939:
128:
983:
951:
927:
499:
1008:
971:
2533:
31:
710:
177:, and often had multiple bands of pattern-welding within the central portion. The handles were often of perishable material and there are few surviving examples. Blade length measured between 28–32 in (710–810 mm) in length and 1.7–2.4 in (43–61 mm) in width. The tang has a length of 4–5 in (100–130 mm) long. The blades show very little taper, usually ending in a rounded tip.
642:
The
Krefeld type spathae appear in graves from approximately the 430s through the 460s. In these graves, the exalted prestige of the sword is not yet fully developed, and some of them are surprisingly poor. They rather seem to still continue the tradition of military graves of the Roman period, of
886:
k543, a silver sword ring fitting of fixed type, among the treasure found near
Hammerwich, Staffordshire. Thought to be associated with one of the older pommel-caps in the hoard, the piece has been dated to the early 6th century. Pommel-cap k711 also displays characteristic damage caused by the
773:
The ring-sword (also ring-spatha, ring-hilt spatha) is a particular variant of the
Germanic migration period swords. Ring-swords are characterized by a small ring fixed to the hilt (not to be confused are Late Medieval to Renaissance Irish swords with ring-shaped pommels, also known as
830:
Some 80 examples of ring-hilted swords have been found in Europe, 14 of those in
Finland. First phase swords with a loose ring have only been found in Kent, England, whereas second phase is prevalent on the continent, especially in France but also in Sweden, Finland (six examples) and
824:, literally "ring-sword" or "ring-ornament", and scholars who interpret this as referring to this type of sword can point to it as one indication that the Beowulf poet was still drawing from an unbroken tradition of the
950:
1019:
industry began to establish itself. The earliest types of "Viking swords" according to the typology of
Petersen (1919) are dated to the second half of the 8th century, while the "Viking sword" proper (and notably the
917:, provides an important indication of the spread of the fashion. The sword was made in the early 6th century, and a ring was added only later, around 600 AD, damaging part of the existing hilt decoration.
674:. It rather establishes itself, by the 6th century, at the top of the scale of prestige associated with weapons. While every Germanic warrior grave of the pagan period was furnished with weapons as
1407:
747:
An "Alamannic type" is distinguished from a "Franconian type" based on scabbard mounts and hilt design by Quast (1993). A total of 20 examples are known, ten of each type.
624:
An early type of recognizably
Germanic sword is the so-called "Krefeld-type" (also Krefeld-Gellep), named for a find in late Roman era military burials at Gelduba castle,
1384:
938:
1391:
557:
An early find of Roman spathae in a native
Germanic context (as opposed to Roman military camps in Germania) is the deposit of sixty-seven Roman swords in the
540:
from the late 2nd to the 3rd century. From the early 3rd century, legionaries and cavalrymen began to wear their swords on the left side, perhaps because the
805:). These swords were prestigious, prized possessions, probably reserved for kings and high nobility. The ring is interpreted as a symbolic "oath ring".
758:. Some authors have suggested that Childeric's sword was a "ceremonial sword" not intended for combat, perhaps produced for the occasion of his burial.
982:
926:
1095:
1443:
1255:
has a range of meanings, "mark, sign, ornament; cross, crucifix; armor, harness, sword; measure; time, point of time, occasion, season"
1337:
David Edge, Alan
Williams: Some early medieval swords in the Wallace Collection and elsewhere, Gladius XXIII, 2003, 191-210 (p. 203).
887:
installation and later removal of a ring fitting in antiquity, like the pommel-cap from the Snösbäck ritual deposit in Västergötland.
1404:
2490:
2508:
1209:
1015:
In the 8th century, Frankish sword smiths increasingly gained access to high quality steel imported from
Central Asia, where a
308:
1325:
1192:
1145:
1091:
724:
The gold hilt spatha was a very rare and prestigious type of sword in the later 5th century. Specimens are known mostly from
587:
635:, and they continue without interruption throughout the period of withdrawal of Roman troops and the establishment of early
655:
1416:
1394:- Nuova Antologia Militare (NAM), Anno 5, Fascicolo n. 17 (marzo 2024), Storia Militare Medievale, Roma, 2014, pp. 35-56.
