undernutrition, according to UNICEF's 2023 report "Undernourished and
Overlooked: A Global Nutrition Crisis in Adolescent Girls and Women". The gender gap in food insecurity more than doubled between 2019 (49 million) and 2021
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Babies can be given small amounts of fluids via an eyedropper or a syringe without the needle. Children under two should receive a teaspoon of fluid every one to two minutes; older children and adults should take frequent sips of fluids directly from a cup. After the first two hours, fluids and foods
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However, specially formulated foods do appear to be useful in treating moderate acute malnutrition in the developing world. These foods may have additional benefits in humanitarian emergencies, since they can be stored for years, can be eaten directly from the packet, and do not have to be mixed with
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of 42 studies found that many approaches to mitigating acute malnutrition are equally effective; thus, intervention decisions can be based on cost-related factors. Overall, evidence for the effectiveness of acute malnutrition interventions is not robust. The limited evidence related to cost indicates
2004:, which benefits farmers, the urban poor, and the city in general. City residents separate organic waste from their garbage, bag it, and then exchange it for fresh fruit and vegetables from local farmers. This reduces the country's waste while giving the urban poor a steady supply of nutritious food.
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Murarkar, S., Gothankar, J., Doke, P., Pore, P., Lalwani, S., Dhumale, G., Quraishi, S., Patil, R., Waghachavare, V., Dhobale, R., Rasote, K., Palkar, S. and Malshe, N., 2020. Prevalence and determinants of undernutrition among under-five children residing in urban slums and rural area, Maharashtra,
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under five years of age). Undernutrition is an increasing health problem in people aged over 65 years, even in developed countries, especially among nursing home residents and in acute care hospitals. In the elderly, undernutrition is more commonly due to physical, psychological, and social factors,
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Studies on nutrition concerning gender bias within households look at patterns of food allocation, and one study from 2003 suggested that women often receive a lower share of food requirements than men. Gender discrimination, gender roles, and social norms affecting women can lead to early marriage
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Researchers from the Centre for World Food
Studies in 2003 found that the gap between levels of undernutrition in men and women is generally small, but that the gap varies from region to region and from country to country. These small-scale studies showed that female undernutrition prevalence rates
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In these developed countries, overnutrition can be prevented by choosing the right kind of food. More fast food is consumed per capita in the United States than in any other country. This mass consumption of fast food results from its affordability and accessibility. Fast food, which is low in cost
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In some developing countries, overnutrition (in the form of obesity) is beginning to appear in the same communities where malnutrition occurs. Overnutrition increases with urbanisation, food commercialisation and technological developments and increases physical inactivity. Variations in the health
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established a new classification system for malnutrition. Instead of using just weight for age measurements, Waterlow's system combines weight-for-height (indicating acute episodes of malnutrition) with height-for-age to show the stunting that results from chronic malnutrition. One advantage of the
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of moderate and severe wasting could increase by 14% due to COVID-19; coupled with reductions in nutrition and health services coverage, this could result in over 128,000 additional deaths among children under 5 in 2020 alone. Although COVID-19 is less severe in children than in adults, the risk of
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The prevalence of undernutrition is highest among children under five. In 2021, 148.1 million children under five years old were stunted, 45 million were wasted, and 37 million were overweight or obese. The same year, an estimated 45% of deaths in children were linked to undernutrition. As of 2020,
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Malnutrition and being underweight are more common in the elderly than in adults of other ages. If elderly people are healthy and active, the aging process alone does not usually cause malnutrition. However, changes in body composition, organ functions, adequate energy intake and ability to eat or
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Within the household, there may be differences in levels of malnutrition between men and women, and these differences have been shown to vary significantly from one region to another, with problem areas showing relative deprivation of women. Samples of 1000 women in India in 2008 demonstrated that
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ORS is the current standard of care for oral rehydration therapy, with reasonably wide availability. Introduced in 2003 by WHO and UNICEF, reduced-osmolarity solutions contain lower concentrations of sodium and glucose than original ORS preparations. Reduced-osmolarity ORS has the added benefit of
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improve nutrition, reduce stunting and prevent diseases in communities with severe acute malnutrition. In young children, outcomes improve when children between six months and two years of age receive complementary food (in addition to breast milk). There is also good evidence that supports giving
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Another possible long-term solution to malnutrition is to increase access to health facilities in rural parts of the world. These facilities could monitor undernourished children, act as supplemental food distribution centers, and provide education on dietary needs. Similar facilities have already
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about what causes famine. Some theorists, like the Indian economist
Amartya Sen, believe that the world has more than enough resources to sustain its population. In this view, malnutrition is caused by unequal distribution of resources and under- or unused arable land. For example, Sen argues that
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and by voluntary limits through "moral restraint." Robert
Chapman suggests that government policies are a necessary ingredient for curtailing global population growth. The United Nations recognizes that poverty and malnutrition (as well as the environment) are interdependent and complementary with
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Undernutrition adversely affects the cognitive development of children, contributing to poor earning capacity and poverty in adulthood. The development of childhood undernutrition coincides with the introduction of complementary weaning foods which are usually nutrient deficient. The World Health
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is recommended following an initial four-hour rehydration period. Daily zinc supplementation can help reduce the severity and duration of the diarrhea. Additionally, continuing daily zinc supplementation for ten to fourteen days makes diarrhea less likely to recur in the next two to three months.
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There has been a global increase in food insecurity and hunger between 2011 and 2020. In 2015, 795 million people (about one in ten people on earth) had undernutrition. It is estimated that between 691 and 783 million people in the world faced hunger in 2022. According to UNICEF, 2.4 billion
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pioneered a program that later became part of the World Bank's prescribed method for coping with a food crisis. Through the country's main food assistance program, the
Productive Safety Net Program, Ethiopia provided rural residents who were chronically short of food a chance to work for food or
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stated that "the chances of saving lives at the outset of a relief operation are greatly reduced when food is imported. By the time it arrives in the country and gets to people, many will have died." U.S. law requires food aid to be purchased at home rather than in the countries where the hungry
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Overnutrition also occurs in developing countries. It has appeared in parts of developing countries where income is on the rise. It is also a problem in countries where hunger and poverty persist. Economic development, rapid urbanisation and shifting dietary patterns have increased the burden of
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Tremblay, M., Gray, C., Akinroye, K., Harrington, D., Katzmarzyk, P., Lambert, E., Liukkonen, J., Maddison, R., Ocansey, R., Onywera, V., Prista, A., Reilly, J., Martínez, M., Duenas, O., Standage, M. and Tomkinson, G., 2014. Physical Activity of Children: A Global Matrix of Grades Comparing 15
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of malnutrition and death in children. Some of these interventions have been successful. For example, interventions with commodities such as ready to use therapeutic foods, ready to use supplementary foods, micronutrient intervention and vitamin supplementation were identified to significantly
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Undernutrition most commonly results from a lack of access to high-quality, nutritious food. The household income is a socio-economic variable that influences the access to nutritious food and the probability of under and overnutrition in a community. In the study by Ghattas et al. (2020), the
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Social conditions have a significant influence on the health of people. The social determinants of undernutrition mainly include poor education, poverty, disease burden and lack of women's empowerment. Identifying and addressing these determinants can eliminate undernutrition in the long term.
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was a UN resolution adopted November 16, 1974 by all 135 countries that attended the 1974 World Food Conference. This non-legally binding document set forth certain aspirations for countries to follow to sufficiently take action on the global food problem. Ultimately this document outline and
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Non-governmental organizations and United Nations agencies began to devote considerable energy to alleviating malnutrition around the world. The exact methods and priorities for doing this tended to fluctuate over the years, with varying levels of focus on different types of malnutrition like
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Many aid groups have found that giving cash assistance (or cash vouchers) is more effective than donating food. Particularly in areas where food is available but unaffordable, giving cash assistance is a cheaper, faster, and more efficient way to deliver help to the hungry. In 2008, the UN's
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reported this prevalence as having slightly improved, but still being at 14.8%. In Asia, India has one of the highest burden of wasting with over 20% wasted children. However, the burden of undernutrition among under-five children in African countries is much higher. A pooled analysis of the
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The United Nations estimated that there were 821 million undernourished people in the world in 2017. This is using the UN's definition of 'undernourishment', where it refers to insufficient consumption of raw calories, and so does not necessarily include people who lack micro nutrients. The
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Deriving too much of one's diet from a single source, such as eating almost exclusively potato, maize or rice, can cause malnutrition. This may either be from a lack of education about proper nutrition, only having access to a single food source, or from poor healthcare access and unhealthy
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Women in some societies are traditionally given less food than men since men are perceived to have heavier workloads. Household chores and agricultural tasks can in fact be very arduous and require additional energy and nutrients; however, physical activity, which largely determines energy
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and increased the risk of death during childbirth. A 2008 review of interventions estimated that universal supplementation with calcium, iron, and folic acid during pregnancy could prevent 105,000 maternal deaths (23.6 percent of all maternal deaths). Malnutrition has been found to affect
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Due in part to limited research on supplementary feeding, there is little evidence that this strategy is beneficial. A 2015 systematic review of 32 studies found that there are limited benefits when children under 5 receive supplementary feeding, especially among younger, poorer, and more
670:. Hence identifying and addressing the immediate risk factors has become a major health priority. The recent evidence on the impact of diet-induced obesity in fathers and mothers around the time of conception is identified to negatively program the health outcomes of multiple generations.
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Most clinical studies use the term 'malnutrition' to refer to undernutrition. However, the use of 'malnutrition' instead of 'undernutrition' makes it impossible to distinguish between undernutrition and overnutrition, a less acknowledged form of malnutrition. Accordingly, a 2019 report by
3731:. Providing the different nutrients such as protein and energy keeps even small but consistent weight gain. Hospital admissions for malnutrition in the United Kingdom have been related to insufficient social care, where vulnerable people at home or in care homes are not helped to eat.
2394:. Despite widespread use of this type of program, further studies are needed to understand the impact of these programs on overall child health and how to better address faltering growth in a child and improve practices related to feeding children in lower to middle income countries.
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Cederholm, T., Bosaeus, I., Barazzoni, R., Bauer, J., Van Gossum, A., Klek, S., Muscaritoli, M., Nyulasi, I., Ockenga, J., Schneider, S., de van der Schueren, M. and Singer, P., 2015. Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition – An ESPEN Consensus Statement. Clinical Nutrition, 34(3), pp.
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Kiarie, J., Karanja, S., Busiri, J., Mukami, D. and Kiilu, C., 2021. The prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among under-five children in South Sudan using the standardized monitoring and assessment of relief and transitions (SMART) methodology. BMC Nutrition,
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for people to feed themselves in dignity, be free from hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition. As of 2018, the treaty has been signed by 166 countries, by signing states agreed to take steps to the maximum of their available resources to achieve the right to adequate food.
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and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years or older for overall optimal health outcomes. Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as giving an infant only breast milk for six months as a source of food and nutrition. This means no other liquids, including water or semi-solid foods.
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Food and drink can help prevent dehydration in malnourished people with diarrhea. Eating (or breastfeeding, among infants) should resume as soon as possible. Sugary beverages like soft drinks, fruit juices, and sweetened teas are not recommended as they may worsen diarrhea.
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conditions occur more frequently. Extreme weather events, like drought, have a major impact on agricultural production, and hence nutrition. For example, the 1998–2001 Central Asian drought killed about 80 percent of livestock in Iran and caused a 50% reduction in wheat and
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Mrema, J., Elisaria, E., Mwanri, A. and Nyaruhucha, C., 2021. Prevalence and Determinants of Undernutrition among 6- to 59-Months-Old Children in Lowland and Highland Areas in Kilosa District, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2021,
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causes of malnutrition. For example, the population of a community might be at increased risk for malnutrition if government is poor and the area lacks health-related services. On a smaller scale, certain households or individuals may be at an even higher risk due to
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New technology in agricultural production has great potential to combat undernutrition. It makes farming easier, thus improving agricultural yields. By increasing farmers' incomes, this could reduce poverty. It would also open up area which farmers could use to
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Martins, V., Toledo Florêncio, T., Grillo, L., Do Carmo P. Franco, M., Martins, P., Clemente, A., Santos, C., Vieira, M. and Sawaya, A., 2011. Long-Lasting Effects of Undernutrition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), pp.
2241:'s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) provided the framework for the partnership. It includes a variety of interventions, including support for improved food production, a strengthening of social protection, and integration of the
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is key to slowing unsustainable population growth and the resulting negative impacts on the economy, environment, and national and regional development efforts". However, more than 200 million women worldwide lack adequate access to family planning services.
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Mayo Clinic January 7, 2011. "In an emergency situation where a pre-formulated solution is unavailable, you can make your own oral rehydration solution by mixing half teaspoon salt, six level teaspoons of sugar and one litre (about 1 quart) of safe drinking
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cash. Foreign aid organizations like the World Food Program were then able to buy food locally from surplus areas to distribute in areas with a shortage of food. Aid organizations now view the Ethiopian program as a model of how to best help hungry nations.
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Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, et al. (December 2012). "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010".
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were planted on Mediterranean islands, for use on sea journeys. However, for several centuries, Europeans appear to have forgotten the importance of these measures. They rediscovered this knowledge in the 18th century, and by the early 19th century, the
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Mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58 percent of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 million people, all causes of death combined, die each year. One in twelve people worldwide is malnourished and according to the
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McCarthy, H. et al. (2012) "The development and evaluation of the screening tool for the assessment of malnutrition in Paediatrics (Stamp©) for use by Healthcare staff," Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 25(4), pp. 311–318. Available at:
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Bhutta, Z., Ahmed, T., Black, R., Cousens, S., Dewey, K., Giugliani, E., Haider, B., Kirkwood, B., Morris, S., Sachdev, H. and Shekar, M., 2008. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. The Lancet, 371(9610),
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Undernutrition can manifest as stunting, wasting, and underweight. If undernutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development. Extreme undernutrition can cause
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It is estimated that nearly one in three persons globally has at least one form of malnutrition: wasting, stunting, vitamin or mineral deficiency, overweight, obesity, or diet-related noncommunicable diseases. Undernutrition is more common in
912:. As undernutrition worsens, those affected have less energy and experience impairment in brain functions. This can make it difficult (or impossible) for them to perform the tasks needed to acquire food, earn an income, or gain an education.
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In the future, variety of factors could potentially disrupt global food supply and cause widespread malnutrition. According to UNICEF's projections, it is projected that almost 600 million people will be chronically undernourished in 2030.
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World Health Organization, 2005, Annex 12 – Preparation of Home Made Oral Rehydration Solution, p. 51 (57 in PDF): "Ingredients: Half a teaspoon of salt (2.5 grams), six level teaspoons of sugar (30 grams) and one litre of safe drinking
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Throughout history, various peoples have known the importance of eating certain foods to prevent symptoms now associated with malnutrition. Yet such knowledge appears to have been repeatedly lost and then re-discovered. For example, the
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has contributed to increases in overweight and obesity. In 2020, experts estimated that by the end of the year, the pandemic could have double the number of people at risk of suffering acute hunger. Similarly, experts estimated that the
3481:; varying levels of concern on protein deficiency compared to vitamins, minerals and lack of raw calories; and varying priorities given to the problem of malnutrition in general compared to other health and development concerns. The
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Regularly measuring and charting children's growth and including activities to promote health (an intervention called growth monitoring and promotion, also known as GPM) is often considered by policy makers and is recommended by the
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According to the World Bank, treating malnutrition – mostly by fortifying foods with micronutrients – improves lives more quickly than other forms of aid, and at a lower cost. After reviewing a variety of development proposals, The
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Ghattas, H., Acharya, Y., Jamaluddine, Z., Assi, M., El Asmar, K. and Jones, A., 2020. The child-level double burden of malnutrition in the MENA and LAC regions: Prevalence and social determinants. Maternal & Child Nutrition,
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According to the FAO, women are often responsible for preparing food and have the chance to educate their children about beneficial food and health habits, giving mothers another chance to improve the nutrition of their children.
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Caulfield, L., de Onis, M., Blössner, M. and Black, R., 2004. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(1),
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Hossain, A., Niroula, B., Duwal, S., Ahmed, S. and Kibria, M., 2020. Maternal profiles and social determinants of severe acute malnutrition among children under-five years of age: A case-control study in Nepal. Heliyon, 6(5),
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may also contribute to malnutritions in countries which lack technology. However, in the developing world, eighty percent of malnourished children live in countries that produce food surpluses, according to estimates from the
440:
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Billah, M., Khatiwada, S., Morris, M., & Maloney, C. (2022). Effects of paternal overnutrition and interventions on future generations. International Journal Of Obesity, 46(5), 901–917. doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-01042-7
8324:, Institute of Public Health Nutrition, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, May 2008, page 18 (19 in PDF) and following pages.
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should prioritize interventions against hunger and malnutrition to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending. The Consensus recommended prioritizing these interventions ahead of any others, including the fights against
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There are many different signs of dehydration in undernourished people. These can include sunken eyes; a very dry mouth; decreased urine output and/or dark urine; increased heart rate with decreasing blood pressure; and
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Tesema, G., Yeshaw, Y., Worku, M., Tessema, Z. and Teshale, A., 2021. Pooled prevalence and associated factors of chronic undernutrition among under-five children in East Africa: A multilevel analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(3),
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overnutrition in the cities of low and middle-income countries. In China, consumption of high-fat foods has increased, while consumption of rice and other goods has decreased. Overeating leads to many diseases, such as
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status of individuals in the same society are associated with the societal structure and an individual's socioeconomic status which leads to income inequality, racism, educational differences and lack of opportunities.
3529:, this 1978 document was adopted by many countries in the Americas, the purpose of the document is, "to consolidate in this hemisphere, within the framework of democratic institutions, a system of personal liberty and
5245:
Kulkarni, R., Rajput, U., Dawre, R., Sonkawade, N., Pawar, S., & Sonteke, S. et al. (2020). Severe Malnutrition and Anemia Are Associated with Severe COVID in Infants. Journal Of Tropical Pediatrics, 67(1). doi:
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However, after the 1966 International Covenant the global concern for the access to sufficient food only became more present, leading to the first ever World Food Conference that was held in 1974 in Rome, Italy. The
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and The Lancet Commission have also identified "he double burden of malnutrition", which occurs from "the coexistence of overnutrition (overweight and obesity) alongside undernutrition (stunted growth and wasting)."
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Food sovereignty is one suggested policy framework to resolve access issues. In this framework, people (rather than international market forces) have the right to define their own food, agricultural, livestock, and
9226:"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
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Warming methods are usually most important at night. Prolonged bathing or prolonged medical exams can further lower body temperature and are not recommended for malnourished children at high risk of hypothermia.
