Milankovitch cycles

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January, so the Earth's greater velocity shortens winter and autumn in the northern hemisphere. Summer in the northern hemisphere is 4.66 days longer than winter, and spring is 2.9 days longer than autumn. Greater eccentricity increases the variation in the Earth's orbital velocity. Currently, however, the Earth's orbit is becoming less eccentric (more nearly circular). This will make the seasons in the immediate future more similar in length.

683: 6204: 6192: 799: 1031:, obliquity had a period of about 120 kyr, and eccentricity had a period ranging between 95 and 99 kyr. In 2003, Head, Mustard, Kreslavsky, Milliken, and Marchant proposed Mars was in an interglacial period for the past 400 kyr, and in a glacial period between 400 and 2100 kyr, due to Mars' obliquity exceeding 30°. At this extreme obliquity, insolation is dominated by the regular periodicity of Mars' obliquity variation. 707:

winter. These effects on heating are thus additive, which means that seasonal variation in irradiation of the southern hemisphere is more extreme. In the northern hemisphere, these two factors reach maximum at opposite times of the year: the north is tilted toward the Sun when the Earth is furthest from the Sun. The two effects work in opposite directions, resulting in less extreme variations in insolation.

3735: 764:) will affect different seasons. Winter, for instance, will be in a different section of the orbit. When the Earth's apsides (extremes of distance from the sun) are aligned with the equinoxes, the length of spring and summer combined will equal that of autumn and winter. When they are aligned with the solstices, the difference in the length of these seasons will be greatest. 1079:

nevertheless allow development of both simple and more complex lifeforms. Although the obliquity they studied is more extreme than Earth ever experiences, there are scenarios 1.5 to 4.5 billion years from now, as the Moon's stabilizing effect lessens, where obliquity could leave its current range and the poles could eventually point almost directly at the Sun.

1568:. Zero obliquity results in minimum (zero) continuous insolation at the poles and maximum continuous insolation at the equator. Any increase of obliquity (to 90 degrees) causes seasonal increase of insolation at the poles and causes decrease of insolation at the equator on any day of the year except an 1026:

Since 1972, speculation sought a relationship between the formation of Mars' alternating bright and dark layers in the polar layered deposits, and the planet's orbital climate forcing. In 2002, Laska, Levard, and Mustard showed ice-layer radiance, as a function of depth, correlate with the insolation

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Even the well-dated climate records of the last million years do not exactly match the shape of the eccentricity curve. Eccentricity has component cycles of 95,000 and 125,000 years. Some researchers, however, say the records do not show these peaks, but only indicate a single cycle of 100,000 years.

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Jung-Eun Lee of Brown University proposes that precession changes the amount of energy that Earth absorbs, because the southern hemisphere's greater ability to grow sea ice reflects more energy away from Earth. Moreover, Lee says, "Precession only matters when eccentricity is large. That's why we see

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of the Solar System—approximately the orbital plane of Jupiter) is 1.57°. Milankovitch did not study planetary precession. It was discovered more recently and measured, relative to Earth's orbit, to have a period of about 70,000 years. When measured independently of Earth's orbit, but relative to the

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Currently, perihelion occurs during the southern hemisphere's summer. This means that solar radiation due to both the axial tilt inclining the southern hemisphere toward the Sun, and the Earth's proximity to the Sun, will reach maximum during the southern summer and reach minimum during the southern

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states that a body in orbit traces equal areas over equal times; its orbital velocity is highest around perihelion and lowest around aphelion. The Earth spends less time near perihelion and more time near aphelion. This means that the lengths of the seasons vary. Perihelion currently occurs around 3

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Perihelion presently occurs around 3 January, while aphelion is around 4 July. When the orbit is at its most eccentric, the amount of solar radiation at perihelion will be about 23% more than at aphelion. However, the Earth's eccentricity is so small (at least at present) that the variation in solar

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at 65° N will reach a peak of 460 W·m in around 6,500 years, before decreasing back to current levels (450 W·m) in around 16,000 years. Earth's orbit will become less eccentric for about the next 100,000 years, so changes in this insolation will be dominated by changes in obliquity, and should

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The orbital ellipse itself precesses in space, in an irregular fashion, completing a full cycle in about 112,000 years relative to the fixed stars. Apsidal precession occurs in the plane of the ecliptic and alters the orientation of the Earth's orbit relative to the ecliptic. This happens primarily

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is 0.0019. The major component of these variations occurs with a period of 405,000 years (eccentricity variation of ±0.012). Other components have 95,000-year and 124,000-year cycles (with a beat period of 400,000 years). They loosely combine into a 100,000-year cycle (variation of −0.03 to +0.02).

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In about 10,000 years, the north pole will be tilted toward the Sun when the Earth is at perihelion. Axial tilt and orbital eccentricity will both contribute their maximum increase in solar radiation during the northern hemisphere's summer. Axial precession will promote more extreme variation in

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Over the last million years, it has varied between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees. ... The greater Earth's axial tilt angle, the more extreme our seasons are .... Larger tilt angles favor periods of deglaciation (the melting and retreat of glaciers and ice sheets). These effects aren't uniform

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for global temperatures around the time the ice was formed. Study of this data concluded that the climatic response documented in the ice cores was driven by northern hemisphere insolation as proposed by the Milankovitch hypothesis. Similar astronomical hypotheses had been advanced in the 19th

745:) to vary the position in the year that the Earth reaches perihelion. Apsidal precession shortens this period to about 21,000 years, at present. According to a relatively old source (1965), the average value over the last 300,000 years was 23,000 years, varying between 20,800 and 29,000 years. 1078:

Scientists using computer models to study extreme axial tilts have concluded that high obliquity could cause extreme climate variations, and while that would probably not render a planet uninhabitable, it could pose difficulty for land-based life in affected areas. Most such planets would

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globally – higher latitudes receive a larger change in total solar radiation than areas closer to the equator. ... Earth's axis is currently tilted 23.4 degrees, ... As ice cover increases, it reflects more of the Sun's energy back into space, promoting even further cooling.

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Of all the orbital cycles, Milankovitch believed that obliquity had the greatest effect on climate, and that it did so by varying the summer insolation in northern high latitudes. Therefore, he deduced a 41,000-year period for ice ages. However, subsequent research has shown that

652:, providing more solar radiation in each hemisphere's summer and less in winter. However, these effects are not uniform everywhere on the Earth's surface. Increased tilt increases the total annual solar radiation at higher latitudes, and decreases the total closer to the equator. 400:) is slightly larger than four times the eccentricity. For Earth's current orbital eccentricity, incoming solar radiation varies by about 6.8%, while the distance from the Sun currently varies by only 3.4% (5.1 million km or 3.2 million mi or 0.034 au). 837:

provide additional validation through physical evidence. Climate records contained in a 1,700 ft (520 m) core of rock drilled in Arizona show a pattern synchronized with Earth's eccentricity, and cores drilled in New England match it, going back 215 million years.