643:
warriors buried with their personal weapon, the presence of a sword perhaps indicating service in the late Roman army.
2572:
1589:
813:
2557:
1551:
970:
2513:
1721:
180:
Surviving examples of these
Merovingian-period swords have notably been found in the context of the Scandinavian
2503:
1771:
1576:
1436:
237:"renowned treasure-sword" (1023a) is given to Beowulf as a reward for his heroism. The same sword is called a
1291:
828:, as ring-swords disappeared from the archaeological record with Christianization, by the late 7th century.
1652:
1082:(1906). See also C. Brady, '"Weapons" in "Beowulf"' in: Martin Biddle, Peter Clemoes, Julian Brown (eds.)
2518:
1531:
306:
in Beowulf, literally "hilt-sword", presumably describes a sword with an exceptionally long hilt. Slavic
631:
The military burials at Gelduba begin in the late 1st century with the establishment of a Roman camp in
1684:
1679:
1055:
654:
A native industry producing "Germanic swords" then emerges from the 5th century, contemporary with the
290:"battle-sword"), found in Gothic as well as in Old English and Old Norse, perhaps related to the Greek
2582:
2577:
2567:
2536:
1716:
1623:
1616:
1594:
1429:
1045:
860:
859:, Bavaria, dated to between 580 and 620 AD. The sword is a rare example of a blade inscribed with an
127:
2562:
1756:
1741:
1556:
1541:
1266:
Beowulf: an introduction to the study of the poem with a discussion of the stories of Offa and Finn
646:
Six Krefeld type swords are known from Francia, four from Alamannia, and another two from England.
424:
196:
There is no single term that can be reconstructed as having referred specifically to the spatha in
1871:
1761:
1751:
1746:
1566:
1546:
1503:
802:
777:
Ring-swords came into fashion in the last phase of the Migration period (or the beginning of the
686:
690:
2273:
1706:
1701:
1628:
1523:
1040:
679:
404:
331:
could be any bladed tool, especially farm implements such as scythes or sickles; the compound
1571:
1461:
408:
1224:
Helm und Ringschwert. Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger. Eine Übersicht
1662:
1633:
1536:
1075:
856:
825:
613:
961:
8:
2498:
1711:
1050:
883:
786:
437:
58:
1881:
1733:
1672:
1561:
1493:
1469:
1387:- STUDIA IURIDICO– HISTORICA, Vol. 7, year VII, Blagoevgrad. /in print/; (in Bulgarian)
1304:
852:
808:
The design appears to have originated in the late 5th century, possibly with the early
416:
155:
1657:
1508:
1483:
1321:
1188:
1141:
1087:
1002:
778:
632:
527:
476:
181:
2080:
1452:
1372:
569:
200:. There are a number of terms and epithets which refer to the sword, especially in
163:
159:
151:
1290:
S. Fischer, "The Typochronology of Sword Pommels from the Staffordshire Hoard" at
741:
1689:
1667:
1611:
1581:
1465:
1411:
1022:
843:
694:
592:
542:
420:
356:
201:
197:
174:
451:
2363:
2147:
1811:
1498:
1360:
1035:
1016:
896:
573:
226:
498:
2551:
2122:
2085:
2045:
1911:
1640:
1599:
1007:
733:
718:
185:
132:
2224:
493:
1816:
1806:
1789:
1606:
809:
729:
678:, the vast majority of the 6th- to 7th-century graves have a seax and/or a
523:
167:
1292:
http://finds.org.uk/staffshoardsymposium/papers/svantefischerandjeansoulat
1185:
Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: an ethnographic perspective
136:
2298:
2256:
2179:
2092:
1960:
1950:
1861:
1645:
1249:
957:
767:
751:
266:
1277:
V.I. Evison, "The Dover Ring-sword and other Sword-rings and Beads." in
2475:
2263:
2246:
2194:
2184:
2169:
2137:
2127:
2005:
1955:
1831:
1826:
1794:
1513:
1080:
The Anglo-Saxon weapon names treated archæologically and etymologically
900:
874:
790:
782:
675:
578:
519:
457:
212:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2388:
2293:
2189:
2152:
2142:
2102:
2055:
2050:
2000:
1940:
1866:
1856:
1836:
1799:
1784:
932:
Replica of a Lombard ring-sword, Civico Museo Archeologico di Bergamo
798:
766:"Ring-sword" redirects here. For the Korean "ring-pommel sword", see
725:
320:(“part for total”) could also refer to the sword as a whole include
299:
30:
1376:
1363:(1948). "A Sword of the Nydam Type from Ely Fields Farm, near Ely".