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2723:, whether known or suspected, can be treated with a mixture of sugar and water. If the patient is conscious, the initial dose of sugar and water can be given by mouth. Otherwise, they should receive glucose by
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their own farmers, they urged developing countries to cut or eliminate subsidized agricultural inputs, like fertilizer. Without subsidies, few (if any) farmers in developing countries can afford fertilizer at
9109:
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8932:"Promotion And Protection Of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, Including The Right To Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler"
1980:
in which all citizens or residents of a country regularly receive an unconditional sum of money, either from a government or some other public institution, in addition to any income received from elsewhere.
697:
An adaptation of Gomez's original classification is still used today. While it provides a way to compare malnutrition within and between populations, this classification system has been criticized for being
8861:
recommends, for initial hypoglycemia, a 50 milliliter bolus of 10% glucose or sucrose. This can also be achieved by added 1 rounded teaspoon of sugar to 10.5 teaspoons of water (which is 3.5 tablespoons of
2126:
diseases. Breastfeeding may improve cognitive abilities in children, and correlates strongly with individual educational achievements. As previously noted, lack of proper breastfeeding is a major factor in
8803:
liters of water, and 50 grams of sucrose. And please remember, sucrose has approximately twice the molecular weight of glucose, with one mole of glucose weighing 180 g and one mole of sucrose weighing 342
4832:
Gautam, S., Verma, M., Barman, S. and Arya, A., 2018. Nutritional status and its corelates in under five slum children of Kanpur Nagar, India. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 5(2), p.584.
7144:
Li, Jiming, Yeyun Xin and Longping Yuan. (2010). Pushing the Yield Frontier: Hybrid rice in China. In MillionsFed: Proved Success in Agriculture Development. Washington, DC: International Policy Research
329:
in 2017. In 2020, 900 million women and children had anemia, which is often caused by iron deficiency. More than 3.1 billion people in the world – 42% – were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021.
2674:. For general use, each packet should be mixed with a liter of water. However, for malnourished children, experts recommend adding a packet of ORS to two liters of water, along with an extra 50 grams of
2535:
everyday foods with micronutrients before selling them to consumers. For example, flour has been fortified with iron, zinc, folic acid, and other B vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin
4221:
Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A, Gaffey MF, Walker N, Horton S, et al. (August 2013). "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?".
3575:
4359:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
3738:
with loss of lean body mass and muscle function. Abdominal obesity or weight loss coupled with sarcopenia lead to immobility, skeletal disorders, insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and
3691:" this includes 8 different eBooks to download for free. These eBooks contain drawings to color, audio narration, and a large number of characters to make nutrition lessons entertaining for children.
1775:), "Zero Hunger", which aims to reduce malnutrition, undernutrition, and stunted child growth. Managing severe acute undernutrition in a community setting has received significant research attention.
1571:
is also a form of malnutrition. In the United States, more than half of all adults are now overweight—a condition that, like hunger, increases susceptibility to disease and disability, reduces worker
9495:
6437:
Gabriele, A. and Schettino, F., 2008. Child Malnutrition and Mortality in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Cross-Country Analysis. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 8(1), pp. 53–81.
5459:
4069:
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for nutritional deficiencies per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. Nutritional deficiencies included: protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and iron deficiency anaemia.
2639:
If vomiting occurs, fluids can be paused for 5–10 minutes and then restarted more slowly. Vomiting rarely prevents rehydration, since fluids are still absorbed and vomiting is usually short-term.
2271:
became the main global policy focus to reduce hunger and poverty. In particular, Goal 2: Zero Hunger sets globally agreed-upon targets to wipe out hunger, end all forms of malnutrition, and make
6331:
Tasnim, T., 2018. Determinants of Malnutrition in Children Under Five Years in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 9(6), p.333.
2681:
People who have no access to commercially available ORS can make a homemade version using water, sugar, and table salt. Experts agree that homemade ORS preparations should include one liter (34
3395:
births and intrauterine growth restrictions cause 2.2 million child deaths a year. Poor or non-existent breastfeeding causes another 1.4 million. Other deficiencies, such as lack of
2249:
4665:
References Min, J., Zhao, Y., Slivka, L. and Wang, Y., 2017. "Double burden of diseases worldwide: coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition-related non-communicable chronic diseases".
9813:
2366:(CDC) established the International Micronutrient Malnutrition Prevention and Control (IMMPaCt) program. It tested children for malnutrition by conducting a three-dimensional scan, using an
1259:
to the first 2 years of life". For example, in children under two years of age, iron deficiency anemia is likely to affect brain function acutely, and probably also chronically. Similarly,
452:
deficiencies. It adversely affects physical and mental functioning, and causes changes in body composition and body cell mass. Undernutrition is a major health problem, causing the highest
9571:
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, et al. (January 2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences".
1719:
would have even greater consequences in terms of malnutrition. Even without an increase of extreme weather events, a simple increase in temperature reduces the productivity of many crop
6837:
Ofori-Asenso, R., Agyeman, A., Laar, A. and Boateng, D., 2016. Overweight and obesity epidemic in Ghana – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 16(1).
3518:
2172:. Additionally, there was an emerging consensus that combating malnutrition is one of the most cost-effective ways to contribute to development. This led to the 2010 launch of the UN's
1835:(DRC). Despite the country's great agricultural potential, the prevalence of malnutrition in the DRC is among the highest in the world. Proponents for investing in agriculture include
2275:. The partnership Compact2025 develops and disseminates evidence-based advice to politicians and other decision-makers, with the goal of ending hunger and undernutrition by 2025. The
5039:
van Zwienen-Pot, J., Visser, M., Kuijpers, M., Grimmerink, M. and Kruizenga, H., 2017. Undernutrition in nursing home rehabilitation patients. Clinical Nutrition, 36(3), pp. 755–759.
2632:. If clean water is available, they should be encouraged to drink that too. Malnourished people should be allowed to drink as much as they want, unless signs of swelling emerge.
8942:
of the United Nations (FAO), the world already produces enough food to feed every child, woman and man and could feed 12 billion people, or double the current world population."
2636:
should be alternated, rehydration should be continued at the same rate or more slowly, depending on how much fluid the child wants and whether they are having ongoing diarrhea.
2131:
rates, and is a primary determinant of disease development for children. The medical community recommends exclusively breastfeeding infants for 6 months, with nutritional whole
3369:
2012 report, one in four of the world's children are chronically malnourished. In 2006, more than 36 million died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients".
690:, Mexico. They defined three categories of malnutrition: first, second, and third degree. The degree of malnutrition is calculated based on a child's body size compared to the
11174:
8144:
Taylor, Melissa; Tapkigen, Janet; Ali, Israa; Liu, Qin; Long, Qian; Nabwera, Helen (October 12, 2023). Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group (ed.).
4764:
Estecha Querol, S., Al-Khudairy, L., Iqbal, R., Johnson, S. and Gill, P., 2021. Adolescent undernutrition in South Asia: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 10(1), p.e031955.
3497:
9672:
The addition of antibiotics to therapeutic regimens for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition was associated with a significant improvement in recovery and mortality rates.
3734:
In Australia malnutrition or risk of malnutrition occurs in 80 percent of elderly people presented to hospitals for admission. Malnutrition and weight loss can contribute to
1937:
However, during a drought, delivering food might be the most appropriate way to help people, especially those who live far from markets and thus have limited access to them.
473:
9934:
Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE, Cousens S, Dewey K, Giugliani E, et al. (February 2008). "What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival".
2654:
Oral rehydration solutions consist of clean water mixed with small amounts of sugars and salts. These solutions help restore normal electrolyte levels, provide a source of
1337:
Identification of the social conditions that causes malnutrition in children under five has received significant research attention as it is a major public health problem.
6174:
Aheto JM, Keegan TJ, Taylor BM, Diggle PJ. Childhood Malnutrition and Its Determinants among Under-Five Children in Ghana. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2015;29(6):552–61.
4896:
World Health Organization, Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995–2005, World Health Organization global database on vitamin A deficiency.
2406:. In people with severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems, treatment in a hospital setting is recommended. In-hospital treatment often involves managing
444:
The prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) was still higher in 2022 than before the pandemic in 58% of countries, and the situation is worse in low-income countries (77%).
7640:
Pugh LC, Milligan RA, Frick KD, Spatz D, Bronner Y (June 2002). "Breastfeeding duration, costs, and benefits of a support program for low-income breastfeeding women".
6288:
Fotso JC, Kuate-Defo B (2005). "Measuring socioeconomic status in health research in developing countries: Should we be focusing on households, communities or both?".
3556:
Undernutrition is an important determinant of maternal and child health, accounting for more than a third of child deaths and more than 10 percent of the total global
1619:
2624:
Malnourished people with diarrhea (especially children) should be encouraged to drink fluids; the best choices are fluids with modest amounts of sugar and salt, like
2168:
Starting around 2009, there was renewed international media and political attention focused on malnutrition. This resulted in part from spikes in food prices and the
9090:
8670:, World Health Organization, 2005. See especially Ch. 4 "Management of Acute Diarrhoea (Without Blood)" and Ch. 8 "Management of Diarrhoea With Severe Malnutrition."
7115:
9613:
Tomkins, A., 2014. Tackling undernutrition in children – new opportunities for innovation and action. Paediatrics and International Child Health, 34(4), pp.235–238.
8434:
Lazzerini M, Rubert L, Pani P (June 2013). "Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries".
3417:
Hunger has been a perennial human problem. However, until the early 20th century, there was relatively little awareness of the qualitative aspects of malnutrition.
3469:'s 1912 formulisation of the concept of vitamins. Scientific study of malnutrition increased in the 1920s and 1930s, and grew even more common after World War II.
8582:
Boateng AA, Sriram K, Meguid MM, Crook M (February 2010). "Refeeding syndrome: treatment considerations based on collective analysis of literature case reports".
2332:
and support, for example in the care of HIV-infected persons, especially in "resource-constrained settings where malnutrition and food insecurity are endemic".
6187:
Khan MM, Kraemer A (August 2009). "Factors associated with being underweight, overweight and obese among ever-married non-pregnant urban women in Bangladesh".
9706:
Collins, S., Sadler, K., Bahwere, P. and Hallam, A., 2007. Management of severe acute malnutrition in children – Authors' reply. The Lancet, 369(9563), p.741.
9159:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
8489:"Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) for home-based nutritional rehabilitation of severe acute malnutrition in children from six months to five years of age"
6548:
The epidemiology of coeliac disease (CD) is changing. Presentation of CD with malabsorptive symptoms or malnutrition is now the exception rather than the rule
5729:
2343:
Sending food and money is a common form of development aid, aimed at feeding hungry people. Some strategies help people buy food within local markets. Simply
1278:, shaving incalculable potential off a nation's development." Among those affected, very few people experience the most visible and severe effects: disabling
357:
Projected numbers of undernourished people by FAO indicate that the world is far off track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger by 2030.
2110:
In 2016, estimates suggested that more widespread breastfeeding could prevent about 823,000 deaths annually of children under age 5. In addition to reducing
9978:
9499:
8797:, WHO, 2005. Specifically, 45 milliliters of potassium chloride solution from a stock solution containing 100g KCl per liter, along with one packet of ORS,
3522:
provided guidance as to how the international community as one could work towards fighting and solving the growing global issue of malnutrition and hunger.
2118:
provides an important source of micronutrients - which are clinically proven to bolster children's immune systems – and provides long-term defenses against
7588:"Factors influencing breastfeeding exclusivity during the first 6 months of life in developing countries: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review"
3446:
to every crewman on their ships. This massively reduced scurvy deaths among British sailors, which in turn gave the British a significant advantage in the
612:
in West Africa. It means "the sickness the baby gets when the next baby is born," as it often occurs when the older child is deprived of breastfeeding and
9432:
Before 1945 very little academic or political notice was taken of the problem of world hunger, since 1945 there has been a vast literature on the subject.
6011:
2588:. Within two to three hours of starting rehydration, children should be encouraged to take food, particularly foods rich in potassium like bananas, green
2509:
clean water or refrigerated. In young children with severe acute malnutrition, it is unclear if ready-to-use therapeutic food differs from a normal diet.
4357:
Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 8, 2016).
4179:
3450:. Later on in the 19th century, the Royal Navy replaced lemons with limes (unaware at the time that lemons are far more effective at preventing scurvy).
2984:
undernourishment occurred despite the world's farmers producing enough food to feed around 12 billion people—almost double the current world population.
1635:). They can also occur in areas which lack the technology or resources needed for the higher yields found in modern agriculture. These resources include
1513:
Undernutrition due to lack of adequate breastfeeding is associated with the deaths of an estimated one million children annually. Illegal advertising of
4142:
1671:. This leads to low agricultural production, low wages, and high, unaffordable food prices. Fertilizer is also increasingly unavailable because Western
8059:"Effectiveness of interventions to manage acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review"
7743:
5218:
1651:, and storage facilities. As a result of widespread poverty, farmers and governments cannot provide enough of these resources to improve local yields.
8385:"Food supplementation for improving the physical and psychosocial health of socio-economically disadvantaged children aged three months to five years"
6396:
4604:
1918:, the biggest non-governmental distributor of food, announced that it would begin distributing cash and vouchers instead of food in some areas, which
1270:
Iodine deficiency is "the most common preventable cause of mental impairment worldwide." "Even moderate deficiency, especially in pregnant women and
5434:
2230:. It aimed to help these countries improve information and analysis about nutrition, enabling them to develop effective national nutrition policies.
9622:
Mupunga, I., Mngqawa, P. and Katerere, D., 2017. Peanuts, Aflatoxins and Undernutrition in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrients, 9(12), p.1287.
2565:, a group of economists who reviewed a variety of development proposals, ranked micronutrient supplementation as its number-one treatment strategy.
5075:
McMinn, J., Steel, C. and Bowman, A., 2011. Investigation and management of unintentional weight loss in older adults. BMJ, 342(mar29 1), p. d1732.
4989:
4635:
Ngaruiya, C., Hayward, A., Post, L. and Mowafi, H., 2017. "Obesity as a form of malnutrition: over-nutrition on the Uganda 'malnutrition' agenda".
702:" and for not considering overweight as a form of malnutrition. Also, height alone may not be the best indicator of malnutrition; children who are
9694:
8026:
6571:
3655:
Women have unique nutritional requirements, and in some cases need more nutrients than men; for example, women need twice as much calcium as men.
658:(BMI) of 25 or more, and can lead to obesity (a BMI of 30 or more). Obesity has become a major health issue worldwide. Overnutrition is linked to
10580:
10136:
Saka B, Kaya O, Ozturk GB, Erten N, Karan MA (December 2010). "Malnutrition in the elderly and its relationship with other geriatric syndromes".
3983:
3723:
contribute to malnutrition. However, the mortality rate due to undernourishment may be reduced. Because of this, one of the main requirements of
6322:
Alvear-Vega, S. and Vargas-Garrido, H., 2022. Social determinants of malnutrition in Chilean children aged up to five. BMC Public Health, 22(1).
1816:
companies that made seeds available. These resources were in short supply in Africa, decreasing the Green Revolution's impact on the continent.
1579:. Overeating is much more common in the United States, since most people have adequate access to food. Many parts of the world have access to a
4905:
Black RE et al., Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences, The Lancet, 2008, 371(9608), p. 253.
4523:
4509:
2666:
reducing stool volume and vomiting while simultaneously preventing dehydration. Packets of reduced-osmolarity ORS include glucose, table salt,
5381:"Burden of anemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019"
4553:
Lenters, Lindsey; Wazny, Kerri; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (2016), Black, Robert E.; Laxminarayan, Ramanan; Temmerman, Marleen; Walker, Neff (eds.),
3526:
1308:
654:
Excessive consumption of energy-dense foods and drinks and limited physical activity causes overnutrition. It causes overweight, defined as a
11494:
11019:
3865:
325:
As of June 2021, 1.9 billion adults were overweight or obese, and 462 million adults were underweight. Globally, two billion people had
8146:"The impact of growth monitoring and promotion on health indicators in children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries"
5585:
The GBD. 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N. Engl J Med. 2017;377:13–27.
2276:
3746:
noted that routine nutrition screenings represent one way to detect and therefore decrease the prevalence of malnutrition in the elderly.
877:. Protein and energy undernutrition increases susceptibility to infection; so do deficiencies of specific micronutrients (including iron,
543:(PEM). This condition involves both micronutrient deficiencies and an imbalance of protein intake and energy expenditure. It differs from
7081:
2651:(ORT). In severely undernourished children with diarrhea, rehydration should be done slowly, according to the World Health Organization.
2432:
A severely malnourished child who appears to have dehydration, but has not had diarrhea, should be treated as if they have an infection.
1290:. These effects occur most commonly in mountain villages. However, 16 percent of the world's people have at least mild goiter (a swollen
1040:
9862:
8336:"Community-based supplementary feeding for promoting the growth of children under five years of age in low and middle income countries"
2363:
1715:
crops there. Other central Asian nations experienced similar losses. An increase in extreme weather such as drought in regions such as
547:
in that calorie restriction may not result in negative health effects. Hypoalimentation (underfeeding) is one cause of undernutrition.
263:
Commission suggested expanding the definition of malnutrition to include "all its forms, including obesity, undernutrition, and other
10529:
1703:
487:
depend on which micronutrient is lacking. However, undernourished people are often thin and short, with very poor energy levels; and
8765:
1812:
The Green Revolution was possible in Asia because of existing infrastructure and institutions, such as a system of roads and public
302:
the prevalence of wasting among children under five in South Asia was reported to be 16% moderately or severely wasted. As of 2022,
11181:
9158:
7180:
1345:
is a major factor preventing low income households from getting nutritious food For example, Khan and Kraemer (2009) found that in
9877:
7803:
7863:
7542:
Lessen R, Kavanagh K (March 2015). "Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: promoting and supporting breastfeeding".
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was associated with chronic malnutrition since it inhibited purchase of nutritious foods (like milk, meat, poultry, and fruits).
8854:
8317:
5641:
Stevenson RD, Conaway MR (August 2011). "Weight and mortality rates: "Gómez classification" for children with cerebral palsy?".
11519:
10331:
6489:
Baro M, Deubel TF (2006). "Persistent Hunger: Perspectives on Vulnerability, Famine, and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa".
3910:
3672:
Frequent pregnancies with short intervals between them and long periods of breastfeeding add an additional nutritional burden.
1735:
2382:
that community and outpatient management of children with uncomplicated malnutrition may be the most cost-effective strategy.
9374:
9138:
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8698:
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6456:
6272:
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5283:
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4574:
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4326:
4051:
3996:
3946:
3900:
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1543:
It is not just the total amount of calories that matters but specific nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin A deficiency,
524:, but can also result from other micronutrient deficiencies and diseases. This condition can have major health consequences.