329:. Eccentricity measures the departure of this ellipse from circularity. The shape of the Earth's orbit varies between nearly circular (theoretically the eccentricity can hit zero) and mildly elliptical (highest eccentricity was 0.0679 in the last 250 million years). Its 1276:

Note: It is intuitive that if equinoxes and solstices occur in shifting positions on an eccentric orbit, then these astronomical seasons must occur at shifting proximities; and as either eccentricity and tilt vary, the intensities of the effects of these shifts also

307:). Milankovitch emphasized the changes experienced at 65° north due to the great amount of land at that latitude. Land masses change temperature more quickly than oceans, because of the mixing of surface and deep water and the fact that soil has a lower 711:

irradiation of the northern hemisphere and less extreme variation in the south. When the Earth's axis is aligned such that aphelion and perihelion occur near the equinoxes, axial tilt will not be aligned with or against eccentricity.

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a stronger 100,000-year pace than a 21,000-year pace." Some others have argued that the length of the climate record is insufficient to establish a statistically significant relationship between climate and eccentricity variations.

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has no moon large enough to stabilize its obliquity, which has varied from 10 to 70 degrees. This would explain recent observations of its surface compared to evidence of different conditions in its past, such as the extent of its

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The inclination of Earth's orbit drifts up and down relative to its present orbit. This three-dimensional movement is known as "precession of the ecliptic" or "planetary precession". Earth's current inclination relative to the

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Axial precession is the trend in the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the fixed stars, with a period of about 25,700 years. Also known as the precession of the equinoxes, this motion means that eventually

873:). Some models can reproduce the 100,000-year cycles as a result of non-linear interactions between small changes in the Earth's orbit and internal oscillations of the climate system. In particular, the mechanism of the 655:

The current trend of decreasing tilt, by itself, will promote milder seasons (warmer winters and colder summers), as well as an overall cooling trend. Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude,

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invariable plane, however, precession has a period of about 100,000 years. This period is very similar to the 100,000-year eccentricity period. Both periods closely match the 100,000-year pattern of glacial events.

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Planets orbiting the Sun follow elliptical (oval) orbits that rotate gradually over time (apsidal precession). The eccentricity of this ellipse, as well as the rate of precession, are exaggerated for visualization.

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began 130,000 years ago. This is 10,000 years before the solar forcing that the Milankovitch hypothesis predicts. (This is also known as the causality problem because the effect precedes the putative cause.)

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Kawamura K, Parrenin F, Lisiecki L, Uemura R, Vimeux F, Severinghaus JP, et al. (August 2007). "Northern Hemisphere forcing of climatic cycles in Antarctica over the past 360,000 years".

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Materials taken from the Earth have been studied to infer the cycles of past climate. Antarctic ice cores contain trapped air bubbles whose ratios of different oxygen isotopes are a reliable

129: 1829:

Kerr RA (February 1987). "Milankovitch Climate Cycles Through the Ages: Earth's orbital variations that bring on ice ages have been modulating climate for hundreds of millions of years".

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Sørensen, A.L., Nielsen, A.T., Thibault, N., Zhao, Z., Schovsbo, N.H., Dahl, T.W., 2020. Astronomically forced climate change in the late Cambrian. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 548, 116475.

640:) varies between 22.1° and 24.5°, over a cycle of about 41,000 years. The current tilt is 23.44°, roughly halfway between its extreme values. The tilt last reached its maximum in 8,700 373:, it is determined by the semi-major axis. Longer-term variations are caused by interactions involving the perihelia and nodes of the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Jupiter. 644:, which correlates with the beginning of the Holocene, the current geological epoch. It is now in the decreasing phase of its cycle, and will reach its minimum around the year 11,800 981:

Since orbital variations are predictable, any model that relates orbital variations to climate can be run forward to predict future climate, with two caveats: the mechanism by which

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over the last million years have been at a period of 100,000 years, which matches the eccentricity cycle. Various explanations for this discrepancy have been proposed, including

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Past and future estimations of daily average insolation at top of the atmosphere on the day of the summer solstice, at 65° N latitude. The green curve is with eccentricity

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for two reasons: 1) there is less overall summer insolation, and 2) there is less insolation at higher latitudes (which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice).

6080: 5748: 5205: 2918:"Investigating the dynamical behavior of the Intertropical Convergence Zone since the last glacial maximum based on terrestrial and marine sedimentary records" 2813: 5921: 944:

The split between the two eccentricity components, however, is observed at least once in a drill core from the 500-million year-old Scandinavian Alum Shale.

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refers to the need to explain what changed one million years ago. The MPT can now be reproduced in numerical simulations that include a decreasing trend in

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Milankovitch studied changes in these movements of the Earth, which alter the amount and location of solar radiation reaching the Earth. This is known as

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variations in summer at the Martian north pole, similar to palaeoclimate variations on Earth. They also showed Mars' precession had a period of about 51

272:(its eccentricity varies). When the orbit is more elongated, there is more variation in the distance between the Earth and the Sun, and in the amount of 2752:

Kaufman DS, Schneider DP, McKay NP, Ammann CM, Bradley RS, Briffa KR, et al. (September 2009). "Recent warming reverses long-term arctic cooling".

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As the orientation of Earth's orbit changes, each season will gradually start earlier in the year. Precession means the Earth's nonuniform motion (see

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Volumetric heat capacity ranged from 1.48 to 3.54 MJ/m/°C for clay and from 1.09 to 3.04 MJ/m/°C for sand at moisture contents from 0 to 0·25 (kg/kg)

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predicted "the long-term cooling trend that began some 6,000 years ago will continue for the next 23,000 years." Another work suggests that

5089: 4354: 4030: 4973: 1088: 2636:"Nonlinear coupling between 100 ka periodicity of the paleoclimate records in loess and periodicities of precession and semi-precession" 5242: 5190: 734:

as a result of interactions with Jupiter and Saturn. Smaller contributions are also made by the sun's oblateness and by the effects of

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As the earth's axis slowly describes its circle on the celestial sphere the relation of the seasons to perihelion is steadily shifted.

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This shows that Milankovitch theory fits the data extremely well, over the past million years, provided that we consider derivatives.

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climate from the equatorial Pacific reveals a pronounced "heartbeat" in the global carbon cycle and periodicity of glaciations.

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In Ancient Rocks Scientists See a Climate Cycle Working Across Deep Time (Columbia Climate School, Kevin Krajick, May 7, 2018)

408:, compared to axial tilt and even compared to the relative ease of heating the larger land masses of the northern hemisphere. 6116: 5254: 2074: 2040: 1799: 919:

From 1–3 million years ago, climate cycles matched the 41,000-year cycle in obliquity. After one million years ago, the

6138: 5084: 5079: 3801: 3091: 2840: 6332: 5619: 5397: 5215: 5137: 5127: 5110: 5017: 4824: 6327: 5142: 6235: 6048: 5909: 5866: 5362: 4148: 3035:, Schellnhuber HJ (January 2016). "Critical insolation-CO2 relation for diagnosing past and future glacial inception". 2094:(3 November 2011). "An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP Site 677". 6322: 6307: 6292: 5975: 5851: 5668: 4861: 4349: 3945: 1320: 2817: 6208: 5846: 5826: 5773: 5725: 4777: 3985: 1617:

Note: The reader may question the number and precision of the periods which the author reports in this early paper.

