Military history of the Jin dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms

3836: 3872: 3884: 3848: 3824: 3860: 133:). As their name implies, able male members born into military families served for life, and when they could no longer serve because of illness or death, their sons or close family members replaced them. Their families lived at the capital and other major centers where they could be used by the government as hostages to ensure the loyalty of their soldiers. They were also forbidden from marrying into non-military families in order to prevent their offspring from exiting the system, thus creating a closed community of military households. Although commoners could still be called up in times of urgent need, the rise of government mandated military communities under 250: 278: 266: 3684: 141:

the military. By the end of the dynasty, military men were regarded little better than government slaves. Terms of service were exceedingly harsh. One in three men from a military family was called upon for a term of service lasting from the age of 15 to their 60s. Essentially their entire life. Those who suffered debilitating injuries had to find a replacement from their family to procure release. Desertion was rampant and exit from the military household system a much sought after reward. By the sixth century the system of hereditary military households had collapsed.

4440: 4432: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4400: 4392: 4384: 4376: 4230: 3900: 105: 235: 4967:, where it met the larger force under Fu Rong. Seeing that the situation had come to a stalemate at the river, the Jin commander offered Fu Rong to a fair battle if he would let them cross the river, and thus grant the Qin a much better position with their larger army. Fu Rong consented, but as he signaled to move back and make room from the Jin, the army fell into disarray, causing a panic stricken rout. Fu Rong himself was caught up in the commotion and killed in the stampede. 4221:, where it met the larger force under Fu Rong. Seeing that the situation had come to a stalemate at the river, the Jin commander offered Fu Rong to a fair battle if he would let them cross the river, and thus grant the Qin a much better position with their larger army. Fu Rong consented, but as he signaled to move back and make room for the Jin, the army fell into disarray, causing a panic stricken rout. Fu Rong himself was caught up in the commotion and killed in the stampede. 525: 157: 3908: 5396: 31: 299: 221:

of stirrups that can be dated precisely and with confidence are from a southern Manchurian burial of 415. However, stirrups have also been found in several other tombs in North China and Manchuria that are most likely of fourth century date. Most of these early Northeast Asian stirrups were oval in shape and made from iron, sometimes solid and sometimes applied over a wooden core, and this form would remain in use for many centuries thereafter.

3812: 212:. References to "iron cavalry" and "iron horse" began to appear at the same time and instances of captured horse armour in numbers as high as 5,000 and 10,000 are recorded. In addition to the stirrups, Feng Sufu's tomb also contained iron plates for lamellar armour. Sources mention the capture of thousands of "armored horses" in a single battle. Armoured heavy cavalry would dominate Chinese warfare from the 4th century AD to the early 148:, voluntary recruits began to supplant the defunct military caste system. Many of these soldiers were former members of the previous system who had been freed, and had chosen to re-enlist for better terms, or because they could find no better employment. In practice, many of the military communities which had sprung up during the era of hereditary troops stayed together, and provided the basis for recruitment for the next dynasty. 43: 533: 562:. Emperor Hui proved to be mentally deficient, possibly even mentally handicapped, and his father was aware of the situation. However he feared that to skip his eldest son in the line of succession would destabilize the empire with a succession struggle, so he maintained Zhong's position as heir apparent. The decision proved to be a disaster. Upon Sima Zhong's accession, the former empress' uncle 5483:, attacked Northern Wei. Tuoba Gui chose not to confront him head on and fled west across the Yellow River, leaving the east undefended. When Murong Bao reached the east bank of the Yellow River, a series of protracted skirmished occurred, lasting until winter. At that point Murong Bao started to retreat, but Tuoba Gui overtook him with a column of cavalry at Canhe Slope, northwest of modern 4696:, proclaiming himself King of Zhao, Shi Le did the same in his territory. In 328, Liu Yao attacked Shi Le's holdings in Pingyang and took it after a siege lasting 100 days. Judging that Liu Yao's forces had been sufficiently weakened, Shi Le led an army of 27,000 cavalry and 60,000 foot soldiers against him. Liu Yao was completely defeated and in 329, Shi Le annexed Han-Zhao. 326:. Cao Pi deeply distrusted his close kin and reduced their powers out of suspicion of their loyalty. His brothers and half-brothers were sent away to their nominal fiefs and kept under strict supervision. Moreover Cao Pi regularly interfered in the status of his kin by promoting, demoting, revoking, and restoring their titles at will. 4592:. In 328, Liu Yao attacked Shi Le's holdings in Pingyang and took it after a siege lasting 100 days. Judging that Liu Yao's forces had been sufficiently weakened, Shi Led an army of 27,000 cavalry and 60,000 foot soldiers against him. Liu Yao was completely defeated and in 329, Shi Le's army marched into Han-Zhao and annexed it. 4707:, in 334. Shi Hu put to work enormous numbers of men on his palace complexes, dug up the tombs of former emperors for treasure, and was apparently addicted to his harem and hunting. At one point he had a quarrel with his heir apparent and killed him as well as his 26 children. They were buried in a single coffin. 4550:

fled with 40,000 men on 22 December, 310. He died on 23 April, 311. Sima Yue's army continued marching east, hoping to give their master a coastal burial. However before they were able to reach the coast, they were overtaken by Shi Le's cavalry and surrounded. The barbarian horse archers rained down

220:

The very earliest Chinese representation of a stirrup comes from a tomb figurine from South China dating to AD 302, but this is a single stirrup that must have been used only for mounting the horse. The earliest figurine with two stirrups probably dates from about 322, and the first actual specimens

140:

The situation changed after the fall of Western Jin. Having lost the resources of the north, the Eastern Jin army attempted to bolster the number of military families in the south by incorporating convicts, vagrants, and aboriginals. This resulted in a general decline of social status and morale in

187:

Single mounting stirrups had already been in use since the Han dynasty, but full double stirrups did not appear until the early 4th century AD. A funerary figurine depicting a stirrup dated 302 AD was unearthed from a Western Jin tomb near Changsha. The stirrup depicted is a mounting stirrup, only

112:

The Jin dynasty's military structure was largely inherited from Cao Wei. During the Three Kingdoms period, military leadership was functionally hereditary as long as the successor was loyal to his liege and proved competent. When the commander died, a male member of his family inherited control of

177: 4738:

in 350. Ran Min committed genocide on the Jie people, whose features made them physically distinct from the rest of the population. “The dead numbered more than 200,000. Corpses were piled outside the city walls, where they were all eaten by jackals, wolves, and wild dogs.”

4838:, whose features made them physically distinct from the rest of the population. “The dead numbered more than 200,000. Corpses were piled outside the city walls, where they were all eaten by jackals, wolves, and wild dogs.” The survivors who made it out sought help from the 4675:

and sold into slavery. At some point Shi Le gained his freedom and became involved with a group of brigands who specialized in stealing horses from the imperial pastures. Together they formed a large following made up of escaped slaves and outlaws. During the

17: 477:

treated his kin, Sima Yan immediately enfeoffed 27 of his relatives as princes with autonomy over their fiefs as well as positions in the military and government. The Jin dynasty was in its inception, essentially a family run enterprise.

7673: 4963:. A Qin force 50,000 strong moved east to block a Jin army of 70,000. Disaster struck when a small Jin strike force of only 5,000 attacked the Qin position at night, dealing 15,000 casualties. The Jin army continued its march to 4217:. A Qin force 50,000 strong moved east to block a Jin army of 70,000. Disaster struck when a small Jin strike force of only 5,000 attacked the Qin position at night, dealing 15,000 casualties. The Jin army continued its march to 9396: 412:

campaigned against Wu and the nomads to the north but achieved no major success against either opponents. Cao Fang tried to retake power for himself in 254 but was pre-emptively attacked by Sima Shi and replaced by his cousin,

4767:

became an autonomous kingdom under the rule of the Zhang family. They remained nominal vassals of Jin until they were forced to become vassals of Zhao in 323. A few years later they proclaimed allegiance to Jin again. In 376,

3835: 207:

influence. Dated to 357 AD, the tomb of Dong Shou shows fully armoured riders as well as horses. By the end of the 4th century murals depicting horse armour covering the entire body were found in tombs as far as

6513: 3823: 125:, meaning battalions and companies, were originally units of military organization during the Han. Under Cao Cao, a more systematic form of hereditary soldiery was implemented through "military families" (士家 4954:

In 383, a Jin army attempted to take Xiangyang and was repelled by Qin relief force of 50,000. Fu Jian responded with a renewed all out attack on the south, mobilizing 270,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry.

3871: 397:, Sima Yi had Cao Shuang stripped of his positions and shortly thereafter had him and his associates executed; effectively seizing state power in Wei. He died two years later and was succeeded by his son 388:

were devotees of a mind altering drug known as Five Minerals Powder. Together they headed a movement which sought to dispose of meaningless formalities in society and opposed the traditional doctrines of

5537:, the heir of Tuoba Si was courageous and stalwart, often leading the charge in assaulting heavily defended cities, and acted indifferently towards the sight of death. In 426 he attacked the kingdom of 3883: 200:, a neighboring state outside of Jin dynasty, dating to the 4th and 5th centuries AD, but these do not contain any specific date. The stirrup appeared to be in widespread use across China by AD 477. 3847: 333:. Although Cao Rui was already twenty years old, he was nonetheless appointed a regency council by his father prior to his death. By 237, three members of the regency council had died, leaving only 3805:

for his service under the Jin. Chang'an was surrounded by the Xiongnu and finally surrendered in 316, though it would be retaken the next year. Emperor Min was taken and killed a few months later.

345:, joined Cao Cao early on in his career and Sima Yi followed him in 208. He became a close friend of Cao Pi and joined his entourage in 217. By 224, Sima Yi was left in charge of domestic affairs. 9345: 4532:. With his bolstered army, Liu Yuan defeated the Jin forces and plundered his way to Luoyang in 309. Liu Yuan did not live to see the fall of the capital and died of illness on 29 August, 310. 188:

placed on one side of the horse, and too short for riding. The earliest reliable representation of a full length double sided riding stirrup was also unearthed from a Jin tomb, this time near

4307:

took advantage of the upwind position to set fire to Huan's ships. The ensuing chaos destroyed Huan's army and he was forced to flee to Sichuan where he was killed by one of his associates.

7680: 4209:

In 383, a Jin army attacked Xiangyang and was repelled by a Qin relief force of 50,000. The Qin committed an all out attack on the south, mobilizing 270,000 cavalry and 600,000 infantry.

3859: 623:

attempted to oust him from power but was killed in a skirmish. On 3 February 301, Lun forced Emperor Hui to abdicate and took the throne for himself. In April, Sima Yong, Sima Jiong, and

425:. He requested help from Wu, but they were unable to assist him, and the city was retaken by the end of the year. Sima Shi died on 23 March, 255, and was succeeded by his younger brother 4912:

in 351. His son, Fu Jian, declared himself Emperor of Qin in 352. Jin forces tried to invade them in 354 but ultimately withdrew. Fu Jian died in 355 and was succeeded by his son

249: 8704: 361:

but was checked there by Sima Yi and died the following year. In 238, Sima Yi invaded the Gongsun state in the northeast and annexed it. This was followed by a campaign into

4660:

in 319. The Jie were likely originally a Central Asian people and were described as having deep-set eyes, high nose bridges, and heavy facial hair. They also believed in

4513:

sent Liu Yuan to raise an army for him, he took the opportunity to proclaim himself "King of Han" and made a bid for the imperial throne as a legitimate successor to the

9338: 5518:. Tuoba Si was heavily involved in Chinese poetry and literature and lacked the martial drive of his predecessor. Under his reign, there were two campaigns against the 8658: 4509:

as a youth and was both literate and fond of studying. However his position at court remained that of a subordinate barbarian and he chafed at this disgrace. When

9416: 9401: 4490:

in 304. At this point in time the Xiongnu were no longer nomadic, but a sedentary people focused on stockbreeding and agriculture, tending towards sinicization.

9331: 4588:

to Chang'an and renamed the dynasty from Han to Zhao. In the northeast, Shi Le also proclaimed himself King of Zhao, the kingdom which historians refer to as

631:

removed Jiong from power and took regency for himself. The next year Ying and Yong attacked Ai. While Ai managed to hold off their forces, he was betrayed by

7666: 6678: 6675: 61:

encompasses the period of Chinese military activities from 266 AD to 420 AD. The Jin dynasty is usually divided into the Western Jin and Eastern Jin in

4296: 358: 6731: 9304: 6495: 627:

defeated Lun and restored Emperor Hui with Jiong as regent. In May 302, the last sons of Yu died, and the line of succession fell into confusion.