8027:"Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion"
5464:
5320:
4074:
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622:(meaning 'to waste away') can result from a sustained diet that is deficient in both protein and energy. This causes their
8826:
7123:
2051:
10573:
8935:
7935:
5307:
2435:
Among malnourished people who are hospitalized, nutritional support improves protein intake, calorie intake, and weight.
1976:
has been proposed as a way to ensure that everyone has enough money to buy food and other basic needs. This is a form of
10353:
Bolin T, Bare M, Caplan G, Daniells S, Holyday M (2010). "Malabsorption may contribute to malnutrition in the elderly".
3294:
2425:
are usually recommended because malnutrition weakens the immune system, causing a high risk of infection. Additionally,
10538:
9470:
7456:
2207:
686:
In 1956, Gómez and Galvan studied factors associated with death in a group of undernourished children in a hospital in
3492:(UDHR). Within this document it stated that access to food was part of an adequate right to a standard of living. The
604:
which disguises the patient's undernourished condition. 'Kwashiorkor' means 'displaced child' and is derived from the
11012:
10042:"Risk of malnutrition and health-related quality of life in community-living elderly men and women: the Tromsø study"
8939:
5532:
3541:
2252:
campaign is an online communication campaign whose goal is to raise awareness about hunger. The campaign has created
2234:
2169:
1623:
Most of the people unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021 lived in southern Asia, and in eastern and western Africa.
3384:, result in another 84,000 deaths. In 2010 malnutrition caused about 1.5 million deaths in women and children.
1341:
probability of overnutrition is significantly higher in higher-income families than in disadvantaged families. High
5762:
3527:
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
1832:
502:
Micronutrient undernutrition results from insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals. Worldwide, deficiencies in
313:
affects one third of children under age 5 around the world, leading to 670,000 deaths and 250,000–500,000 cases of
10096:
Wellman NS, Weddle DO, Kranz S, Brain CT (October 1997). "Elder insecurities: poverty, hunger, and malnutrition".
9276:
7888:
7833:
7457:"PE Initiative: Fostering Evidence-based Organizational Change and Development in a Resource- constrained Setting"
4090:
Papadia C, Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR, Forbes A (February 2014). "Diagnosing small bowel malabsorption: a review".
2279:(IFPRI) led the partnership, with the involvement of UN organisations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
1255:. This most commonly occurs in people who were malnourished during a "critical period ... from the final third of
527:
It is possible to have overnutrition simultaneously with micronutrient deficiencies; this condition is termed the
10883:
10851:
10655:
10597:
7369:
7344:
6969:
Battisti, David S. "Climate Change in Developing Countries." University of Washington. Seattle. October 27, 2008.
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2403:
540:
166:
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three-quarters of UK women aged 16–49 indicated by them having less folic acid than the WHO recommended levels.
10566:
7845:
6120:
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2988:
1768:
1706:
reports, temperature increases in these regions are "very likely." Even small changes in temperatures can make
9695:
Safer water, better health – Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health
4150:
2312:
Efforts such as infant and young child feeding practices to improve nutrition are some of the common forms of
2210:
launched a partnership to combat undernutrition, especially in children. The program was first implemented in
839:
The World Health Organization frequently uses these classifications of malnutrition, with some modifications.
432:
8931:
2827:
2268:
1851:
1603:, people are living more sedentary lifestyles. These factors combine to make weight gain difficult to avoid.
1316:
1303:
935:
can also occur in malnourished people, and can be life-threatening, especially in babies and small children.
424:
255:, overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to appear within the same communities as undernutrition.
57:
8996:
8261:"Nutritional Support and Outcomes in Malnourished Medical Inpatients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
7747:
4652:, 2019. "The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report."
3639:
and childbearing, close birth spacing, and undernutrition, all of which contribute to malnourished mothers.
2148:
medical interventions benefiting child health. While there are considerable differences among developed and
40:
11394:
11005:
10660:
10282:"Malnutrition in elder care: qualitative analysis of ethical perceptions of politicians and civil servants"
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3840:
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resulted in 600,000 deaths down from 883,000 deaths in 1990. Other nutritional deficiencies, which include
2763:
2596:
2264:
1887:
1248:
6403:
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11084:
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6575:
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3488:
One of the first official global documents addressing Food security and global malnutrition was the 1948
3373:
2145:
1934:, which runs a money transfer program that allows cash to be sent from one part of a country to another.
8915:
369:, which continues to highlight the weaknesses of current food and health systems. It has contributed to
11389:
8383:
Kristjansson E, Francis DK, Liberato S, Benkhalti Jandu M, Welch V, Batal M, et al. (March 2015).
7769:
7227:
Memorandum to former Representative Steve Solarz (United States, Democratic Party, New York), July 1994
4559:
Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2)
3799:
3569:
2429:
are recommended in all severely undernourished children with diarrhea requiring admission to hospital.
2180:
2039:
1174:
484:
341:
228:
5873:
Stillwaggon E (2008). "Race, Sex, and the Neglected Risks for Women and Girls in Sub-Saharan Africa".
5086:"Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach"
3596:
2823:
770:
Waterlow classification is that weight for height can be calculated even if a child's age is unknown.
11514:
11435:
10005:
9444:
9390:
Grigg D (1981). "The historiography of hunger: changing views on the world food problem, 1945–1980".
9326:
5379:
Safiri S, Kolahi AA, Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Karamzad N, Bragazzi NL, et al. (November 2021).
5309:
Essential Nutrition Actions: Improving Maternal, Newborn, Infant and Young Child Health and Nutrition
4531:
4002:
2426:
2387:
2299:
1059:
469:
268:
9294:
8814:"Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1".
2968:
even if the term malnutrition is used which, by definition, could also apply to too much nutrition.
11509:
11425:
11348:
10953:
10453:
9726:
9359:
7162:
3890:
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3545:
2701:
2648:
2119:
1727:
10553:
6341:
5961:"Early postnatal protein-calorie malnutrition and cognition: a review of human and animal studies"
5256:
5232:
2647:
If prevention has failed and dehydration develops, the preferred treatment is rehydration through
753:
SOURCE:"Serum Total Protein and Albumin Levels in Different Grades of Protein Energy Malnutrition"
11167:
11102:
10665:
8259:
Bally MR, Blaser Yildirim PZ, Bounoure L, Gloy VL, Mueller B, Briel M, Schuetz P (January 2016).
6590:
3681:
2272:
2038:"no matter how a famine is caused, methods of breaking it call for a large supply of food in the
1809:. Consequently, food prices and malnutrition decreased (as they had earlier in Western nations).
931:. Children are particularly at risk and can become hypoglycemic after 4 to 6 hours without food.
667:
10201:
Volkert D (2002). "Malnutrition in the elderly – prevalence, causes and corrective strategies".
10174:
Volkert D (2002). "Malnutrition in the elderly – prevalence, causes and corrective strategies".
7412:
Waters HR, Penny ME, Creed-Kanashiro HM, Robert RC, Narro R, Willis J, et al. (July 2006).
6859:
5564:
4915:
1698:
is of importance to food security. Almost all malnourished people (95%) live in the tropics and
11499:
11489:
11366:
11343:
11312:
11122:
10743:
9363:
9352:
8766:"WHO Drug Information Vol. 16, No. 2, 2002: Current Topics: New formula oral rehydration salts"
6945:
6896:
4561:, Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank,
3381:
2747:
2350:
Longer-term measures include improving agricultural practices, reducing poverty, and improving
1897:
claims to be part of the solution to malnutrition, asserting that countries can best break the
1672:
1648:
1592:
1514:
673:
According to UNICEF, at least 1 in every 10 children under five is overweight in 33 countries.
521:
70:
10493:
7345:"Environment – United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"
7096:
7062:
6616:
5273:
4713:
WHO. The double burden of malnutrition. Policy brief. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
4679:
2516:
if fed too quickly. Refeeding syndrome can result regardless of whether food is taken orally,
1901:
and malnutrition by building export-led economies, which give them the financial means to buy
11484:
11289:
10903:
10836:
10704:
9224:
Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. (December 2012).
7788:
EU launches new partnership to combat Undernutrition with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
7259:
5212:
5050:
4724:
4420:
4041:
3875:
3870:
3804:
3772:
3548:, which offered states a framework of how to increase the right to food on a national basis.
2662:
2478:
1927:
1517:
contributed to malnutrition and continued three decades after its 1981 prohibition under the
1496:
In infants, a lack of breastfeeding may contribute to undernourishment. Anorexia nervosa and
1275:
1169:
1067:
945:
494:
is also common. People who are undernourished often get infections and frequently feel cold.
209:
10023:
8813:
8794:
8683:
8667:
8637:
8618:
8228:
7488:
Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. (January 2016).
6502:
1524:
Maternal malnutrition can also factor into the poor health or death of a baby. Over 800,000
1415:
as a replacement for traditional fuels raises the price of food. The United Nations special
626:
to adapt to prolong survival. The primary symptoms are severe wasting, leaving little or no
280:
11430:
11376:
10814:
10808:
10800:
10785:
10766:
10435:
9764:
Nubé M, Van Den Boom GJ (2003). "Gender and adult undernutrition in developing countries".
9632:
Trehan I, Goldbach HS, LaGrone LN, Meuli GJ, Wang RJ, Maleta KM, Manary MJ (January 2013).
9399:
8918:. Bonn, Washington DC, Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide. October 2015.
7981:
5484:"Serum Total Protein and Albumin Levels in Different Grades of Protein Energy Malnutrition"
5340:
Morley, J., 2012. Undernutrition in older adults. Family Practice, 29(suppl 1), pp.i89-i93.
3885:
3778:
3665:
3485:
of the 1950s and 1960s saw considerable improvement in capability to prevent malnutrition.
2773:
2562:
2521:
2188:
1831:
rose. Such investments in agriculture are still needed in other African countries like the
1794:
1350:
1252:
1116:
694:
weight for their age. The risk of death increases with increasing degrees of malnutrition.
511:
310:
290:
252:
9521:
9157:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
8839:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
7834:
Compact2025: Ending hunger and undernutrition. 2015. Project Paper. IFPRI: Washington, DC.
6980:
6787:
6061:
4308:
3635:
inequality in nutrition in some countries such as India is present in all stages of life.
1801:) to Asia. Investments in agriculture, such as fund fertilizers and seeds, increased food
832:
SOURCE: "Classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition." by Waterlow, 1972
8:
11504:
11458:
11399:
11330:
11263:
11036:
11028:
10920:
10908:
10898:
10445:
8769:
8691:
The Treatment of diarrhoea : a manual for physicians and other senior health workers
7787:
7309:
Chapman R (1999). "No room at the inn, or why population problems are not all economic".
6472:
3941:
3936:
3739:
3728:
3454:
3453:
According to historian Michael Worboys, malnutrition was essentially discovered, and the
2972:
2697:
2525:
2322:
2034:
2001:
1595:", where fat- and sugar-laden foods have taken precedence over healthy nutritious foods.
1584:
1451:
1383:
1378:
1134:
1005:
646:. Conditions are characterized by extreme wasting of the muscles and a gaunt expression.
631:
544:
362:
people were moderately or severely food insecure in 2022, 391 million more than in 2019.
162:
9403:
9193:
8170:
8145:
7985:
7800:
7393:
Ohlin, G. (1967). Population control and economic development. Paris: Dev Centers, OECD.
7184:
4872:
4813:
3412:
2711:
Examples of commercially available oral rehydration salts (Nepal on left, Peru on right)
2362:
Measuring children is crucial to identifying malnourishment. In 2000, the United States
1922:, the WFP's executive director, described as a "revolution" in food aid. The aid agency
11245:
10971:
10828:
10627:
10308:
10281:
10257:
10232:
10066:
10041:
9959:
9881:
9836:
9789:
9658:
9633:
9596:
9415:
9250:
9225:
9206:
8978:
8742:
8715:
8513:
8488:
8411:
8384:
8360:
8335:
8293:
8098:
8085:
8058:
8005:
7720:
7693:
7665:
7612:
7587:
7402:
Nielson, K. (1992). Global Justice, Capitalism and the Third World. (R.A. Wilkons, Ed.)
7326:
7282:
6744:
6717:
6691:
6668:
6643:
6305:
6097:
6080:
5987:
5960:
5936:
5909:
5890:
5850:
5810:
5785:
5749:
5666:
5546:
5407:
5380:
5195:
5170:
4966:
4941:
4503:
4383:
4358:
4332:
4247:
4115:
3951:
3855:
3707:
3574:
3387:
According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is the biggest contributor to
2768:
2667:
2532:
2513:
2317:
2280:
2149:
1915:
1716:
1486:
1428:
1397:
1264:
1213:
1145:
993:
480:
317:. Vitamin A supplementation has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality by 12 to 24%.
217:
77:
10214:
10187:
10109:
9947:
9584:
9241:
9174:
8966:
8852:
National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh
8315:
National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh
7506:
7489:
7043:
6553:
5846:
4374:
4235:
460:
effects. It is a barrier to the complete physical and mental development of children.
456:
in children, particularly in those under 5 years, and is responsible for long-lasting
11317:
11235:
11204:
10943:
10938:
10893:
10888:
10730:
10717:
10370:
10313:
10262:
10153:
10113:
10071:
9951:
9781:
9663:
9588:
9423:
9370:
9255:
9198:
9183:
9134:
9099:
8982:
8970:
8851:
8747:
8694:
8599:
8564:
8518:
8447:
8416:
8365:
8314:
8282:
8239:
8201:
8175:
8102:
8090:
7997:
7725:
7657:
7653:
7617:
7559:
7521:
7435:
7330:
7289:
7238:"Improving Social Security in Canada Guaranteed Annual Income: A Supplementary Paper"
6749:
6673:
6659:
6622:
6596:
6539:
6452:
6309:
6268:
6196:
6102:
6020:
5992:
5941:
5894:
5815:
5754:
5710:
5658:
5538:
5528:
5440:
5412:
5316:
5279:
5200:
5056:
4971:
4730:
4580:
4570:
4491:
4481:
4426:
4388:
4336:
4322:
4285:
4281:
4239:
4107:
4047:
3992:
3926:
3860:
3794:
3536:
A later document in the timeline of global initiatives for malnutrition was the 1996
3377:
3366:
2671:
2517:
2378:
2046:
and control, but also to undertaking work programmes and other methods of increasing
2017:
1923:
1497:
1405:
1374:, and/or poverty, since there has always been enough food for everyone in the world.
1367:
1063:
978:
920:
659:
366:
326:
314:
65:
10548:
9963:
9840:
9793:
9546:
8559:
8542:
8277:
8260:
7820:
7669:
7028:
5854:
5550:
5085:
4268:
Kastin DA, Buchman AL (November 2002). "Malnutrition and gastrointestinal disease".
4251:
4119:
3991:(4th ed.). New York: United Nations Children's Fund. 2010. pp. 61 and 75.
11361:
11074:
10856:
10771:
10504:
10362:
10303:
10293:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10210:
10183:
10145:
10105:
10061:
10053:
9943:
9832:
9828:
9773:
9653:
9645:
9600:
9580:
9407:
9320:"Hunger, Science, and Politics: FAO, WHO, and Unicef Nutrition Policies, 1945–1978"
9245:
9237:
9210:
9188:
9178:
9170:
8962:
8795:
The Treatment of Diarrhoea: A manual for physicians and other senior health workers
8737:
8727:
8668:
The Treatment of Diarrhoea: A manual for physicians and other senior health workers
8591:
8554:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8443:
8439:
8406:
8396:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8272:
8236:
The Treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers
8165:
8161:
8157:
8080:
8070:
8044:
8009:
7989:
7715:
7705:
7649:
7607:
7599:
7551:
7511:
7501:
7425:
7318:
7237:
6739:
6729:
6663:
6655:
6529:
6498:
6297:
6092:
5982:
5972:
5931:
5921:
5882:
5842:
5805:
5797:
5744:
5702:
5670:
5650:
5520:
5495:
5402:
5392:
5190:
5182:
4961:
4953:
4566:
4562:
4378:
4370:
4314:
4277:
4231:
4099:
3784:
3482:
3288:
2728:
2689:
2111:
2063:
2047:
2021:
1898:
1871:
1790:
1676:
1559:
1400:
in the United States was collapsing, it is said that trillions of dollars moved to
1371:
1074:; loose and wrinkled skin (in marasmus); shiny and edematous skin (in kwashiorkor)
982:
643:
585:
264:
221:
98:
10678:
9319:
8782:
8469:
7490:"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect"
7010:
6997:
6378:
892:. It also raises the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child, and increases
11276:
11250:
11148:
11107:
10878:
10873:
10458:
8858:
8321:
8116:
7807:
6262:
5926:
5613:
4446:
3931:
3814:
3809:
3447:
3388:
2573:
2524:. It can present several days after eating with potentially fatal heart failure,
2402:
It is often possible to manage severe malnutrition within a person's home, using
2371:
2313:
2184:
2132:
2128:
2026:
1977:
1919:
1806:
1752:
1707:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1548:
1544:
1525:
1490:
1482:
1455:
1103:
928:
893:
655:
370:
123:
10233:"Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition"
9777:
8893:
7284:
An essay on the principle of population: text, sources and background, criticism
6878:
6359:
5517:
Listening to the Ga: Cicely Williams' discovery of kwashiorkor on the Gold Coast
2390:. This program is often performed at the same time as a child has their regular
448:
Undernutrition can occur either due to protein-energy wasting or as a result of
11371:
11117:
11112:
11097:
10913:
10149:
9912:
7969:
7555:
7277:
6915:
6451:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. Chp 93.
5397:
5141:
5115:
5015:
4787:
4554:
3850:
3611:
3606:
3557:
3530:
3391:, present in half of all cases. Six million children die of hunger every year.
2735:
may be helpful. Blood sugar levels should be re-checked on two-hour intervals.
2192:
2153:
2013:
1695:
1680:
1158:
1095:
848:
601:
593:
453:
387:
236:
10366:
10057:
8595:
6449:
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases
6301:
5886:
5706:
5524:
4495:
4103:
3703:
411:
11478:
11463:
10948:
10846:
7909:
6644:"Marketing breast milk substitutes: problems and perils throughout the world"
3819:
3493:
3422:
2589:
2325:
micronutrients to pregnant women and young children in the developing world.