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This is the first work that investigated the derivative of the ice volume in relation to insolation (page 698).

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Barbieri, L.; Talamucci, F. (20 February 2018). "Calculation of Apsidal Precession via Perturbation Theory".

3538: 292:). The combined effect of precession with eccentricity is that proximity to the Sun occurs during different 6312: 6126: 5798: 5327: 5322: 5227: 5094: 4651: 4138: 3602: 1205: 6494: 6377: 5337: 5180: 4328: 4198: 3739: 1236: 1035:

of Mars' orbital elements, show an obliquity period of 128 kyr, and a precession index period of 73 kyr.

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exerted by the Sun and the Moon on the rotating Earth; both contribute roughly equally to this effect.

63: 2917: 2552: 1881:

Olsen PE (November 1986). "A 40-million-year lake record of early mesozoic orbital climatic forcing".

6479: 6367: 6065: 5740: 5715: 5688: 5650: 5567: 5385: 5232: 5185: 4935: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4528: 4500: 4333: 4112: 2470:"Quantitative estimate of the Milankovitch-forced contribution to observed Quaternary climate change" 2130: 2006: 1536: 5580: 3221:

Brzostowski M (2004). "Martian Milankovic Cycles, a Constraint for Understanding Martian Geology?".

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Neron de Surgy O, Laskar J (February 1997). "On the long term evolution of the spin of the Earth".

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The seasons are quadrants of the Earth's orbit, marked by the two solstices and the two equinoxes.

354: 308: 257:

Orbit with 0.5 eccentricity, exaggerated for illustration; Earth's orbit is only slightly eccentric

224: 3310: 2186:"Earth's orbital Eccentricity and the rhythm of the Pleistocene ice ages: the concealed pacemaker" 953: 6382: 6184: 6106: 6016: 5758: 5730: 5410: 5059: 5037: 4644: 4533: 4483: 4270: 4117: 2091: 1587:"On the Precession as a Cause of Pleistocene Variations of the Atlantic Ocean Water Temperatures" 985:

influences climate is not definitive; and non-orbital effects can be important (for example, the

725: 696: 397: 393: 280:) changes slightly. A greater tilt makes the seasons more extreme. Finally, the direction in the 5783: 5603: 5545: 5462: 5447: 5332: 4968: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4433: 4234: 3980: 3879: 3223:

Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting, Supplement to Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union

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This review article discusses cycles and great-scale changes in the global climate during the

2064: 1337: 805:, Spain: Cycles can be observed in the colouration and resistance of different sediment strata 195:

combined to result in cyclical variations in the intra-annual and latitudinal distribution of

6439: 6277: 6272: 6172: 5818: 5695: 5503: 4953: 4876: 4035: 3662:

Tying celestial mechanics to Earth's ice age (Physics Today 73 (5), Maslin M. A. 01 May 2020)

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Imbrie J, Imbrie JZ (February 1980). "Modeling the climatic response to orbital variations".

858: 381:

The semi-major axis is a constant. Therefore, when Earth's orbit becomes more eccentric, the

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Pälike H, Norris RD, Herrle JO, Wilson PA, Coxall HK, Lear CH, et al. (December 2006).

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The angle of the Earth's axial tilt with respect to the orbital plane (the obliquity of the

180: 6011: 5889: 5550: 5115: 5042: 4468: 4409: 4385: 4380: 3683: 3661: 3611: 3553: 3514: 3469: 3431: 3373: 3276: 3179: 3106: 3044: 2929: 2874: 2761: 2724: 2591: 2520: 2481: 2440: 2386: 2325: 2284: 2245: 2200: 2142: 2129:

Abe-Ouchi A, Saito F, Kawamura K, Raymo ME, Okuno J, Takahashi K, Blatter H (August 2013).

1963: 1890: 1838: 1740: 1685: 1598: 1362: 1240: 1126: 874: 862: 847: 320: 184: 49: 3456:"Accurate spin axes and solar system dynamics: Climatic variations for the Earth and Mars" 3164: 2374: 8: 6463: 6342: 6251: 6028: 5803: 5027: 5022: 4495: 4390: 4308: 4073: 3990: 3970: 3960: 3787: 2988:

Berger A, Loutre MF (August 2002). "Climate. An exceptionally long interglacial ahead?".

1951: 1010: 834: 775: 753: 700: 358: 212: 3687: 3615: 3557: 3518: 3377: 3280: 3183: 3110: 3048: 2933: 2878: 2765: 2728: 2664:

Karner DB, Muller RA (June 2000). "PALEOCLIMATE: A Causality Problem for Milankovitch".

2595: 2524: 2485: 2444: 2390: 2329: 2288: 2249: 2204: 2146: 1967: 1894: 1842: 1744: 1689: 1602: 1244: 1130: 6282: 5856: 5788: 5705: 5555: 5520: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5032: 4620: 4600: 4478: 4463: 4448: 4370: 4169: 4133: 3935: 3707: 3629: 3577: 3389: 3292: 3203: 3130: 3068: 3032: 3013: 2898: 2795: 2689: 2612: 2575: 2544: 2398: 2351: 2166: 2111: 1987: 1922: 1906: 1854: 1809: 1764: 1654: 1636: 1611: 1586: 1378: 1352: 1264: 1256: 1222: 1142: 910: 870: 810: 735: 720: 405: 289: 2338: 2313: 2216: 1304: 6489: 6412: 6090: 5753: 5498: 5264: 5047: 5010: 4797: 4751: 4428: 4224: 4219: 4063: 3899: 3699: 3668: 3650: 3569: 3195: 3122: 3060: 3017: 3005: 2945: 2890: 2787: 2681: 2617: 2536: 2355: 2343: 2273:"Sea ice as the glacial cycles' climate switch: Role of seasonal and orbital forcing" 2257: 2158: 2115: 2070: 2036: 1979: 1914: 1862: 1795: 1756: 1713: 1708: 1673: 1503: 1268: 1150: 641: 389: 304: 276:, at different times in the year. In addition, the rotational tilt of the Earth (its 3633: 3581: 3393: 3296: 2799: 2548: 2493: 2469: 2212: 1926: 1658: 1382: 1201:

A Computational Study on the Evolution of the Dynamics of the Obliquity of the Earth