9714: 453:, eliminating one of the Three Kingdoms, after which he proclaimed himself King of Jin. He died the following year and was succeeded by his son 8740: 8651: 4184: 113:

his troops, and when a soldier died one of his male relatives inherited his position in the unit. By the end of the Three Kingdoms, the term

9704: 4284: 501:

also started raiding Jin territory, however he was killed in 272. Tufa Shujineng was defeated in 279 and order was restored to the region.

9431: 4989:

in 386. Other members of the Murong family besieged Fu Jian in Chang'an from 384-385. He escaped only to be intercepted by and killed by

3950: 620: 8644: 8252: 5453: 5437: 4134: 4090: 689:. The court had exhausted most of its power with feuds between the imperial family and the empire fell into chaos. In 308 the bandit 656: 8676: 5445: 4730:

origin. In reality, Shi Min had already been de facto ruler of Later Zhao since Shi Hu died. Shi Min then changed his name back to

4287:

chose to defect to Huan's side, but he was killed. Huan declared himself emperor at the end of 403. Liu Laozhi's former lieutenant

578:, then killed Liang. The empress Jia Nanfeng turned on Wei and killed him immediately afterwards, becoming de facto ruler of Jin. 9579: 5433: 3747:. The ones responsible for defending Bing Province either fled or were killed. Liu Yuan died in 310 and was succeeded by his son 3739:. While Liu Yuan did raise an army, he was too late to be of any help to Ying. Instead Liu Yuan declared himself Emperor of the 137:

and the demobilization of local levies under the Jin dynasty, had by and large, replaced the universal conscription of the Han.

9391: 5449: 574:

organized a coup and removed Yang Jun from power on 23 April 291. With assistance from the empress, the fifth son of Sima Yan,

92:

were a series of barbarian states occupying northern China after the fall of Western Jin. They were eventually extinguished by

635:. Ai was burnt at the stake on 19 March 304. On 1 May 304, Ying became heir apparent. Yue became jealous and attacked Ying at 9624: 9355: 8824: 7533: 7297: 6651: 6615: 6584: 6538: 5495:, but the offensive came to an abrupt halt when he grew ill and died. The momentum reversed and Northern Wei armies captured 3953:

convinced the emperor confiscate slaves and other independent retainers from powerful families. This sparked a rebellion by

449:, like his brother, attempted to seize control of the state, but failed and died in the process. In 264 Sima Zhao conquered 9426: 9411: 6836:

Helfen-Maenchen, Otto, The World of the Huns: Studies of Their History and Culture, pp.373. University of California Press

9406: 277: 265: 9689: 8872: 8714: 8112: 7641: 4283:

in 402 and created a large territory for himself while the government was busy with Sun En. The Jin's primary general

3969:, within striking distance of the capital. However Wang then became seriously ill and died in 324. Zu Ti died and the 9006: 8867: 7511: 6592: 6172: 5237: 5172: 493:. The Jin sent armies against them twice, in 270 and 271, but were defeated on both occasions. Sensing weakness, the 9052: 8887: 8724: 6215: 5515: 5310: 5271: 8847: 8694: 5414: 3699: 70: 192:, dated to the Eastern Jin period, 322 AD. The earliest extant double stirrups were discovered in the tomb of a 9709: 9380: 8955: 6841: 6739: 6113: 5191: 5149: 5022: 9371: 9282: 9277: 8773: 8760: 5530: 5422: 4524:, Liu Yuan moved south to gather support from bandits and other barbarian peoples, notably the former slave 234: 203:

The appearance of the stirrup in China coincided with the rise of armoured cavalry, probably as a result of

9446: 9441: 9436: 9376: 8755: 8207: 639:

city, but was utterly defeated and the emperor was captured by the enemy forces. In the north, the general

369:. Cao Rui died in 239 without any offspring of his own and was succeeded by his seven year old adopted son 9699: 9664: 9386: 4931:. Wang Meng successfully defeated Former Yan in battle and annexed the kingdom. In 371 Fu Jian conquered 8489: 7658: 5179:

in 400. It was revived in 409, conquering Southern Liang in 414, and was ultimately itself conquered by

5028:

In 384, Former Qin lost Xiangyang and in the next year, all their territory in Sichuan and south of the

516:

surrendered on 1 May 280 when his troops deserted him, putting an end to the era of the Three Kingdoms.

9519: 8862: 7525: 643:, previously under the Jia regime, attacked Ying, forcing him to flee to Luoyang. Ying was usurped by 9694: 9499: 9191: 9176: 9021: 8817: 8709: 8667: 8563: 7883: 7690: 5785: 5643: 5616: 5129: 4905: 4079: 4049: 470: 394: 53: 35: 8689: 8371: 7814: 6732:"The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin, Rafe de Crespigny Publications, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU" 4677: 4634:. For his service against the Xiongnu from 304 to 314, the Jin dynasty ceded to him five counties. 3709: 3612: 903: 545: 73:

split the empire and created a number of barbarian states in the north. The Jin court relocated to

4985:

reconquered his territory in the northeast, proclaiming himself emperor of what would be known as

9567: 8351: 8314: 9323: 4554:

Back at Luoyang, the Han army broke through the gates in the southern wall, capturing the city.

9456: 9262: 9151: 8927: 8745: 8224: 8195: 7752: 6605: 6259: 5718: 5538: 5410: 5329: 5180: 4944: 4924: 4623: 4584:. The throne went to Liu Yao, an orphan raised by Liu Yuan. Liu Yao relocated the capital from 4360: 4304: 4288: 4149: 3802: 2910: 445:, also requesting assistance from Wu, but none was forthcoming. He was defeated in 258. In 260 78: 62: 3811: 619:. They imprisoned Jia Nanfeng and forced her to commit suicide a few days later. Lun's cousin 9534: 9476: 9469: 9464: 9363: 9257: 8785: 8684: 5399: 5137: 4917: 4913: 4889: 4156: 3169: 4332:

In 412, Liu Yu eliminated Liu Yi and became the dominant military power in the Jin dynasty.

9554: 9524: 9201: 8937: 8810: 7915: 7793: 6038: 5610: 5195: 4885: 4456: 3992: 3121: 582: 3683: 2148: 8: 9232: 9227: 8882: 8852: 8719: 8699: 7981: 4964: 4685: 4558:

was taken prisoner and the city burnt to the ground. He would die in confinement in 313.

4555: 4540: 4487: 4218: 4204: 4122:

In 365, Murong Wei took Luoyang. Sima Pi died and was succeeded by Sima Yi, posthumously

4013: 3985: 3920: 3764: 3760: 3748: 3728: 3454: 3141: 2882: 2669: 2464: 686: 563: 8481: 9584: 9529: 9287: 7997: 7927: 7834: 6664: 4904:

died, Fu Hong led his people, 100,000 strong, westward. They defeated another group of

4760: 4615:

in 304. He proclaimed himself Emperor of Cheng in 306. It was conquered by Jin in 347.

4570: 4502: 4123: 4009:, but Tao Kan himself set up a semi-independent state in the middle of the Changjiang. 3794: 3392: 2854: 2374: 559: 498: 8604: 8448: 8379: 8273: 8191: 8141: 8125: 8026: 7993: 7989: 7964: 7842: 7728: 7637: 7529: 7507: 6837: 6611: 6588: 6580: 5376: 5110: 4684:, but suffered defeat at the hands of a Jin army. Shi Le then entered the service of 4536: 4249: 4138: 4105: 4020: 3775: 3720: 3432: 3412: 3372: 640: 551: 509: 504:

In the spring of 280, Jin launched an invasion of Wu from the north and west, led by

9421: 482: 8833: 8791: 8750: 8518: 8403: 8355: 8244: 8092: 7923: 7907: 7895: 7838: 7826: 7777: 7769: 6341: 5566: 5554: 5348:

attacked Xia in 426 and captured Chang'an, but Xia retook it in 428. Xia conquered

4498: 4364: 338: 145: 117:(部曲) had come to designate the institution of hereditary military leadership. Both 89: 82: 57: 5491:

led another invasion into Northern Wei territory in 396 and defeated an army near

4850:

led three armies south and defeated Ran Min in battle and annexed Ran Wei in 352.

4351:

In 417, Jin conquered Later Qin and retook Chang'an, but retreated the next year.

3789:

Emperor Huai died in captivity in 313 and was succeeded by his 11 year old nephew

9514: 8559: 8506: 8318: 8220: 8051: 7968: 7858: 7854: 7744: 7740: 7486:

The Eurasian Way of War: Military practice in seventh-century China and Byzantium

6682: 5013:. Chouchi was also revived. Dai was revived in 386 in what would become known as 3713: 3703: 537: 4951:

was conquered. By 381, Fu Jian had united all of North China under his control.

651:

where he was killed early in 306 by Yong. On 5 June, Chang'an was captured by a

196:

noble, Feng Sufu, who died in 415 AD. Stirrups have also been found in tombs in

18:

Military history of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)

9643: 9618: 9504: 8922: 8636: 8428: 8363: 8281: 8269: 8108: 7960: 7952: 7911: 7899: 7797: 6179: 6133: 5562: 5318: 5256: 5214: 5078: 4748: 4661: 4264:

rebelled in 399 and was not defeated until 402. The surviving rebels fled with

3691: 490: 303: 104: 5639:

Jin Dynasty's rule over northern China and Sichuan begins to break down in 304

4439: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4407: 4399: 4391: 4383: 4375: 4229: 3899: 9683: 9649: 9637: 9509: 8551: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8145: 8129: 8022: 7956: 7891: 7850: 7846: 7818: 7756: 5549:

in 427. However Chang'an was retaken the next year. In 430 Northern Wei took

5496: 5094: 4672: 4303:, on 10 June 404. Both sides arrived with their flotillas. Liu's subordinate 4295:

before returning with a much larger force. The decisive battle was fought on

3744: 3467: 77:, starting the era of Eastern Jin, which ended in 420 when it was usurped by 7504:

Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity

4923:

Fu Jian subjugated the nomadic Qiang tribes and in 370, he sent his general

4718:, deposed him. Shi Jian reigned for 183 days before he was also deposed, by 4031: 1261: 681:

Emperor Hui died on 8 January 307 and was succeeded by his younger brother,

9572: 9156: 9057: 9047: 9011: 8892: 8395: 8084: 6430: 6286: 6201: 5766: 5558: 5546: 5465: 5406: 5384: 5364: 5345: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5267: 5114: 5106: 5086: 5029: 5014: 4940: 4788: 4764: 4681: 4468: 4322: 3731:

in the hope that he would rally the Xiongnu to his cause. According to the

3635: 524: 418: 390: 366: 256: 213: 193: 93: 6607:

Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art

5487:. The entire Yan army was taken by surprise and routed on 8 December 395. 4539:, ruled for only seven days before he was toppled by his younger brother, 4005:

in 328. The Jin court was able to suppress the rebellion with the help of

3907: 156: 9596: 9311: 9267: 9094: 9039: 9001: 8766: 8530: 8473: 8424: 8416: 8387: 8104: 8047: 8043: 7903: 7789: 7736: 7688: 6095: 6065: 5677: 5628: 5542: 5488: 5372: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5245: 5168: 5160: 5145: 5082: 5074: 5051: 5043: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4982: 4909: 4727: 4693: 4562: 4514: 4479: 4460: 4130: 3965:

and defeated Diao Xie's army of ex-slaves. He set up his headquarters in

3928: 3740: 3732: 648: 590: 571: 354: 240: 165: 6514:

Timeline of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)

5395: 5199: 5018: 4971: 4093:

of Jin led a failed northern expedition. Lâm Ấp was defeated in battle.

