638:(NLA) (see below) came to number about 150,000 lightly armed troops by 1962, serving both in Algeria and beyond its borders. The bulk of actual fighting was carried out by varying numbers of "internal" irregular fighters who comprised six regional commands. While beaten in most direct clashes, notably after 1957, the poorly equipped and outnumbered internal forces were able to maintain an effective opposition to a French Army of nearly half a million troops, throughout an extended struggle that cost up to a million Algerian lives.
237:, were still in use. Helmet wearing varied considerably, and many men who could afford a good helmet still did not wear one, a turban providing sufficient protection against one or two swordblows that might get past their guard, as well as shade from the sun, while being cooler especially if watered down and with more free airflow than steel permits.
180:. Some tribes voluntarily accepted Islam when they met to trade. Larger, more organized expeditions southward encountered indigenous west African cultures, formed new trade links, drew maps which circulated farther north, and wrote down observations. They gradually spread cattle and the horse, although many tribes already had one or both.
150:
If they had infantry along, the infantrymen could lock the wheels of multiple chariots thus freed as barricades, though this risked damage to the chariot itself. A solid axeblow to the wheelspokes can render a chariot useless if they are wooden. A spearman or an axeman could stand in the basket for
146:
Eventually, one man, one horse became the rule due to the maneuverability of a less encumbered horse and the added expense of building and maintaining a chariot. Some chariot designs enabled a team to stop, unhook the horses, leave the chariot behind in a chosen spot and mount the horses to fight as
116:
which were largely obsolete, gave scouts, raiders, and rare armored riders an advantage in speed, momentum behind each forward blow during a charge, and height to reach over the shields of opposing infantry. One helpful aspect of chariots was that after a very successful raid that found much plunder
120:
Alternatively, a good archer could stockpile bundles of pre-positioned quivers full of arrows under piles of sand, circle a small enemy formation, taunt them into pursuit if they were ill-disciplined, then shoot arrows while retreating. Then, they could roll on back to the buried bundles of arrows,
498:
In 1907, France began to investigate the possibility of conscripting
Algerian subjects into the French military in order to reduce a disparity in manpower with Germany. In February 1912, France introduced a limited conscription of Muslim Algerians to augment the majority recruitment of volunteers.
127:
performed this kind of attack while hiding the fact that a larger force of infantry encamped a few miles away. For all the enemy knew, it was just another raid. A chariot provided a stable platform so that with a separate driver, an archer did not have to be as specially trained as nomadic horse
260:
Some armies would give slaves metal shields to cover the fighting men from enemy fire, but no weapons for fear of mutiny, and sent them back from the line to guard the commander if hand-to-hand combat broke out. In this way, some slaves noted for bravery were set free. Contrary to
European
304:
became more powerful. Island bases and coastal forts retained strategic significance and fighting and military planning reflected this reality. Port cities were often guarded by a fort at each end, with wall-shielded docks ready for defending forces' fighters to board their ships and
324:
to give them away while coming up on shore or alongside larger vessels. Larger pirate vessels were also in use. Boarding parties swung on ropes to reach the target deck or rigging, or extended hook-ended planks to walk across, a boarding tactic in use since at least the time of the
256:
also made helmets more or less pointless. A stout metal shield could help cover a man and his neighbor in line from musketfire at extreme range, but was so heavy that most men who could afford both chose a musket for its range and didn't bother with the bulk and weight of a shield.
419:
and Arab peoples (estimated to have numbered about 2 million in 1830). It was not until 1857 that the country was physically occupied and complete pacification was not achieved until 1881. The conquest was not technically completed until the early 1900s when the last
775:
has claimed responsibility for many of them. For others no group has claimed responsibility. In addition to generating a widespread sense of fear, these massacres and the ensuing flight of population have resulted in serious depopulation in the worst-affected areas.
743:
was the fourth major conflict between Israel and the neighboring Arab States. Like many other Arab States, Algeria contributed to the fighting in the Yom Kippur War. The
Algerian government sent squadrons of fighters and bombers along with an armored brigade.
652:(NLA) was created shortly after the Algerian rising began in 1954. It comprised both internal and external wings (the latter based in Tunisia and Morocco during the war). It was the well armed and trained external wing who made up the bulk of the new
535:
While
Algeria remained generally peaceful from 1919 to 1939, the French army conducted extensive campaigns to complete the occupation of both Morocco and Syria during this period. Algerian Tirailleurs and Spahis saw active service in both states.
