9575:"In this genome-wide archaeogenetic study, we find high genetic heterogeneity among late Xiongnu-era individuals at two cemeteries located along the far western frontier of the Xiongnu empire and describe patterns of genetic diversity related to social status. Overall, we find that genetic heterogeneity is highest among lower-status individuals. In particular, the satellite graves surrounding the elite square tombs at TAK show extreme levels of genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that these individuals, who were likely low-ranking retainers, were drawn from diverse parts of the empire. In contrast, the highest-status individuals at the two sites tended to have lower genetic diversity and a high proportion of ancestry deriving from EIA Slab Grave groups, suggesting that these groups may have disproportionately contributed to the ruling elite during the formation of the Xiongnu empire." (...) "a chanyu, or ruler of the empire. Like the elite women at the western frontier, he also had very high eastern Eurasian ancestry (deriving 39.3 and 51.9% from SlabGrave1 and Han_2000BP, respectively, and the rest from Chandman_IA; data file S2C)" (...) "Chandman_IA was representative of people in far western Mongolia associated with Sagly/Uyuk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE), Saka (ca. 900 to 200 BCE), and Pazyryk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE) groups in Siberia and Kazakhstan." (...) "This further suggests the existence of an aristocracy in the Xiongnu empire, that elite status and power was concentrated within specific subsets of the broader population."... Although not conclusive, this suggests that the ANA ancestry source of the Xiongnu-period individuals may not be exclusively traced back to the Slab Grave culture but may also include nearby groups with a similar ANA genetic profile, such as the Xianbei. ... Last, our findings also confirm that the highest-status individuals in this study were females, supporting previous observations that Xiongnu women played an especially prominent role in the expansion and integration of new territories along the empire's frontier.
2571:
12220:, pp. 371–374: "Principal Component Analyses and D-statistics suggest that the Xiongnu individuals belong to two distinct groups, one being of East Asian origin and the other presenting considerable admixture levels with West Eurasian sources... We find that Central Sakas are accepted as a source for these 'western-admixed' Xiongnu in a single-wave model. In line with this finding, no East Asian gene flow is detected compared to Central Sakas as these form a clade with respect to the East Asian Xiongnu in a D-statistic, and furthermore, cluster closely together in the PCA (Figure 2)... Overall, our data show that the Xiongnu confederation was genetically heterogeneous, and that the Huns emerged following minor male-driven East Asian gene flow into the preceding Sakas that they invaded... As such our results support the contention that the disappearance of the Inner Asian Scythians and Sakas around two thousand years ago was a cultural transition that coincided with the westward migration of the Xiongnu. This Xiongnu invasion also led to the displacement of isolated remnant groups—related to Late Bronze Age pastoralists—that had remained on the south-eastern side of the Tian Shan mountains."
3021:
9896:. "Such a distribution of Xiongnu words may be an indication that both Turkic and Eastern Iranian-speaking groups were present among the Xiongnu in the earlier period of their history. Etymological analysis shows that some crucial components in the Xiongnu political, economic and cultural package, including dairy pastoralism and elements of state organization, may have been imported by the Eastern Iranians. Arguably, these Iranian-speaking groups were assimilated over time by the predominant Turkic-speaking part of the Xiongnu population. ... The genetic profile of published Xiongnu individuals speaks against the Yeniseian hypothesis, assuming that modern Yeniseian speakers (i.e. Kets) are representative of the ancestry components in the historical Yeniseian speaking groups in southern Siberia. In contrast to the Iron Age populations listed in Table 2, Kets do not have the Iranian-related ancestry component but harbour a strong genetic affinity with Samoyedic-speaking neighbours, such as Selkups (Jeong et al., 2018, 2019)."
4150:
2823:
5337:. There is a similarity present in stylistic execution, but Xiongnu art and Saka art often differ in terms of iconography. Saka art does not appear to have included predation scenes, especially with dead prey, or same-animal combat. Additionally, Saka art included elements not common to Xiongnu iconography, such as winged, horned horses. The two cultures also used two different kinds of bird heads. Xiongnu depictions of birds tend to have a medium-sized eye and beak, and they are also depicted with ears, while Saka birds have a pronounced eye and beak, and no ears. Some scholars claim these differences are indicative of cultural differences. Scholar Sophia-Karin Psarras suggests that Xiongnu images of animal predation, specifically tiger-and-prey, are spiritual, representative of death and rebirth, and that same-animal combat is representative of the acquisition or maintenance of power.