9611: 9589: 9562: 9181: 9130: 8991: 8973: 8965: 8950: 8877: 8857: 8567: 8399: 6026: 5936: 5872: 5808: 5604: 5534: 5504: 5480: 5141: 5090: 4928: 4897: 4881: 4870: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4827: 4812: 4780: 4769: 4653: 4649: 4638: 4631: 4608: 4604: 4589: 4529: 4464: 4112: 4097: 4071: 4060: 3962: 3798: 3182: 3071: 2440: 1902: 777: 720: 671: 667: 644: 636: 612: 586: 567: 555: 374: 298: 180: 161: 6665:

Dien, Albert. "THE STIRRUP AND ITS EFFECT ON CHINESE MILITARY HISTORY"

4981:

The Former Qin empire collapsed under the weight of rebellion. In 384

30: 9656: 9544: 9109: 9104: 9029: 8996: 8945: 8526: 8456: 8432: 8420: 8359: 8334: 8277: 8256: 8203: 8014: 7862: 7781: 7716: 6075: 6058: 5668: 5526: 5500: 5492: 5476: 5418: 5295: 5291: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5203: 5176: 5133: 5125: 5102: 5098: 5066: 5055: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4948: 4752: 4600: 4510: 4346: 4311: 4276: 4269: 4255: 4248:

In 396, Sima Yao died and was succeeded by Sima Dezong, posthumously

4177: 4148:

In 371, Huan Wen deposed Sima Yi and enthroned Sima Yu, posthumously

4075: 4064: 4027: 3981: 3724: 3343: 2630: 2125: 1954: 1886: 1856: 1619: 1418: 834: 815: 675: 624: 505: 438: 426: 342: 319: 7544:

The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty

4688:

and became a major warlord in the northeast. When Liu Yuan died and

9602: 9272: 9252: 9211: 9206: 9099: 9089: 8917: 8802: 8779: 8616: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8579: 8555: 8547: 8440: 8293: 8232: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8133: 8100: 8063: 7985: 7940: 7919: 7720: 7712: 6494:

asterisk (*) denotes kingdoms not counted among the sixteen in the

5622: 5511: 5484: 5218: 4956: 4866: 4792: 4715: 4700: 4612: 4581: 4547: 4292: 4280: 4210: 4056: 4002: 3977: 3954: 3924: 3916: 3771: 3617: 3089: 2492: 2387: 2208: 2177: 1937: 1919: 953: 850: 820: 801: 782: 758: 744: 739: 682: 663: 632: 608: 598: 575: 466: 454: 442: 422: 409: 398: 370: 362: 197: 169: 74: 4325:. Lu Xun tried to take Jiankang but failed. He eventually died in 4019:

In 344, Sima Yue died and was succeeded by Sima Dan, posthumously

4012:

In 342, Sima Yan died and was succeeded by Sima Yue, posthumously

42: 9630: 9539: 9353: 9247: 9196: 9186: 9146: 9084: 8983: 8909: 8534: 8514: 8485: 8477: 8452: 8391: 8383: 8367: 8289: 8285: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8187: 8137: 8096: 8088: 8076: 8030: 8018: 8010: 7948: 7944: 7879: 7810: 7748: 7708: 7652:

Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy

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In 372, Sima Yu died and was succeeded by Sima Yao, posthumously

4116: 4101: 4083: 4048:

of Jin led a northern expedition that ended in disaster when its

4045: 4038: 4006: 3958: 3790: 3756: 3687: 2614: 2414: 1657: 1634: 795: 763: 725: 694: 690: 659:. Yong and Ying were killed while Yue took control of the court. 628: 616: 604: 594: 532: 513: 494: 486: 450: 446: 414: 381: 350: 346: 334: 330: 323: 315: 204: 189: 176: 134: 66: 7522:

Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century

7459:

Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD

3735:, Liu Yuan was 184 cm tall and had red strains in his long 337:. Sima Yi descended from an old and established family from the 9242: 9237: 8620: 8612: 8571: 8522: 8510: 8460: 8436: 8310: 8228: 8199: 8174: 8080: 8059: 8055: 7887: 7875: 7830: 7822: 7785: 7773: 7732: 7724: 5533:. Tuoba Tao was the polar opposite of his father. According to 5519: 5314: 4901: 4704: 4668: 4657: 4585: 4573:

was also captured, suffering the same fate as his predecessor.

4551:

arrows on them, causing a stampede. In the end, none survived.

4525: 4300: 4265: 4261: 3998: 3935: 3752: 652: 554:, died on 16 May 290, and was succeeded by his 30 year old son 474: 385: 314:

deposed the last Han emperor and proclaimed himself Emperor of

311: 209: 6790: 6788: 6763: 6761: 3712:, five groups of barbarian peoples, collectively known as the 9125: 8583: 8575: 8493: 8322: 8297: 5581:

Chronology of the Sixteen Kingdoms with Ethnicity of Founders

5461: 5457: 5441: 4975: 4796: 4667:

Shi Le was a Xiongnu raised among the Jie tribes of southern

4242: 4142: 3970: 3966: 3943: 3939: 3783: 3779: 3736: 465:

On 8 February 266, Sima Yan deposed the last emperor of Wei,

7441:

A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms

4272:, where they were defeated in 405. Lâm Ấp attacked Jiaozhi. 255:

Earliest double stirrups from the tomb of a Han nobleman in

8444: 8375: 6785: 6773: 6758: 6746: 6687: 5140:

in 385 and proclaimed himself emperor in 386. It conquered

4104:. Sima Dan died and was succeeded by Sima Pi, posthumously 3723:

brought Wuhuan and Xianbei troops from the north to attack

603:

On 27 April 300, Empress Jia Nanfeng had the heir apparent

7143: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 4129:

In 369, Huan Wen led 50,000 men north and was defeated by

7061: 7059: 7057: 7044: 7042: 7010: 6878: 6876: 3782:

moved north with a few thousand volunteers and recovered

7589:

Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC - AD 1840

7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7285: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6908: 6906: 5379:

in 407. Gao Yun was assassinated in 409 and replaced by

4335:

In 413, Qiaozong was defeated. Lâm Ấp attacked Jiaozhi.

3763:

as hostage. The fall of Luoyang came to be known as the

528:

Map showing the War of the Eight Princes in Jin dynasty.

473:. In contrast to the close guarded suspicion with which 7122: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6863: 6861: 6820: 6818: 6805: 6803: 4671:. At an early age he was seized by the Jin governor of 4467:

in 371 and revived in 385. It was finally conquered by

7393: 7391: 7364: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7205: 7203: 7190: 7188: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7158: 7156: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7076: 7074: 7054: 7039: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6893: 6891: 6873: 4370: 3991:

In 325, Sima Shao died and was succeeded by Sima Yan,

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Tuoba Gui died in 409 and was succeeded by his son,

4363:

usurped the Jin throne and replaced it with his own

7636:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 7388: 7376: 7304: 7256: 7244: 7232: 7215: 7200: 7185: 7168: 7153: 7105: 7071: 7020: 6951: 6918: 6888: 6846: 6636: 6624: 6557: 6545: 5525:Tuoba Si died in 423 and was succeeded by his son 4714:. Shi Zun reigned for 33 days before his brother, 3727:in the south, Ying released the Xiongnu chieftain 3678: 589:rebelled. He was killed in 299. Another Di leader 5155: 4755:dutifully defended Jin territory against various 4474: 4041:of Jin carried out a failed northern expedition. 318:. During his reign Cao Pi alienated his brothers 216:when the military transitioned to light cavalry. 9681: 9305:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms 8666: 7416:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 6496:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms 4699:Shi Le died in 333 and was succeeded by his son 4546:Realizing that defending the city was hopeless, 4505:during the Three Kingdoms period. He studied in 4291:marched on Jiankang, forcing Huan to retreat to 329:Cao Pi died in 226 and was succeeded by his son 5054:. It took Chang'an in 385. It was conquered by 908:- - - - - = The dashed line denotes an adoption 897: 889: 881: 3829:Xiongnu art depicting two creatures in a fight 9339: 8818: 8652: 7674: 7430: 6569: 5428:From 388–9, he established dominion over the 4722:, who lasted 103 days. Shi Zhi was ousted by 4447: 4067:but withdrew due to logistical difficulties. 129:) which later became "hereditary troops" (世兵 7456: 7447: 7438: 7422: 7296:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTwitchett2008 ( 6794: 6779: 6767: 6752: 6693: 6577:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. 5035:Former Qin was annexed by Later Qin in 394. 607:killed. On 7 May 300, the sons of Sima Yan, 65:. Western Jin lasted from its usurpation of 5475:In the summer of 395, the heir apparent of 5251: 5232: 519: 9346: 9332: 8825: 8811: 8659: 8645: 7681: 7667: 6603: 5305: 655:and Xianbei army under Wang Jun's general 8893:Northern Wei's unification of North China 7291: 6676:"The invention and influences of stirrup" 6492: 6427: 6214: 6178: 6074: 6057: 6037: 5935: 5784: 5765: 5717: 5667: 5588: 5579: 5440:in the east. From 390–1, he defeated the 5359: 5281: 4959:fell to the Qin vanguard (250,000) under 4742: 4245:were reincorporated into the Jin empire. 4213:fell to the Qin vanguard (250,000) under 611:, his elder brother Sima Yong and nephew 7571:Imperial Chinese Armies (1): 200BC-AD589 7465: 7413: 6650:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraff2002 ( 6597: 6579:Cambridge University Press,2004, p. 103 6537:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraff2002 ( 6340: 6285: 6274: 6258: 6200: 6171: 6132: 6112: 6094: 6064: 5912: 5871: 5807: 5676: 5642: 5394: 5352:in 431, but was itself conquered by the 5186: 5152:in 403. It was conquered by Jin in 417. 5038: 4710:Shi Hu died in 349 and was succeeded by 4576:Liu Cong died in 318. His son and heir, 4438: 4430: 4422: 4414: 4406: 4398: 4390: 4382: 4374: 4228: 3906: 3898: 3682: 531: 523: 469:, and proclaimed himself Emperor of the 297: 175: 155: 103: 41: 29: 7634:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China 7580:Imperial Chinese Armies (2): 590-1260AD 6726: 6724: 6722: 6023: 5637: 4876: 4775: 4644: 365:in 244 and 245 under the leadership of 14: 9715:5th-century disestablishments in China 9682: 7649: 7622: 7613: 7099: 6981: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 5120: 5061: 4703:, who was soon deposed by his cousin, 4595: 4198: 3946:and declared himself Prince of Zhao. 3751:. On 13 July 311, Liu Cong's general, 160:Procession of Dong Shou, a general of 9327: 8806: 8640: 7662: 7631: 7595: 7586: 7577: 7568: 7559: 7550: 7541: 7519: 7501: 7483: 7474: 7397: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7315: 7279: 7267: 7250: 7238: 7226: 7209: 7194: 7179: 7162: 7147: 7116: 7080: 7065: 7048: 7033: 7014: 6962: 6945: 6924: 6912: 6897: 6882: 6867: 6824: 6809: 6645: 6630: 6563: 6551: 6532: 5209: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3633: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3465: 3463: 3445: 3443: 3423: 3421: 3403: 3401: 3383: 3381: 3363: 3361: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3231: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3180: 3178: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3132: 3130: 3112: 3110: 3103: 3087: 3085: 3069: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2845: 2843: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2660: 2658: 2646: 2644: 2628: 2626: 2612: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2506: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2455: 2453: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2385: 2383: 2365: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2247: 2226: 2224: 2206: 2204: 2192: 2190: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2139: 2137: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2073: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2047: 2045: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1967: 1965: 1952: 1950: 1935: 1933: 1916: 1914: 1900: 1898: 1884: 1882: 1870: 1868: 1854: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1632: 1630: 1617: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 932: 930: 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 647:. Zhang Fang moved the court west to 8878:Fu Jian's unification of North China 8832: 7604: 6852: 5144:in 394 and obtained submission from 4993:. Yao proclaimed himself emperor of 4853: 4834:. Ran Min committed genocide on the 4818: 4543:. The assault on Luoyang continued. 4059:led 40,000 men north and defeated a 168:origin who took political asylum in 9705:3rd-century establishments in China 7495:Sourcebook of Korean Civilization 1 7492: 6699: 6658: 6610:. Barnes & Noble. p. 227. 5274:in 421 and was itself conquered by 4371:Sixteen Kingdoms (and minor states) 3980:died and was succeeded by his son, 3927:, thus becoming the first ruler of 701:War of the Eight Princes (291-306) 566:took regency and removed his rival 353:continued to pressure Wei. In 233, 24: 8603:(衡陽) | Xiāngdōng (湘東) | 7562:Medieval Chinese Armies: 1260-1520 7553:Ancient Chinese Armies: 1500-200BC 7468:Military Culture in Imperial China 6736:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au 5302:. It was conquered by Jin in 410. 4896:was a leader under the service of 4258:rebelled in 398 and was defeated. 27:Period in Chinese military history 25: 9726: 9417:Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms 7477:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900 4338:In 415, Lâm Ấp attacked Jiaozhi. 8858:Shi Le's conquest of North China 8362:(襄陽) Nányáng (南陽) Shùnyáng (順陽) 8337:(東安) Lánlíng (蘭陵) Huáilíng (淮陵) 8136:(天水) Lüèyáng (略陽) Guǎngwèi (廣魏) 7689:Administrative divisions of the 7618:, University of California Press 5516:Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei 5383:. Northern Yan was conquered by 5324: 5113:came to power in 407 as head of 5089:defeated Later Yan northeast of 4939:. Three years later, he annexed 4618: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3810: 421:rebelled and seized the city of 373:, who fell under the regency of 276: 264: 248: 233: 8848:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians 8715:Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions 8695:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians 8173:(巴西) Dàngqú (宕渠) Xīnchéng (新城) 7407: 6830: 5415:Northern and Southern dynasties 5390: 5171:. It came under the control of 5097:from it in 396. Later Yan lost 4580:, was murdered by an official, 4086:but were defeated by Huan Wen. 3841:Xiongnu depiction of a wild ass 3700:Uprising of the Five Barbarians 3679:Uprising of the Five Barbarians 570:from power. Emperor Hui's wife 99: 71:Uprising of the Five Barbarians 7735:(汲) Hénèi (河內) Guǎngpíng (廣平) 6669: 5468:. From 391–2, he defeated the 5263:in 397. He was deposed by the 5156:Western Qin (385–400, 409–431) 4759:groups. When Zhang Gui's son, 4680:, they plundered south of the 4475:Han-Zhao/Former Zhao (304–329) 3923:, declared himself emperor at 3894: 894:– Eastern Jin dynasty emperor; 886:– Western Jin dynasty emperor; 460: 13: 1: 8774:In Search of the Supernatural 8761:Eighteen History Books of Jin 8725:Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions 7632:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), 6519: 6029:briefly unites northern China 5572: 5531:Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei 5423:Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei 3708:During the last years of the 108:Jin soldiers holding shields. 8756:Migration of the eight clans 8705:Conquest of Cheng-Han by Jin 7654:, Cambridge University Press 7627:, Cambridge University Press 7609:, Cambridge University Press 7546:, Cambridge University Press 7431:de Crespigny, Rafe (2004b), 5225:in 388. It was conquered by 4869:in 350. It was conquered by 4811:in 365. It was conquered by 4463:in 296. It was conquered by 3961:, Wang Dun descended on the 3853:Xiongnu depiction of a tiger 3755:, sacked the Jin capital of 662:Meanwhile in the southwest, 432: 151: 7: 9665:Self Strengthening Movement 7625:A History of the Vietnamese 7616:The Birth of the Vietnamese 7497:, Columbia University Press 7457:de Crespigny, Rafe (2017), 7448:de Crespigny, Rafe (2010), 7439:de Crespigny, Rafe (2007), 7423:de Crespigny, Rafe (2004), 6507: 5472:south of the Yellow River. 4354: 4318:. Lâm Ấp attacked Jiaozhi. 4224: 4001:rebelled in 327 and sacked 3889:Xiongnu depiction of a stag 3865:Xiongnu hedgehog sculptures 404: 380:Cao Shuang and his friends 10: 9731: 9397:Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms 7650:Wagner, Donald B. (2008), 7600:, Pen & Sword Military 7526:Cambridge University Press 7470:, Harvard University Press 5198:kingdom founded in 387 by 5167:kingdom founded in 385 by 5050:kingdom founded in 384 by 4916:. Fu Sheng was deposed by 4734:, creating the kingdom of 4448:Chouchi (296–371, 385–506) 4202: 4176:In 379, Former Qin seized 4162:In 373, Former Qin seized 4096:In 361, Huan Wen defeated 3697: 878: 543: 536:Migration patterns of the 293: 9553: 9492: 9485: 9455: 9362: 9296: 9220: 9169: 9139: 9118: 9077: 9070: 9038: 9020: 8982: 8964: 8936: 8908: 8901: 8840: 8733: 8710:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 8675: 8591: 8542: 8501: 8468: 8411: 8346: 8305: 8264: 8215: 8182: 8153: 8120: 8071: 8038: 8005: 7976: 7935: 7870: 7805: 7764: 7703: 7697: 7605:Shin, Michael D. (2014), 7466:di Cosmo, Nicola (2009), 7414:Barfield, Thomas (1989), 6681:December 3, 2008, at the 5136:in 384. Yao Chang killed 4935:. In 373, Fu Jian seized 4892:in 351. Fu Jian's father 4321:In 410, Liu Yu conquered 3877:Xiongnu depiction of deer 3664: 3631: 3546: 3544: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3101: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2953: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2744: 2742: 2700: 2698: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2566: 2564: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2510: 2508: 2406: 2404: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2307: 2305: 2297: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1806: 1804: 1786: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1714: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1344: 1342: 1187: 1185: 1034: 1032: 9356:Chinese military history 9007:Southern Liang (397–414) 8923:Northern Liang (397–460) 8690:War of the Eight Princes 7598:Battles of Ancient China 7520:Lorge, Peter A. (2011), 7484:Graff, David A. (2016), 7475:Graff, David A. (2001), 5317:in 400 and conquered by 5252:Northern Liang (397–439) 5244:in 397 and conquered by 5233:Southern Liang (397–414) 4772:conquered Former Liang. 