1388:
151:
added height to strike at oncoming enemies more effectively, or a foot archer or slinger if they have shield-bearers in front. Armies invading the area later on often came from regions where chariotry had already been abandoned.
157:
The hot climate and the centuries of upheaval during and after the collapse of western Roman central authority meant the shortest-lived successor states did not have an opportunity to develop heavy cavalry along the lines of
1303:
1143:
1163:
704:
Tensions between the two countries have continued, arising primarily from both political differences and outstanding border issues in the southern Sahara. There have however been no further actual clashes.
666:
remained at a level of 60,000-70,000 after independence until 1969 when conscription was introduced. Most conscripts however were employed on non-military duties after doing their basic training.
1414:
1178:
1461:
1457:
673:(1962) most of France's North African units were disbanded. A reduced Foreign Legion and one regiment each of Spahis, Tirailleurs and Chasseurs d'Afrique remain in the modern French Army,
1218:
1453:
1318:
1123:
833:
567:
landed on the northern beaches and advanced south against an army of 60,000 German troops. The Allies retook
Morocco along with Algeria, establishing the liberation of North Africa.
1223:
1153:
1393:
1313:
1278:
1263:
1248:
1444:
1268:
390:
1343:
1188:
1133:
1118:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1308:
1283:
1233:
1128:
1363:
1298:
1253:
1213:
143:. Successor states did the same against raids, and the more ambitious chased raiding parties all the way back to their hideouts. Some did not bother for fear of ambush.
1418:
1338:
1288:
1228:
1208:
1198:
1113:
1348:
1258:
1158:
659:(ANP) created in 1962. Only some 10,000 of the 50,000-60,000 who had fought in the internal forces were taken into the ANP while the remainder were demobilised.
457:
recruited extensively from the Berber and Arab peoples of
Algeria throughout the period of French rule (1830–1962). Most were employed as infantry (
484:
for service in
Algeria. Originally comprising French volunteers, these units were, after 1871, mostly drawn from French settlers in Algeria ("
527:. An estimated 172,000 Algerian-born Muslims, both volunteers and conscripts, fought for France in World War I, of which nearly 43,000 died.
408:
of
Algiers. The conquest of Algeria by the French faced long and bitter opposition, led from 1832 to 1847 by the Algerian resistance leader
629:
as the first
President. The conflict has had a lasting impact on France and Algeria because of the atrocities committed on both sides.
575:
31:
covers a vast time period and complex events. It interacts with multiple military events in the region for independence and stability.
131:
Light cavalry could chase down a retreating chariot while covered with a shield, often made from wicker, leather or rawhide. The
51:. During these wars the Algerians took the opportunity to become independent of Carthage, and Algerian kingdoms were established.
768:
1080:
593:
An estimated 134,000 Algerian-born soldiers were mobilized during World War II, of which 18,000 died while liberating Europe.
978:
928:
1487:
605:
was a series of uprisings and guerrilla warfare by
Algerian Nationalists against the French administration and army, the
499:
Based on the drawing of lots this provided an annual intake of 1,500 to 2,000 indigenous conscripts a year in peacetime.
663:
648:
634:
1050:
1030:
1014:
998:
953:
901:
876:
805:
795:
469:, Mexico, the Franco-Prussian War, various colonial campaigns in Africa, Tonkin and Syria, both World Wars, and the
1328:
329:. Ribbed planks or rope ladders offered a way up the sides of much steeper ships. Boarders could expect incoming
117:
but not much resistance or pursuit, a raiding party could fill the basket of the chariot and haul plunder with it.
1333:
697:. Border skirmishes escalated into a full-blown confrontation, with intense fighting around the oasis towns. The
583:
516:
300:. With sailpower more commonly driving ships on the open ocean, navigation beyond shore became more important.
1203:
1138:
698:
1368:
1193:
1168:
602:
1353:
1323:
1293:
1273:
1238:
1183:
520:
409:
785:
1358:
1108:
1089:
1073:
686:
397:
1243:
1173:
1148:
447:
450:. The Legion was based in Algeria for 130 years, an experience which came to shape its character.