2242:
2238:
2078:
1836:
1784:
1747:
1668:
1632:
1608:
1436:
1420:
1071:
1036:
874:
766:
703:
699:
635:
449:
338:
232:
119:
106:
82:
Problems with physical or mental development; poor energy levels; hair loss;
10420:
10416:
10298:
7463:
7430:
7413:
6718:"The role of food and nutrition system approaches in tackling hidden hunger"
4180:"An update of 'The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action'"
3664:
FAO of the UN reported that iron deficiency affected 43 percent of women in
1658:
and some wealthy donor countries have pressured developing countries to use
11445:
11440:
11412:
11217:
11054:
10866:
10841:
10795:
10515:
10374:
10317:
10266:
10157:
10075:
9983:
9955:
9785:
9667:
9592:
9427:
9259:
9202:
9126:
9043:
9021:
8974:
8927:
8751:
8603:
8568:
8522:
8451:
8420:
8369:
8286:
8179:
8094:
8001:
7965:
7729:
7710:
7661:
7621:
7563:
7525:
7439:
7197:
Andrew S. Natsios (Administrator U.S. Agency for International Development)
6753:
6677:
6543:
6200:
6106:
5996:
5945:
5801:
5714:
5662:
5654:
5542:
5500:
5483:
5416:
5204:
4975:
4957:
4584:
4475:
4392:
4289:
4243:
4111:
3921:
3895:
3835:
3724:
3711:
3509:
3466:
3462:
2720:
2655:
2549:
2407:
2391:
2291:
2195:
2152:, there are universal determinants of whether a mother breastfeeds or uses
1973:
1969:
1572:
1424:
1162:
1130:
1112:
1024:
916:
901:
889:
862:
581:
139:
10117:
9649:
8914:
K. von Grebmer, J. Bernstein, A. de Waal, N. Prasai, S. Yin, Y. Yohannes:
8382:
6734:
5977:
5819:
5758:
2260:
voicing their anger about the large number of hungry people in the world.
1953:
1738:, colony collapse disorder represents a threat to the global food supply.
11299:
11294:
10986:
10976:
10861:
10617:
10607:
10488:
8873:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002"
7414:"The cost-effectiveness of a child nutrition education programme in Peru"
6788:
Improving Child Nutrition – The achievable imperative for global progress
6428:
Countries. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(s1), pp.S113-S125.
6010:
Kenton R. Holden (2007). "Malnutrition and Brain Development: A Review".
4990:"WHO guidance helps detect iron deficiency and protect brain development"
4755:
India: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1).
3763:
3474:
3458:
3392:
2743:
2724:
2693:
2682:
2604:
2469:
2460:
2415:
2411:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2253:
2157:
2115:
2082:
1947:
1840:
1659:
1628:
1493:. "Secondary malnutrition" can result from increased energy expenditure.
1393:
1363:
1342:
1186:
1154:
1150:
1090:
1082:
974:
932:
687:
605:
596:
of skin and hair. The disorder is further identified by a characteristic
566:
551:
488:
373:, increasing hunger worldwide; meanwhile, lower physical activity during
244:
113:
20:
8732:
8401:
8198:
Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children
7993:
7516:
6518:"Coeliac disease in the 21st century: paradigm shifts in the modern age"
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
3601:
2303:
A Somali boy receiving treatment for malnourishment at a health facility
706:
may be considered short for their age even if they have good nutrition.
11159:
10636:
10510:
9315:
8238:(4 ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2005. pp. 22–24.
7322:
5359:
Sobotka, L., 2012. Basics in clinical nutrition. 4th ed. Prague: Galen.
3735:
3439:
2629:
2545:
2544:) is made with fortified wheat flour. Other fortified products include
2452:
2443:
2422:
2351:
2336:
provides nutritional counselling services for malnourished children in
2211:
2074:
1894:
1844:
1828:
1756:
1699:
1655:
1644:
1636:
1600:
1599:
and nutrition, is high in calories. Due to increasing urbanization and
1568:
1416:
1401:
1346:
1312:
1200:
1193:
623:
576:
is primarily caused by inadequate protein intake. Its symptoms include
465:
457:
379:
260:
174:
150:
10997:
9979:"Folic acid to be added to UK flour in effort to reduce birth defects"
9878:"Survey Reveals High Malnutrition Rates Among Pregnant Women in Kenya"
9419:
8693:(4 ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2005. pp. 8–16.
7603:
6534:
6517:
5186:
2447:
Baby with protein malnutrition due to insufficient amount of nutrients
1972:
address malnutrition in places where people lack money to buy food. A
1366:
observes that, in recent decades, famine has always been a problem of
16:
Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients
11199:
11064:
10499:
10464:
10430:
9496:"Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition"
8916:
2015 Global Hunger Index – Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger
8075:
6816:
6477:
6236:
4399:
4318:
3905:
3824:
3396:
2585:
2581:
2541:
2257:
2043:
1965:
1938:
1931:
1902:
1798:
1640:
1459:
1390:
1283:
1256:
1178:
1108:
1001:
997:
965:
Moon face (in kwashiorkor); shrunken, monkey-like face (in marasmus)
589:
507:
127:
10399:
9634:"Antibiotics as part of the management of severe acute malnutrition"
9092:
State of the World's Mothers 2012: Nutrition in the first 1,000 days
9065:
7455:
Nyonator FK, Phillips JF, Awoonor-Williams JK, Jones TC, Miller JR.
7210:
6621:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. p. 324.
5594:
Nicolaidis S. Environment and obesity. Metabolism. 2019;100s:153942.
2237:
created a partnership aimed at ending hunger in Africa by 2025. The
2012:
Restricting population size is a proposed solution to malnutrition.
1470:, can cause malnutrition. So can some chronic illnesses, especially
19:"Underfeeding" redirects here. For the concept in metalworking, see
11127:
11069:
11044:
10981:
10691:
10650:
10612:
9411:
7586:
Balogun OO, Dagvadorj A, Anigo KM, Ota E, Sasaki S (October 2015).
5910:"Malnutrition and infection: complex mechanisms and global impacts"
3519:
Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition
3478:
3430:
2732:
2600:
2569:
1989:
1958:
1943:
1824:
1478:
1287:
1209:
1048:
663:
561:
555:
374:
247:. A surplus of nutrients causes overnutrition, which can result in
205:
102:
53:
49:
8833:
8487:
Schoonees A, Lombard MJ, Musekiwa A, Nel E, Volmink J (May 2019).
7097:"Obama enlists major powers to aid poor farmers with $ 15 billion"
4555:"Management of Severe and Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Children"
4313:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 2020.
3298:
Deaths from nutritional deficiencies per million persons in 2012:
2964:
The figures provided in this section on epidemiology all refer to
2731:. If seizures occur (and continue after glucose is given), rectal
1702:, where the climate is relatively stable. According to the latest
11092:
11059:
11049:
10790:
8716:"Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy"
7968:, Cassidy ES, Gerber JS, Johnston M, et al. (October 2011).
7454:
6998:
Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop growers and researchers
6951:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. November 12–17, 2007
6722:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
5965:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3688:
3433:
sometimes used anti-scurvy measures – for example, ensuring that
2675:
2328:
The United Nations has reported on the importance of nutritional
2215:
2200:
2123:
2070:
1879:
1859:
1855:
1802:
1720:
1683:
and Keith Rosenberg cited as the obstacle to feeding Africa by .
1663:
1631:, adverse weather, and/or poorer farming skills (like inadequate
1563:
Chart showing a trend between obesity and diabetes over the years
1467:
1463:
1432:
1412:
1291:
1228:
1138:
1124:
1044:
924:
909:
882:
866:
852:
613:
597:
491:
334:
248:
240:
213:
135:
131:
87:
10469:
8258:
7411:
6595:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 68.
5169:
Mark HE, Dias da Costa G, Pagliari C, Unger SA (December 2020).
2025:
population growth. According to the World Health Organization, "
1477:
Malnutrition can also result from abnormal nutrient loss due to
1328:
11222:
10779:
10558:
10533:
10411:
8842:, Oral Rehydration Solution, Scott Moses, MD, February 1, 2014.
7205:
7203:
6916:"State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2023"
6692:"Malnutrition Kills Over 3 Million Children Annually Worldwide"
5786:"Classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition"
5693:
Grover Z, Ee LC (October 2009). "Protein energy malnutrition".
5142:"State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2023"
5116:"State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2023"
5016:"State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2023"
4818:
4089:
3632:
3618:
3501:
3434:
3426:
2333:
1997:
1875:
1820:
1712:
1533:
1354:
1279:
1271:
1260:
1224:
1205:
1182:
905:
691:
639:
517:
510:, and iron are the most common. Children and pregnant women in
503:
303:
8333:
7116:"Severe Malnutrition, A Disturbance in Nigerian Health Sector"
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
5168:
3498:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
2187:
international agreement on food aid. The following month, the
1675:
have fought to end its use due to environmental concerns. The
333:
Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition, including
149:
Improving agricultural practices; reducing poverty; improving
10039:
9907:
9905:
9903:
9901:
9899:
7963:
5378:
3916:
3579:
3443:
2707:
2625:
2227:
2219:
2099:
1819:
For example, almost five million of the 13 million people in
1760:
1529:
881:, and vitamins). In communities or areas that lack access to
627:
609:
577:
235:. Undernutrition is a lack of nutrients, which can result in
83:
10332:"Care crisis triggers rise in malnutrition, charities claim"
7200:
6264:
Poverty and famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation
5436:
Nutrition in pediatrics: basic science, clinical application
3757:
1793:
aimed to bring modern Western agricultural techniques (like
885:, these additional health risks present a critical problem.
514:
are at especially high risk for micronutrient deficiencies.
10040:
Kvamme JM, Olsen JA, Florholmen J, Jacobsen BK (May 2011).
8714:
Victora CG, Bryce J, Fontaine O, Monasch R (January 2000).
8713:
8486:
8334:
Sguassero Y, de Onis M, Bonotti AM, Carroli G (June 2012).
6768:"Causes and Impacts of Undernutrition over the Life Course"
6149:
3400:
2367:
2295:
A malnourished Afghan child being treated by a medical team
2223:
2095:
1865:
1813:
1772:
1662:
policies. Even as the United States and Europe extensively
1519:
WHO International Code of Marketing Breast Milk Substitutes
1471:
1009:
878:
9896:
9631:
9071:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
9046:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
9024:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
8938:
of the United Nations, January 10, 2008."According to the
6447:
Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Douglas RG, eds. (2010).
6446:
5428:
5426:
1043:(alternating bands of light and normal color); broomstick
10230:
9570:
6569:
5959:
Laus MF, Vales LD, Costa TM, Almeida SS (February 2011).
5482:
Chowdhury MS, Akhter N, Haque M, Aziz R, Nahar N (2009).
5305:
2537:
1767:
Reducing malnutrition is key part of the United Nations'
1731:
1359:
897:
888:
Undernutrition plays a major role in the onset of active
187:
821 million undernourished / 11% of the population (2017)
10035:
10033:
9693:
Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F., Bartram, J. (2008).
8581:
8543:"Refeeding syndrome: clinical and nutritional relevance"
7912:, published 25 February 2003, accessed 20 September 2023
7585:
7183:. World Food Programme. December 8, 2008. Archived from
6588:
6182:
6180:
5481:
4270:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
4189:. Department for International Development. October 2012
1736:
many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by bees
386:
Other major causes of hunger include manmade conflicts,
10352:
10279:
10231:
Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A (April 2009).
10131:
10129:
10127:
10095:
9933:
9915:. Food and Agriculture of the United Nations. July 2001
9156:
8057:
Das JK, Salam RA, Saeed M, Kazmi FA, Bhutta ZA (2020).
7487:
5423:
5093:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
5048:
4469:
4467:
4085:
4083:
2987:
Malnutrition, as of 2010, was the cause of 1.4% of all
2603:
without simultaneously supplementing potassium worsens
2455:
recommends ten steps for treating severe malnutrition:
1854:(RUTF) has been used to treat malnutrition in northern
1404:
in food and primary commodities, causing the 2007–2008
179:
Eating food with enough nutrients on a near daily basis
10091:
10089:
10087:
10085:
9697:. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
8951:
7639:
5278:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2011. p. 194.
4356:
2316:. Interventions often promote breastfeeding to reduce
208:, resulting in health problems. Specifically, it is a
10030:
8229:"8. Management of diarrhoea with severe malnutrition"
7910:
Nutrition plays key role in HIV/AIDS care, UN reports
6177:
5958:
5315:. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. vi-94.
4477:
Advanced nutrition and dietetics in nutrition support
365:
These increases are partially related to the ongoing
227:
Malnutrition is a category of diseases that includes
10389:
10124:
8143:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4524:"WHO, nutrition experts take action on malnutrition"
4464:
4220:
4080:
3753:
10135:
10082:
9223:
8433:
7957:
6397:"Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition"
6342:"The role of speculators in the global food crisis"
5868:
5866:
5864:
5432:
5049:Rosenthal RA, Zenilman ME, Katlic MR, eds. (2011).
4726:
World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development
4699:
4697:
4605:"Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition"
4263:
4261:
3533:based on respect for the essential rights of man."
1926:piloted a method of giving cash assistance using a
915:Undernutrition can also cause acute problems, like
436:
Number of undernourished people (2020–2022 average)
9351:
8541:Viana L, Burgos MG, Silva R (January–March 2012).
8056:
7936:"World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food"
7801:Africa's Renewed Partnership to End Hunger by 2025
7281:
5336:
5334:
5332:
4552:
3525:Adoption of the right to food was included in the
2495:Prepare for discharge and follow-up after recovery
2163:
539:'Undernutrition' sometimes refers specifically to
428:Prevalence of undernourishment (2020–2022 average)
337:people and women (in particular while pregnant or
10543:
9345:
9343:
7544:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
6715:
6589:Caballero B, Lindsay A, Prentice A, eds. (2005).
6062:"In raising the world's IQ the secret is in salt"
5833:Watts G (December 2010). "John Conrad Waterlow".
5727:
5636:
5634:
5477:
5475:
5473:
4939:
4743:
3194:Number of undernourished in the developing world
2512:Severely malnourished individuals can experience
1528:have occurred because of deficient growth of the
1035:Dull, sparse, brittle hair, with thinning of the
681:
204:occurs when an organism gets too few or too many
11476:
10280:Mamhidir AG, Kihlgren M, Soerlie V (June 2010).
10169:
10167:
9763:
9066:"The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015"
9044:"The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008"
9022:"The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006"
8684:"4. Management of acute diarrhoea without blood"
8540:
8045:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277x.2012.01234.x
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6009:
5907:
5861:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5640:
4694:
4258:
4143:"Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health"
2772:Percentage of population suffering from hunger,
2700:due to their potential complications, including
2688:Patients who do not drink may require fluids by
2555:
2179:In April 2012, a number of countries signed the
1723:, and decreases food security in these regions.
1627:Local food shortages can be caused by a lack of
1085:; thin and soft nail plates; fissures or ridges
923:). This condition can cause lethargy, limpness,
8678:
8676:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8217:
7691:
7276:
7260:"A model of African food aid is now in trouble"
7044:"How a Kenyan village tripled its corn harvest"
6860:"Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts"
6798:
6796:
6287:
6121:"Bệnh suy dinh dưỡng trẻ em: Tổng hợp năm 2021"
5519:. Clio Medica. Vol. 61. pp. 149–171.
5329:
4788:"The State of Food Security and Nutrition 2023"
2077:working to build support for food sovereignty.
497:
9976:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9340:
8783:Low-osmolarity oral rehydration solution (ORS)
8663:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8651:
7786:European Commission Press release. June 2015.
7541:
7079:
7063:"In Africa, prosperity from seeds falls short"
7041:
6978:
6802:
6618:Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease
6222:
5826:
5730:"The Gomez classification. Time for a change?"
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5631:
5470:
5433:Duggan C, Watkins JB, Walker WA, eds. (2008).
5217:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
5055:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 78.
4310:The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2018
3658:
2696:fluids are recommended only in those who have
1454:which increase nutrient requirements, such as
534:
383:severe disease increases with undernutrition.
11175:
11013:
10574:
10226:
10224:
10164:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9747:
9271:
9269:
8785:, Rehydrate Project, updated: April 23, 2014.
8629:
7692:Cai X, Wardlaw T, Brown DW (September 2012).
7157:
7155:
7153:
7151:
6840:
6716:Burchi F, Fanzo J, Frison E (February 2011).
5772:
5488:Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist
4267:
4046:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 36–38.
3866:Integrated Food Security Phase Classification
3597:Food security § Gender and food security
3508:on December 16, 1966. The Right to food is a
2357:
1847:in fertilizer and seed for Africa's farmers.
638:levels. It is traditionally seen in cases of
616:to a diet composed largely of carbohydrates.
10098:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
9927:
9471:"What is the Right to Food? | Right to food"
9349:
9314:
9295:"U.N. chief: Hunger kills 17,000 kids daily"
8673:
8214:
8195:
7770:"Outcome | Copenhagen Consensus Center"
6793:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
5268:
5266:
5052:Principles and practice of geriatric surgery
4942:"Iodine Deficiency, Still a Global Problem?"
4473:
4418:
3744:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
2277:International Food Policy Research Institute
2139:
2094:proven very successful in countries such as
1614:
195:406,000 from nutritional deficiencies (2015)
10237:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9860:
9800:
9625:
9152:
9150:
8945:
8648:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8493:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8436:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8427:
8389:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8340:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8191:
8189:
8038:
8036:
7481:
7094:
6565:
6563:
6509:
6186:
5872:
5677:
5508:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
2642:
1439:, should be used as fuel instead of crops.
676:
11182:
11168:
11020:
11006:
10581:
10567:
10221:
9744:
9564:
9266:
9058:
9036:
9014:
8547:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva
7694:"Global trends in exclusive breastfeeding"
7148:
7080:John Ulimwengu; et al. (March 2013).
6981:"Rice yields falling under global warming"
6522:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
6488:
6081:"Health consequences of iodine deficiency"
6019:. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing.
5721:
4682:. The Lancet Commission. December 16, 2019
4508:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2364:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2144:Breastfeeding is noted as one of the most
2073:systems. Food First is one of the primary
1591:psychologist Kelly Brownell calls this a "
1446:
1297:
1098:, particularly in the buttocks and thighs
642:, significant food restriction, or severe
10307:
10297:
10256:
10065:
9657:
9310:
9308:
9249:
9192:
9182:
8741:
8731:
8720:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
8558:
8512:
8410:
8400:
8359:
8276:
8169:
8084:
8074:
7719:
7709:
7611:
7515:
7505:
7429:
6889:
6743:
6733:
6667:
6533:
6207:
6096:
6059:
5986:
5976:
5935:
5925:
5809:
5748:
5737:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
5499:
5439:. Hamilton: BC Decker. pp. 127–141.
5406:
5396:
5263:
5194:
4965:
4722:
4474:Hickson, Mary; Smith, Sara, eds. (2018).