4678:War of the Eight Princes 4565:fell to the Han general 4493:Liu Yuan was the son of 3949:In 321, the secretariat 3710:War of the Eight Princes 546:War of the Eight Princes 520:War of the Eight Princes 52:military history of the 9402:Northern & Southern 9053:Western Liang (400–421) 7591:, Osprey Publishing Ltd 7502:Liang, Jieming (2006), 7433:Generals of the South 2 6433:reunites northern China 5565:in 439. Thus ended the 5413:, was the first of the 5409:, a successor state of 5306:Western Liang (400–421) 5290:kingdom was founded by 4726:, an adopted nephew of 4535:Liu Yuan's eldest son, 4034:invasion was defeated. 437:In 257 the Wei general 69:in 266 to 316 when the 9625:Ming gunpowder weapons 9580:Song gunpowder weapons 9157:Northern Wei (386–535) 9058:Northern Yan (407–436) 9048:Former Liang (318–376) 9012:Southern Yan (398–410) 8873:Huan Wen's Expeditions 8868:Conquest of Wei by Yan 8746:Sima clan family trees 7607:Korean History in Maps 7493:Lee, Peter H. (1992), 5403: 5360:Northern Yan (407–436) 5282:Southern Yan (398–410) 5202:. It was conquered by 4826:usurped the throne of 4799:tribe in 344, annexed 4795:in 342, destroyed the 4743:Former Liang (320–376) 4520:After failing to take 4501:chieftains settled in 4444: 4436: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4380: 4234: 4169:In 377, Li Xun seized 4150:Emperor Jianwen of Jin 4052:allies betrayed them. 4026:In 347, Jin conquered 3912: 3904: 3817:Xiongnu gold sculpture 3695: 541: 529: 307: 288: 283:Chanfron, Northern Yan 271:Chanfron, Northern Yan 229: 184: 173: 109: 63:Chinese historiography 47: 39: 9710:420 disestablishments 9690:Jin dynasty (266–420) 9465:Ming treasure voyages 9354:Ancient and dynastic 9095:Western Yan (384–394) 9002:Western Qin (385–431) 8956:Later Liang (386–403) 8786:Chronicles of Huayang 8741:Emperors' family tree 8685:Conquest of Wu by Jin 8668:Jin dynasty (266–420) 7691:Jin dynasty (266–420) 7623:Taylor, K.W. (2013), 7596:Peers, Chris (2013), 7542:Lorge, Peter (2015), 7425:Generals of the South 5400:Battle of Canhe Slope 5398: 5270:in 401. It conquered 5187:Later Liang (387–403) 5077:in 384. It conquered 5039:Western Yan (384–394) 4692:moved the capital to 4637:Dai was conquered by 4442: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4394: 4386: 4378: 4232: 4157:Emperor Xiaowu of Jin 3938:defeated Jin general 3910: 3902: 3686: 535: 527: 457:, then 30 years old. 417:. In 255 the general 401:, then 40 years old. 310:On 11 December, 220, 301: 218: 179: 159: 144:During the following 107: 46:Eastern Jin in 382 AD 45: 33: 9644:Breechloading musket 9297:Histories of the Era 8992:Former Yan (337–370) 8974:Later Zhao (319–351) 8951:Former Qin (351–394) 8888:Liu Yu's Expeditions 8333:(臨淮) Guǎnglíng (廣陵) 8284:(樂安) Chéngyáng (城陽) 8231:(建寧) Yǒngchāng (永昌) 7930:(武邑) Guǎngchuān (廣川) 7614:Taylor, Jay (1983), 7587:Peers, C.J. (2006), 7578:Peers, C.J. (1996), 7569:Peers, C.J. (1995), 7560:Peers, C.J. (1992), 7551:Peers, C.J. (1990), 5417:. It was founded by 5340:in 407. Helian took 5298:was split in two by 4908:exiles and captured 4877:Former Qin (351–394) 4776:Former Yan (337–370) 4645:Later Zhao (319–350) 3993:Emperor Cheng of Jin 870:Jin Dynasty and Chu 593:set up the state of 481:In the northwestern 9030:Later Qin (384–417) 8997:Later Yan (384–409) 8946:Cheng-Han (304–347) 8883:Battle of Fei River 8853:Disaster of Yongjia 8720:Battle of Fei River 8700:Disaster of Yongjia 8177:(魏興) Shàngyōng (上庸) 7926:(常山) Zhōngqiū (中丘) 7800:(濟陽) Guǎngyáng (廣陽) 7784:(濟北) Dōngpíng (東平) 7582:, Osprey Publishing 7573:, Osprey Publishing 7564:, Osprey Publishing 7555:, Osprey Publishing 6604:Greg Woolf (2007). 5375:kingdom founded by 5336:kingdom founded by 5221:kingdom founded by 5132:kingdom founded by 5121:Later Qin (384–417) 5073:kingdom founded by 5062:Later Yan (384–409) 4888:kingdom founded by 4865:kingdom founded by 4791:in 337. It invaded 4787:kingdom founded by 4656:kingdom founded by 4630:kingdom created by 4626:was an independent 4611:kingdom founded by 4596:Cheng-Han (304–347) 4556:Emperor Huai of Jin 4528:, hailing from the 4486:kingdom founded by 4459:kingdom founded by 4341:In 416, Jin retook 4205:Battle of Fei River 4199:Battle of Fei River 4187:became governor of 4014:Emperor Kang of Jin 3986:Emperor Ming of Jin 3921:Emperor Yuan of Jin 3765:Disaster of Yongjia 3761:Emperor Huai of Jin 702: 687:Emperor Huai of Jin 9700:265 establishments 9585:Thunder crash bomb 9530:Repeating crossbow 9110:Qiao Shu (405–413) 9105:Huan Chu (403–404) 9100:Zhai Wei (388–392) 8918:Han-Zhao (304–329) 8300:(高密) Zhuàngwǔ (壯武) 8194:(犍為) Wènshān (汶山) 8148:(狄道) Qínchuān (秦川) 7788:(任城) Tàishān (泰山) 5404: 5356:in the same year. 5210:Zhai Wei (388–393) 4846:to the northeast. 4571:Emperor Min of Jin 4503:Taiyuan Commandery 4445: 4437: 4429: 4421: 4413: 4405: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4235: 4124:Emperor Fei of Jin 3913: 3905: 3795:Emperor Min of Jin 3696: 1864:Prince of Langyang 807:Prince of Changsha 700: 560:Emperor Hui of Jin 542: 530: 308: 185: 174: 110: 81:, who founded the 48: 40: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9321: 9320: 9221:Key personalities 9165: 9164: 9147:Chouchi (296–580) 9090:Duan Qi (350–356) 9085:Ran Wei (350–352) 9066: 9065: 8800: 8799: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8592:Xiang (湘) 8586:(安成) Xúnyáng (尋陽) 8543:Jiang (江) 8502:Guang (廣) 8484:(新昌) Wǔpíng (武平) 8435:(晉陵) Pílíng (毗陵) 8406:(建昌) Chéngdū (成都) 8154:Liang (梁) 8111:(晉昌) Wǔxīng (武興) 8072:Liang (涼) 8066:(始平) Xīnpíng (新平) 8033:(晉昌) Xīnxīng (新興) 7963:(代) Zhōngdū (中都) 7535:978-0-521-87881-4 7418:, Basil Blackwell 7150:, p. xcviii. 6795:de Crespigny 2010 6780:de Crespigny 2010 6768:de Crespigny 2010 6753:de Crespigny 2010 6694:de Crespigny 2010 6617:978-1-4351-0121-0 6585:978-0-521-54724-6 6535:, pp. 38–39. 6502: 6501: 6025:From 376 to 383, 4918:Fu Jian (337–385) 4854:Duan Qi (350–356) 4830:in 350, creating 4819:Ran Wei (350–352) 4250:Emperor An of Jin 4166:. Huan Wen died. 4115:invaded and took 4106:Emperor Ai of Jin 4021:Emperor Mu of Jin 3973:region was lost. 3776:Lelang Commandery 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3643: 3628: 3479: 3451: 3429: 3409: 3389: 3369: 3350: 3192: 3166: 3138: 3118: 3096: 3082: 2907: 2879: 2851: 2840: 2666: 2655: 2641: 2623: 2489: 2461: 2450: 2425: 2397: 2371: 2240: 2234: 2221: 2215: 2201: 2187: 2145: 2134: 1976: 1962: 1945: 1930: 1911: 1893: 1879: 1878:Prince of Taiyuan 1865: 1664: 1642: 1627: 1426: 1269: 1113: 950: 916: 915: 904:The Eight Princes 865: 864: 858:Prince of Donghai 826:Prince of Chengdu 552:Emperor Wu of Jin 302:Timelapse of the 243:mounting stirrup. 16:(Redirected from 9722: 9695:Sixteen Kingdoms 9490: 9489: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9325: 9324: 9075: 9074: 8906: 8905: 8834:Sixteen Kingdoms 8827: 8820: 8813: 8804: 8803: 8792:Butterfly Lovers 8751:Sixteen Kingdoms 8661: 8654: 8647: 8638: 8637: 8469:Jiao (交) 8443:(吳興) Huìjī (會稽) 8412:Yang (揚) 8347:Jing (荊) 8265:Qing (青) 8216:Ning (寧) 8169:(廣漢) Xīndū (新都) 8039:Yong (雍) 8006:Bing (并) 7977:Ping (平) 7701: 7700: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7646: 7628: 7619: 7610: 7601: 7592: 7583: 7574: 7565: 7556: 7547: 7538: 7516: 7498: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7450:Imperial Warlord 7444: 7435: 7427: 7419: 7401: 7395: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7373:, p. 69-70. 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7319: 7313: 7302: 7301: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7213: 7207: 7198: 7192: 7183: 7177: 7166: 7160: 7151: 7145: 7120: 7114: 7103: 7097: 7084: 7078: 7069: 7068:, p. xcvii. 7063: 7052: 7051:, p. 67-68. 7046: 7037: 7031: 7018: 7012: 6985: 6979: 6966: 6960: 6949: 6943: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6901: 6895: 6886: 6885:, p. xciii. 6880: 6871: 6865: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6813: 6807: 6798: 6792: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6738:. Archived from 6728: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6673: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6643: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6601: 6595: 6575:Hobson, John M. 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6530: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5577: 5576: 5567:Sixteen Kingdoms 5555:Liu Song dynasty 5093:in 395 and took 4997:in 386. In 384, 4499:Southern Xiongnu 4365:Liu Song dynasty 4297:Zhengrong Island 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3644: 3641: 3629: 3623: 3480: 3472: 3461: 3447: 3441: 3425: 3419: 3405: 3399: 3385: 3379: 3365: 3359: 3348: 3193: 3191:Prince of Kuaiji 3187: 3176: 3162: 3148: 3134: 3128: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3094: 3083: 3076: 2917: 2903: 2889: 2875: 2861: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2676: 2662: 2656: 2651: 2642: 2635: 2624: 2618: 2500: 2485: 2471: 2457: 2451: 2446: 2426: 2419: 2398: 2392: 2381: 2367: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2202: 2200:Prince of Langye 2197: 2188: 2182: 2155: 2141: 2135: 2133:Prince of Hejian 2130: 1977: 1972: 1963: 1960: 1948: 1942: 1931: 1925: 1912: 1907: 1896: 1891: 1880: 1875: 1866: 1861: 1700: 1667: 1661: 1643: 1639: 1628: 1624: 1427: 1423: 1270: 1266: 1107: 960: 946: 918: 917: 901: 900: 893: 892: 885: 884: 876: 875: 867: 866: 842:Prince of Hejian 731:Prince of Ru'nan 703: 699: 339:Henei Commandery 280: 268: 252: 237: 227: 146:Liu Song dynasty 90:Sixteen Kingdoms 83:Liu Song dynasty 58:Sixteen Kingdoms 21: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9669: 9549: 9535:Siege equipment 9481: 9451: 9358: 9352: 9322: 9317: 9292: 9216: 9161: 9135: 9114: 9062: 9034: 9016: 8978: 8960: 8932: 8902:The 16 Kingdoms 8897: 8836: 8831: 8801: 8796: 8729: 8671: 8665: 8635: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8587: 8538: 8497: 8464: 8407: 8342: 8301: 8260: 8211: 8210:(巴) Bādōng (巴東) 8178: 8149: 8121:Qin (秦) 8116: 8067: 8034: 8001: 7972: 7936:You (幽) 7931: 7866: 7801: 7765:Yan (兗) 7760: 7693: 7687: 7644: 7536: 7514: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7337:, p. xcix. 7333: 7322: 7314: 7305: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7266: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7216: 7208: 7201: 7193: 7186: 7178: 7169: 7161: 7154: 7146: 7123: 7115: 7106: 7098: 7087: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7055: 7047: 7040: 7032: 7021: 7017:, p. xcvi. 7013: 6988: 6980: 6969: 6961: 6952: 6944: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6915:, p. xciv. 6911: 6904: 6896: 6889: 6881: 6874: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6816: 6808: 6801: 6793: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6730: 6729: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6683:Wayback Machine 6674: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6644: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6602: 6598: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6510: 6504: 6347: 6343: 6289: 6280: 6276: 6262: 6218: 6204: 6182: 6175: 6137: 6116: 6098: 6078: 6069: 6061: 6044: 6040: 5939: 5917: 5875: 5811: 5791: 5787: 5769: 5722: 5680: 5671: 5649: 5645: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5575: 5529:, posthumously 5514:, posthumously 5421:, posthumously 5393: 5362: 5327: 5313:was founded by 5308: 5284: 5259:was founded by 5254: 5240:was founded by 5235: 5212: 5189: 5158: 5123: 5064: 5041: 5001:was founded by 4879: 4856: 4821: 4778: 4763:, died in 320, 4747:In the western 4745: 4647: 4621: 4598: 4477: 4450: 4373: 4357: 4227: 4207: 4201: 4195:killed Li Xun. 3984:, posthumously 3919:, posthumously 3897: 3890: 3887: 3878: 3875: 3866: 3863: 3854: 3851: 3842: 3839: 3830: 3827: 3818: 3815: 3801:became King of 3793:, posthumously 3716:invaded China. 