6133: 5700: 5683: 5624: 5515: 5279: 4993: 4866: 4802: 4625: 4574: 4490: 4438: 4214: 4192: 4058: 3955: 3711: 3691: 3619: 3561: 3522: 3477: 3381: 3284: 3207: 3187: 3134: 3114: 3072: 3052: 2997: 2937: 2902: 2882: 2779: 2732: 2693: 2673: 2607: 2599: 2528: 2489: 2448: 2394: 2333: 2292: 2253: 2208: 2170: 2150: 2103: 2049: 1971: 1898: 1846: 1787: 1768: 1748: 1703: 1693: 1646: 1606: 1431: 1370: 1300: 1248: 1134: 1032: 1005: 786: 782: 677: 334: 285: 265: 2677: 2131:"Insolation-driven 100,000-year glacial cycles and hysteresis of ice-sheet volume" 1991: 1975: 1374: 923:(MPT) occurred with a switch to the 100,000-year cycle matching eccentricity. The 905: 21: 6372: 6085: 6006: 5970: 5899: 5873: 5861: 5778: 5710: 5585: 5442: 5054: 5005: 4983: 4558: 4523: 4510: 4473: 4420: 4278: 4173: 4107: 4068: 3905: 3482: 3455: 3087: 2941: 2886: 1902: 1850: 1510: 1138: 982: 802: 382: 350: 273: 200: 196: 136: 3311:"3.5 Modeling Milankovitch cycles on Mars (2010 – 90; Annual Symp Planet Atmos)" 1288: 1058:

has a cycle of approximately 60,000 years that could change the location of the

741:

Apsidal precession combines with the 25,700-year cycle of axial precession (see

6451: 6038: 5894: 5836: 5831: 5673: 5562: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5132: 5069: 4807: 4787: 4746: 4667: 4458: 4256: 4244: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4102: 4025: 3950: 3138: 2370: 1954:(December 1976). "Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages". 1678:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Head JW, Mustard JF, Kreslavsky MA, Milliken RE, Marchant DR (December 2003).

2107: 1791: 1417:"Equatorial insolation: from precession harmonics to eccentricity frequencies" 965: 6473: 6317: 6297: 6111: 6043: 5768: 5590: 5575: 5510: 5405: 4375: 4293: 4288: 4239: 4229: 3869: 3746: 3654: 3359:"Earth-like worlds on eccentric orbits: excursions beyond the habitable zone" 3267:

Schorghofer N (2008). "Temperature response of Mars to Milankovitch cycles".

2949: 2652: 2347: 1943: 1650: 1063: 826: 366: 3695: 3565: 3001: 2783: 2532: 1698: 973:

hypothetically set to 0. The red curve uses the actual (predicted) value of

293: 6397: 5996: 5793: 5437: 5427: 5074: 4958: 4871: 4453: 4251: 3965: 3940: 3925: 3891: 3851: 3703: 3649:. Handbuch der Klimatologie. Vol. 1 Teil A. von Gebrüder Borntraeger. 3573: 3199: 3126: 3064: 3009: 2894: 2791: 2708: 2685: 2621: 2603: 2540: 2509:"Climate response to orbital forcing across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary" 2233: 2162: 1983: 1918: 1866: 1760: 1717: 1436: 1154: 1055: 661: 228: 168:

describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its

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Zachos JC, Shackleton NJ, Revenaugh JS, Pälike H, Flower BP (April 2001).

1674:"Spectrum of 100-kyr glacial cycle: orbital inclination, not eccentricity" 897: 6407: 6023: 5540: 5532: 4782: 4153: 4050: 4012: 3995: 3930: 3911: 3844: 3824: 3624: 3597: 3527: 3500: 3288: 2453: 2428: 2297: 2272: 1947: 1177:"Why Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles Can't Explain Earth's Current Warming" 1001: 830: 819: 748: 281: 172:

over thousands of years. The term was coined and named after the Serbian

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Mathematische Klimalehre und Astronomische Theorie der Klimaschwankungen

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Analysis of deep-ocean cores and of lake depths, and a seminal paper by

628: 89: Daily-average insolation at top of atmosphere on summer solstice ( 6302: 6220: 6055: 5432: 3920: 3915: 3810: 2576:"Mid-Pleistocene transition in glacial cycles explained by declining CO 1910: 1858: 1565: 1146: 1114: 649: 645: 623: 216: 192: 188: 177: 173: 81: 39: 6446: 2713:"Successive Refinements in Long-Term Integrations of Planetary Orbits" 1338:"La2010: A New Orbital Solution for the Long-term Motion of the Earth" 1289:"Thermal Properties of Soils as affected by Density and Water Content" 5000: 4610: 4590: 4323: 4283: 4020: 3829: 3669:"Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present" 3587: 2916:

Mukherjee, Pami; Sinha, Nitesh; Chakraborty, Supriyo (10 July 2017).

1225:(February–March 1895). "Sedimentary Measurement of Cretaceous Time". 277: 2236:(1994). "Cryothermodynamics: the chaotic dynamics of paleoclimate". 357:, which computes the evolution of the orbit, the semi-major axis is 251: 239: 4605: 4443: 4087: 4000: 3719: 2737: 2712: 1641: 1252: 1067: 952:

Deep-sea core samples show that the interglacial interval known as

932: 682: 637: 453: 3242:"Milankovic Cycles on Mars and the Impact on Economic Exploration" 1357: 901:

Variations of cycle times, curves determined from ocean sediments.

798: 648:. Increased tilt increases the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in 6357: 6337: 4978: 4636: 4615: 3839: 3834: 1569: 1541:"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate" 1479:"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate" 1453:"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate" 1059: 854: 692: 473: 353:

of the orbital ellipse, however, remains unchanged; according to

342: 326: 269: 169: 3759:

Milankovitch Cycles, Paleoclimatic Change, and Hominin Evolution

3030: 1066:

has a variation similar to Titan's, which could cause its solid

6402: 5991: 3734: 3667:

Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K (April 2001).

2506: 877:

was originally proposed in order to describe this interaction.

346: 341:

Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of

2414:"Earth's orbital variations and sea ice synch glacial periods" 2096:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences

1730: 288:), while the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun rotates ( 5905:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

4988: 4040: 3779: 3162: 2573: 1534: 231:. The variations are complex, but a few cycles are dominant. 1204:(Master of Science thesis). Miami University. Archived from 385:

shortens. This increases the magnitude of seasonal changes.

3974: 3856: 3765:

Ice Age – Milankovitch Cycles – National Geographic Channel

2751: 2128: 1548: 1335: 1115:"Climate Control: How Large a Role for Orbital Variations?" 1089:

Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event § Milankovic cycles

1038: 938: 2574:

Willeit M, Ganopolski A, Calov R, Brovkin V (April 2019).

6081:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

3874: 3453: 2915: 2814:"Arctic Warming Overtakes 2,000 Years of Natural Cooling" 2429:"Hemispheric sea ice distribution sets the glacial tempo" 2368: 1028: 436: 220: 3536: 3501:"Testing competing forms of the Milankovitch hypothesis" 396:) compared to the irradiation at the furthest distance ( 3666: 3092:"Orbital forcing of the martian polar layered deposits" 2427:

Lee JE, Shen A, Fox-Kemper B, Ming Y (1 January 2017).