4382:
4350:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4065:
4063:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
2615:
2206:In June 2015, the European Union and the
1984:
1874:and prepared blend consisting of peanut,
1704:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1111:, usually resulting from deficiencies in
873:Undernutrition weakens every part of the
760:
715:% of desired body weight for age and sex
565:Child in the United States with signs of
284:Number of people undernourished by region
11189:
9217:
9147:
8529:
8467:
8186:
8033:
7881:
7181:"Cash roll-out to help hunger hot spots"
7107:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6560:
6256:
6254:
6085:Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
5783:
5692:
4296:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4020:
3702:
3647:requirements, is difficult to estimate.
3617:
3600:
3573:
3293:
2822:
2767:
2706:
2442:
2298:
2290:
1952:
1751:
1618:
1558:
1396:are increasing the cost of food. As the
1327:
1307:
1243:
856:
560:
439:
431:
423:
279:
11027:
10200:
10173:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9445:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
9125:
8635:
8616:
8463:
8461:
8150:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7308:
7113:
6946:"Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report"
6709:
6515:
6503:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123224
6376:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6013:Neurologic Consequences of Malnutrition
5514:
5233:"Goal 2020: Zero Hunger-United Nations"
5078:
4648:Swinburn, B., Kraak, V., Allender, S.,
3727:is to provide an adequate diet and all
3538:Rome Declaration on World Food Security
2451:In response to child malnutrition, the
2081:advocate for an increasing role of the
1759:canals have opened dry desert areas of
1360:Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
1323:
1185:, often resulting from deficiencies in
11477:
9724:
9383:
9305:
8139:
8137:
8021:
8019:
7746:. United Nations. 2015. Archived from
7537:
7535:
7088:
7060:
6913:
6857:
6782:
6780:
6572:"Water-related diseases: Malnutrition"
5139:
5113:
5013:
4126:
4060:
3965:
3911:National Security Study Memorandum 200
3551:
3413:Hunger § The fight against hunger
2307:
2054:in a general inflationary situation."
2042:. This applies not only to organizing
11163:
11001:
10562:
9821:Studies on Home and Community Science
9811:
9547:"Rome Declaration and Plan of Action"
9522:"American Convention on Human Rights"
9389:
8470:"Firms target nutrition for the poor"
8200:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
7029:"Goal2: Zero Hunger – United Nations"
7008:
6933:
6876:
6641:
6251:
6078:
5908:Schaible UE, Kaufmann SH (May 2007).
5832:
5728:Gueri M, Gurney JM, Jutsum P (1980).
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5164:
5162:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4425:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 37.
4201:
4165:
4039:
3947:United Nations Millennium Declaration
3901:Nutrition and Education International
3675:
3490:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3465:. Advances built on prior works like
2580:Malnourished children also need both
2397:
1236:Source: "Protein Energy Malnutrition"
412:Daniel Quinn on Facts of World Hunger
11495:Health effects of food and nutrition
10334:. Home care Insight. August 19, 2019
9709:
8989:
8886:
8827:"Dehydration, treatments and drugs."
8768:. September 23, 2012. Archived from
8458:
7676:
7628:
7570:
7173:
7163:"UN aid debate: give cash not food?"
6048:
5385:Journal of Hematology & Oncology
3790:Child health and nutrition in Africa
3710:are one of the main requirements of
2832:
2610:
2499:
2438:
2156:; these include income, employment,
2088:
1996:Successful initiatives also include
1503:
9977:Denis Campbell (October 14, 2014).
9687:
9638:The New England Journal of Medicine
8894:"Global hunger worsening, warns UN"
8610:
8134:
8016:
7970:"Solutions for a cultivated planet"
7698:International Breastfeeding Journal
7532:
7453:180. New York: Population Council.
7095:Baker P, Dugger CW (July 9, 2009).
6985:BBC News; Science & Environment
6777:
6379:"Biofuels 'crime against humanity'"
6260:
5257:"2020 Global crisis on Food crises"
5171:"Malnutrition: the silent pandemic"
4680:"The Double Burden of Malnutrition"
3429:. Much later, in the 14th century,
2678:and some stock potassium solution.
2658:, and help with fluid replacement.
2208:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
2057:
2007:
1508:
902:vitamin-deficiency-related diseases
348:
220:which adversely affects the body's
13:
9875:
9725:Moumen, Hana (February 24, 2023).
7011:"Vanishing bees threaten US crops"
6897:"Forgotten benefactor of humanity"
6805:"Escaping Hunger, Escaping Excess"
6570:World Health Organization (2001).
6225:"Escaping Hunger, Escaping Excess"
6060:McNeil Jr DG (December 16, 2006).
5695:Pediatric Clinics of North America
5306:World Health Organization (2013).
5292:
5275:Essentials of International Health
5159:
4916:"Vitamin A Deficiency in Children"
4890:
4767:
2995:Number of undernourished globally
2978:
2715:
2483:Correct micronutrient deficiencies
1587:also contribute to overnutrition.
1583:of non-nutritious food. Increased
1554:
1274:, lowers intelligence by 10 to 15
352:
212:, excess, or imbalance of energy,
14:
11531:
10385:
9115:from the original on May 23, 2012
8940:Food and Agriculture Organization
7744:"The history of the SUN Movement"
6979:Black, Richard (August 9, 2010).
5567:. World Health Organization. 2021
4940:Biban BG, Lichiardopol C (2017).
3542:Food and Agriculture Organization
2235:Food and Agriculture Organization
2191:recommended that politicians and
1686:
1611:and diabetes, that may be fatal.
1551:can also increase risk of death.
1332:A child with extreme malnutrition
660:chronic non-communicable diseases
419:
10588:
10346:
10324:
10273:
10194:
10016:
9998:
9970:
9869:
9854:
9700:
9677:
9616:
9607:
9539:
9514:
9488:
9463:
9437:
9287:
9119:
9083:
8921:
8908:
8896:. BBC (Europe). October 14, 2009
8865:
8845:
8820:
8807:
8788:
8776:
8758:
8707:
8575:
8480:
8376:
8327:
8252:
8109:
8050:
7928:
7915:
7902:
7889:"Infant and Young Child Feeding"
7856:
7838:
7827:
7813:
7793:
7780:
7762:
7736:
7654:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00169.x
7446:
7405:
7396:
7387:
7362:
7337:
7302:
7270:
7252:
7230:
7221:
7191:
7138:
7073:
7054:
7042:Barclay, Eliza (June 18, 2008).
7035:
7021:
7002:
6991:
6972:
6963:
6907:
6870:
6831:
6760:
6684:
6660:10.1136/archdischild-2011-301299
6648:Archives of Disease in Childhood
6552:
6360:"Biofuel use increasing poverty"
6127:(in Vietnamese). August 27, 2021
4282:10.1097/00075197-200211000-00014
3756:
3442:was issuing frequent rations of
3425:reportedly knew the symptoms of
2465:Prevent or treat low blood sugar
2105:
1950:than to import it from abroad."
1833:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1778:
736:Moderate: Grade II (2nd degree)
649:
406:
39:
10024:"Team Nutrition MyPlate eBooks"
9727:"Undernourished and Overlooked"
8617:Kristof ND (December 4, 2008).
8560:10.1590/s0102-67202012000100013
8278:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.6587
7810:. Accessed on November 1, 2015.
7370:"Family planning/Contraception"
6635:
6609:
6592:Encyclopedia of human nutrition
6582:
6482:
6465:
6440:
6431:
6421:
6389:
6370:
6352:
6334:
6325:
6316:
6281:
6168:
6139:
6113:
6072:
6003:
5952:
5901:
5606:
5597:
5588:
5579:
5557:
5453:
5372:
5362:
5353:
5343:
5249:
5239:
5225:
5133:
5107:
5069:
5042:
5033:
5007:
4982:
4946:Current Health Sciences Journal
4933:
4908:
4899:
4865:
4855:
4845:
4835:
4826:
4806:
4758:
4716:
4707:
4672:
4659:
4642:
4629:
4597:
4546:
4516:
4439:
4092:Internal and Emergency Medicine
3506:United Nations General Assembly
2757:
2164:21st century global initiatives
2052:shifts in exchange entitlements
1179:loss of knee and ankle reflexes
744:Severe: Grade III (3rd degree)
592:; the condition may also cause
169:; treating the underlying cause
10249:10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3
9833:10.1080/09737189.2008.11885247
9277:"Malnutrition The Starvelings"
8505:10.1002/14651858.CD009000.pub3
8444:10.1002/14651858.CD009584.pub2
8352:10.1002/14651858.CD005039.pub3
8162:10.1002/14651858.CD014785.pub2
7790:. Accessed on November 1, 2015
7592:Maternal & Child Nutrition
7114:Chinedu O (October 12, 2018).
7061:Dugger CW (October 10, 2007).
6914:Moumen, Hana (July 12, 2023).
6858:Dugger CW (December 2, 2007).
6377:Ferrett G (October 27, 2007).
5784:Waterlow JC (September 1972).
5140:Moumen, Hana (July 12, 2023).
5114:Moumen, Hana (July 12, 2023).
5014:Moumen, Hana (July 12, 2023).
4567:10.1596/978-1-4648-0348-2_ch11
4422:Clinical Nutrition in Practice
2989:disability adjusted life years
2738:
2404:ready-to-use therapeutic foods
1769:Sustainable Development Goal 2
1263:deficiency has been linked to
782:Wasting (%) Weight for height
682:Definition by Gomez and Galvan
569:, a dietary protein deficiency
296:
167:ready-to-use therapeutic foods
1:
11520:Hazards of outdoor recreation
10215:10.1016/S0261-5614(02)80014-0
10188:10.1016/S0261-5614(02)80014-0
10110:10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00744-X
9948:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61693-6
9585:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0
9242:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
9175:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
8967:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4
7507:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
7211:"Let them eat micronutrients"
6803:Gardner G, Halweil B (2000).
6491:Annual Review of Anthropology
6223:Gardner G, Halweil B (2000).
5847:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62252-0
4375:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
4236:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4
3958:
3650:
2828:Disability-adjusted life year
2556:Micronutrient supplementation
2492:Provide psychological support
2269:Sustainable Development Goals
1852:Ready to Use Therapeutic Food
1741:
1500:can also cause malnutrition.
1304:List of types of malnutrition
529:double burden of malnutrition
275:
11395:Obstetric labor complication
8997:"Putting a number on hunger"
8468:Anderson T (June 24, 2009).
7240:. Government of Canada. 1994
6879:"Zambia: fertile but hungry"
6877:Biles P (February 6, 2006).
5927:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040115
5565:"Fact sheets – Malnutrition"
5465:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
5189:(inactive August 20, 2024).
4075:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
3881:Malnutrition in South Africa
3841:Hunger in the United Kingdom
3687:Team Nutrition has created "
3287:
2764:Epidemiology of malnutrition
2568:In malnourished people with
2286:
2265:Millennium Development Goals
1908:
1789:In the 1950s and 1960s, the
1734:die in large numbers. Since
1384:differences in income levels
1315:soldier on his release from
1249:Protein-calorie malnutrition
779:Stunting (%) Height for age
498:Micronutrient undernutrition
320:
7:
10656:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
9913:"Gender and Nutrition 2001"
9778:10.1080/0301446031000119601
9098:, Save the Children, 2012,
8636:Kristof ND (May 24, 2009).
8063:Campbell Systematic Reviews
7774:www.copenhagenconsensus.com
6267:. Oxford University Press.
4637:Pan African Medical Journal
3846:Hunger in the United States
3749:
3659:Pregnancy and breastfeeding
3563:
3560:according to 2008 studies.
3374:protein-energy malnutrition
2474:Prevent or treat infection;
2347:at school is insufficient.
2245:into national legislation.
1027:mottling; delayed eruption
900:. Undernutrition can cause
728:Mild: Grade I (1st degree)
541:protein–energy malnutrition
535:Protein-energy malnutrition
474:Moderate Acute Malnutrition
10:
11536:
11390:Complications of pregnancy
10544:World Food Programme | WFP
10150:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.04.006
9861:Najma Rizvi (March 2013).
9001:Putting a number on hunger
7556:10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.014
7418:Health Policy and Planning
7311:Population and Environment
7082:"Need in a land of planty"
7009:Wells M (March 11, 2007).
6290:Social Indicators Research
5398:10.1186/s13045-021-01202-2
4873:"Malnutrition in Children"
4656:, 393(10173), pp. 791–846.
4480:. Hoboken, NJ. p. 3.
3800:Community Therapeutic Care
3698:
3594:
3570:Undernutrition in children
3567:
3410:
3406:
2761:
2427:broad spectrum antibiotics
2358:Identifying malnourishment
2181:Food Assistance Convention
2061:
2040:Public Distribution System
1858:. Some Nigerians also use
1782:
1745:
1301:
1234:
1175:Global developmental delay
985:(in vitamin A deficiency)
846:
842:
830:
751:
485:micronutrient deficiencies
390:, and economic downturns.
18:
11454:
11436:Connective tissue disease
11421:
11408:
11385:
11357:
11339:
11326:
11308:
11285:
11272:
11259:
11231:
11213:
11195:
11136:
11103:African sleeping sickness
11083:
11035:
10964:
10929:
10827:
10758:
10661:Wernicke's encephalopathy
10635:
10626:
10596:
10539:United Nation 2007 report
10479:
10393:
10367:10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.016
10104:(10 Suppl 2): S120–S122.
10058:10.1007/s11136-010-9788-0
9327:University College London
8880:World Health Organization
8857:October 19, 2011, at the
8596:10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.017
8320:October 19, 2011, at the
7806:January 28, 2020, at the
7374:World Health Organization
7264:Christian Science Monitor
7167:Christian Science Monitor
7048:Christian Science Monitor
6516:Newnham ED (March 2017).
6302:10.1007/s11205-004-5579-8
6189:Singapore Medical Journal
6079:Kapil U (December 2007).
5887:10.1080/13545700802262923
5707:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001
5525:10.1163/9789004333390_008
4729:. Routledge. p. 20.
4528:World Health Organization
4104:10.1007/s11739-012-0877-7
3578:Malnourished children in
2540:. Baladi bread (Egyptian
2505:undernourished children.
2388:World Health Organization
2140:Barriers to breastfeeding
2000:'s recycling program for
1615:Agricultural productivity
1060:follicular hyperkeratosis
558:; both commonly coexist.
522:caused by iron deficiency
470:Severe Acute Malnutrition
405:
400:
269:World Health Organization
191:
183:
173:
157:
145:
112:
101:with too few or too many
93:
76:
64:
47:
38:
33:
11426:Musculoskeletal disorder
11349:Gastrointestinal disease
10046:Quality of Life Research
9880:. UNICEF. Archived from
9360:Harvard University Press
9354:Hunger: A Modern History
8840:Family Practice Notebook
8619:"Raising the world's IQ"
7964:Foley JA, Ramankutty N,
6402:. UNICEF. Archived from
4610:. UNICEF. Archived from
3891:Malnutrition in Zimbabwe
3831:Food Donation Connection
3590:
3582:, during the 2005 famine
3546:Right to Food Guidelines
2702:congestive heart failure
2649:oral rehydration therapy
2643:Oral rehydration therapy
2531:Some manufacturers have
2486:Start feeding cautiously
1961:, Quebec, Canada in 1931
1728:colony collapse disorder
1567:Overnutrition caused by
1066:- and hypopigmentation;
938:
865:with undernutrition and
677:Classifying malnutrition
11149:Priority review voucher
10299:10.1186/1472-6939-11-11
10010:Action for Healthy Kids
9814:"Malnutrition in Women"
9766:Annals of Human Biology
9133:. Fayard. p. 130.
6235:(4): 24. Archived from
5790:British Medical Journal
4419:Katsilambros N (2011).
3682:Action for Healthy Kids
2698:significant dehydration
2489:Achieve catch-up growth
2418:, and gradual feeding.
2410:, maintaining adequate
2273:agriculture sustainable
2233:Also in 2015, the UN's
1823:used to need emergency
1515:breast-milk substitutes
1447:Diseases and conditions
1298:Causes and risk factors
668:cardiovascular diseases
666:, certain cancers, and
393:
11367:Female genital disease
11344:Maxillofacial disorder
11313:Cardiovascular disease
8772:on September 23, 2012.
8265:JAMA Internal Medicine
7711:10.1186/1746-4358-7-12
6815:(4): 5. Archived from
6642:Brady JP (June 2012).
5802:10.1136/bmj.3.5826.566
5655:10.1542/peds.2011-1472
5501:10.3329/jbsp.v3i0.1799
5246:10.1093/tropej/fmaa084
4958:10.12865/CHSJ.43.02.01
3715:
3623:
3615:
3583:
3382:iron deficiency anemia
3361:
2961:
2820:
2712:
2616:Preventing dehydration
2479:electrolyte imbalances
2453:Bangladeshi government
2448:
2304:
2296:
1985:Successful initiatives
1962:
1764:
1624:
1593:toxic food environment
1564:
1333:
1320:
870:
761:Definition by Waterlow
570:
445:
437:
429:
358:
285:
71:Critical care medicine
11290:Neurological disorder
10837:Electrolyte imbalance
10705:Pyridoxine deficiency
10679:Riboflavin deficiency
10006:"Nutrition Education"
9650:10.1056/NEJMoa1202851
9350:James Vernon (2007).
9184:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
8196:Ann Ashworth (2003).
7864:"Goal 2: Zero hunger"
7821:"Goal 2: Zero Hunger"
7431:10.1093/heapol/czl010
7280:, Appleman P (1976).
7187:on February 12, 2009.
7120:Public Health Nigeria
6735:10.3390/ijerph8020358
6578:on December 11, 2003.
5978:10.3390/ijerph8020590
3876:Malnutrition in India
3871:List of global issues
3805:Deficiency (medicine)
3773:Action Against Hunger
3706:
3621:
3604:
3577:
3457:established, between
3297:
2826:
2771:
2748:core body temperature
2710:
2446:
2302:
2294:
2267:expired in 2015, the
2170:2008 financial crisis
2020:can be controlled by
1956:
1928:mobile phone operator
1905:on the world market.
1755:
1730:, a phenomenon where
1622:
1562:
1331:
1311:
1253:cognitive impairments
1244:Cognitive development
946:altered mental status
929:loss of consciousness
860:
598:swelling of the belly
564:
550:Two forms of PEM are
443:
435:
427:
356:
283:
11431:Soft tissue disorder
11377:Male genital disease
11190:Major Disease groups
10815:Vitamin K deficiency
10809:Vitamin E deficiency
10786:Vitamin D deficiency
10767:Vitamin A deficiency
10666:Korsakoff's syndrome
9301:. November 17, 2009.
9131:L'Empire de la honte
8936:Human Rights Council
7846:"Leadership Council"
5768:on January 27, 2005.
4814:"Child Malnutrition"
4369:(10053): 1459–1544.