6999:
horserider patron originating from the distant steppes and related to the
Xiongnu" (French: "On peut aujourd'hui l'attribuer à un art local dont l'intention était de satisfaire un patron cavalier originaire des steppes lointaines et apparenté aux Xiongnu.")p. 36: "We can also clearly distinguish the crupper adorned with three rings forming a chain, as well as, on the shoulder of the mount, a very recognizable clip-shaped pendant, suspended from a chain passing in front of the chest and going up to the pommel of the saddle, whose known parallels are not to be found among the Scythians but in the realm of the Xiongnu, on bronze plaques from Mongolia and China" (French: "les parallèles connus ne se trouvent pas chez les Scythes mais dans le domaine des Xiongnu").p. 38: "The hairstyle of the hunter, with long hair pulled back and gathered in a bun, is also found at
4066:
4855:
2373:
2934:
5294:
4719:
5302:
3827:
major
Xiongnu weakness was the custom of lateral succession. If a dead ruler's son was not old enough to take command, power passed to the late ruler's brother. This worked in the first generation but could lead to civil war in the second generation. The first time this happened, in 60 BC, the weaker party adopted what Barfield calls the 'inner frontier strategy.' They moved south and submitted to the dominant Central Plain regime and then used the resources obtained from their overlord to defeat the Northern Xiongnu and re-establish the empire. The second time this happened, about 47 AD, the strategy failed. The southern ruler was unable to defeat the northern ruler and the Xiongnu remained divided.
11972::"While during the slab burial period (ca.1100–300 BCE) eastern patrilines seem to have been dominant, in the Xiongnu period about half of the population had western patrilines with virtually no change to the mtDNA gene pool in east–west terms. If sex bias migration patterns were similar with those found in Europe, this increase of western patrilines would be consistent with aggressive expansion of people with western male ancestry (Batini et al., 2017); however, such a pattern could also be due to a gradual nonaggressive assimilation, such as the practice of marriage alliances associated with an expansion of trade or cultural networks that favored people with western patrilines (Honeychurch, 2013)."
4785:
10774:. Philology of the Grasslands: Essays in Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic Studies, Edited by Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky et al. (Leiden: Brill). Retrieved 22 September 2019. quote: "Asdemonstrated by Ratchnevsky (1966: 231), the Shirwi confederation was a multiethnic, multilingual confederation of Tungusic-speaking Mo-ho 靺鞨 people (i.e. ancestors of the Jurchen), the Meng-wa 蒙瓦 ~ Meng-wu 蒙兀, whom Pelliot (1928) and others have shown were Proto-Mongolic speakers, and other groups. The dominant group among the Shirwi undoubtedly were ethnolinguistic descendants of the Serbi (鮮卑 Hsien-pei), and spoke a language closely related to Kitan and more distantly related to Mongolic."
1851:
1804:
5282:
16394:
3180:
2010:
6639:"The slab graves culture existed in this territory prior to the Xiongnu empire. Sites of this culture dating back to approximately 1100-400/300 BC are common in Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal area. The earliest calibrated dates are prior to 1500 BC (Miyamoto et al., 2016). Later dates are usually 100–200 years earlier than the Xiongnu culture. Therefore, it is customarily considered that the slab grave culture preceded the Xiongnu culture. There is only one case, reported by Miyamoto et al. (2016), in which the date of the slab grave corresponds to the time of the making of the Xiongnu Empire."
44:
10727:. University of Helsinki. p. 99. quote: "According to Gai Zhiyong's study, Jishou is identical with Qishou, the earliest ancestor of the Khitan; and Shihuai is identical to Tanshihuai, the Xianbei supreme chief in the period of the Eastern Han (25-220). Therefore, from the sentence "His ancestor was Jish who was derived from Shihuai" in the above inscription, it can be simply seen that the Khitan originated from the Xianbei. Since the excavated inscription on memorial tablet can be regarded as a firsthand historical source, this piece of information is quite reliable."
2273:
11493:
5146:
50:
8870:
11886:"Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA, which is maternally inherited, shows that the Xiongnu remains from this Egyin Gol necropolis consist mainly of Asian lineages (89%). West Eurasian lineages makeup the rest (11%) (Keyser-Tracqui et al. (2003: 258). However, according to a more recent study of ancient human remains from central Mongolia, the Xiongnu population in cen- tral Mongolia possessed a higher frequency of western mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (37.5%) than the Xiongnu from the Egyin Gol necropolis (Rogers 2016: 78)."