2089: 2007:"Every 202,500 Years, Earth Wanders in a New Direction" 977:; the blue dot indicates current conditions (2000 CE). 95: 6423: 5922:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2426: 2373:; Sutera, Alfonso; Vulpiani, Angelo (February 1982). 2035:. Belgrade: Zavod za Udz̆benike i Nastavna Sredstva. 1775: 913:

research station, with more recent times on the left.

3421: 3085: 2312:

Benzi, R; Sutera, A; Vulpiani, A (1 November 1981).

1942: 4355:

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

2311: 338:The present eccentricity is 0.0167 and decreasing. 203:strongly influenced the Earth's climatic patterns. 183:. In the 1920s, he hypothesized that variations in 33:Graphic shows variations in five orbital elements: 3340:"Sun Blamed for Warming of Earth and Other Worlds" 2841:"Global Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling" 2706: 1414: 1336:Laskar J, Fienga A, Gastineau M, Manche H (2011). 947: 761: 123: 3643:The oldest reference for Milankovitch cycles is: 1626: 6471: 6122:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 3498: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 960: 752:Effects of precession on the seasons (using the 3539:"The heartbeat of the Oligocene climate system" 3356: 2270: 1782:Imbrie, John; Imbrie, Katherine Palmer (1979). 1671: 411: 158:Vertical gray line shows present (2000 CE) 3248:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists 2924:. Third Pole: The Last 20,000 Years - Part 1. 2318:Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 1584: 6388:Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern 6236: 4857:History of climate change policy and politics 4652: 3795: 3454:Edvardsson S, Karlsson KG, Engholm M (2002). 1515: 1221: 124:{\textstyle {\overline {Q}}^{\mathrm {day} }} 3644: 3156: 3079: 2987: 2864: 2663: 2062: 2030: 2024: 1814:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 1781: 1665: 1331: 1329: 4974:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 3266: 3239: 3220: 2858: 2033:Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem 1938: 1936: 1070:deposits to migrate over long time scales. 6243: 6229: 6203: 6191: 5648: 4659: 4645: 3802: 3788: 3323: 2981: 2700: 2653:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116475 2461: 2264: 1286: 369:) is also invariant, because according to 268:varies between nearly circular and mildly 5943: 5749:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 4882:United Nations Climate Change conferences 3623: 3526: 3481: 3324:Wethington, Nicholos (30 November 2009). 2773: 2736: 2611: 2452: 2375:"Stochastic resonance in climatic change" 2337: 2296: 2069:. Harvard University Press. p. 158. 1707: 1697: 1640: 1610: 1580: 1578: 1435: 1356: 1326: 1094:Supercontinent § Milankovitch cycles 1016: 660:tilt may encourage the termination of an 617: 6250: 5453:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 4350:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) 2816:. UCAR. 3 September 2009. Archived from 2226: 1933: 964: 939:Interpretation of unsplit peak variances 904: 896: 797: 747: 724: 681: 627: 376: 284:pointed to by the Earth's axis changes ( 135:Ocean sediment and Antarctic ice strata 25:Past and future Milankovitch cycles via 20: 5809:National Adaptation Programme of Action 5598:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 3586:A 13-million-year continuous record of 2567: 2314:"The mechanism of stochastic resonance" 2050:"Astronomical Theory of Climate Change" 2004: 1672:Muller RA, MacDonald GJ (August 1997). 1415:Berger A, Loutre MF, Mélice JL (2006). 314: 80:Precession index and obliquity control 6472: 5458:Economics of climate change mitigation 5421:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 4934: 4762:Scientific consensus on climate change 2467: 2411: 1575: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1197: 767: 632:22.1–24.5° range of Earth's obliquity. 199:at the Earth's surface, and that this 6224: 6117:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5942: 5647: 5383: 4933: 4845: 4726: 4678: 4640: 3783: 2838: 1880: 1049: 1000:An often-cited 1980 orbital model by 884: 841: 793: 742: 714: 139:ancient sea levels and temperatures: 6139:Representative Concentration Pathway 5080:Tipping points in the climate system 4756:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 2232: 2183: 1828: 1476: 1450: 1174: 1112: 909:420,000 years of ice core data from 6333:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation 5910:Nationally determined contributions 5620:Individual action on climate change 4825:World energy supply and consumption 3761:. Nature Education Knowledge 4(3):5 3595: 3326:"Lake Asymmetry on Titan Explained" 1394: 671: 13: 6049:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 4666: 4149:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar 2399:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01787.x 1786:. London: Macmillan Education UK. 1612:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1966.tb03086.x 325:The Earth's orbit approximates an 206: 154: Vostok ice core (Antarctica) 115: 112: 109: 14: 6506: 6323:Diurnal air temperature variation 6308:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 6293:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation 5976:Satellite temperature measurement 5581:forestry for carbon sequestration 4862:History of climate change science 3728: 1591:Geophysical Journal International 1321:Table of specific heat capacities 1113:Kerr, Richard A. (14 July 1978). 931:and glacially induced removal of 738:that are well known for Mercury. 404:irradiation is a minor factor in 6457: 6445: 6433: 6202: 6190: 6179: 6178: 6166: 5827:Climate Change Performance Index 5206:Destruction of cultural heritage 3745: 3733: 3499:Kaufmann RK, Juselius K (2016). 2964:"Energy resources: solar energy" 1483:NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1457:NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 392:at closest approach to the Sun ( 250: 238: 5966:Instrumental temperature record 5917:Sustainable Development Goal 13 4031:English and British regnal year 3446: 3415: 3357:Williams DM, Pollard P (2002). 3350: 3332: 3317: 3303: 3260: 3233: 3214: 3024: 2956: 2909: 2832: 2806: 2745: 2657: 2645: 2628: 2500: 2494:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.02.014 2420: 2405: 2362: 2305: 2213:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2003.10.003 2177: 2122: 2083: 2056: 1998: 1874: 1822: 1724: 1620: 1504:United States Naval Observatory 1496: 1477:Buis, Alan (27 February 2020). 1470: 1451:Buis, Alan (27 February 2020). 1424:Climate of the Past Discussions 1175:Buis, Alan (27 February 2020). 1009:not decline enough to permit a 987:human impact on the environment 948:Unsynced stage five observation 785:(the plane that represents the 245:Circular orbit, no eccentricity 6034:Climate variability and change 5384: 5065:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 3809: 2968:Energy resources: solar energy 2271:Gildor H, Tziperman E (2000). 