4043:Food and development
4008:on December 12, 2018
3886:Malnutrition in Peru
3779:A Place at the Table
3666:developing countries
3496:was asserted in the
3455:science of nutrition
2774:World Food Programme
2574:zinc supplementation
2563:Copenhagen Consensus
2470:low body temperature
2189:Copenhagen Consensus
2183:, the world's first
2174:Scaling up Nutrition
2150:developing countries
2133:food supplementation
1795:nitrogen fertilizers
1673:environmental groups
1585:sedentary lifestyles
1351:socioeconomic status
1324:Social and political
1039:; hypopigmentation;
767:John Conrad Waterlow
512:low-income countries
489:swelling in the legs
311:Vitamin A deficiency
291:developing countries
253:developing countries
161:Improved nutrition;
11459:Congenital disorder
11400:Postpartum disorder
11331:Respiratory disease
11264:Hematologic disease
11037:Diseases of poverty
11029:Diseases of poverty
9475:www.righttofood.org
9404:1981TrIBG...6..279G
9283:. January 24, 2008.
9236:(9859): 2224–2260.
9169:(9859): 2095–2128.
8961:(9859): 2197–2223.
8638:"The Hidden Hunger"
8402:10.4073/csr.2015.11
7994:10.1038/nature10452
7986:2011Natur.478..337F
7925:, Summer 2023, p. 9
7850:www.compact2025.org
7126:on October 18, 2018
6819:on January 12, 2012
6409:on January 12, 2021
6239:on January 12, 2012
4669:, 19(1), pp. 49–61.
4617:on January 12, 2021
3942:Sustainable fishery
3937:Starvation response
3742:. A paper from the
3740:metabolic disorders
3729:essential nutrients
3708:Essential nutrients
3552:Special populations
3540:, organized by the
3228:Number in millions
3195:
3128:Number in millions
3032:Number in millions
2996:
2973:Global Hunger Index
2605:low blood potassium
2595:Giving base (as in
2308:Improving nutrition
2281:private foundations
1890:for household use.
1452:Infectious diseases
1319:prison, around 1865
1265:neural tube defects
1012:(in vitamin C and B
1008:; spongy, bleeding
1006:parotid enlargement
883:safe drinking water
809:Moderate: Grade II
545:calorie restriction
11246:Metabolic disorder
11085:Neglected diseases
11070:Diarrheal diseases
10829:Mineral deficiency
10628:Vitamin deficiency
10480:External resources
10286:BMC Medical Ethics
10203:Clinical Nutrition
10176:Clinical Nutrition
10138:Clinical Nutrition
9502:on October 8, 2018
8623:The New York Times
7750:on October 2, 2018
7500:(10017): 475–490.
7323:10.1007/BF02436122
7101:The New York Times
6696:Medical News Today
6528:(Suppl 1): 82–85.
5875:Feminist Economics
5515:Stanton J (2001).
5460:"hypoalimentation"
4723:Liz Young (2002).
3952:Vitamin deficiency
3856:The Hunger Project
3716:
3676:Educating children
3624:
3616:
3584:
3362:
3193:
2994:
2962:
2821:
2713:
2668:potassium chloride
2514:refeeding syndrome
2449:
2398:Medical management
2305:
2297:
2035:different theories
1963:
1957:A soup kitchen in
1916:World Food Program
1839:, who argues that
1765:
1726:Another threat is
1717:Sub-Saharan Africa
1654:Additionally, the
1625:
1565:
1429:agricultural waste
1398:real-estate bubble
1389:It is argued that
1334:
1321:
1214:bleeding diathesis
994:Angular stomatitis
871:
820:Severe: Grade III
571:
481:signs and symptoms
468:, chronic hunger,
446:
438:
430:
359:
286:
48:Underfed child in
11472:
11471:
11318:Lymphatic disease
11236:Endocrine disease
11205:Parasitic disease
11157:
11156:
10995:
10994:
10944:Failure to thrive
10939:Delayed milestone
10823:
10822:
10801:Harrison's groove
10731:Folate deficiency
10718:Biotin deficiency
10525:
10524:
9942:(9610): 417–440.
9884:on March 28, 2014
9863:"Enduring misery"
9579:(9608): 243–260.
9451:. October 6, 2015
9376:978-0-674-02678-0
9140:978-2-253-12115-2
9105:978-1-888393-24-8
8726:(10): 1246–1255.
8700:978-92-4-159318-2
8245:978-92-4-159318-2
8207:978-92-4-154609-6
7980:(7369): 337–342.
7604:10.1111/mcn.12180
7469:on March 11, 2012
7295:978-0-393-09202-8
6628:978-1-4557-3812-0
6602:978-0-08-045428-3
6535:10.1111/jgh.13704
6458:978-0-443-06839-3
6274:978-0-19-828463-5
6026:978-1-933864-03-7
5796:(5826): 566–569.
5446:978-1-55009-361-2
5285:978-1-4496-6771-9
5259:. April 20, 2020.
5235:. April 20, 2020.
5187:10.1136/bmj.m4593
5062:978-1-4419-6999-6
4736:978-1-134-77494-4
4576:978-1-4648-0348-2
4534:on April 14, 2011
4487:978-1-118-99386-6
4432:978-1-4443-4777-7
4328:978-92-5-132901-6
4230:(9890): 452–477.
4153:on March 10, 2012
4053:978-1-135-99941-4
4040:Young EM (2012).
3998:978-92-806-4466-1
3927:Project Open Hand
3861:Income inequality
3795:Childhood obesity
3423:ancient Egyptians
3378:iodine deficiency
3367:Save the Children
3285:
3284:
3191:
3190:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2746:(dangerously low
2672:trisodium citrate
2611:Treating diarrhea
2528:, and confusion.
2500:Therapeutic foods
2468:Prevent or treat
2459:Prevent or treat
2439:Bangladeshi model
2379:systematic review
2089:Health facilities
2050:for those hit by
2022:natural disasters
2018:population growth
1924:Concern Worldwide
1841:wealthy countries
1504:Dietary practices
1498:bariatric surgery
1406:food price crisis
1368:food distribution
1241:
1240:
1237:
979:periorbital edema
837:
836:
833:
758:
757:
754:
582:liver enlargement
520:is most commonly
417:
416:
367:COVID-19 pandemic
327:iodine deficiency
199:
198:
28:Medical condition
11527:
11515:Eating behaviors
11362:Urologic disease
11184:
11177:
11170:
11161:
11160:
11022:
11015:
11008:
10999:
10998:
10633:
10632:
10583:
10576:
10569:
10560:
10559:
10391:
10390:
10379:
10378:
10361:(7–8): 852–853.
10350:
10344:
10343:
10341:
10339:
10328:
10322:
10321:
10311:
10301:
10277:
10271:
10270:
10260:
10228:
10219:
10218:
10198:
10192:
10191:
10171:
10162:
10161:
10133:
10122:
10121:
10093:
10080:
10079:
10069:
10037:
10028:
10027:
10020:
10014:
10013:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9974:
9968:
9967:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9920:
9909:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9873:
9867:
9866:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9818:
9812:Dewan M (2008).
9809:
9798:
9797:
9761:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9722:
9707:
9704:
9698:
9691:
9685:
9681:
9675:
9674:
9661:
9629:
9623:
9620:
9614:
9611:
9605:
9604:
9568:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9532:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9498:. Archived from
9492:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9467:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9456:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9387:
9381:
9380:
9357:
9347:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9324:
9312:
9303:
9302:
9291:
9285:
9284:
9273:
9264:
9263:
9253:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9196:
9186:
9154:
9145:
9144:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9097:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9070:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9040:
9034:
9033:
9031:
9029:
9018:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9007:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8949:
8943:
8925:
8919:
8912:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8877:
8869:
8863:
8849:
8843:
8837:
8831:
8824:
8818:
8811:
8805:
8792:
8786:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8745:
8735:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8688:
8680:
8671:
8665:
8646:
8645:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8562:
8538:
8527:
8526:
8516:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8465:
8456:
8455:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8414:
8404:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8363:
8331:
8325:
8312:
8291:
8290:
8280:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8233:
8225:
8212:
8211:
8193:
8184:
8183:
8173:
8156:(10): CD014785.
8141:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8088:
8078:
8076:10.1002/cl2.1082
8054:
8048:
8040:
8031:
8030:
8029:. June 18, 2020.
8023:
8014:
8013:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7940:
7932:
7926:
7919:
7913:
7908:United Nations,
7906:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7842:
7836:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7817:
7811:
7797:
7791:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7723:
7713:
7689:
7674:
7673:
7637:
7626:
7625:
7615:
7583:
7568:
7567:
7539:
7530:
7529:
7519:
7509:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7468:
7462:. Archived from
7461:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7433:
7409:
7403:
7400:
7394:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7287:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7234:
7228:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7207:
7198:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7159:
7146:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7122:. Archived from
7111:
7105:
7104:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7006:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6976:
6970:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6950:
6942:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6855:
6838:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6800:
6791:
6784:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6747:
6737:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6671:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6574:. Archived from
6567:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6550:
6537:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6486:
6480:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6408:
6401:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6366:. June 25, 2008.
6356:
6350:
6349:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6258:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6220:
6205:
6204:
6184:
6175:
6172:
6166:
6162:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6100:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6057:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6035:
6029:. Archived from
6018:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5980:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5939:
5929:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5870:
5859:
5858:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5781:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5761:. Archived from
5752:
5734:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5701:(5): 1055–1068.
5690:
5675:
5674:
5649:(2): e436–e437.
5638:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5479:
5468:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5430:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5400:
5376:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5327:
5326:
5322:978-92-4-1505550
5314:
5303:
5290:
5289:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5216:
5208:
5198:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5095:. September 2010
5090:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4969:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4784:
4765:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4741:
4740:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4676:
4670:
4663:
4657:
4646:
4640:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4530:. Archived from
4520:
4514:
4513:
4507:
4499:
4471:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4416:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4319:10.4060/CA9692EN
4305:
4294:
4293:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4218:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4184:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4149:. Archived from
4139:
4124:
4123:
4087:
4078:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4037:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4001:. Archived from
3990:
3980:
3785:Agrobiodiversity
3766:
3761:
3760:
3483:green Revolution
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3196:
3192:
2997:
2993:
2951:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2817:
2812: > 35.0%
2811:
2806: 25.0–34.9%
2805:
2800: 15.0–24.9%
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2729:nasogastric tube
2690:nasogastric tube
2597:Ringer's lactate
2412:body temperature
2345:feeding students
2176:movement (SUN).
2120:non-communicable
2064:Food sovereignty
2058:Food sovereignty
2048:purchasing power
2008:World population
1899:cycle of poverty
1791:Green Revolution
1677:Green Revolution
1485:illnesses, like
1372:purchasing power
1362:. The economist
1235:
951:
950:
831:
787:Normal: Grade 0
773:
772:
752:
709:
708:
704:born prematurely
632:subcutaneous fat
586:hypoalbuminaemia
410:
409:
398:
397:
349:Increase in 2020
43:
31:
30:
11535:
11534:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11526:
11525:
11524:
11510:Neuropsychology
11475:
11474:
11473:
11468:
11450:
11417:
11404:
11381:
11353:
11335:
11322:
11304:
11281:
11277:Mental disorder
11268:
11255:
11251:Immune disorder
11227:
11209:
11191:
11188:
11158:
11153:
11132:
11118:River blindness
11108:Schistosomiasis
11079:
11031:
11026:
10996:
10991:
10960:
10925:
10819:
10754:
10747:
10740:
10727:
10714:
10701:
10688:
10675:
10647:
10622:
10599:
10592:
10587:
10526:
10521:
10520:
10475:
10474:
10402:
10388:
10383:
10382:
10351:
10347:
10337:
10335:
10330:
10329:
10325:
10278:
10274:
10243:(2): CD003288.
10229:
10222:
10199:
10195:
10172:
10165:
10134:
10125:
10094:
10083:
10038:
10031:
10022:
10021:
10017:
10004:
10003:
9999:
9989:
9987:
9975:
9971:
9932:
9928:
9918:
9916:
9911:
9910:
9897:
9887:
9885:
9874:
9870:
9859:
9855:
9845:
9843:
9816:
9810:
9801:
9762:
9745:
9735:
9733:
9723:
9710:
9705:
9701:
9692:
9688:
9682:
9678:
9630:
9626:
9621:
9617:
9612:
9608:
9569:
9565:
9555:
9553:
9545:
9544:
9540:
9530:
9528:
9520:
9519:
9515:
9505:
9503:
9494:
9493:
9489:
9479:
9477:
9469:
9468:
9464:
9454:
9452:
9443:
9442:
9438:
9388:
9384:
9377:
9348:
9341:
9331:
9329:
9322:
9313:
9306:
9293:
9292:
9288:
9275:
9274:
9267:
9222:
9218:
9155:
9148:
9141:
9124:
9120:
9112:
9106:
9095:
9089:
9088:
9084:
9074:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9049:
9047:
9042:
9041:
9037:
9027:
9025:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9005:
9003:
8995:
8994:
8990:
8950:
8946:
8926:
8922:
8913:
8909:
8899:
8897:
8892:
8891:
8887:
8875:
8871:
8870:
8866:
8859:Wayback Machine
8850:
8846:
8838:
8834:
8825:
8821:
8812:
8808:
8793:
8789:
8781:
8777:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8712:
8708:
8701:
8686:
8682:
8681:
8674:
8666:
8649:
8634:
8630:
8615:
8611:
8580:
8576:
8539:
8530:
8499:(5): CD009000.
8485:
8481:
8466:
8459:
8438:(6): CD009584.
8432:
8428:
8395:(3): CD009924.
8381:
8377:
8346:(6): CD005039.
8332:
8328:
8322:Wayback Machine
8313:
8294:
8257:
8253:
8246:
8231:
8227:
8226:
8215:
8208:
8194:
8187:
8142:
8135:
8125:
8123:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8055:
8051:
8041:
8034:
8025:
8024:
8017:
7962:
7958:
7948:
7946:
7938:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7920:
7916:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7872:
7870:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7832:
7828:
7819:
7818:
7814:
7808:Wayback Machine
7798:
7794:
7785:
7781:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7753:
7751:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7690:
7677:
7638:
7629:
7584:
7571:
7540:
7533:
7486:
7482:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7459:
7451:
7447:
7410:
7406:
7401:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7378:
7376:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7353:
7351:
7343:
7342:
7338:
7307:
7303:
7296:
7275:
7271:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7243:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7222:
7209:
7208:
7201:
7196:
7192:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7169:. June 4, 2008.
7161:
7160:
7149:
7143:
7139:
7129:
7127:
7112:
7108:
7093:
7089:
7078:
7074:
7059:
7055:
7040:
7036:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7007:
7003:
6996:
6992:
6977:
6973:
6968:
6964:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6934:
6924:
6922:
6912:
6908:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6875:
6871:
6856:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6822:
6820:
6801:
6794:
6786:UNICEF (2013).
6785:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6698:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6587:
6583:
6568:
6561:
6551:
6514:
6510:
6487:
6483:
6470:
6466:
6459:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6375:
6371:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6317:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6261:Sen AK (1981).
6259:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6221:
6208:
6185:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6077:
6073:
6058:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6036:on May 10, 2013
6033:
6027:
6016:
6008:
6004:
5957:
5953:
5906:
5902:
5871:
5862:
5831:
5827:
5782:
5773:
5765:
5732:
5726:
5722:
5691:
5678:
5639:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5535:
5513:
5509:
5480:
5471:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5431:
5424:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5330:
5323:
5312:
5304:
5293:
5286:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5210:
5209:
5167:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4996:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4922:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4794:. July 12, 2023
4786:
4785:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4744:
4737:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4667:Obesity Reviews
4664:
4660:
4647:
4643:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4577:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4472:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4417:
4400:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4329:
4307:
4306:
4297:
4266:
4259:
4219:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4141:
4140:
4127:
4088:
4081:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4038:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3932:Social programs
3815:Economic issues
3810:Eating disorder
3762:
3755:
3752:
3701:
3678:
3661:
3653:
3599:
3593:
3572:
3566:
3554:
3504:adopted by the
3448:Napoleonic Wars
3415:
3409:
3389:child mortality
3360:
3359:
3358: 366–1,207
3355:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3257:Percentage (%)
3160:Percentage (%)
3064:Percentage (%)
2981:
2979:People affected
2960:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2794: 5.0–14.9%
2791:
2789:
2788: < 5.0%
2785:
2783:
2782: < 2.5%
2779:
2777:
2766:
2760:
2741:
2718:
2716:Low blood sugar
2645:
2626:vegetable broth
2618:
2613:
2558:
2548:in Vietnam and
2502:
2441:
2408:low blood sugar
2400:
2360:
2314:development aid
2310:
2289:
2196:philanthropists
2185:legally binding
2166:
2142:
2129:child mortality
2108:
2091:
2066:
2060:
2027:Family planning
2010:
1987:
1978:social security
1920:Josette Sheeran
1911:
1888:diversify crops
1872:locally sourced
1807:food production
1787:
1781:
1763:to agriculture.
1750:
1744:
1708:extreme weather
1689:
1617:
1589:Yale University
1577:life expectancy
1557:
1549:zinc deficiency
1545:iron deficiency
1526:neonatal deaths
1511:
1506:
1491:coeliac disease
1487:Crohn's disease
1456:gastroenteritis
1449:
1377:There are also
1326:
1306:
1300:
1294:in the neck)."
1246:
1190:
1161:; small vessel
1119:, or vitamin C
1015:
973:Dry eyes; pale
941:
855:
845:
763:
684:
679:
656:body mass index
652:
634:; and abnormal
537:
500:
422:
407:
401:External videos
396:
388:climate changes
371:food insecurity
351:
323:
299:
278:
218:other nutrients
163:supplementation
124:gastroenteritis
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11533:
11523:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11470:
11469:
11467:
11466:
11461:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11449:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11422:
11419:
11418:
11416:
11415:
11409:
11406:
11405:
11403:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11386:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11379:
11374:
11372:Breast disease
11369:
11364:
11358:
11355:
11354:
11352:
11351:
11346:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11333:
11327:
11324:
11323:
11321:
11320:
11315:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11279:
11273:
11270:
11269:
11267:
11266:
11260:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11225:
11220:
11214:
11211:
11210:
11208:
11207:
11202:
11196:
11193:
11192:
11187:
11186:
11179:
11172:
11164:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11151:
11146:
11140:
11138:
11134:
11133:
11131:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11113:Dracunculiasis
11110:
11105:
11100:
11098:Chagas disease
11095:
11089:
11087:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11041:
11039:
11033:
11032:
11025:
11024:
11017:
11010:
11002:
10993:
10992:
10990:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10968:
10966:
10962:
10961:
10959:
10958:
10957:
10956:
10946:
10941:
10935:
10933:
10927:
10926:
10924:
10923:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10914:Keshan disease
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10870:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10833:
10831:
10825:
10824:
10821:
10820:
10818:
10817:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10782:
10776:
10775:
10774:
10762:
10760:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10745:
10738:
10735:
10734:
10733:
10725:
10722:
10721:
10720:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10707:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10694:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10645:
10641:
10639:
10630:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10604:
10602:
10598:Protein-energy
10594:
10593:
10586:
10585:
10578:
10571:
10563:
10557:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10523:
10522:
10519:
10518:
10507:
10496:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10477:
10476:
10473:
10472:
10461:
10450:
10438:
10423:
10403:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10394:Classification
10387:
10386:External links
10384:
10381:
10380:
10345:
10323:
10272:
10220:
10193:
10163:
10144:(6): 745–748.