721:
481:
437:
309:
forth, or to provide cover if enemy fire became too heavily concentrated. European powers built
140:
135:
employed North African horsemen for this, and used them during fighting with raiding tribes, the
183:
Dynasty fought dynasty. Rebels rose up. Some men went north to the coast or to islands in the
761:
614:
553:
524:
415:
The French Army used scorched-earth tactics and there were heavy losses amongst the indigenous
306:
274:
1066:
622:
443:
764:
surrendered to the government but minor skirmishes still continue in parts of the country.
725:
714:
564:
128:
archers often were, and had room for more spare quivers to hang off the rim of the basket.
8:
772:
470:
226:
87:
19:
918:
753:
718:
701:
eventually managed to arrange a formal cease-fire and a peace agreement was then made.
378:
350:
266:
103:
1046:
1026:
1010:
994:
974:
949:
924:
897:
872:
849:
801:
791:
618:
587:
346:
99:
91:
68:
841:
297:
192:
48:
252:, hack away with a sword, then ride off before getting bogged down or exhausted.
626:
557:
326:
218:
212:
177:
136:
95:
60:
570:
During the War, large numbers of both Muslim and European Algerians served with
740:
358:
321:
200:
107:
44:
845:
736:. While the troops did not see active service, reportedly six MiGs were lost.
1481:
1058:
853:
579:
421:
416:
374:
370:
366:
354:
184:
670:
549:
545:
401:
365:. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American vessels in the
362:
240:
Horses remained valuable. A horseman could ride to enemy lines, throw his
222:
132:
337:
loaded in heavier guns if the boarded vessel had time to raise the alarm.
729:
571:
508:
486:
466:
458:
454:
262:
162:
574:. Algerian troops particularly distinguished themselves as part of the
330:
196:
79:
40:
476:
In addition to indigenous troops, the French Army raised regiments of
334:
310:
249:
245:
170:
159:
757:
682:
191:. A few ships occasionally went east to fight in wars against the
113:
83:
756:
was a bloody conflict between the Algerian government and various
225:
weapons had already become a common feature of warfare around the
690:
511:. A mixed division from Algeria of Muslim tirailleurs and white (
477:
293:
289:
285:
281:
253:
241:
124:
64:
27:
400:
in 1830, using as justification an alleged insult to the French
733:
694:
610:
609:
community of European descent, and pro-French Muslim militias (
462:
425:
389:
317:
301:
270:
234:
188:
166:
800:"A Savage War of Peace - Algeria 1954-1962": Alastair Horne;
320:
continued to operate in small oar-driven boats without fixed
230:
923:(1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 29.
280:
Naval engagements during this period saw new ships like the
493:
544:
During World War II, Algeria, along with the remainder of
760:
militias. The conflict lasted from 1991 to 2002 when the
689:
in October 1963, and was a Moroccan attempt to claim the
405:
556:
launched the first major offensive of the war codenamed
946:
The French Army in the First World War - to battle 1914
869:
The French Army in the First World War - to battle 1914
273:. A few are noted to have accepted Islam, much like
187:
and took up piracy, or to help hold the frontier in
832:Koehler-Derrick, Gabriel; Lee, Melissa M. (2023).
831:
993:Alistair Horne, page 42 "A Savage War of Peace",
1479:
515:) zouaves was one of the first to be exposed to
316:Observers in North Africa mirrored this trend.
173:. Heat made water sources of great importance.
1088:
1074:
169:, mules and other pack animals were used for
34:
708:
625:. Algeria gained independence in 1962 with
507:Algerians fought in the French Army during
1081:
1067:
968:
373:paid taxes and rights fees to access the
199:. Trade with states to the east brought
43:were a series of wars fought between the
494:French conscription of Algerian subjects
431:
388:
195:. They learned to avoid ships carrying
779:
490:") undertaking their military service.
353:were a series of conflicts between the
1480:
596:
465:). Algerian troops saw service in the
1062:
1025:John Keegan, page 13 "World Armies",
834:"War and Welfare in Colonial Algeria"
747:
1009:John Keegan, page 13 "World Armies"
827:
825:
823:
821:
641:
943:
866:
530:
13:
891:
588:Allied invasion of southern France
384:
277:, though not often so well-known.
206:
14:
1499:
818:
313:to better withstand cannon fire.