1444: 1408: 1280: 1215: 1191: 1168: 1106: 1: 6144:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 5679:Climate emergency declaration 4144:Old Style and New Style dates 2678:10.1126/science.288.5474.2143 2066:Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery 1976:10.1126/science.194.4270.1121 1323:; water is about 4.2 MJ/m/°C. 1305:10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00112-0 1099: 1073: 961:Present and future conditions 6328:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 6127:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 5353:Middle East and North Africa 4679: 4096:Pre-Julian / Julian 3603:Geophysical Research Letters 3598:"In defense of Milankovitch" 3269:Geophysical Research Letters 2942:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.030 2887:10.1126/science.207.4434.943 2839:Bello D (4 September 2009). 2412:Stacey K (26 January 2017). 2258:10.1016/0167-2789(94)90131-7 2063:Imbrie J, Imbrie KP (1986). 1903:10.1126/science.234.4778.842 1851:10.1126/science.235.4792.973 1345:Astronomy & Astrophysics 1139:10.1126/science.201.4351.144 695:will no longer be the north 686:Axial precessional movement. 412:Effect on lengths of seasons 219:, and revolution around the 102: 7: 6378:Pacific decadal oscillation 5201:Depopulation of settlements 4846: 4329:Geological history of Earth 4199:Astronomical year numbering 2339:10.1088/0305-4470/14/11/006 2193:Global and Planetary Change 1375:10.1051/0004-6361/201116836 1237:University of Chicago Press 1082: 865:or various feedbacks (from 500: 10: 6511: 6393:Quasi-biennial oscillation 6363:North Atlantic oscillation 6268:Antarctic Circumpolar Wave 5961:Global surface temperature 5852:Popular culture depictions 5764:Ecosystem-based adaptation 5494:Carbon capture and storage 5416:Carbon offsets and credits 4727: 3774:American Geophysical Union 3483:10.1051/0004-6361:20020029 3461:Astronomy and Astrophysics 3424:Astronomy and Astrophysics 2474:Quaternary Science Reviews 1585:van den Heuvel EP (1966). 1389:the downloadable data file 1013:in the next 50,000 years. 921:Mid-Pleistocene Transition 891:Mid-Pleistocene Transition 888: 845: 773: 718: 701:caused by the tidal forces 675: 664:period and the onset of a 621: 406:seasonal climate variation 318: 225:gravitational interactions 223:, evolve over time due to 6368:North Pacific Oscillation 6348:Madden–Julian oscillation 6258: 6173:Climate change portal 6160: 6099: 6066:Extreme event attribution 5984: 5953: 5949: 5938: 5882: 5817: 5739: 5689:School Strike for Climate 5661: 5657: 5643: 5612: 5568:Climate-smart agriculture 5529: 5486: 5396: 5392: 5379: 5303: 5156: 5103: 4946: 4942: 4929: 4852: 4841: 4770: 4739: 4735: 4722: 4705:Climate change adaptation 4700:Climate change mitigation 4695:Effects of climate change 4685: 4674: 4583: 4567: 4551: 4509: 4501:Thermoluminescence dating 4419: 4408: 4396:Samarium–neodymium dating 4363: 4342: 4316: 4307: 4269: 4207: 4162: 4126: 4095: 4086: 4049: 4011: 3890: 3865: 3817: 3386:10.1017/s1473550402001064 3165:"Recent ice ages on Mars" 2717:The Astrophysical Journal 2108:10.1017/S0263593300020782 2090:Shackleton NJ, Berger A, 2005:Bakalar N (21 May 2018). 1794:(inactive 29 July 2024). 1792:10.1007/978-1-349-04699-7 1537:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 388:The relative increase in 227:with other bodies in the 148:(57 widespread locations) 6313:Dansgaard–Oeschger event 6288:Atlantic Equatorial mode 6076:Global warming potential 5883:International agreements 5530:Preserving and enhancing 4964:Arctic methane emissions 4886:Years in climate change 4793:Greenhouse gas emissions 4690:Causes of climate change 4215:Chinese sexagenary cycle 3757:Campisano, C. J. (2012) 2922:Quaternary International 2184:Rial JA (October 2003), 2031:Milankovitch M (1998) . 1651:10.22606/adap.2019.43003 1629:Advances in Astrophysics 309:volumetric heat capacity 72: Precession index ( 6383:Pacific Meridional Mode 6107:Climate change scenario 5759:Disaster risk reduction 5411:Carbon emission trading 5221:U.S. insurance industry 5191:Civilizational collapse 5038:sea surface temperature 4429:Amino acid racemisation 3696:10.1126/science.1059412 3645:Milankovitch M (1930). 3566:10.1126/science.1133822 3474:2002A&A...384..689E 3436:1997A&A...318..975N 3002:10.1126/science.1076120 2784:10.1126/science.1173983 2533:10.1126/science.1058288 1699:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8329 1509:13 October 2007 at the 1367:2011A&A...532A..89L 1021: 600:22 December 2007 06:08 583:23 September 2007 9:51 515:23 September 2006 4:03 461:21 December 2005 18:35 64:Longitude of perihelion 6100:Research and modelling 5784:Nature-based solutions 5604:Nature-based solutions 5546:Carbon dioxide removal 5463:Fossil fuel divestment 5448:Climate risk insurance 5358:Small island countries 4969:Arctic sea ice decline 4434:Archaeomagnetic dating 3946:Era of Caesar (Iberia) 3772:, Internet Archive of 3240:Brzostowski M (2020). 2707:Varadi F, Runnegar B, 2604:10.1126/sciadv.aav7337 1437:10.5194/cpd-2-519-2006 1293:Biosystems Engineering 1228:The Journal of Geology 1062:lakes. Neptune's moon 1017:Other celestial bodies 989:principally increases 978: 954:marine isotope stage 5 914: 902: 806: 757: 730: 687: 633: 618:Axial tilt (obliquity) 532:22 December 2006 0:22 162: 125: 6278:Arctic dipole anomaly 6273:Antarctic oscillation 6061:Earth's energy budget 5944:Background and theory 5832:Climate crisis (term) 5504:Fossil fuel phase-out 5398:Economics and finance 5363:by individual country 5305:By country and region 5280:Security and conflict 5275:Psychological impacts 4954:Abrupt climate change 4877:Charles David Keeling 4710:By country and region 4334:Geological time units 3770:The Milankovitch band 3742:at Wikimedia Commons 3086:Laskar J, Levrard B, 2641:– via ProQuest. 2580:and regolith removal" 1211:on 30 September 2014. 968: 908: 900: 859:Quaternary glaciation 801: 751: 728: 699:. This precession is 685: 631: 377:Effect on temperature 126: 24: 16:Global climate cycles 6252:Climate oscillations 5890:Glasgow Climate Pact 5551:Carbon sequestration 5116:Mass mortality event 4386:Law of superposition 4381:Isotope geochemistry 3625:10.1029/2006GL027817 3528:10.1002/2014PA002767 3289:10.1029/2008GL034954 2454:10.1002/2016GL071307 2298:10.1029/1999PA000461 1539:(27 February 2020). 875:stochastic resonance 863:frequency modulation 848:100,000-year problem 481:20 March 2006 18:26 321:Orbital eccentricity 315:Orbital eccentricity 294:astronomical seasons 93: 6353:Milankovitch cycles 6343:Indian Ocean Dipole 6029:Climate sensitivity 5804:The Adaptation Fund 5260:Infectious diseases 5157:Social and economic 4519:Fluorine absorption 4496:Luminescence dating 4391:Luminescence dating 4299:Milankovitch cycles 4139:Proleptic Gregorian 3971:Hindu units of time 3751:Milankovitch cycles 3740:Milankovitch cycles 3688:2001Sci...292..686Z 3616:2006GeoRL..3324703R 3558:2006Sci...314.1894P 3519:2016PalOc..31..286K 3378:2002IJAsB...1...61W 3281:2008GeoRL..3518201S 3192:10.1038/nature02114 3184:2003Natur.426..797H 3119:10.1038/nature01066 3111:2002Natur.419..375L 3057:10.1038/nature16494 3049:2016Natur.529..200G 2934:2017QuInt.443...49M 2879:1980Sci...207..943I 2845:Scientific American 2766:2009Sci...325.1236K 2729:2003ApJ...592..620V 2596:2019SciA....5.7337W 2525:2001Sci...292..274Z 2486:2004QSRv...23.1001W 2445:2017GeoRL..44.1008L 2391:1982Tell...34...10B 2330:1981JPhA...14L.453B 2289:2000PalOc..15..605G 2250:1994PhyD...77..130G 2205:2004GPC....41...81R 2155:10.1038/nature12374 2147:2013Natur.500..190A 1968:1976Sci...194.1121H 1895:1986Sci...234..842O 1843:1987Sci...235..973K 1753:10.1038/nature06015 1745:2007Natur.448..912K 1690:1997PNAS...94.8329M 1603:1966GeoJ...11..323V 1287:Abu-Hamdeh (2020). 