3714:Five Barbarians 3706: 3704:Five Barbarians 3698:Main articles: 3681: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3622: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3439: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3106: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 2915: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2674: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2124: 1975:Prince of Gaomi 1974: 1970: 1968: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1910:Prince of Runan 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1698: 1696: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1110: 958: 951: 948: 945: 898: 890: 882: 685:, posthumously 558:, posthumously 548: 538:Five Barbarians 522: 489:rebelled under 463: 435: 407: 393:. In 249, in a 359:Wudu Commandery 341:. His brother, 296: 291: 284: 281: 272: 269: 260: 253: 244: 238: 228: 225: 154: 102: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9728: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9653: 9646: 9641: 9634: 9622: 9619:Huolongchushui 9615: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9565: 9559: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9487: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9477:Late Qing Navy 9474: 9473: 9472: 9470:treasure ships 9461: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9392:Three Kingdoms 9389: 9384: 9381:Warring States 9374: 9368: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9328: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9308: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9224: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9143: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9081: 9079: 9072: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9044: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8970: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8914: 8912: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8837: 8830: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8807: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8782: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8664: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8625: 8595: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8309: 8307: 8306:Xu (徐) 8303: 8302: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8186: 8184: 8183:Yi (益) 8180: 8179: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8117: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8009: 8007: 8003: 8002: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7874: 7872: 7871:Ji (冀) 7868: 7867: 7809: 7807: 7806:Yu (豫) 7803: 7802: 7772:(陳留) Dōng (東) 7768: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7707: 7705: 7704:Si (司) 7698: 7695: 7694: 7686: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7647: 7643:978-0810860537 7642: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7593: 7584: 7575: 7566: 7557: 7548: 7539: 7534: 7517: 7512: 7499: 7490: 7481: 7472: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7428: 7420: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7387: 7375: 7363: 7361:, p. 273. 7351: 7349:, p. 123. 7339: 7320: 7303: 7294:, p. 418. 7292:Twitchett 2008 7284: 7282:, p. 135. 7272: 7255: 7243: 7231: 7214: 7199: 7184: 7167: 7152: 7121: 7104: 7085: 7070: 7053: 7038: 7019: 6986: 6967: 6950: 6948:, p. xcv. 6929: 6917: 6902: 6887: 6872: 6870:, p. 122. 6857: 6845: 6829: 6827:, p. xci. 6814: 6812:, p. 414. 6799: 6797:, p. 461. 6784: 6782:, p. 459. 6772: 6770:, p. 456. 6757: 6755:, p. 455. 6745: 6742:on 2018-06-18. 6698: 6696:, p. 450. 6686: 6668: 6657: 6635: 6623: 6616: 6596: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6509: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6180:Northern Liang 6177: 6173:Southern Liang 6170: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6063: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5675: 5673: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5574: 5571: 5563:Northern Liang 5522:to the north. 5392: 5389: 5361: 5358: 5326: 5323: 5319:Northern Liang 5307: 5304: 5283: 5280: 5257:Northern Liang 5253: 5250: 5238:Southern Liang 5234: 5231: 5211: 5208: 5188: 5185: 5173:Southern Liang 5157: 5154: 5122: 5119: 5063: 5060: 5040: 5037: 4878: 4875: 4855: 4852: 4820: 4817: 4777: 4774: 4749:Liang Province 4744: 4741: 4662:Zoroastrianism 4652:was a Xiongnu/ 4646: 4643: 4620: 4617: 4597: 4594: 4476: 4473: 4449: 4446: 4372: 4369: 4356: 4353: 4299:, near modern 4226: 4223: 4203:Main article: 4200: 4197: 4082:laid siege to 3896: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3809: 3778:. Jin general 3692:Warring States 3680: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3632: 3630: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3478:Zhongof Kuaiji 3476:Heir Apparent 3464: 3462: 3444: 3442: 3422: 3420: 3402: 3400: 3382: 3380: 3362: 3360: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3179: 3177: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3131: 3129: 3111: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3086: 3084: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2844: 2842: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2659: 2657: 2645: 2643: 2627: 2625: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2454: 2452: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2384: 2382: 2368:Sima Zhong 司馬衷 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2225: 2223: 2205: 2203: 2191: 2189: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2138: 2136: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1966: 1964: 1951: 1949: 1934: 1932: 1929:Prince of Zhao 1927:r.301?; d. 301 1915: 1913: 1899: 1897: 1883: 1881: 1869: 1867: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1631: 1629: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 979: 977: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 963: 961: 943: 941: 939: 937: 935: 933: 931: 929: 927: 925: 923: 921: 914: 913: 911: 910: 909: 906: 895: 887: 872: 871: 863: 862: 859: 856: 853: 847: 846: 843: 840: 837: 831: 830: 827: 824: 818: 812: 811: 808: 805: 804:, Consort Shen 799: 792: 791: 788: 785: 780: 774: 773: 770: 769:Prince of Zhao 767: 761: 755: 754: 751: 748: 747:, Consort Shen 742: 736: 735: 732: 729: 723: 717: 716: 713: 710: 707: 615:, rebelled in 544:Main article: 521: 518: 512:respectively. 491:Tufa Shujineng 462: 459: 434: 431: 406: 403: 304:Three Kingdoms 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 285: 282: 275: 273: 270: 263: 261: 254: 247: 245: 239: 232: 223: 153: 150: 101: 98: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9727: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9658: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9650:Xun Lei Chong 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9638:San yan chong 9635: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9349: 9344: 9342: 9337: 9335: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9168: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9152:Dai (310–376) 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8928:Xia (407–431) 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8823: 8821: 8816: 8814: 8809: 8808: 8805: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8662: 8657: 8655: 8650: 8648: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8190:(成都) Shǔ (蜀) 8189: 8185: 8181: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8054:(扶風) Qín (秦) 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7692: 7684: 7679: 7677: 7672: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7653: 7648: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7590: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7537: 7531: 7527: 7524:, Cambridge: 7523: 7518: 7515: 7513:981-05-5380-3 7509: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7434: 7429: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7411: 7400:, p. 72. 7399: 7394: 7392: 7385:, p. 71. 7384: 7379: 7372: 7367: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7336: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7318:, p. 69. 7317: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7299: 7293: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7270:, p. 63. 7269: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7253:, p. 62. 7252: 7247: 7241:, p. 11. 7240: 7235: 7229:, p. 57. 7228: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7212:, p. 58. 7211: 7206: 7204: 7197:, p. 50. 7196: 7191: 7189: 7182:, p. 49. 7181: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7165:, p. 48. 7164: 7159: 7157: 7149: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7119:, p. 87. 7118: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7102:, p. 32. 7101: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7083:, p. 86. 7082: 7077: 7075: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7050: 7045: 7043: 7036:, p. 64. 7035: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6984:, p. 31. 6983: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6965:, p. 78. 6964: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6927:, p. 82. 6926: 6921: 6914: 6909: 6907: 6900:, p. 81. 6899: 6894: 6892: 6884: 6879: 6877: 6869: 6864: 6862: 6855:, p. 30. 6854: 6849: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6819: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6796: 6791: 6789: 6781: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6754: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6695: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6661: 6653: 6648:, p. 42. 6647: 6642: 6640: 6633:, p. 91. 6632: 6627: 6619: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6594: 6593:0-521-54724-5 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6566:, p. 84. 6565: 6560: 6554:, p. 83. 6553: 6548: 6540: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6505: 6498: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6345: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6216:Western Liang 6211: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6135: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5507:city in 398. 