407:", but in the early period may also have referred to the sword (see
2443:
2428:
2408:
2393:
2373:
2348:
2333:
2328:
2308:
2278:
2268:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2035:
2020:
1995:
1975:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1821:
1779:
1488:
1421:
714:
463:
291:
880:
the Chessel Down II (Isle of Wight) ring-sword), early 6th century
709:
701:(died 796), which at that time must have been over 200 years old.
428:
2460:
2448:
2438:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2378:
2368:
2343:
2283:
2241:
2214:
2132:
2065:
2060:
2040:
2030:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1906:
1891:
1841:
914:
907:
817:
794:
755:
737:
625:
605:
532:
507:
348:
217:
1354:
The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: its Archaeology and Literature
1347:
Das zweischneidige Schwert der germanischen Völkerwanderungszeit
2480:
2433:
2418:
2383:
2358:
2323:
2318:
2251:
2236:
2174:
2112:
2097:
2075:
2025:
2015:
2010:
1923:
1918:
1876:
1846:
636:
558:
503:
262:
36:
1318:
Rituals of power: from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages
964:, Germany shows a warrior in wolf costume holding a ring-sword
2353:
2338:
2313:
2303:
2288:
2231:
2199:
2164:
2159:
2117:
2107:
1990:
1851:
1694:
671:
147:
104:
48:
1417:
Reenactor's page with Migration period sword reconstructions
863:, four runes arranged so that the staves form a cross shape.
812:, and quickly spread to England (from the earliest phase of
2423:
2070:
989:
851:
the Schretzheim sword, found in tomb 78 in the Schretzheim
698:
659:
258:
115:
1127:
a survey of alternative views is given by Lewizkij (2011).
1104:
RASK – International journal of language and communication
343:"battle-blade" refers to the sword, but also the simplex
253:
1226:. Studien zur Sachsenforschung. Vol. 6. p. 22.
1074:
A monographic treatment of the question can be found in
1385:
The role of the ring-swords from Early Medieval Europe.
173:
The blade was normally smooth or showed a very shallow
996:
842:
the Beckum ring-sword, dated c. AD 475–525, found at
312:
is usually regarded as a loan from the Germanic word.
162:(c. 4th to 7th centuries AD), particularly among the
110:
straight, smooth or with shallow fuller, double edged
1305:
http://thethegns.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/sth-711.html
988:
Finnish ring sword (7th century) from Pappilanmäki,
1109:
781:, in the 6th and 7th centuries. They were found in
670:"sword", but technically a single-edged weapon or
1161:, "Oration of Admonition to an Emperor", para. 81
750:One of the "Franconian" examples is the sword of
693:, in a will of c. 1015 bequeathed to his brother
658:. The Germanic spatha did not replace the native
2549:
1365:Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society
956:The 7th-century Gutenstein scabbard, found near
685:Swords could often become important heirlooms.
121:short guard, large pommel, ring hilted variants
1236:H.R. Ellis-Davidson. "The Ring on the Sword."
1026:type) emerges by the turn of the 9th century.
302:6:17 translates this Greek word. The compound
1437:
848:Wünnenberg-Fürstenberg, grave 61, 6th century
233:"wave" describing the wave-like patterns). A
1303:Æ. Thompson, "STH711: Woden's Pommelcap" at
327:"splitter, cleaver" (West Germanic only); a
1468:origin primarily identified as speakers of
371:" hew with sword, lay low with blade").