10123:
10081:
10052:(4): 575–582.
10029:
10015:
9997:
9969:
9926:
9895:
9868:
9853:
9799:
9772:(5): 520–537.
9743:
9708:
9699:
9686:
9676:
9644:(5): 425–435.
9624:
9615:
9606:
9563:
9538:
9513:
9487:
9462:
9436:
9412:10.2307/622288
9398:(3): 279–292.
9382:
9375:
9339:
9304:
9286:
9265:
9216:
9146:
9139:
9118:
9104:
9082:
9057:
9035:
9013:
8988:
8944:
8920:
8907:
8885:
8864:
8844:
8832:
8819:
8806:
8787:
8775:
8757:
8706:
8699:
8672:
8647:
8642:New York Times
8628:
8609:
8590:(2): 156–167.
8574:
8528:
8479:
8457:
8426:
8375:
8326:
8292:
8251:
8244:
8213:
8206:
8185:
8133:
8117:"Child growth"
8108:
8049:
8032:
8015:
7956:
7927:
7914:
7901:
7880:
7855:
7837:
7826:
7812:
7792:
7779:
7761:
7735:
7675:
7627:
7598:(4): 433–451.
7569:
7550:(3): 444–449.
7531:
7480:
7445:
7424:(4): 257–264.
7404:
7395:
7386:
7361:
7336:
7301:
7294:
7269:
7266:. May 6, 2008.
7251:
7229:
7220:
7199:
7190:
7172:
7147:
7137:
7106:
7087:
7072:
7067:New York Times
7053:
7034:
7020:
7001:
6990:
6971:
6962:
6932:
6906:
6888:
6869:
6864:New York Times
6839:
6830:
6792:
6776:
6759:
6728:(2): 358–373.
6708:
6683:
6654:(6): 529–532.
6634:
6627:
6608:
6601:
6581:
6559:
6508:
6481:
6464:
6457:
6439:
6430:
6420:
6388:
6369:
6351:
6346:Spiegel Online
6333:
6324:
6315:
6296:(2): 189–237.
6280:
6273:
6250:
6206:
6195:(8): 804–813.
6176:
6167:
6148:
6138:
6112:
6091:(3): 267–272.
6071:
6066:New York Times
6047:
6025:
6002:
5971:(2): 590–612.
5951:
5900:
5860:
5841:(9757): 1982.
5825:
5771:
5743:(5): 773–777.
5720:
5676:
5630:
5605:
5596:
5587:
5578:
5556:
5533:
5507:
5469:
5452:
5445:
5422:
5371:
5361:
5352:
5342:
5328:
5321:
5291:
5284:
5262:
5248:
5238:
5224:
5158:
5132:
5106:
5077:
5068:
5061:
5041:
5032:
5006:
4981:
4952:(2): 103–111.
4932:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4864:
4854:
4844:
4834:
4825:
4805:
4766:
4757:
4742:
4735:
4715:
4706:
4693:
4671:
4658:
4641:
4628:
4596:
4575:
4545:
4515:
4486:
4463:
4447:"Malnutrition"
4438:
4431:
4398:
4349:
4327:
4295:
4276:(6): 699–706.
4257:
4200:
4164:
4125:
4079:
4070:"malnutrition"
4059:
4052:
4019:
3997:
3985:Facts for life
3963:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:Hunger marches
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3751:
3748:
3700:
3697:
3689:MyPlate eBooks
3677:
3674:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3612:Dorothea Lange
3607:Migrant Mother
3595:Main article:
3592:
3589:
3568:Main article:
3565:
3562:
3558:disease burden
3553:
3550:
3531:social justice
3408:
3405:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2980:
2977:
2966:undernutrition
2957:
2956:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2831:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2762:Main article:
2759:
2756:
2740:
2737:
2717:
2714:
2644:
2641:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2557:
2554:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2440:
2437:
2399:
2396:
2359:
2356:
2309:
2306:
2288:
2285:
2193:private sector
2165:
2162:
2146:cost-effective
2141:
2138:
2107:
2104:
2090:
2087:
2062:Main article:
2059:
2056:
2014:Thomas Malthus
2009:
2006:
1986:
1983:
1948:inflated price
1910:
1907:
1783:Main article:
1780:
1777:
1743:
1740:
1696:Global warming
1688:
1687:Future threats
1685:
1681:Norman Borlaug
1616:
1613:
1556:
1553:
1540:environments.
1510:
1509:Undernutrition
1507:
1505:
1502:
1448:
1445:
1427:proposes that
1379:sociopolitical
1355:Food shortages
1325:
1322:
1299:
1296:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1159:cardiac output
1148:
1146:Cardiovascular
1142:
1141:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1096:Muscle wasting
1093:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1037:hair follicles
1033:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:deficiencies)
1013:
991:
987:
986:
971:
967:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
940:
937:
849:Stunted growth
844:
841:
835:
834:
828:
827:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
799:
798:Mild: Grade I
795:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
776:Degree of PEM
765:In the 1970s,
762:
759:
756:
755:
749:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
733:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
712:Degree of PEM
683:
680:
678:
675:
651:
648:
594:depigmentation
536:
533:
499:
496:
472:(SAM), and/or
454:mortality rate
421:
420:Undernutrition
418:
415:
414:
403:
402:
395:
392:
350:
347:
322:
319:
298:
295:
277:
274:
237:stunted growth
229:undernutrition
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
171:
170:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
116:
110:
109:
95:
91:
90:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
60:treatment tent
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11532:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11500:Limbic system
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11490:Global issues
11488:
11486:
11483:
11482:
11480:
11465:
11464:Fetal disease
11462:
11460:
11457:
11456:
11453:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11423:
11420:
11414:
11411:
11410:
11407:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11387:
11384:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11359:
11356:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11341:
11338:
11332:
11329:
11328:
11325:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11310:
11307:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11287:
11284:
11278:
11275:
11274:
11271:
11265:
11262:
11261:
11258:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11233:
11230:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11215:
11212:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11197:
11194:
11185:
11180:
11178:
11173:
11171:
11166:
11165:
11162:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11141:
11139:
11137:Miscellaneous
11135:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11123:Leishmaniasis
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11090:
11088:
11086:
11082:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11042:
11040:
11038:
11034:
11030:
11023:
11018:
11016:
11011:
11009:
11004:
11003:
11000:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10967:
10963:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10950:
10949:Short stature
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10932:
10928:
10922:
10919:
10915:
10912:
10911:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10839:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10830:
10826:
10816:
10812:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10787:
10783:
10781:
10777:
10773:
10772:Bitot's spots
10770:
10769:
10768:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10757:
10749:
10742:
10741:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10723:
10719:
10716:
10715:
10710:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10697:
10693:
10690:
10689:
10684:
10680:
10677:
10676:
10671:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10648:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10625:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10605:
10603:
10601:
10595:
10591:
10584:
10579:
10577:
10572:
10570:
10565:
10564:
10561:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10517:
10513:
10512:
10508:
10506:
10502:
10501:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10490:
10486:
10485:
10482:
10478:
10471:
10467:
10466:
10462:
10460:
10456:
10455:
10451:
10448:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10437:
10433:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10404:
10401:
10396:
10392:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10349:
10333:
10327:
10319:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10276:
10268:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10227:
10225:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10197:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10170:
10168:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10132:
10130:
10128:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10092:
10090:
10088:
10086:
10077:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10036:
10034:
10025:
10019:
10011:
10007:
10001:
9986:
9985:
9980:
9973:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9930:
9914:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9902:
9900:
9883:
9879:
9872:
9864:
9857:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9806:
9804:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9754:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9732:
9728:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9713:
9703:
9696:
9690:
9680:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9628:
9619:
9610:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9567:
9552:
9548:
9542:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9501:
9497:
9491:
9476:
9472:
9466:
9450:
9446:
9440:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9386:
9378:
9372:
9368:
9367:
9361:
9356:
9355:
9346:
9344:
9328:
9321:
9317:
9311:
9309:
9300:
9296:
9290:
9282:
9281:The Economist
9278:
9272:
9270:
9261:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9220:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9153:
9151:
9142:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9122:
9111:
9107:
9101:
9094:
9093:
9086:
9067:
9061:
9045:
9039:
9023:
9017:
9002:
8998:
8992:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8948:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8924:
8917:
8911:
8895:
8889:
8881:
8874:
8868:
8860:
8856:
8853:
8848:
8841:
8836:
8828:
8823:
8815:
8810:
8802:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8784:
8779:
8771:
8767:
8761:
8753:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8710:
8702:
8696:
8692:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8669:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8643:
8639:
8632:
8624:
8620:
8613:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8578:
8570:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8524:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8483:
8475:
8471:
8464:
8462:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8430:
8422:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8379:
8371:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8288:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8255:
8247:
8241:
8237:
8230:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8209:
8203:
8199:
8192:
8190:
8181:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8138:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8037:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7944:
7937:
7931:
7924:
7923:Child Matters
7918:
7911:
7905:
7890:
7884:
7869:
7865:
7859:
7851:
7847:
7841:
7835:
7830:
7822:
7816:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7796:
7789:
7783:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7648:(2): 95–100.
7647:
7643:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7623:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7538:
7536:
7527:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7484:
7465:
7458:
7449:
7441:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7408:
7399:
7390:
7379:September 21,
7375:
7371:
7365:
7354:September 21,
7350:
7346:
7340:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7297:
7291:
7286:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7239:
7233:
7224:
7216:
7212:
7206:
7204:
7194:
7186:
7182:
7176:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7141:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7110:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7083:
7076:
7068:
7064:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7030:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7005:
6999:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6975:
6966:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6921:
6917:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6834:
6823:September 25,
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6797:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6769:
6763:
6755:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6712:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6679:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6638:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6612:
6604:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6585:
6577:
6573:
6566:
6564:
6555:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6468:
6460:
6454:
6450:
6443:
6434:
6424:
6405:
6398:
6392:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6257:
6255:
6243:September 25,
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6181:
6171:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6142:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6015:
6014:
6006:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5914:PLOS Medicine
5911:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5582:
5566:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5534:9789004333390
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5448:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5429:
5427:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5365:
5356:
5346:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5324:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5267:
5258:
5252:
5242:
5234:
5228:
5220:
5214:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5163:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5094:
5087:
5081:
5072:
5064:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5045:
5036:
5021:
5017:
5010:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4858:
4848:
4838:
4829:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4719:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4638:
4632:
4613:
4606:
4600:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4511:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4470:
4468:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4188:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:(Zero Hunger)
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Famine scales
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3754:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:Right to food
3491:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3435:citrus fruits
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3352: 221–365
3296:
3290:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2900:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2818: No data
2775:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2656:carbohydrates
2652:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2590:coconut water
2587:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2414:, addressing
2413:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2392:immunizations
2389:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2243:right to food
2240:
2239:African Union
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:infant deaths
2106:Breastfeeding
2103:
2101:
2097:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
2002:organic waste
1999:
1994:
1991:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:soup kitchens
1967:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:Jeffrey Sachs
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1785:Food security
1779:Food security
1776:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:Famine relief
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:market prices
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:crop rotation
1630:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1609:heart disease
1604:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:, and lowers
1574:
1570:
1561:
1555:Overnutrition
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:mother's womb
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1489:or untreated
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:banana leaves
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:right to food
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1292:thyroid gland
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Hematological
1199:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:wound healing
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:Bitot's spots
980:
976:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
960:
956:
953:
952:
949:
947:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:immune system
868:
864:
859:
854:
850:
840:
829:
825:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
775:
774:
771:
768:
750:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
707:
705:
701:
695:
693:
689:
674:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:Overnutrition
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:serum albumin
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
568:
563:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
532:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
495:
493:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:micronutrient
442:
434:
426:
413:
404:
399:
391:
389:
384:
381:
376:
372:
368:
363:
355:
346:
343:
340:
339:breastfeeding
336:
331:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
305:
294:
292:
282:
273:
270:
266:
262:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:overnutrition
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:breastfeeding
117:
115:
111:
108:
107:malabsorption
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
11485:Malnutrition
11446:Chondropathy
11441:Bone disease
11413:Skin disease
11241:Malnutrition
11240:
11218:Benign tumor
11144:Malnutrition
11143:
11055:Tuberculosis
10796:Osteomalacia
10600:malnutrition
10590:Malnutrition
10589:
10530:Malnutrition
10516:Malnutrition
10509:
10498:
10487:
10463:
10452:
10440:
10425:
10406:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10336:. Retrieved
10326:
10289:
10285:
10275:
10240:
10236:
10206:
10202:
10196:
10179:
10175:
10141:
10137:
10101:
10097:
10049:
10045:
10018:
10009:
10000:
9988:. Retrieved
9984:The Guardian
9982:
9972:
9939:
9935:
9929:
9917:. Retrieved
9886:. Retrieved
9882:the original
9871:
9856:
9844:. Retrieved
9824:
9820:
9769:
9765:
9734:. Retrieved
9730:
9702:
9689:
9679:
9671:
9641:
9637:
9627:
9618:
9609:
9576:
9572:
9566:
9554:. Retrieved
9550:
9541:
9529:. Retrieved
9526:www.hrcr.org
9525:
9516:
9506:February 24,
9504:. Retrieved
9500:the original
9490:
9480:February 24,
9478:. Retrieved
9474:
9465:
9455:February 24,
9453:. Retrieved
9448:
9439:
9431:
9395:
9392:Transactions
9391:
9385:
9365:
9353:
9330:. Retrieved
9316:Joshua Ruxin
9298:
9289:
9280:
9233:
9229:
9219:
9166:
9162:
9130:
9121:
9091:
9085:
9073:. Retrieved
9060:
9048:. Retrieved
9038:
9026:. Retrieved
9016:
9006:September 4,
9004:. Retrieved
9000:
8991:
8958:
8954:
8947:
8928:Jean Ziegler
8923:
8910:
8898:. Retrieved
8888:
8879:
8867:
8847:
8835:
8822:
8809:
8799:
8798:
8790:
8778:
8770:the original
8760:
8733:10665/268000
8723:
8719:
8709:
8690:
8641:
8631:
8622:
8612:
8587:
8583:
8577:
8553:(1): 56–59.
8550:
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8492:
8482:
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8435:
8429:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8343:
8339:
8329:
8271:(1): 43–53.
8268:
8264:
8254:
8235:
8197:
8153:
8149:
8124:. Retrieved
8120:
8111:
8069:(2): e1082.
8066:
8062:
8052:
7977:
7973:
7959:
7947:. Retrieved
7945:. April 2012
7942:
7930:
7922:
7917:
7904:
7894:February 14,
7892:. Retrieved
7883:
7871:. Retrieved
7867:
7858:
7849:
7840:
7829:
7815:
7795:
7782:
7773:
7764:
7752:. Retrieved
7748:the original
7738:
7701:
7697:
7645:
7641:
7595:
7591:
7547:
7543:
7517:10072/413175
7497:
7493:
7483:
7471:. Retrieved
7464:the original
7448:
7421:
7417:
7407:
7398:
7389:
7377:. Retrieved
7373:
7364:
7352:. Retrieved
7348:
7339:
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7310:
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7283:
7272:
7263:
7254:
7244:November 30,
7242:. Retrieved
7232:
7223:
7214:
7193:
7185:the original
7175:
7166:
7140:
7128:. Retrieved
7124:the original
7119:
7109:
7100:
7090:
7075:
7066:
7056:
7047:
7037:
7023:
7014:
7004:
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6974:
6965:
6953:. Retrieved
6923:. Retrieved
6919:
6909:
6901:The Atlantic
6900:
6891:
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6872:
6863:
6833:
6821:. Retrieved
6817:the original
6812:
6808:
6762:
6725:
6721:
6711:
6701:February 20,
6699:. Retrieved
6695:
6686:
6651:
6647:
6637:
6617:
6611:
6591:
6584:
6576:the original
6547:
6525:
6521:
6511:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6473:Malnutrition
6471:
6467:
6448:
6442:
6433:
6423:
6411:. Retrieved
6404:the original
6391:
6382:
6372:
6363:
6354:
6345:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6263:
6241:. Retrieved
6237:the original
6232:
6228:
6192:
6188:
6170:
6141:
6129:. Retrieved
6124:
6115:
6088:
6084:
6074:
6065:
6038:. Retrieved
6031:the original
6012:
6005:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5881:(4): 67–86.
5878:
5874:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5793:
5789:
5763:the original
5740:
5736:
5723:
5698:
5694:
5646:
5642:
5621:. Retrieved
5617:
5608:
5599:
5590:
5581:
5569:. Retrieved
5559:
5516:
5510:
5491:
5487:
5463:
5455:
5435:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5364:
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5308:
5274:
5251:
5241:
5227:
5213:cite journal
5178:
5174:
5149:. Retrieved
5145:
5135:
5123:. Retrieved
5119:
5109:
5097:. Retrieved
5092:
5080:
5071:
5051:
5044:
5035:
5023:. Retrieved
5019:
5009:
4999:November 19,
4997:. Retrieved
4993:
4984:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4923:. Retrieved
4919:
4910:
4901:
4892:
4880:. Retrieved
4876:
4867:
4857:
4847:
4837:
4828:
4817:
4808:
4796:. Retrieved
4791:
4760:
4725:
4718:
4709:
4684:. Retrieved
4674:
4666:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4639:, 28, p. 49.