5506: 5502: 5499:in the fall, 5498: 5497:Bing Province 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5464:north of the 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5397: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5325:Xia (407–431) 5322: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311:Western Liang 5303: 5301: 5297: 5294:in 400 after 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272:Western Liang 5269: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5095:Bing Province 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4803:in 356, took 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4673:Bing Province 4670: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619:Dai (304–376) 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4497:, one of the 4496: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4441: 4433: 4425: 4417: 4409: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3957:in 322. From 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3901: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3745:Bing Province 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3637: 3627: 3619: 3614: 3569: 3567: 3493: 3491: 3469: 3468:Sima Yuanxian 3458: 3456: 3436: 3434: 3416: 3414: 3396: 3394: 3376: 3374: 3356: 3345: 3332: 3329: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3273: 3265: 3263: 3243: 3235: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3184: 3173: 3171: 3145: 3143: 3125: 3123: 3091: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3007: 2999: 2979: 2963: 2961: 2951: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2914: 2912: 2886: 2884: 2876:Sima Shao 司馬紹 2858: 2856: 2823: 2820: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2778: 2762: 2760: 2723: 2721: 2673: 2671: 2632: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2538: 2530: 2528: 2520: 2518: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2486:Sima Bao 司馬保 2468: 2466: 2442: 2416: 2396:Prince of Chu 2389: 2378: 2376: 2364: 2361: 2353: 2351: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2277: 2269: 2267: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2210: 2179: 2152: 2150: 2127: 2114: 2111: 2103: 2101: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2061: 2037: 2013: 1990: 1988: 1956: 1939: 1922: 1921: 1904: 1888: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1830: 1822: 1820: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1774: 1750: 1748: 1740: 1738: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1713: 1711: 1659: 1636: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1581: 1579: 1563: 1561: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1535: 1503: 1501: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1420: 1391: 1389: 1315: 1313: 1263: 1234: 1232: 1158: 1156: 1112: 1081: 1079: 1005: 1003: 957: 955: 919: 912: 907: 905: 896: 888: 880: 879: 877: 874: 873: 869: 868: 860: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 844: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 828: 825: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 793: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 771: 768: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 752: 750:Prince of Chu 749: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 733: 730: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 714: 711: 708: 705: 704: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 601: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 547: 539: 534: 526: 517: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 476: 472: 468: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 402: 400: 396: 392: 387: 383: 378: 377:and Sima Yi. 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 305: 300: 279: 274: 267: 262: 258: 251: 246: 242: 236: 231: 230: 222: 217: 215: 211: 206: 201: 199: 195: 191: 182: 178: 171: 167: 163: 158: 149: 147: 142: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 106: 97: 95: 91: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 59: 55: 44: 37: 32: 19: 9655: 9648: 9636: 9629: 9617: 9610: 9601: 9568:Flamethrower 9310: 9303: 9071:Other states 8863:Wei–Zhao War 8784: 8772: 8765: 8619:(始興) | 8615:(始安) | 8611:(邵陵) | 8607:(零陵) | 8599:(長沙) | 7651: 7633: 7624: 7615: 7606: 7597: 7588: 7579: 7570: 7561: 7552: 7543: 7521: 7503: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7458: 7449: 7440: 7432: 7424: 7415: 7408:Bibliography 7378: 7366: 7354: 7342: 7287: 7275: 7246: 7234: 6920: 6848: 6832: 6775: 6748: 6740:the original 6735: 6689: 6671: 6660: 6626: 6606: 6599: 6576: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6528: 6503: 6493: 6431:Northern Wei 6429:In 439, the 6428: 6344:SONG DYNASTY 6287:Northern Yan 6277: 6202:Southern Yan 6024: 5767:Former Liang 5638: 5580: 5561:in 436, and 5559:Northern Yan 5557:, conquered 5547:Tongwancheng 5524: 5509: 5503:in 397, and 5474: 5466:Yellow River 5427: 5407:Northern Wei 5405: 5391:Northern Wei 5385:Northern Wei 5365:Northern Yan 5363: 5346:Northern Wei 5328: 5309: 5300:Northern Wei 5288:Southern Yan 5285: 5276:Northern Wei 5268:Juqu Mengxun 5255: 5236: 5213: 5190: 5159: 5124: 5115:Northern Yan 5107:Northern Wei 5087:Northern Wei 5065: 5042: 5034: 5030:Yellow River 5027: 5015:Northern Wei 4980: 4970:Qin general 4969: 4953: 4941:Former Liang 4922: 4880: 4857: 4822: 4807:in 364, and 4789:Murong Huang 4779: 4746: 4709: 4698: 4682:Yellow River 4666: 4648: 4636: 4622: 4599: 4575: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4534: 4519: 4492: 4478: 4469:Northern Wei 4451: 4358: 4350: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4323:Southern Yan 4320: 4314:rebelled in 4309: 4274: 4260: 4254: 4247: 4237:In 385, the 4236: 4208: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4128: 4121: 4110: 4095: 4088: 4080:Qiang people 4069: 4054: 4043: 4036: 4025: 4018: 4011: 3997: 3990: 3975: 3948: 3933: 3914: 3788: 3769: 3718: 3707: 3690:gold crown, 3636:Sima Maoying 3625: 3613:Emperor Shao 3453: 3450:司馬德文 386–421 3431: 3426:Sima Dezong 3411: 3406:Sima Dan 司馬聃 3391: 3371: 3352: 3168: 3163:Sima Yao 司馬曜 3140: 3135:Sima Yue 司馬岳 3120: 3115:Sima Yan 司馬衍 3105:Sima Xingnan 2909: 2881: 2853: 2668: 2663:Sima Chi 司馬熾 2654:Prince of Wu 2622:Crown Prince 2491: 2463: 2458:Sima Rui 司馬睿 2449:Prince of Qi 2373: 2186:Prince of Qi 2147: 2142:Sima Yan 司馬炎 1918: 1108: 952: 947:Sima Ang 司馬昂 823:, Lady Cheng 787:Prince of Qi 680: 666:created the 661: 602: 580: 549: 503: 483:Qin Province 480: 464: 441:rebelled in 436: 419:Guanqiu Jian 408: 391:Confucianism 379: 367:Guanqiu Jian 328: 309: 257:Northern Yan 219: 214:Tang dynasty 202: 194:Northern Yan 186: 183:horse archer 143: 139: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 111: 100:Organization 94:Northern Wei 87: 51: 49: 9597:Hand cannon 9493:Traditional 9432:Jurchen Jin 9312:Book of Jin 9268:Murong Chui 9177:Jin dynasty 9078:Short-lived 8767:Book of Jin 7957:Guǎngníng ( 7488:, Routledge 7479:, Routledge 7100:Taylor 2013 6982:Taylor 2013 6278:resurrected 6275:Western Qin 6114:Later Liang 6096:Western Qin 6066:Western Yan 6041:WEI DYNASTY 5788:JIN DYNASTY 5646:JIN DYNASTY 5629:Han Chinese 5489:Murong Chui 5350:Western Qin 5338:Helian Bobo 5246:Western Qin 5192:Later Liang 5169:Qifu Guoren 5161:Western Qin 5150:Later Liang 5148:in 400 and 5146:Western Qin 5083:Western Yan 5081:in 393 and 5075:Murong Chui 5052:Murong Hong 5044:Western Yan 5023:Later Liang 5011:Western Qin 5007:Qifu Guoren 5003:Murong Hong 4999:Western Yan 4983:Murong Chui 4974:subjugated 4842:kingdom of 4728:Han Chinese 4515:Han dynasty 4461:Yang Maosou 4279:had sacked 4275:Meanwhile, 4185:Teng Dunzhi 4131:Murong Chui 3929:Eastern Jin 3895:Eastern Jin 3741:Han dynasty 3733:Book of Wei 3448:Sima Dewen 3386:Sima Yi 司馬奕 3366:Sima Pi 司馬丕 2904:Sima Yu 司馬昱 2848:Sima Ye 司馬業 1111:generations 591:Yang Maosou 581:In 296 the 572:Jia Nanfeng 471:Jin dynasty 461:Western Jin 355:Zhuge Liang 241:Han dynasty 226:David Graff 166:Eastern Jin 96:in 439 AD. 54:Jin dynasty 36:Jin dynasty 9684:Categories 9612:Hu dun pao 9590:Fire lance 9563:Fire arrow 8386:(武陵) (武陵) 8290:Chángguǎng 8243:(牂柯) (晉寧) 7815:Xiāngchéng 7398:Graff 2001 7383:Graff 2001 7371:Graff 2001 7359:Xiong 2009 7347:Xiong 2009 7335:Xiong 2009 7316:Graff 2001 7280:Xiong 2009 7268:Graff 2001 7251:Graff 2001 7239:Xiong 2009 7227:Graff 2001 7210:Graff 2001 7195:Graff 2001 7180:Graff 2001 7163:Graff 2001 7148:Xiong 2009 7117:Graff 2001 7081:Graff 2001 7066:Xiong 2009 7049:Graff 2001 7034:Graff 2001 7015:Xiong 2009 6963:Graff 2001 6946:Xiong 2009 6925:Graff 2001 6913:Xiong 2009 6898:Graff 2001 6883:Xiong 2009 6868:Graff 2001 6842:0520015967 6825:Xiong 2009 6810:Xiong 2009 6646:Graff 2002 6631:Peers 2006 6564:Graff 2001 6552:Graff 2001 6533:Graff 2002 6520:References 6027:Former Qin 5937:Former Qin 5873:Former Yan 5809:Later Zhao 5573:Chronology 5535:Sima Guang 5481:Murong Bao 5425:, in 386. 5142:Former Qin 5091:Liangcheng 5017:. In 387, 5005:. In 385, 4947:. In 379, 4929:Former Yan 4927:to attack 4898:Later Zhao 4882:Former Qin 4871:Former Yan 4848:Murong Jun 4844:Former Yan 4836:Jie people 4828:Later Zhao 4813:Former Qin 4781:Former Yan 4770:Former Qin 4650:Later Zhao 4639:Former Qin 4632:Tuoba Yilu 4590:Later Zhao 4530:Jie tribes 4465:Former Qin 4285:Liu Laozhi 4241:basin and 4113:Murong Wei 4098:Former Yan 4072:Zhou Cheng 4061:Former Qin 3976:Meanwhile 3963:Changjiang 3799:Tuoba Yilu 3774:conquered 3183:Sima Daozi 3072:Huan Chong 2640:of Chengdu 2441:Sima Jiong 2422:Prince of 1903:Sima Liang 959:206–205 BC 778:Sima Jiong 766:, Lady Bai 721:Sima Liang 645:Zhang Fang 613:Sima Jiong 587:Qi Wannian 568:Sima Liang 556:Sima Zhong 550:Sima Yan, 375:Cao Shuang 181:Former Yan 162:Former Yan 9657:Hongyipao 9573:Petroleum 9555:Gunpowder 9486:Equipment 9283:Tuoba Tao 9278:Tuoba Gui 9263:Wang Meng 8421:Xuānchéng 8404:Jiànchāng 8360:Xiāngyáng 8311:Péngchéng 8294:Píngchāng 8200:Jiāngyáng 8015:Shàngdǎng 7924:Chángshān 7920:Zhōngshān 7811:Yǐngchuān 6853:Shin 2014 6076:Later Yan 6059:Later Qin 5669:Cheng-Han 5553:from the 5541:, taking 5527:Tuoba Tao 5501:Zhongshan 5493:Pingcheng 5477:Later Yan 5448:, Helan, 5419:Tuoba Gui 5402:, 395 AD. 5296:Later Yan 5292:Murong De 5242:Tufa Wugu 5227:Later Yan 5223:Zhai Liao 5204:Later Qin 5177:Later Qin 5175:and then 5134:Yao Chang 5126:Later Qin 5103:Pingcheng 5099:Zhongshan 5067:Later Yan 5056:Later Yan 4995:Later Qin 4991:Yao Chang 4987:Later Yan 4965:Fei River 4949:Xiangyang 4925:Wang Meng 4761:Zhang Shi 4753:Zhang Gui 4601:Cheng-Han 4511:Sima Ying 4347:Later Qin 4312:Qiao Zong 4293:Jiangling 4277:Huan Xuan 4270:Guangzhou 4256:Wang Gong 4219:Fei River 4178:Xiangyang 4100:and took 4076:Yao Xiang 4065:Guanzhong 4028:Cheng-Han 3982:Sima Shao 3797:. In 315 3759:and took 3725:Sima Ying 3438:396–403; 3344:Huan Xuan 3098:Xuanwu 宣武 3081:Xuancheng 3079:Prince of 2648:Sima Yan 2631:Sima Ying 2237:Prince of 2218:Prince of 2126:Sima Yong 1955:Sima Zhou 1947:Jingdi 景帝 1887:Sima Zhao 1872:Sima Gui 1857:Sima Wang 1697:Sima Kui 1666:Xuandi 宣帝 1620:Sima Lang 1419:Sima Fang 949:d. 205 BC 835:Sima Yong 816:Sima Ying 728:, Lady Fu 715:Lifespan 709:Parentage 693:captured 676:Cheng-Han 674:state of 625:Sima Ying 597:south of 506:Sima Zhou 439:Zhuge Dan 433:Sima Zhao 427:Sima Zhao 357:occupied 343:Sima Lang 320:Cao Zhang 152:Equipment 38:in 280 AD 9603:Huochong 9545:War cart 9525:Crossbow 9520:Elephant 9515:Polearms 9273:Yao Xing 9253:Huan Wen 9233:Liu Cong 9228:Liu Yuan 9212:Goguryeo 9207:Dingling 9170:Involved 8780:Jiankang 8734:See also 8609:Shàolíng 8605:Línglíng 8601:Héngyáng 8597:Chángshā 8560:Línchuān 8523:Gāoliáng 8482:Xīnchāng 8445:Dōngyáng 8400:Jìnglíng 8372:Jiànpíng 8364:Nánxiāng 8352:Jiāngxià 8327:Dōngguǎn 8229:Jiànníng 8167:Guǎnghàn 8159:Hànzhōng 8134:Tiānshuǐ 8109:Jìnchāng 8101:Dūnhuáng 8077:Jīnchéng 8044:Jīngzhào 8031:Jìnchāng 7986:Liáodōng 7888:Píngyuán 7786:Rènchéng 7737:Yángpíng 7725:Píngyáng 7721:Shàngluò 7717:Hóngnóng 7713:Xíngyáng 6679:Archived 6508:See also 6134:Zhai Wei 6079:384-409 6039:NORTHERN 5792:318-420 5678:Han-Zhao 5650:266-317 5623:Dingling 5543:Chang'an 5512:Tuoba Si 5485:Horinger 5387:in 436. 