316:Terms for "blade", "point" or "edge" which
257:), tentatively associated with the name of
166:. It later gave rise to the Carolingian or
81:Krefeld type, Alamannic type, Frankish type
1444:
1430:
944:Lombard art, sword pommel, 6th–7th century
1405:5th- to 7th-century Germanic sword / seax
1006:
708:
497:
191:
126:
2509:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
754:(died 481), recovered from his tomb at
590:. Other variants deriving from it were
427:. Examples include the magic sword of
403:meaning "cutter", the normal term for "
2550:
1359:
1316:Frans Theuws, Janet L. Nelson (eds.),
1238:Journal of the Arms and Armour Society
1221:
1183:Frank Siegmund in Ian N. Wood (ed.),
1115:
170:type of the 8th to 11th centuries AD.
94:c. 70–80 cm (28–31 in) blade
1425:
649:
369:suertu hauwan, bretun mit sinu billiu
1451:
1392:Ring-sword in Early Medieval Europe.
1086:, Cambridge University Press, 2007,
976:Anglo Saxon ring sword (6th century)
906:Vendel ring-sword, found at Vendel,
899:, found 1933 in tomb 5 at Snartemo,
682:, and only the richest have swords.
656:collapse of the Western Roman Empire
536:sword was gradually replaced by the
482:
997:Transition to the Carolingian sword
704:
13:
1268:, 2nd edition (1932), pp. 349–352.
14:
2594:
1398:
913:the Vallstenarum sword, found in
639:presence in the mid-5th century.
2532:
2531:
1140:, Oxford University Press, 1998
1138:Handbook to life in ancient Rome
981:
969:
949:
937:
925:
377:"edge, blade", perhaps Tacitus'
29:
2514:Christianization of Scandinavia
1331:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1243:
1230:
1096:"Germanische Bezeichnungen für
619:
582:(σπαθάριος), or "bearer of the
487:
359:has a parallelism establishing
241:"battle-sword" later on (2154a)
2504:Christianization of the Franks
1577:Continental Germanic mythology
1215:
1198:
1187:, Boydell & Brewer, 1998,
1177:
1164:
1151:
1136:Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins,
1130:
1121:
1068:
871:the Kent (or Dover) ring-sword
381:"spear, lance", but Old Norse
1:
1061:
903:, Norway, dated to c. 500 AD.
789:as well as on the Continent (
761:
736:), but also as far afield as
423:, swords could also be given
1011:Frankish sword (8th century)
785:Scandinavia, Finland and in
7:
2519:Christianization of Iceland
1029:
662:, sometimes referred to as
546:had been abandoned and the
449:, two sword-names from the
385:means "edges, sword blades"
35:Germanic type ring sword –
10:
2599:
1204:Brady (2007:94); L. Nees,
1100:und semantische Typologie"
1056:Viking Age arms and armour
1000:
765:
717:gold hilt spatha found at
604:, the latter reserved for
576:. In the Byzantine court,
502:Depiction of a late Roman
494:Spatha § Roman Empire
491:
2527:
2489:
1770:
1732:
1522:
1476:
1459:
1390:Vasilev, Vladimir (2024)
1383:Vasilev, Vladimir (2018)
1264:Raymond Wilson Chambers,
1046:Gothic and Vandal warfare
861:Elder Futhark inscription
608:. One of the more famous
211:"cutting weapon" (whence
114:
103:
98:
90:
85:
77:
73:4th century – 7th century
69:
64:
55:Place of origin
54:
44:
28:
21:
2573:Medieval European swords
1757:North Germanic languages
1742:Germanic parent language
1174:, Cambridge (1930), 171.
2558:Ancient European swords
1762:West Germanic languages
1752:East Germanic languages
1747:Proto-Germanic language
1567:Proto-Germanic folklore
1504:Romano-Germanic culture
816:) and Scandinavia. The
568:remained in use in the
435:after the dwarf Dáinn (
225:(1489a) referring to a
23:Migration Period Sword
1352:H. R. Ellis Davidson,
1222:Steuer, Heiko (1987).
1106:34 (2011), 3–22.
1041:Migration period spear
1012:
910:, Sweden, 6th century.
721:
602:spatharokoubikoularios
518:was introduced to the
511:
415:From the testimony of
294:; in any case, Gothic
144:Migration Period sword
139:
1572:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1462:Ethnolinguistic group
1010:
1001:Further information:
712:
501:
409:Bergakker inscription
367:as synonyms (v. 53f.