1389:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1159:Democratic Republic of the Congo
767:During the conflict a series of
446:was established in 1831 by King
428:came under full French control.
176:Tribal warfare continued on the
1035:
933:– via Archive Foundation.
664:Algerian People's National Army
539:
340:
54:
1019:
1003:
987:
962:
937:
910:
885:
860:
502:
1:
811:
790:"World Armies": John Keegan;
699:Organisation of African Unity
73:
713:Algeria sent a battalion of
603:Algerian War of Independence
7:
1488:Military history of Algeria
1090:Military history of Africa
717:infantry and a squadron of
676:
662:The regular element of the
552:. On November 8, 1942, the
10:
1504:
973:. pp. 247 & 267.
969:Montagnon, Pierre (2012).
838:International Organization
576:French Expeditionary Corps
435:
210:
77:
58:
35:Independence from Carthage
17:
1402:
1377:
1096:
846:10.1017/S0020818322000376
669:Following the end of the
377:sea until the end of the
269:, while others came from
261:stereotype, not all were
154:Watchtowers were common.
1144:Central African Republic
709:1967 and Yom Kippur Wars
687:Algerian-Moroccan border
649:National Liberation Army
635:National Liberation Army
917:Robson, Stuart (2007).
613:). During the war the
438:Army of Africa (France)
424:were conquered and the
762:Islamic Salvation Army
615:French Fourth Republic
525:Second Battle of Ypres
394:
47:and the city-state of
1304:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1164:Republic of the Congo
1041:John Keegan, page 15
563:Allied Forces led by
444:French Foreign Legion
432:French Army of Africa
398:France seized Algiers
392:
211:Further information:
78:Further information:
59:Further information:
780:References and notes
715:Algerian Land Forces
565:Dwight D. Eisenhower
482:Chasseurs d' Afrique
121:then keep shooting.
26:military history of
1379:States with limited
920:The First World War
894:The First World War
773:Armed Islamic Group
685:occurred along the
597:War of Independence
471:First Indochina War
351:Second Barbary Wars
227:Mediterranean world
141:Roman–Parthian Wars
88:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
20:Military of Algeria
971:L'Armee d' Afrique
754:Algerian Civil War
748:Algerian Civil War
719:Algerian Air Force
548:, was occupied by
395:
379:Second Barbary War
267:Sub-Saharan Africa
265:. Some came from
104:Kingdom of Tlemcen
1475:
1474:
1406:other territories
1179:Equatorial Guinea
980:978-2-7564-0574-2
944:Mirouze, Lauent.
930:978-1-4058-2471-2
867:Mirouze, Lauent.
642:New Algerian Army
619:Charles de Gaulle
244:, if any, fire a
125:Roman auxiliaries
100:Almoravid dynasty
92:Kingdom of Altava
69:Legio III Augusta
1495:
1467:
1466:(United Kingdom)
1462:Tristan da Cunha
1458:Ascension Island
1450:
1437:
1428:
1404:Dependencies and
1097:Sovereign states
1083:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1039:
1033:
1023:
1017:
1007:
1001:
991:
985:
984:
966:
960:
959:
941:
935:
934:
914:
908:
907:
889:
883:
882:
864:
858:
857:
829:
771:took place. The
728:during the 1967
632:The nationalist
586:of 1943 and the
584:Italian campaign
531:Between the Wars
517:chemical warfare
404:by the reigning
307:sally (military)
298:ship of the line
193:Byzantine Empire
112:Horses, but few
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1448:
1435:
1426:
1407:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1092:
1087:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1008:
1004:
992:
988:
981:
967:
963:
956:
948:. p. 186.
942:
938:
931:
916:
915:
911:
904:
896:. p. 214.
890:
886:
879:
871:. p. 186.
865:
861:
830:
819:
814:
782:
750:
711:
679:
654:Armee Nationale
644:
627:Ahmed Ben Bella
599:
558:Operation Torch
542:
533:
505:
496:
461:) and cavalry (
440:
434:
387:
385:French Conquest
343:
327:First Punic War
219:Ottoman Dynasty
217:By the time of
215:
213:Ottoman Algeria
209:
207:Ottoman Algeria
178:Algerian Desert
137:Macedonian Wars
110:
96:Umayyad dynasty
76:
71:
61:Africa Province
57:
37:
22:
12:
11:
5:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1451:
1438:
1429:
1415:Canary Islands
1411:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1399:
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1391:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1375:
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1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
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1346:
1341:
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1316:
1311:
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1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1034:
1018:
1002:
986:
979:
961:
954:
936:
929:
909:
902:
892:Keegan, John.