5344:in 418. 5342:Chang'an 5321:in 421. 5278:in 439. 5248:in 414. 5229:in 393. 5219:Dingling 5215:Zhai Wei 5206:in 403. 5200:Lü Guang 5183:in 431. 5109:by 398. 5085:in 394. 5079:Zhai Wei 5058:in 394. 5021:founded 5019:Lü Guang 5009:founded 4972:Lü Guang 4957:Shouchun 4920:in 357. 4914:Fu Sheng 4910:Chang'an 4873:in 356. 4867:Duan Kan 4815:in 370. 4793:Goguryeo 4716:Shi Jian 4701:Shi Hong 4694:Chang'an 4686:Liu Yuan 4641:in 376. 4613:Li Xiong 4586:Pingyang 4582:Jin Zhun 4569:in 316, 4563:Chang'an 4548:Sima Yue 4541:Liu Cong 4488:Liu Yuan 4480:Han-Zhao 4471:in 506. 4359:In 420, 4355:Liu Song 4310:In 405, 4281:Jiankang 4225:Collapse 4211:Shouchun 4183:In 380, 4111:In 364, 4089:In 359, 4070:In 356, 4063:army at 4057:Huan Wen 4055:In 354, 4044:In 353, 4037:In 349, 4003:Jiankang 3978:Sima Rui 3955:Wang Dun 3951:Diao Xie 3934:In 319, 3925:Jiankang 3917:Sima Rui 3772:Goguryeo 3749:Liu Cong 3729:Liu Yuan 3721:Wang Jun 3642:393?–439 3618:Liu Song 3353:Wudao 武悼 3090:Huan Wen 2834:Huan Yi 2493:Yuanwang 2424:Changsha 2388:Sima Wei 2228:Sima Mo 2209:Sima Yue 2194:Sima Jin 2178:Sima You 1969:Sima Tai 1938:Sima Shi 1920:Sima Lun 1895:Wendi 文帝 1425:149–219 1268:113–197 1262:Sima Jun 855:Sima Tai 851:Sima Yue 839:Sima Gui 829:279-306 821:Sima Yan 810:277-304 802:Sima Yan 783:Sima You 772:250-301 759:Sima Lun 753:271-291 745:Sima Yan 740:Sima Wei 734:233-291 683:Sima Chi 678:in 304. 664:Li Xiong 649:Chang'an 641:Wang Jun 633:Sima Yue 621:Sima Yun 609:Sima Lun 599:Tianshui 576:Sima Wei 564:Yang Jun 510:Wang Jun 499:Liu Meng 467:Cao Huan 455:Sima Yan 443:Shouchun 423:Shouchun 410:Sima Shi 405:Sima Shi 399:Sima Shi 371:Cao Fang 363:Goguryeo 259:, 415 AD 224:— 198:Goguryeo 170:Goguryeo 75:Jiankang 56:and the 34:Western 9631:Huo Che 9540:Stirrup 9500:Chariot 9258:Fu Jian 9248:Ran Min 9197:Xianbei 9187:Xiongnu 8984:Xianbei 8910:Xiongnu 8841:History 8677:History 8617:Shǐxīng 8584:Ānchéng 8580:Guìyáng 8576:Wǔchāng 8568:Jiàn'ān 8564:Nánkāng 8548:Yùzhāng 8535:Jìnxīng 8527:Gāoxīng 8486:Jiǔzhēn 8478:Jiāozhī 8433:Jìnlíng 8429:Lújiāng 8425:Huáinán 8417:Dānyáng 8388:Tiānmén 8380:Nánpíng 8331:Línhuái 8319:Dōnghǎi 8286:Dōnglái 8192:Qiánwèi 8188:Chéngdū 8175:Wèixīng 8142:Yīnpíng 8113:Jìnxīng 8097:Jiǔquán 8089:Zhāngyè 8064:Shǐpíng 8011:Tàiyuán 7998:Dàifāng 7982:Chānglí 7953:Shànggǔ 7949:Běipíng 7941:Fànyáng 7908:Gāoyáng 7900:Zhāngwǔ 7884:Chánglè 7794:Dōngyān 7790:Gāopíng 7770:Chénliú 7461:, Brill 7452:, Brill 7443:, Brill 6348:420-79 6290:409-36 6205:398-410 6183:397-439 6176:397-414 6138:388-92 6117:386-403 6099:385-400 6062:384-417 6045:386-534 5940:351-94 5918:350-52 5914:Ran Wei 5876:337-70 5786:EASTERN 5644:WESTERN 5599:Xiongnu 5593:Xianbei 5551:Luoyang 5470:Xiongnu 5454:Getulin 5438:Tutulin 5430:Kumo Xi 5381:Feng Ba 5377:Gao Yun 5373:Chinese 5354:Tuyuhun 5334:Xiongnu 5265:Xiongnu 5261:Duan Ye 5165:Xianbei 5138:Fu Jian 5111:Gao Yun 5071:Xianbei 5048:Xianbei 4961:Fu Rong 4937:Sichuan 4933:Chouchi 4900:. When 4894:Fu Hong 4890:Fu Jian 4863:Xianbei 4859:Duan Qi 4840:Xianbei 4832:Ran Wei 4824:Ran Min 4809:Luoyang 4805:Xuchang 4801:Duan Qi 4785:Xianbei 4757:Xianbei 4732:Ran Min 4724:Shi Min 4720:Shi Zhi 4712:Shi Zun 4690:Liu Yao 4628:Xianbei 4578:Liu Can 4567:Liu Yao 4522:Taiyuan 4507:Luoyang 4495:Liu Bao 4484:Xiongnu 4453:Chouchi 4343:Luoyang 4327:Jiaozhi 4316:Chengdu 4239:Sichuan 4215:Fu Rong 4193:Du Yuan 4189:Jiaozhi 4171:Jiuzhen 4164:Sichuan 4139:Suixian 4135:Xiangyi 4117:Xuchang 4102:Xuchang 4091:Xie Wan 4084:Luoyang 4078:of the 4046:Yin Hao 4039:Chu Pou 4007:Tao Kan 3959:Wuchang 3915:In 318 3791:Sima Ye 3770:In 313 3757:Luoyang 3688:Xiongnu 3626:422–424 3474:382–402 3460:419–420 3440:404–419 3428:382–419 3418:344–361 3408:343–361 3398:365–371 3388:342–386 3378:361–365 3368:341–365 3358:403–404 3349:369–404 3189:364–403 3175:372–396 3165:362–396 3147:342–344 3137:322–344 3127:326–342 3122:Chengdi 3117:321–342 3095:312–373 3077:328–384 2916:371–372 2911:Jianwen 2906:320–372 2888:323–326 2878:299–326 2860:313–316 2850:300–318 2839:276–328 2675:307–311 2665:284–313 2652:283–313 2636:279–306 2620:278–300 2615:Sima Yu 2499:319–320 2488:294–320 2470:317–323 2460:276–323 2420:277–304 2415:Sima Ai 2394:271–291 2380:290–307 2370:259–307 2239:Nanyang 2220:Donghai 2198:256–290 2184:248–283 2154:265–290 2144:236–290 1961:227–283 1944:208–255 1892:211–265 1862:205–271 1663:179–251 1658:Sima Yi 1641:180–272 1635:Sima Fu 1626:171–217 1109:skipped 954:Yinwang 899: 891: 883: 796:Sima Ai 764:Sima Yi 726:Sima Yi 695:Xuchang 691:Wang Mi 657:Ji Hong 629:Sima Ai 617:Luoyang 605:Sima Yu 595:Chouchi 585:leader 514:Sun Hao 497:leader 495:Xiongnu 487:Xianbei 451:Shu Han 447:Cao Mao 415:Cao Mao 382:Wang Bi 347:Shu Han 335:Sima Yi 331:Cao Rui 324:Cao Zhi 316:Cao Wei 306:period. 294:Sima Yi 205:Xianbei 190:Nanjing 135:Cao Wei 131:shibing 67:Cao Wei 9510:Swords 9505:Armour 9364:Armies 9288:Liu Yu 9243:Shi Hu 9238:Shi Le 9140:States 9119:Tribes 8670:topics 8572:Jìn'ān 8556:Lúlíng 8552:Póyáng 8531:Níngpǔ 8519:Guìlín 8511:Cāngwú 8507:Nánhǎi 8461:Yìxīng 8457:Lìyáng 8453:Línhǎi 8449:Xīn'ān 8441:Wúxīng 8384:Wǔlíng 8368:Yìyáng 8339:Tángyì 8335:Dōngān 8323:Lángyá 8278:Běihǎi 8274:Jǐ'nán 8257:Héyáng 8253:Yèláng 8249:Píngyí 8245:Yìzhōu 8241:Zāngkē 8237:Yuèguī 8225:Xīnggū 8221:Yúnnán 8204:Fúlíng 8196:Hànjiā 8163:Zǐtóng 8130:Nán'ān 8126:Lǒngxī 8081:Xīpíng 8056:Āndìng 8052:Fúfēng 8048:Féngyì 8027:Yànmén 8023:Lèpíng 7994:Xuántù 7990:Lèlàng 7969:Yúyáng 7965:Liáoxī 7916:Qīnghé 7912:Bólíng 7904:Héjiān 7892:Lèlíng 7863:Xīyáng 7859:Nándùn 7851:Xīncài 7847:Ānfēng 7843:Yìyáng 7819:Rǔ'nán 7798:Jìyáng 7774:Púyáng 7757:Yángdí 7753:Yuánwǔ 7749:Yěwáng 7745:Dùnqiū 7729:Hédōng 7709:Hé'nán 7640: 7532: 7510: 6840: 6614: 6591: 6583: 6281:409-31 6263:407-31 6219:400-21 6070:384-94 5812:319-51 5770:318-76 5723:315-76 5681:304-29 5672:304-47 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5520:Rouran 5460:, and 5446:Yuange 5436:, and 5369:Korean 5367:was a 5332:was a 5315:Li Gao 5217:was a 5194:was a 5163:was a 5128:was a 5069:was a 5046:was a 4902:Shi Hu 4861:was a 4783:was a 4705:Shi Hu 4669:Shanxi 4658:Shi Le 4603:was a 4537:Liu He 4526:Shi Le 4482:was a 4455:was a 4443:436 AD 4435:416 AD 4427:400 AD 4419:391 AD 4411:376 AD 4403:350 AD 4395:338 AD 4387:326 AD 4379:317 AD 4361:Liu Yu 4305:Liu Yi 4301:Echeng 4289:Liu Yu 4266:Lu Xun 4262:Sun En 4233:423 AD 4191:after 4137:(襄邑) ( 4032:Lâm Ấp 3999:Su Jun 3936:Shi Le 3911:410 AD 3903:404 AD 3753:Shi Le 3694:period 3621:(劉)宋少帝 3455:Gongdi 3355:of Chu 3170:Xiaowu 3142:Kangdi 2883:Mingdi 2670:Huaidi 2638:Prince 2465:Yuandi 2447:d. 302 2233:d. 311 2214:d. 311 2131:d. 306 1973:d. 299 1908:d. 291 1876:d. 274 861:?-311 845:?-307 790:?-302 706:Prince 653:Wuhuan 485:, the 475:Cao Pi 386:He Yan 351:Sun Wu 312:Cao Pi 210:Yunnan 127:shijia 79:Liu Yu 9372:Shang 9192:Qiang 9126:Yuwen 9022:Qiang 8621:Línhè 8613:Shǐān 8582:(桂陽) 8578:(武昌) 8574:(晉安) 8570:(建安) 8566:(南康) 8562:(臨川) 8558:(廬陵) 8554:(鄱陽) 8550:(豫章) 8533:(寧浦) 8529:(高興) 8525:(高凉) 8521:(桂林) 8517:(鬱林) 8515:Yùlín 8513:(蒼梧) 8509:(南海) 8494:Rìnán 8492:(九德) 8490:Jiǔdé 8488:(九真) 8480:(交趾) 8476:(合浦) 8459:(歷陽) 8455:(臨海) 8451:(新安) 8447:(東陽) 8431:(廬江) 8427:(淮南) 8423:(宣城) 8419:(丹楊) 8402:(竟陵)） 8398:(新野) 8396:Xīnyě 8390:(天門) 8382:(南平) 8378:(宜都) 8374:(建平) 8370:(義陽) 8366:(南鄉) 8354:(江夏) 8329:(東莞) 8325:(琅邪) 8321:(東海) 8317:(下邳) 8315:Xiàpī 8313:(彭城) 8298:Gāomì 8296:(平昌) 8292:(長廣) 8288:(東萊) 8280:(北海) 8276:(濟南) 8255:(夜郎) 8251:(平夷) 8247:(益州) 8239:(越巂) 8235:(朱提) 8233:Zhūtí 8227:(興古) 8223:(雲南) 8206:(涪陵) 8202:(江陽) 8198:(漢嘉) 8165:(梓潼) 8161:(漢中) 8146:Dídào 8144:(陰平) 8140:(武都) 8132:(南安) 8128:(隴西) 8107:(西海) 8105:Xīhǎi 8103:(敦煌) 8099:(酒泉) 8091:(張掖) 8087:(武威) 8085:Wǔwēi 8083:(西平) 8079:(金城) 8062:(北地) 8060:Běidì 8058:(安定) 8050:(馮翊) 8046:(京兆) 8029:(雁門) 8025:(樂平) 8021:(西河) 8017:(上黨) 8013:(太原) 7996:(玄菟) 7992:(樂浪) 7988:(遼東) 7984:(昌黎) 7967:(遼西) 7955:(上谷) 7951:(北平) 7943:(范陽) 7922:(中山) 7918:(清河) 7914:(博陵) 7910:(高陽) 7906:(河間) 7902:(章武) 7898:(勃海) 7896:Bóhǎi 7894:(樂陵) 7890:(平原) 7886:(長樂) 7882:(鉅鹿) 7861:(南頓) 7853:(新蔡) 7849:(安豐) 7845:(弋陽) 7827:Liáng 7825:(汝陰) 7823:Rǔyīn 7821:(汝南) 7817:(襄城) 7813:(潁川) 7796:(東燕) 7792:(高平) 7782:Jìběi 7780:(濟陰) 7778:Jìyīn 7776:(濮陽) 7755:(原武) 7751:(野王) 7747:(頓丘) 7739:(陽平) 7731:(河東) 7727:(平陽) 7723:(上洛) 7719:(弘農) 7715:(滎陽) 7711:(河南) 5617:Qiang 5462:Chufu 5458:Chinu 5442:Gaoju 5434:Jieru 5130:Qiang 4976:Qiuci 4906:Qiang 4797:Yuwen 4765:Liang 4561:When 4345:from 4243:Henan 4143:Henan 4050:Qiang 3971:Henan 3967:Gushu 3944:Xunyi 3940:Zu Ti 3784:Henan 3780:Zu Ti 3737:beard 3719:When 3393:Feidi 2855:Mindi 2375:Huidi 712:Title 9457:Navy 9447:Qing 9442:Ming 9437:Yuan 9427:Song 9422:Liao 9412:Tang 9377:Zhou 9131:Duan 8623:(臨賀) 8537:(晋興) 8496:(日南) 8474:Hépǔ 8463:(義興) 8439:(吳) 8394:(隋) 8376:Yídū 8358:(南) 8341:(堂邑) 8282:Lèān 8272:(齊) 8259:(河陽) 8171:Bāxī 8138:Wǔdū 8115:(晉興) 8095:(西) 8019:Xīhé 8000:(帶方) 7971:(漁陽) 7947:(燕) 7928:Wǔyì 7880:Jùlù 7878:(趙) 7876:Zhào 7865:(西陽) 7857:(陳) 7855:Chén 7841:(魯) 7837:(譙) 7835:Qiáo 7833:(沛) 7829:(梁) 7759:(陽翟) 7743:(魏) 7638:ISBN 7530:ISBN 7508:ISBN 7298:help 6838:ISBN 6652:help 6612:ISBN 6589:ISBN 6581:ISBN 6539:help 5545:and 5450:Gexi 5101:and 4943:and 4884:was 4074:and 4030:. A 3702:and 3639:司馬茂英 3624:406– 3471:司馬元顯 3433:Andi 3413:Mudi 3373:Aidi 3186:司馬道子 3107:司馬興男 2634:司馬穎 2230:司馬模 2212:司馬越 2196:司馬覲 2149:Wudi 2129:司馬顒 1971:司馬泰 1874:司馬瑰 1860:司馬望 798:(Yi) 508:and 395:coup 384:and 349:and 322:and 121:and 115:buqu 88:The 50:The 9407:Sui 9387:Han 9182:Jie 9040:Han 8966:Jie 8392:Suí 8356:Nán 7961:Dài 7945:Yān 7831:Pèi 7741:Wèi 6425:440 6404:439 6383:436 6366:431 6353:421 6342:LIU 6328:420 6315:417 6304:414 6295:410 6270:409 6260:Xia 6252:407 6239:404 6228:403 6212:400 6194:398 6167:397 6154:394 6143:392 6124:388 6106:386 6084:385 6035:384 6021:377 6000:376 5981:370 5962:353 5945:352 5923:351 5898:350 5881:347 5857:337 5838:330 5821:329 5797:319 5761:318 5742:317 5719:Dai 5715:315 5694:314 5655:304 5635:303 5605:Jie 5539:Xia 5411:Dai 5330:Xia 5181:Xia 5105:to 4945:Dai 4736:Wei 4654:Jie 4624:Dai 4268:to 4145:). 4133:at 3942:at 3803:Dai 3743:in 3616:of 3347:桓玄 3093:桓溫 3075:桓沖 2650:司馬晏 2617:司馬遹 2444:司馬冏 2417:司馬乂 2391:司馬瑋 2181:司馬攸 1958:司馬伷 1941:司馬師 1924:司馬倫 1906:司馬亮 1890:司馬昭 1699:司馬馗 1660:司馬懿 1638:司馬孚 1623:司馬朗 1422:司馬防 1265:司馬儁 289:Jin 164:or 9686:: 9202:Di 8938:Di 8437:Wú 8270:Qí 8208:Bā 8093:Xī 7959:) 7839:Lǔ 7733:Jí 7528:, 7390:^ 7323:^ 7306:^ 7258:^ 7217:^ 7202:^ 7187:^ 7170:^ 7155:^ 7124:^ 7107:^ 7088:^ 7073:^ 7056:^ 7041:^ 7022:^ 6989:^ 6970:^ 6953:^ 6932:^ 6905:^ 6890:^ 6875:^ 6860:^ 6817:^ 6802:^ 6787:^ 6760:^ 6734:. 6701:^ 6638:^ 6587:, 5611:Di 5569:. 5505:Ye 5479:, 5456:, 5452:, 5444:, 5432:, 5286:A 5196:Di 5117:. 5032:. 5025:. 4978:. 4886:Di 4751:, 4664:. 4609:Di 4605:Ba 4517:. 4457:Di 4367:. 4329:. 4252:. 4180:. 4173:. 4159:. 4152:. 4141:, 4126:. 4119:. 4108:. 4023:. 4016:. 3995:. 3988:. 3931:. 3786:. 3767:. 3457:恭帝 3435:安帝 3415:穆帝 3395:廢帝 3375:哀帝 3172:孝武 3144:康帝 3124:成帝 2913:簡文 2885:明帝 2857:愍帝 2836:桓彝 2672:懷帝 2496:元王 2467:元帝 2377:惠帝 2151:武帝 956:殷王 902:– 697:. 672:Di 668:Ba 637:Ye 583:Di 429:. 172:. 123:qu 119:bu 85:. 9383:) 9379:( 9347:e 9340:t 9333:v 8826:e 8819:t 8812:v 8660:e 8653:t 8646:v 7682:e 7675:t 7668:v 7300:) 6654:) 6620:. 6541:) 6346:* 6136:* 6068:* 6043:* 5916:* 5790:* 5721:* 5648:* 5371:- 4607:- 670:- 540:. 20:)

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Knowledge

Military history of the Jin dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms

Index