192:Names and terminology
130:
1349:, Stockholm (1939).0
1076:May Lansfield Keller
814:Anglo-Saxon presence
2499:Gothic Christianity
1170:Dorothy Whitelock,
1094:; Viktor Lewizkij,
1084:Anglo-Saxon England
1051:Anglo-Saxon warfare
884:Staffordshire Hoard
820:poem uses the term
787:Anglo-Saxon England
628:(Gellep grave 43).
586:", was a mid-level
561:bog (3rd century).
150:popular during the
59:Northwestern Europe
1882:Germani cisrhenani
1590:Funerary practices
1494:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1470:Germanic languages
1410:2011-09-04 at the
1206:Early medieval art
1013:
853:Alemannic cemetery
835:Examples include:
722:
697:the sword of king
687:Æthelstan Ætheling
650:Merovingian period
610:spatharokandidatoi
598:spatharokandidatos
512:
417:Germanic mythology
355:"sword-bite". The
156:Merovingian period
140:
65:Production history
2545:
2544:
1717:Gothic and Vandal
1509:Germanic Iron Age
1484:Nordic Bronze Age
1466:Northern European
1326:978-90-04-10902-5
1208:, Oxford (2002),
1193:978-0-85115-723-8
1172:Anglo-Saxon Wills
1146:978-0-19-512332-6
1092:978-0-521-03865-2
1003:Carolingian sword
962:Baden-Württemberg
779:Early Middle Ages
633:Germania Inferior
550:had replaced the
510:(dated to 406 AD)
483:Early development
477:Wayland the Smith
261:(identified with
235:mære maðþumsweord
221:has the compound
182:Germanic Iron Age
125:
124:
2590:
2583:Migration Period
2578:Germanic weapons
2568:European weapons
2535:
2534:
2491:Christianization
2081:Ripuarian Franks
1453:Germanic peoples
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1380:
1356:, Oxford (1962).
1338:
1335:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1072:
985:
973:
953:
941:
929:
832:
774:"ring-swords").
705:Gold hilt spatha
570:Byzantine Empire
425:individual names
164:Germanic peoples
160:European history
152:Migration Period
33:
24:
19:
18:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2563:European swords
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2523:
2485:
1766:
1728:
1690:Gothic alphabet
1582:Norse mythology
1518:
1472:
1455:
1450:
1412:Wayback Machine
1401:
1377:10.5284/1034398
1361:Maryon, Herbert
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1279:Archaeologia CI
1276:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1032:
1005:
999:
992:
986:
977:
974:
965:
954:
945:
942:
933:
930:
844:Beckum, Germany
829:
771:
764:
707:
652:
622:
614:Harald Hardrada
593:protospatharios
524:imperial period
496:
490:
485:
421:Icelandic sagas
357:Hildebrandslied
202:Germanic poetry
198:Common Germanic
194:
135:sword found at
99:
40:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2148:Thracian Goths
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1499:Roman Iron Age
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1400:
1399:External links
1397:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1357:
1350:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1242:
1229:
1214:
1197:
1176:
1163:
1150:
1129:
1120:
1108:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:Iron Age sword
1031:
1028:
1017:crucible steel
998:
995:
994:
993:
987:
980:
978:
975:
968:
966:
955:
948:
946:
943:
936:
934:
931:
924:
921:
920:
919:
918:
911:
904:
897:Snartemo sword
890:
889:
888:
881:
878:
872:
866:
865:
864:
849:
846:
763:
760:
706:
703:
689:, son of king
651:
648:
621:
618:
530:. The earlier
492:Main article:
489:
486:
484:
481:
438:Skáldskaparmál
413:
412:
398:
392:
386:
372:
351:(v. 4882) has
314:
313:
269:
242:
227:pattern-welded
193:
190:
146:was a type of
123:
122:
119:
112:
111:
108:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
86:Specifications
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2595:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Crimean Goths
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:Salian Franks
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1524:Early culture
1521:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:Elis Behmer,
1344:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1118:, p. 74.