1245:1895JG......3..121G 1131:1978Sci...201..144K 776:Orbital inclination 768:Orbital inclination 754:Northern Hemisphere 611:Kepler's second law 566:21 June 2007 18:06 549:21 March 2007 0:07 498:21 June 2006 12:26 418: 355:perturbation theory 166:Milankovitch cycles 6495:Periodic phenomena 6298:Earth's axial tilt 6283:Arctic oscillation 5600:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 5572:Forest management 5556:Direct air capture 5521:Sustainable energy 5478:Net zero emissions 5473:Low-carbon economy 5468:Green Climate Fund 5255:Indigenous peoples 5148:Plant biodiversity 4936:Effects and issues 4621:Terminus post quem 4601:Synchronoptic view 4568:Linguistic methods 4529:Obsidian hydration 4464:Radiometric dating 4449:Incremental dating 4371:Chronostratigraphy 3366:Inter. J. Astrobio 3090:(September 2002). 2555:on 3 December 2017 2433:Geophys. Res. Lett 2011:The New York Times 1198:Girkin AM (2005). 1050:Outer Solar system 1011:new glacial period 979: 925:transition problem 915: 911:Vostok, Antarctica 903: 885:Transition changes 871:ice sheet dynamics 842:100,000-year issue 807: 794:Theory constraints 758: 736:general relativity 731: 721:Apsidal precession 715:Apsidal precession 688: 634: 416: 371:Kepler's third law 290:apsidal precession 181:Milutin Milanković 163: 121: 84:at each latitude: 6421: 6420: 6413:True polar wander 6408:Solar variability 6218: 6217: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6091:Radiative forcing 5934: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5754:Adaptive capacity 5639: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5499:Energy transition 5375: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5085:Tropical cyclones 5011:Urban heat island 4925: 4924: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4798:Carbon accounting 4752:Greenhouse effect 4718: 4717: 4634: 4633: 4547: 4546: 4404: 4403: 4265: 4264: 4220:Geologic Calendar 4082: 4081: 3738:Media related to 3403:on 22 August 2013 3178:(6968): 797–802. 2480:(9–10): 1001–12. 2468:Wunsch C (2004). 2324:(11): L453–L457. 2076:978-0-674-44075-3 2042:978-86-17-06619-0 1962:(4270): 1121–32. 1801:978-1-349-04701-7 1387:See specifically 1125:(4351): 144–146. 607: 606: 417:Season durations 390:solar irradiation 365:(the length of a 305:radiative forcing 105: 42:or obliquity (ε). 6502: 6480:Paleoclimatology 6462: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6449: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6429: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6206: 6205: 6194: 6193: 6182: 6181: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6134:Paleoclimatology 5951: 5950: 5940: 5939: 5701:Ecological grief 5684:Climate movement 5659: 5658: 5645: 5644: 5625:Plant-based diet 5516:Renewable energy 5394: 5393: 5381: 5380: 5216:Economic impacts 5138:Invasive species 4994:Coastal flooding 4944: 4943: 4931: 4930: 4867:Svante Arrhenius 4843: 4842: 4813:from agriculture 4803:Carbon footprint 4788:Greenhouse gases 4737: 4736: 4724: 4723: 4676: 4675: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4626:ASPRO chronology 4575:Glottochronology 4491:Tephrochronology 4439:Dendrochronology 4417: 4416: 4314: 4313: 4113:Proleptic Julian 4103:Pre-Julian Roman 4093: 4092: 3888: 3887: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3749: 3737: 3715: 3682:(5517): 686–93. 3673: 3658: 3637: 3627: 3592: 3552:(5807): 1894–8. 3543: 3532: 3530: 3506:Paleoceanography 3487: 3485: 3440: 3439: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3402: 3396:. Archived from 3363: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3346:. 12 March 2007. 3336: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3143: 3137:. Archived from 3096: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3028: 3022: 3021: 2996:(5585): 1287–8. 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2873:(4434): 943–53. 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2820:on 27 April 2011 2810: 2804: 2803: 2777: 2760:(5945): 1236–9. 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2672:(5474): 2143–4. 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2615: 2584:Science Advances 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2551:. Archived from 2504: 2498: 2497: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2439:(2): 1008–1014. 2424: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2369:Benzi, Roberto; 2366: 2360: 2359: 2341: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2277:Paleoceanography 2268: 2262: 2261: 2244:(1–3): 130–159. 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2215:, archived from 2190: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2046: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1805: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1711: 1701: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1644: 1624: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1582: 1573: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1545:climate.nasa.gov 1532: 1513: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1421: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1392: 1386: 1360: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1110: 1033:Fourier analysis 1006:solar insolation 995:a warmer climate 991:greenhouse gases 787:angular momentum 783:invariable plane 678:Axial precession 672:Axial precession 597:Summer solstice 594:Winter solstice 563:Winter solstice 560:Summer solstice 529:Summer solstice 526:Winter solstice 495:Winter solstice 492:Summer solstice 458:Summer solstice 419: 415: 335:logarithmic mean 286:axial precession 254: 242: 213:Earth's rotation 155: 153: 143: 130: 128: 127: 122: 120: 119: 118: 106: 98: 88: 71: 61: 47: 37: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6485:Climate forcing 6470: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6444: 6434: 6432: 6424: 6422: 6417: 6373:Orbital forcing 6260: 6254: 6249: 6219: 6214: 6167: 6165: 6148: 6095: 6086:Orbital forcing 5980: 5945: 5926: 5900:Paris Agreement 5878: 5874:Warming stripes 5813: 5779:Managed retreat 5774:Loss and damage 5735: 5669:Business action 5653: 5631: 5608: 5531: 5525: 5482: 5443:Climate finance 5388: 5367: 5299: 5152: 5128:Extinction risk 5104:Flora and fauna 5099: 5060:Permafrost thaw 5055:Ozone depletion 4984:Extreme weather 4938: 4921: 4848: 4829: 4766: 4731: 4714: 4681: 4670: 4665: 4635: 4630: 4579: 4563: 4559:Molecular clock 4552:Genetic methods 4543: 4524:Nitrogen dating 4511:Relative dating 4505: 4474:Potassium–argon 4421:Absolute dating 4411: 4400: 4359: 4338: 4303: 4279:Cosmic Calendar 4271:Astronomic time 4261: 4203: 4158: 4122: 4108:Original Julian 4078: 4045: 4007: 3906:Ab urbe condita 3884: 3861: 3813: 3808: 3731: 3726: 3716: 3671: 3541: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3344:LiveScience.com 3338: 3337: 3333: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3238: 3234: 3219: 3215: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3144:on 19 July 2011 3141: 3105:(6905): 375–7. 3094: 3084: 3080: 3043:(7585): 200–3. 3029: 3025: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2914: 2910: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2775:10.1.1.397.8778 2750: 2746: 2705: 2701: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2590:(4): eaav7337. 2579: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2519:(5515): 274–8. 2505: 2501: 2466: 2462: 2425: 2421: 2410: 2406: 2371:Parisi, Giorgio 2367: 2363: 2310: 2306: 2269: 2265: 2231: 2227: 2222:on 20 July 2011 2219: 2188: 2182: 2178: 2141:(7461): 190–3. 