884:
877:
859:
816:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
798:
788:
781:
778:
749:
746:
741:Yom Kippur War
710:
707:
678:
675:
643:
640:
623:a new Republic
617:collapsed and
598:
595:
578:under General
541:
538:
532:
529:
504:
501:
495:
492:
448:Louis Philippe
433:
430:
386:
383:
359:Barbary States
342:
339:
233:, such as the
208:
205:
201:Damascus steel
108:Hafsid dynasty
75:
72:
56:
53:
45:Roman Republic
36:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1500:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
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1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Guinea-Bissau
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1052:
1051:0-333-17236-1
1048:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1031:0-333-17236-1
1028:
1022:
1016:
1015:0-333-17236-1
1012:
1006:
1000:
999:0-670-61964-7
996:
990:
982:
976:
972:
965:
957:
955:2-9515171-0-6
951:
947:
940:
932:
926:
922:
921:
913:
905:
903:0-09-180178-8
899:
895:
888:
880:
878:2-9515171-0-6
874:
870:
863:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
826:
824:
822:
817:
807:
806:0-670-61964-7
803:
799:
797:
796:0-333-17236-1
793:
789:
787:
784:
783:
777:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
745:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
674:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
655:
651:
650:
639:
637:
636:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
591:
589:
585:
582:, during the
581:
580:Alphonse Juin
577:
573:
568:
566:
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1043:World Armies
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1381:recognition
1334:South Sudan
1224:Ivory Coast
730:Six-Day War
572:Free France
523:during the
513:pieds-noirs
509:World War I
503:World War I
487:pieds-noirs
467:Crimean War
459:Tirailleurs
455:French Army
163:cataphracts
1436:(Portugal)
1394:Somaliland
1314:Seychelles
1279:Mozambique
1264:Mauritania
1249:Madagascar
1204:The Gambia
1139:Cape Verde
812:References
436:See also:
333:fire, and
331:swivel gun
311:star forts
296:, and the
197:Greek fire
139:, and the
80:Al-Andalus
74:Al-Andalus
41:Punic Wars
18:See also:
1269:Mauritius
854:0020-8183
769:massacres
739:The 1973
657:Populaire
607:pied-noir
590:in 1944.
335:grapeshot
250:matchlock
246:flintlock
203:weapons.
171:logistics
160:Byzantine
147:cavalry.
1482:Category
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1369:Zimbabwe
1344:Tanzania
1194:Ethiopia
1189:Eswatini
1169:Djibouti
1134:Cameroon
1119:Botswana
758:Islamist
693:and the
683:Sand War
677:Sand War
357:and the
242:javelins
114:chariots
84:Ifriqiya
49:Carthage
1445:RĂ©union
1441:Mayotte
1432:Madeira
1427:(Spain)
1423:Melilla
1354:Tunisia
1324:Somalia
1309:Senegal
1294:Nigeria
1284:Namibia
1274:Morocco
1239:Liberia
1234:Lesotho
1184:Eritrea
1154:Comoros
1129:Burundi
1104:Algeria
722:MiG-21s
691:Tindouf
519:on the
478:Zouaves
318:Pirates
294:frigate
290:galleon
286:galeass
282:caravel
254:Muskets
65:Numidia
28:Algeria
1464:
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1364:Zambia
1359:Uganda
1299:Rwanda
1254:Malawi
1214:Guinea
1109:Angola
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734:Israel
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426:Sahara
422:Tuareg
417:Kabyle
402:consul
369:. The
302:Cannon
292:, the
288:, the
284:, the
271:Europe
235:Nimcha
231:Swords
221:rule,
189:Iberia
167:Camels
106:, and
67:, and
1419:Ceuta
1339:Sudan
1289:Niger
1244:Libya
1229:Kenya
1209:Ghana
1199:Gabon
1174:Egypt
1114:Benin
732:with
726:Egypt
347:First
322:masts
248:or a
1349:Togo
1259:Mali
1149:Chad
1047:ISBN
1027:ISBN
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