4636:
4631:
4619:. Retrieved
4612:the original
4599:
4588:, retrieved
4558:
4548:
4538:February 10,
4536:. Retrieved
4532:the original
4527:
4518:
4476:
4454:. Retrieved
4450:
4441:
4421:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4340:. Retrieved
4309:
4273:
4269:
4227:
4223:
4191:. Retrieved
4186:
4155:. Retrieved
4151:the original
4146:
4095:
4091:
4073:
4042:
4010:. Retrieved
4003:the original
3984:
3922:Poverty trap
3896:NutritionDay
3836:Homelessness
3777:
3743:
3733:
3725:elderly care
3721:
3717:
3712:elderly care
3693:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3662:
3654:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3622:Starved girl
3605:
3585:
3555:
3535:
3524:
3515:
3487:
3471:
3467:Casimir Funk
3463:World War II
3452:
3419:
3416:
3386:
3371:
3363:
3346: 92–220
2986:
2982:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2758:Epidemiology
2752:
2742:
2721:Hypoglycemia
2719:
2687:
2680:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2623:
2619:
2594:
2579:
2567:
2559:
2550:iodized salt
2530:
2526:dysrhythmias
2522:parenterally
2511:
2507:
2503:
2450:
2434:
2431:
2420:
2401:
2384:
2376:
2361:
2349:
2342:
2327:
2323:supplemental
2311:
2262:
2254:viral videos
2250:EndingHunger
2247:
2232:
2218:, Ethiopia,
2205:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2158:social norms
2143:
2109:
2092:
2067:
2032:
2016:argues that
2011:
1995:
1988:
1974:basic income
1964:
1946:food at the
1936:
1912:
1892:
1884:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1818:
1811:
1788:
1766:
1725:
1694:
1690:
1653:
1626:
1605:
1597:
1573:productivity
1566:
1542:
1538:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1495:
1476:
1450:
1441:
1425:Jean Ziegler
1410:
1388:
1376:
1339:
1335:
1269:
1247:
1163:vasculopathy
1131:hepatomegaly
942:
917:hypoglycemia
914:
890:tuberculosis
887:
872:
863:sharecropper
838:
764:
696:
685:
672:
653:
619:
618:
573:
572:
549:
538:
528:
526:
516:
501:
478:
462:
447:
385:
364:
360:
332:
324:
309:
300:
287:
267:risks." The
257:
226:
202:Malnutrition
201:
200:
140:homelessness
114:Risk factors
84:swollen legs
34:Malnutrition
25:
11300:Ear disease
11295:Eye disease
10987:Underweight
10977:Weight loss
10618:Catabolysis
10608:Kwashiorkor
10489:MedlinePlus
10209:: 110–112.
10182:: 110–112.
9990:October 15,
9876:Carter RB.
9865:. dandc.eu.
9827:(1): 7–10.
9736:November 8,
9731:UNICEF DATA
9684:pp.193–198.
9551:www.fao.org
9362:. pp.
9332:January 12,
8126:October 17,
8121:www.who.int
7921:UNICEF UK,
7799:FAO. 2015.
7754:January 12,
7130:October 17,
7084:. dandc.eu.
6955:January 27,
6925:November 8,
6920:UNICEF DATA
6809:World Watch
6497:: 521–538.
6229:World Watch
6165:pp.417–440.
6125:Y Khoa Blog
5920:(5): e115.
5623:November 8,
5618:UNICEF DATA
5571:January 27,
5151:October 31,
5146:UNICEF DATA
5125:October 31,
5120:UNICEF DATA
5025:November 8,
5020:UNICEF DATA
4994:www.who.int
4925:October 31,
4920:UNICEF DATA
4882:November 7,
4877:UNICEF DATA
4842:p.e0248637.
4822:. May 2023.
4798:October 25,
4792:UNICEF Data
4686:January 17,
4451:www.who.int
4342:January 11,
3764:Food portal
3510:human right
3475:Kwashiorkor
3459:World War I
3444:lemon juice
3393:Underweight
3340: 57–91
3334: 35–56
3328: 24–34
3322: 14–23
2744:Hypothermia
2739:Hypothermia
2725:intravenous
2694:Intravenous
2599:) to treat
2461:dehydration
2423:antibiotics
2416:dehydration
2338:Afghanistan
2330:counselling
2258:celebrities
2116:breast milk
2083:free market
2079:Neoliberals
2075:think tanks
1829:farmworkers
1660:free market
1637:fertilizers
1629:arable land
1483:small bowel
1481:or chronic
1411:The use of
1394:speculators
1364:Amartya Sen
1343:food prices
1317:Confederate
1276:I.Q. points
1223:Lethargic;
1155:hypotension
1151:Bradycardia
1137:; possible
1135:fatty liver
1129:Distended;
1109:Deformities
1091:Musculature
1083:Koilonychia
975:conjunctiva
933:Dehydration
921:blood sugar
894:replication
861:Child of a
688:Mexico City
608:of coastal
606:Ga language
602:extremities
580:, wasting,
574:Kwashiorkor
567:kwashiorkor
552:kwashiorkor
492:and abdomen
458:physiologic
297:In children
245:underweight
153:; education
138:; poverty;
21:Underfeeder
11505:Motivation
11479:Categories
10954:Idiopathic
10904:Molybdenum
10748:deficiency
10637:B vitamins
10511:Patient UK
10338:October 1,
9919:August 22,
9449:www.un.org
8900:August 22,
7966:Brauman KA
7349:www.un.org
7288:. Norton.
7278:Malthus TR
6524:(Review).
6131:October 4,
5835:The Lancet
5643:Pediatrics
5391:(1): 185.
5369:1817–1846.
4654:The Lancet
4496:1004376424
4272:(Review).
4187:www.gov.uk
4098:(1): 3–8.
4094:(Review).
3959:References
3736:sarcopenia
3651:Physiology
3440:Royal Navy
3411:See also:
3316: 9–13
2663:osmolarity
2630:rice water
2628:or salted
2546:fish sauce
2352:sanitation
2263:After the
2256:depicting
2212:Bangladesh
2203:and AIDS.
2033:There are
1966:Food banks
1903:foodstuffs
1895:World Bank
1799:pesticides
1757:Irrigation
1746:See also:
1742:Prevention
1700:subtropics
1664:subsidized
1656:World Bank
1645:irrigation
1641:pesticides
1601:automation
1569:overeating
1431:, such as
1417:rapporteur
1347:Bangladesh
1313:Union Army
1302:See also:
1251:can cause
1194:B vitamins
1192:and other
1170:Neurologic
1157:; reduced
1058:Dry skin;
847:See also:
630:; minimal
624:metabolism
466:starvation
380:prevalence
276:Prevalence
261:The Lancet
251:. In some
224:and form.
210:deficiency
175:Medication
151:sanitation
146:Prevention
11200:Infection
11065:Pneumonia
10884:Manganese
10862:Potassium
10857:Phosphate
10852:Magnesium
10744:Vitamin B
10500:eMedicine
10465:SNOMED CT
10355:Nutrition
9556:March 17,
9531:March 17,
9127:Ziegler J
8983:205967479
8584:Nutrition
8103:242985650
7873:April 13,
7704:(1): 12.
7473:March 15,
7331:154975902
7317:: 81–97.
7145:Institute
6478:eMedicine
6413:March 19,
6310:144596985
6146:p.e03849.
5895:154082747
5494:: 58–60.
5181:: m4593.
4621:March 19,
4504:cite book
4337:239729231
4012:March 19,
3906:Muselmann
3825:Fome Zero
3431:Crusaders
3397:vitamin A
3310: 5–8
3304: 0–4
3289:Mortality
2943:2000–2200
2934:1800–2000
2925:1600–1800
2916:1400–1600
2907:1200–1400
2896:1000–1200
2586:magnesium
2582:potassium
2542:flatbread
2533:fortified
2518:enterally
2287:Treatment
2044:rationing
1939:Fred Cuny
1932:Safaricom
1909:Economics
1850:Imported
1805:and thus
1679:pioneers
1649:machinery
1460:pneumonia
1433:corn cobs
1391:commodity
1284:cretinism
1257:gestation
1225:apathetic
1210:petechiae
1187:vitamin B
1117:vitamin D
1062:; patchy
1045:eyelashes
1041:flag sign
1002:glossitis
998:cheilitis
898:the virus
812:80–87.5%
801:87.5–95%
700:arbitrary
590:steatosis
508:Vitamin A
375:lockdowns
321:In adults
315:blindness
206:nutrients
184:Frequency
158:Treatment
128:pneumonia
103:nutrients
97:Eating a
66:Specialty
11128:Trachoma
10982:Cachexia
10972:Anorexia
10921:Fluorine
10909:Selenium
10899:Chromium
10847:Chloride
10692:Pellagra
10651:Beriberi
10613:Marasmus
10505:ped/1360
10375:20097534
10318:20553607
10267:19370584
10158:20627486
10076:21076942
9964:18345055
9956:18206226
9888:March 3,
9846:March 3,
9841:39557892
9794:25229403
9786:12959894
9668:23363496
9593:18207566
9428:12265450
9364:81–140,
9318:(1996).
9260:23245609
9203:23245604
9194:10790329
9129:(2007).
9110:archived
9075:April 6,
9050:April 6,
9028:April 6,
8975:23245608
8855:Archived
8752:11100619
8604:20122539
8569:22569981
8523:31090070
8474:BBC News
8452:23794237
8421:25739460
8370:22696347
8318:Archived
8287:26720894
8180:37823471
8171:10568659
8095:37131422
8002:21993620
7804:Archived
7730:23020813
7670:13510698
7662:12000411
7622:25857205
7564:25721389
7526:26869575
7440:16672293
7215:Newsweek
7015:BBC News
6883:BBC News
6790:. UNICEF
6754:21556191
6678:22419779
6544:28244672
6383:BBC News
6364:BBC News
6201:19710981
6107:21748117
6040:March 3,
5997:21556206
5946:17472433
5855:54424049
5715:19931063
5663:21768321
5551:34931635
5543:11603151
5417:34736513
5350:335–340.
5205:33262147
4976:30595864
4585:27227221
4393:27733281
4290:12394647
4252:11748341
4244:23746776
4120:33775071
4112:23179329
3750:See also
3564:Children
3479:Marasmus
3372:In 2010
2952:>2200
2887:800–1000
2733:diazepam
2661:Reduced-
2601:acidosis
2570:diarrhea
2477:Correct
2421:Routine
2124:allergic
1990:Ethiopia
1959:Montreal
1880:soybeans
1825:food aid
1803:harvests
1479:diarrhea
1472:HIV/AIDS
1413:biofuels
1288:dwarfism
1220:Behavior
1104:Skeletal
1068:erosions
1049:alopecia
925:seizures
826:<70%
823:<80%
793:>90%
790:>95%
747:<60%
723:90–100%
664:diabetes
644:anorexia
620:Marasmus
556:marasmus
342:children
118:Lack of
78:Symptoms
56:, at an
54:Ethiopia
50:Dolo Ado
11093:Cholera
11060:Measles
11050:Malaria
10965:General
10842:Calcium
10791:Rickets
10470:2492009
10459:D044342
10449:: 263.9
10436:E40-E46
10309:2927875
10258:7144819
10118:9336570
10067:3075394
9659:3654668
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9251:4156511
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8882:. 2002.
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8830:water."
8817:water".
8743:2560623
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8412:6885042
8361:8078353
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8010:4346486
7982:Bibcode
7949:July 5,
7943:WFP.org
7721:3512504
7613:6860250
6745:3084466
6669:3371222
6098:3074887
5988:3084481
5937:1858706
5820:4627051
5811:1785878
5759:6975186
5750:2395976
5671:1708728
5614:"Diets"
5408:8567696
5196:7705612
5099:July 1,
4967:6284174
4852:pp.1–9.
4384:5388903
4193:July 5,
4157:July 4,
3699:Elderly
3407:History
2878:600–800
2869:400–600
2860:200–400
2851:<200
2842:no data
2776:, 2020:
2676:sucrose
2216:Burundi
2201:malaria
2154:formula
2071:fishery
1944:hoarded
1856:Nigeria
1843:should
1721:species
1581:surplus
1532:in the
1468:measles
1464:malaria
1419:on the
1280:goiters
1272:infants
1229:anxious
1181:; poor
1139:ascites
1125:Abdomen
1113:calcium
1070:; poor
910:rickets
867:rickets
853:Wasting
843:Effects
815:70–80%
804:80–90%
739:60–74%
731:75–89%
720:Normal
476:(MAM).
335:elderly
265:dietary
249:obesity
241:wasting
222:tissues
214:protein
136:measles
132:malaria
88:abdomen
11223:Cancer
11075:Plague
10931:Growth
10894:Iodine
10889:Copper
10867:Sodium
10780:Scurvy
10534:Curlie
10494:000404
10373:
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10116:
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3614:(1936)
3502:treaty
3427:scurvy
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3308:
3302:
3155:735.1
3152:738.9
3149:701.4
3146:612.8
3143:586.8
3140:571.8
3137:586.4
3134:588.9
3131:563.9
3059:572.3
2955:
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2932:
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2847:
2840:
2838:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2670:, and
2372:tablet
2334:UNICEF
1998:Brazil
1876:millet
1845:invest
1821:Malawi
1713:barley
1466:, and
1402:invest
1349:, low
1261:folate
1206:Pallor
1183:memory
1025:Enamel
927:, and
906:scurvy
869:, 1935
692:median
640:famine
614:weaned
600:, and
588:, and
518:Anemia
504:iodine
304:UNICEF
243:, and
192:Deaths
94:Causes
10759:Other
10431:10-CM
9960:S2CID
9837:S2CID
9817:(PDF)
9790:S2CID
9597:S2CID
9416:JSTOR
9323:(PDF)
9207:S2CID
9113:(PDF)
9096:(PDF)
9069:(PDF)
8979:S2CID
8876:(xls)
8687:(PDF)
8232:(PDF)
8099:S2CID
8006:S2CID
7939:(PDF)
7666:S2CID
7642:Birth
7467:(PDF)
7460:(PDF)
7327:S2CID
6949:(PDF)
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6306:S2CID
6034:(PDF)
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5891:S2CID
5851:S2CID
5766:(PDF)
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5547:S2CID
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4608:(PDF)
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4248:S2CID
4183:(PDF)
4116:S2CID
4006:(PDF)
3989:(PDF)
3917:Oxfam
3591:Women
3580:Niger
3223:2011
3187:9.2%
3184:9.3%
3181:8.9%
3178:7.9%
3175:7.6%
3172:7.5%
3169:7.8%
3166:7.9%
3163:7.7%
3123:2022
3120:2021
3117:2020
3114:2019
3111:2018
3108:2017
3105:2016
3102:2015
3099:2014
3096:Year
3091:7.9%
3073:10.3%
3070:11.2%
3067:12.1%
3056:580.0
3053:578.3
3050:597.8
3047:661.8
3044:663.1
3041:691.0
3038:746.5
3035:793.4
3027:2013
2370:or a
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2220:Kenya
2100:Ghana
1761:Egypt
1530:fetus
1133:with
1064:hyper
1021:Teeth
990:Mouth
957:Sign
939:Signs
919:(low
904:like
662:like
628:edema
610:Ghana
578:edema
11045:AIDS
10879:Zinc
10874:Iron
10454:MeSH
10446:9-CM
10371:PMID
10340:2019
10314:PMID
10263:PMID
10241:2009
10154:PMID
10114:PMID
10072:PMID
9992:2018
9952:PMID
9921:2016
9890:2014
9848:2014
9782:PMID
9738:2023
9664:PMID
9589:PMID
9558:2018
9533:2018
9508:2018
9482:2018
9457:2018
9424:PMID
9371:ISBN
9334:2019
9256:PMID
9199:PMID
9135:ISBN
9100:ISBN
9077:2019
9052:2019
9030:2019
9008:2024
8971:PMID
8902:2010
8748:PMID
8695:ISBN
8600:PMID
8565:PMID
8519:PMID
8497:2019
8448:PMID
8417:PMID
8366:PMID
8344:2012
8283:PMID
8240:ISBN
8202:ISBN
8176:PMID
8154:2023
8128:2023
8091:PMID
7998:PMID
7951:2014
7896:2023
7875:2017
7868:UNDP
7756:2019
7726:PMID
7658:PMID
7618:PMID
7560:PMID
7522:PMID
7475:2012
7436:PMID
7381:2018
7356:2018
7290:ISBN
7246:2013
7132:2018
6957:2010
6927:2023
6825:2011
6750:PMID
6703:2018
6674:PMID
6623:ISBN
6597:ISBN
6540:PMID
6453:ISBN
6415:2012
6269:ISBN
6245:2011
6197:PMID
6133:2021
6103:PMID
6042:2014
6021:ISBN
5993:PMID
5942:PMID
5816:PMID
5755:PMID
5711:PMID
5659:PMID
5625:2023
5573:2022
5539:PMID
5529:ISBN
5441:ISBN
5413:PMID
5317:ISBN
5280:ISBN
5219:link
5201:PMID
5153:2023
5127:2023
5101:2014
5057:ISBN
5027:2023
5001:2021
4972:PMID
4927:2023
4884:2023
4800:2023
4731:ISBN
4688:2022
4623:2012
4592:2024
4581:PMID
4571:ISBN
4540:2012
4510:link
4492:OCLC
4482:ISBN
4458:2024
4427:ISBN
4389:PMID
4344:2019
4323:ISBN
4286:PMID
4240:PMID
4195:2014
4159:2014
4108:PMID
4048:ISBN
4014:2012
3993:ISBN
3500:, a
3461:and
3401:zinc
3380:and
3281:14%
3252:805
3220:2006
3217:2004
3214:2002
3211:1996
3208:1991
3205:1980
3202:1970
3199:Year
3088:8.1%
3085:8.2%
3082:8.6%
3079:9.6%
3076:9.7%
3024:2012
3021:2011
3018:2010
3015:2009
3012:2008
3009:2007
3006:2006
3003:2005
3000:Year
2971:The
2584:and
2368:iPad
2248:The
2226:and
2224:Laos
2122:and
2098:and
2096:Peru
1968:and
1893:The
1878:and
1866:kunu
1814:seed
1797:and
1773:SDG2
1732:bees
1435:and
1286:and
1079:Nail
1055:Skin
1032:Hair
1010:gums
962:Face
954:Site
908:and
879:zinc
851:and
554:and
479:The
394:Type
231:and
216:and
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86:and
10813:K:
10807:E:
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10778:C:
10765:A:
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10532:at
10442:ICD
10427:ICD
10421:E46
10417:E40
10408:ICD
10363:doi
10304:PMC
10294:doi
10253:PMC
10245:doi
10211:doi
10184:doi
10146:doi
10106:doi
10062:PMC
10054:doi
9944:doi
9940:371
9829:doi
9774:doi
9654:PMC
9646:doi
9642:368
9581:doi
9577:371
9408:doi
9299:CNN
9246:PMC
9238:doi
9234:380
9189:PMC
9179:hdl
9171:doi
9167:380
8963:doi
8959:380
8800:two
8738:PMC
8728:hdl
8592:doi
8555:doi
8509:PMC
8501:doi
8440:doi
8407:PMC
8397:doi
8356:PMC
8348:doi
8273:doi
8269:176
8166:PMC
8158:doi
8081:PMC
8071:doi
7990:doi
7978:478
7716:PMC
7706:doi
7650:doi
7608:PMC
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7552:doi
7548:115
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7502:doi
7498:387
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5843:doi
5839:376
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5647:128
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3272:17%
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