9493:
12450:
7701:
3427:
9755:", "site of a settlement and palace of the nomad Yuezhi": "Representations of figures with faces closely akin to those of the ruling clan at Khalchayan (PLATE I) have been found in recent times on woollen fragments recovered from a nomad burial site near Lake Baikal in Siberia, Noin Ula, supplementing an earlier discovery at the same site), the pieces dating from the time of Yuezhi/Kushan control of Bactria. Similar faces appeared on woollen fragments found recently in a nomad burial in south-eastern Xinjiang (
4355:
2563:
11503:
3628:
5322:, a site which is presumed to have been under Xiongnu political control but is still clearly non-Xiongnu. In the Maoqinggou example, the prey is replaced with an extension of the tiger's foot. The work also depicts a cruder level of execution; Maoqinggou work was executed in a rounder, less detailed style. In its broadest sense, Xiongnu iconography of animal predation includes examples such as the gold headdress from Aluchaideng and gold earrings with a turquoise and jade inlay discovered in
2021:
4496:
1020:
2319:(Gao-Di) with his 320,000-strong army at Peteng Fortress in Baideng (present-day Datong, Shanxi). Gaozu (Gao-Di) after agreed to all Modu's terms, such as ceding the northern provinces to the Xiongnu and paying annual taxes, he was allowed to leave the siege. Although Gaozu was able to return to his capital Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), Modu occasionally threatened the Han's northern frontier and finally in 198 BC, a peace treaty was settled.
5346:
5001:
2752:
4120:
and Ket sagdi 'boot', Xiongnu gʷawa "prince" and Ket gij "prince", Xiongnu "attij" 'wife' and proto-Yeniseian "alrit", Ket "alit" and
Xiongnu dar "north" compared to Yugh tɨr "north". Pulleyblank also argued that because Xiongnu words appear to have clusters with r and l, in the beginning of the word it is unlikely to be of Turkic origin, and instead believed that most vocabulary we have mostly resemble Yeniseian languages.
3969:
6778:, p. 348: "From the first millennium b.c., we have abundant historical, archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples. In this period the territory of the northern Iranians, they being equestrian nomads, extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi-deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China."
2921:. Runzhen was killed by Zhizhi in 54 BC, leaving only Zhizhi and Huhanye. Zhizhi grew in power, and, in 53 BC, Huhanye moved south and submitted to the Chinese. Huhanye used Chinese support to weaken Zhizhi, who gradually moved west. In 49 BC, a brother to Tuqi set himself up as Chanyu and was killed by Zhizhi. In 36 BC, Zhizhi was killed by a Chinese army while trying to establish a new kingdom in the far west near
2977:. On the financial side, Huhanye was amply rewarded in large quantities of gold, cash, clothes, silk, horses and grain for his participation. Huhanye made two further homage trips, in 49 BC and 33 BC; with each one the imperial gifts were increased. On the last trip, Huhanye took the opportunity to ask to be allowed to become an imperial son-in-law. As a sign of the decline in the political status of the Xiongnu,
2917:, as the 14th Chanyu. The Woyanqudi faction then set up his brother, Tuqi, as Chanyu (58 BC). In 57 BC three more men declared themselves Chanyu. Two dropped their claims in favor of the third who was defeated by Tuqi in that year and surrendered to Huhanye the following year. In 56 BC Tuqi was defeated by Huhanye and committed suicide, but two more claimants appeared: Runzhen and Huhanye's elder brother
10955:
9889:
3163:
4810:"There is no clear indication of the ethnicity of this tomb occupant, but in a similar brick-chambered tomb of the late Eastern Han period at the same cemetery, archaeologists discovered a bronze seal with the official title that the Han government bestowed upon the leader of the Xiongnu. The excavators suggested that these brick chamber tombs all belong to the Xiongnu (Qinghai 1993)."
3754:(meaning "Unite All Nations"), was one of the capitals of the Xia that was built during the reign of Helian Bobo. The ruined city was discovered in 1996 and the State Council designated it as a cultural relic under top state protection. The repair of the Yong'an Platform, where Helian Bobo reviewed parading troops, has been finished and restoration on the 31-meter-tall turret follows.