2127: 2123: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2043: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2003: 1999: 1941: 1934: 1889:(4778): 842–8. 1879: 1875: 1837:(4792): 973–4. 1827: 1823: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1780: 1776: 1739:(7156): 912–6. 1729: 1725: 1684:(16): 8329–34. 1670: 1666: 1625: 1621: 1583: 1576: 1553: 1551: 1533: 1516: 1511:Wayback Machine 1501: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1449: 1445: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1395: 1340: 1334: 1327: 1309: 1307: 1285: 1281: 1220: 1216: 1208: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1085: 1076: 1052: 1024: 1019: 983:orbital forcing 963: 950: 941: 917: 916: 893: 887: 850: 844: 803:Tabernas Desert 796: 778: 770: 723: 717: 680: 674: 626: 620: 580:Spring equinox 577:Autumn equinox 546:Autumn equinox 543:Spring equinox 512:Spring equinox 509:Autumn equinox 478:Autumn equinox 443: 431: 426: 414: 383:semi-minor axis 379: 351:semi-major axis 323: 317: 303:(an example of 274:solar radiation 262: 261: 260: 259: 258: 255: 247: 246: 243: 209: 207:Earth movements 201:orbital forcing 197:solar radiation 161: 151: 150: 149: 141: 132: 108: 107: 97: 96: 94: 91: 90: 86: 77: 69: 67: 59: 57: 45: 43: 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6508: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6467: 6466: 6454: 6442: 6440:Earth sciences 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6338:Glacial cycles 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6039:Cloud feedback 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5947: 5946: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5897: 5895:Kyoto Protocol 5892: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5849: 5847:Media coverage 5844: 5839: 5837:Climate spiral 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5726:Public opinion 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5681: 5676: 5674:Climate action 5671: 5665: 5663: 5655: 5654: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5586:REDD and REDD+ 5583: 5578: 5570: 5565: 5563:Carbon farming 5560: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5390: 5389: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5295:Water security 5292: 5290:Water scarcity 5287: 5285:Urban flooding 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5133:Forest dieback 5130: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5070:Sea level rise 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5043:stratification 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5008: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4939: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4808:Carbon leakage 4805: 4800: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4749: 4747:Climate system 4743: 4741: 4733: 4732: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4671: 4668:Climate change 4664: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4596:New Chronology 4593: 4587: 4585: 4584:Related topics 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4461: 4459:Paleomagnetism 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4257:New Earth Time 4254: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4186: 4181: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4118:Revised Julian 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4036:Lists of kings 4033: 4028: 4026:Canon of Kings 4023: 4017: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3978: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3951:Before present 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3767: 3762: 3730: 3729:External links 3727: 3725: 3724: 3664: 3659: 3641: 3610:(24): L24703. 3596:Roe G (2006). 3593: 3534: 3513:(2): 286–297. 3496: 3491: 3468:(2): 689–701. 3450: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3414: 3349: 3331: 3316: 3302: 3275:(18): L18201. 3259: 3232: 3213: 3155: 3078: 3031:Ganopolski A, 3023: 2980: 2955: 2908: 2857: 2831: 2805: 2744: 2738:10.1086/375560 2723:(1): 620–630. 2699: 2656: 2644: 2627: 2577: 2566: 2499: 2460: 2419: 2404: 2361: 2304: 2283:(6): 605–615. 2263: 2225: 2176: 2121: 2102:(4): 251–261. 2082: 2075: 2055: 2041: 2023: 1997: 1932: 1873: 1821: 1800: 1774: 1723: 1664: 1619: 1597:(3): 323–336. 1574: 1514: 1495: 1469: 1443: 1430:(4): 519–533. 1407: 1393: 1325: 1279: 1253:10.1086/607150 1214: 1190: 1167: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1054:Saturn's moon 1051: 1048: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 962: 959: 949: 946: 940: 937: 929:carbon dioxide 895: 894: 889:Main article: 886: 883: 867:carbon dioxide 857:cycles of the 846:Main article: 843: 840: 822:, and others. 816:Joseph Adhemar 795: 792: 774:Main article: 769: 766: 719:Main article: 716: 713: 676:Main article: 673: 670: 666:glacial period 622:Main article: 619: 616: 605: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 588: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 571: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 554: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 537: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 520: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 503: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 486: 485: 482: 479: 476: 470: 466: 465: 462: 459: 456: 450: 446: 445: 440: 433: 428: 423: 413: 410: 378: 375: 363:orbital period 319:Main article: 316: 313: 256: 249: 248: 244: 237: 236: 235: 234: 233: 208: 205: 160: 159: 156: 146:Benthic forams 140: 133: 117: 114: 111: 104: 101: 85: 78: 68: 58: 44: 34: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6507: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6318:Diurnal cycle 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6234: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6211: 6210: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6112:Climate model 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6044:Cloud forcing 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5937: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5819:Communication 5816: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Vulnerability 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5769:Flood control 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5591:reforestation 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576:afforestation 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511:Nuclear power 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:Carbon budget 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5243:Mental health 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5174:United States 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028:deoxygenation 5026: 5024: 5023:acidification 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4844: 4840: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4818:from wetlands 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4778:Deforestation 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410:Chronological 4407: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4376:Geochronology 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4309:Geologic time 4306: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294:Metonic cycle 4292: 4290: 4289:Galactic year 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4230:ISO week date 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 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