1117:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1009:
1004:
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
963:
959:
952:
947:
940:
935:
928:
923:
922:
916:
912:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
893:
891:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
845:
841:
840:
838:
837:
836:
833:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
769:
759:
757:
753:
748:
745:
743:
739:
735:
734:Villingendorf
731:
727:
720:
719:Villingendorf
716:
711:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
647:
644:
640:
638:
634:
629:
627:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
544:
539:
535:
534:
529:
525:
522:in the early
521:
517:
509:
505:
500:
495:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
406:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
380:
376:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
322:
321:
319:
318:pars pro toto
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
207:
206:
205:
203:
199:
189:
187:
186:Vendel period
183:
178:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
138:
134:
133:Vendel period
129:
120:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
97:
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
39:, 6th century
38:
32:
27:
20:
1817:Anglo-Saxons
1807:Adrabaecampi
1790:Bucinobantes
1532:Architecture
1368:
1364:
1353:
1346:
1333:
1317:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1205:
1200:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1157:Kekaumenos,
1153:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1021:
1014:
892:Scandinavia
834:
826:pagan period
821:
810:Merovingians
807:
776:
772:
749:
746:
730:Pleidelsheim
723:
713:5th-century
684:
667:
663:
653:
645:
641:
630:
623:
620:Krefeld type
609:
601:
597:
591:
583:
577:
565:
563:
556:
551:
547:
541:
537:
531:
526:by Germanic
515:
513:
488:Roman spatha
472:
468:
462:
456:
452:Kormáks saga
450:
446:
442:
436:
432:
414:
400:
394:
388:
382:
378:
374:
368:
364:
360:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
315:
307:
303:
295:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
252:
248:
244:
238:
234:
230:
222:
216:
208:
195:
179:
172:
168:Viking sword
143:
141:
2257:Nahanarvali
2180:Hilleviones
2093:Frisiavones
1961:Cananefates
1951:Burgundians
1862:Banochaemae
1712:Anglo-Saxon
1663:Anglo-Saxon
1629:Anglo-Saxon
1612:Anglo-Saxon
1595:Anglo-Saxon
1250:Old English
1159:Strategikon
1116:Maryon 1948
958:Sigmaringen
803:Langobardia
768:Hwandudaedo
752:Childeric I
676:grave goods
588:court title
528:auxiliaries
353:billes biti
267:Jacob Grimm
229:blade (the
2552:Categories
2476:Vinoviloth
2264:Marcomanni
2247:Helveconae
2225:Heaðobards
2195:Istvaeones
2185:Ingaevones
2170:Hermunduri
2138:Ostrogoths
2128:Greuthungi
2006:Chattuarii
1832:Angrivarii
1827:Ampsivarii
1795:Lentienses
1624:Literature
1514:Viking Age
1062:References
901:Vest-Agder
877:ring-sword
875:Sutton Hoo
839:Continent
783:Vendel era
762:Ring-sword
579:spatharios
520:Roman army
475:forged by
131:Hilt of a
118: type
107: type
2471:Vidivarii
2466:Victohali
2456:Vangiones
2389:Thuringii
2294:Nuithones
2190:Irminones
2153:Visigoths
2143:Thervingi
2103:Gambrivii
2056:Dulgubnii
2051:Dauciones
2001:Chasuarii
1941:Brondings
1867:Bastarnae
1857:Baiuvarii
1837:Armalausi
1800:Raetovari
1734:Languages
1702:Symbology
1562:Folklore
1557:Festivals
1371:: 73–76.
1328:, p. 425.
1240:2 (1958).
1195:, p. 192.
857:Dillingen
822:hring-mæl
799:Alemannia
726:Alemannia
715:Alamannic
433:Dáinnleif
347:is used.
341:hildebill
300:Ephesians
288:hildemece
239:guðsweord
223:wægsweord
137:Valsgärde
2537:Category
2444:Hasdingi
2429:Usipetes
2409:Tubantes
2394:Toxandri
2374:Tencteri
2349:Suarines
2334:Sicambri
2329:Semnones
2309:Reudigni
2279:Mattiaci
2269:Marsacii
2220:Lombards
2210:Lacringi
2205:Juthungi
2036:Corconti
2021:Cherusci
1996:Charudes
1976:Chaedini
1946:Bructeri
1931:Bateinoi
1902:Eburones
1897:Condrusi
1892:Caeroesi
1887:Atuatuci
1822:Ambrones
1785:Brisgavi
1780:Alemanni
1658:Paganism
1547:Clothing
1542:Calendar
1489:Germania
1408:Archived
1148:, p. 87.
1030:See also
1023:Ulfberht
868:England
691:Æthelred
637:Frankish
572:and its
464:Hrunting
443:Skofnung
431:, named
419:and the
304:hæftmece
209:*swerdan
154:and the
78:Variants
70:Produced
2461:Varisci
2449:Silingi
2439:Vandals
2414:Tulingi
2404:Triboci
2399:Treveri
2379:Teutons
2369:Taifals
2344:Sitones
2284:Nemetes
2242:Helisii
2215:Lemovii
2133:Gutones
2066:Firaesi
2061:Favonae
2041:Cugerni
2031:Cobandi
1986:Chamavi
1981:Chaemae
1971:Casuari
1966:Caritni
1936:Betasii
1907:Paemani
1842:Auiones
1707:Warfare
1685:Scripts
1653:Numbers
1477:History
1307:, 2012.
1294:, 2010.
1281:, 1967.
1098:Schwert
915:Gotland
908:Uppland
818:Beowulf
795:Francia
756:Tournai
742:Blučina
738:Moravia
695:Eadmund
664:gladius
626:Krefeld
606:eunuchs
552:gladius
533:gladius
508:diptych
469:Beowulf
458:Nægling
447:Hviting
401:*gaizo-
397:"point"
391:"edge".
383:þremjar
375:*þramja
349:Heliand
337:wigbill
333:guðbill
292:μάχαιρα
286:; also
218:Beowulf
2481:Warini
2434:Vagoth
2419:Tungri
2384:Thelir
2364:Swedes
2359:Sunici
2324:Saxons
2319:Rugini
2252:Manimi
2237:Diduni
2175:Heruli
2113:Gepids
2098:Frisii
2076:Franks
2026:Cimbri
2016:Chauci
2011:Chatti
1924:Nervii
1919:Morini
1877:Belgae
1872:Batavi
1847:Avarpi
1812:Angles
1772:Groups
1722:Viking
1668:Gothic
1646:Gothic
1552:Family
1324:
1191:
1144:
1090:
831:Italy.
791:Saxony
584:spatha
566:spatha
559:Vimose
548:spatha
543:scutum
538:spatha
516:spatha
504:spatha
473:Mimung
471:, and
379:framea
325:*biljo
263:Teiwaz
175:fuller
91:Length
37:France
2354:Suebi
2339:Sciri
2314:Rugii
2304:Quadi
2289:Njars
2274:Marsi
2232:Lugii
2200:Jutes
2165:Harii
2160:Gutes
2118:Goths
2108:Geats
2046:Danes
1991:Chali
1912:Segni
1852:Baemi
1695:Runes
1680:Rings
1673:Norse
1641:Names
1634:Norse
1617:Norse
1600:Norse
680:spear
672:knife
668:ensis
506:on a
467:from
429:Högni
405:spear
389:*agjo
365:suert
280:mækir
265:) by
249:heoro
245:heoru
213:sword
148:sword
105:Blade
49:Sword
16:Sword
2424:Ubii
2071:Fosi
1956:Buri
1322:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1088:ISBN
990:Eura
895:the
699:Offa
660:seax
612:was
600:and
574:army
564:The
514:The
461:and
445:and
441:),
363:and
361:bill
345:bill
329:bill
309:mьčь
296:meki
284:mece
276:meki
272:maki
259:Ares
231:wæg-
142:The
116:Hilt
45:Type
2299:Osi
1607:Law
1537:Art
1464:of
1373:doi
1369:XLI
1253:mǽl
744:).
666:or
395:ord
298:in
254:eor
215:).
188:).
158:of
2554::
1367:.
1320:,
1210:83
1102:,
1078:,
960:,
855:,
801:,
797:,
793:,
732:,
616:.
596:,
554:.
479:.
455:,
339:,
335:,
282:,
278:,
251:,
204:.
1584:)
1445:e
1438:t
1431:v
1379:.
1375::
1212:.
770:.
740:(
728:(
411:)
274:(
247:(
184:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