10806:. text: "鮮卑者, 亦東胡之支也, 别依鮮卑山, 故因為號焉. 漢初, 亦為冒頓所破, 遠竄遼東塞." Xu (2005:24)'s translation: "The Xianbei who were a branch of the Donghu, relied upon the Xianbei Mountains. Therefore, they were called the Xianbei. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), (they) were defeated by Maodun, and then fled in disorder to Liaodong beyond the northern border of China Proper"
2353:, Wang Wu (王烏) and others were sent as envoys to pay a visit to the Xiongnu. According to the customs of the Xiongnu, if the Han envoys did not remove their tallies of authority, and if they did not allow their faces to be tattooed, they could not gain entrance into the yurts. Wang Wu and his company removed their tallies, submitted to tattoo, and thus gained entry. The
3468:, the son of Liu Bao and a general serving under one of the Jin princes, was offered by the Xiongnu to become the leader of their rebellion. After deceiving his prince, Liu Yuan returned to the Xiongnu and was acclaimed as the Grand Chanyu. Later that year, he declared himself the King of Han. Records indicate that Liu Yuan and his family members were actually from the
3942:), which indicates that the two names were synonymous. Although the theory that the Xiongnu were the precursors of the Huns as they were later known in Europe is now accepted by many scholars, it has yet to become a consensus view. The identification with the Huns may either be incorrect or it may be an oversimplification (as would appear to be the case with a
11936:" The first pattern is that the slab burial mtDNA frequencies are extremely similar to those of the aggregated Xiongnu populations and relatively similar to those of the various Bronze Age Mongolian populations, strongly supporting a population continuity hypothesis for the region over these time periods (Honeychurch, 2013)"
8056:"Bronze plaque from northwestern China or south central Interior Mongolia, wrestling Xiongnus, the horses have Xiongnu-type trappings" (French: "Plaque en bronze ajouré du nord-ouest de la Chine ou Mongolie intérieure méridionale centrale, Xiongnu luttant, les chevaux portent des harnachements de «type Xiongnu».")
4815:"commoner" graves. Other scholars, find this division too simplistic and not evocative of a true distinction because it shows "ignorance of the nature of the mortuary investments and typically luxuriant burial assemblages the discovery of other lesser interments that do not qualify as either of these types."
4119:
Vocabulary from
Xiongnu inscriptions sometimes appears to have Yeniseian cognates which were used by Vovin to support his theory that the Xiongnu has a large Yeniseian component, examples of proposed cognates include words such as Xiongnu kʷala 'son' and Ket qalek 'younger son', Xiongnu sakdak 'boot'
3826:
was not simply for goods, but to force the
Central Plain polity to pay regular tribute. The power of the Xiongnu ruler was based on his control of Han tribute which he used to reward his supporters. The Han and Xiongnu empires rose at the same time because the Xiongnu state depended on Han tribute. A
2775:
to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the
Xiongnu. During this time Zhang married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader. While Zhang Qian did not succeed in this mission, his reports of
6592:
Khenzykhenova, Fedora I.; Kradin, Nikolai N.; Danukalova, Guzel A.; Shchetnikov, Alexander A.; Osipova, Eugenia M.; Matveev, Arkady N.; Yuriev, Anatoly L.; Namzalova, Oyuna D. -Ts; Prokopets, Stanislav D.; Lyashchevskaya, Marina A.; Schepina, Natalia A.; Namsaraeva, Solonga B.; Martynovich, Nikolai
5375:
to write official letters to the
Chinese court on a wooden tablet 31 cm long, and to use a seal and large-sized folder." The same sources tell that when the Xiongnu noted down something or transmitted a message, they made cuts on a piece of wood ('ke-mu'), and they also mention a "Hu script" (vol.
5202:
Although the
Xiongnu were ethnically heterogeneous as a whole, it appears that variability was highly related to social status. Genetic heterogeneity was highest among retainers of low status, as identified by their smaller and peripheral tombs. These retainers mainly displayed ancestry related to
4978:
belonged exclusively to haplogroup Q. They argue that the haplogroups C2, Q and N likely formed the major paternal haplogroups of the
Xiongnu tribes, while R1a was the most common paternal haplogroup (44.5%) among neighbouring nomads from the Altai mountain, who were probably incorporated into the
4870:
population, which had a similar frequency of
Eastern and Western maternal haplogroups, supporting a hypothesis of continuity from the Slab Grave period to the Xiongnu. They wrote that the bulk of the genetics research indicates that roughly 27% of Xiongnu maternal haplogroups were of West Eurasian
4507:
considered them to be multi-component groups. Many scholars believe the Xiongnu confederation was a mixture of different ethno-linguistic groups, and that their main language (as represented in the Chinese sources) and its relationships have not yet been satisfactorily determined. Kim rejects "old
4161:
According to a study by Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong, published in 2020 in the journal Evolutionary Human Sciences by Cambridge University Press, "The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic". However, genetic studies found a mixture of haplogroups from
2992:
When Zhizhi learned of his brother's submission, he also sent a son to the Han court as hostage in 53 BC. Then twice, in 51 BC and 50 BC, he sent envoys to the Han court with tribute. But having failed to pay homage personally, he was never admitted to the tributary system. In 36 BC, a junior
2834:
Major logistical difficulties limited the duration and long-term continuation of these campaigns. According to the analysis of Yan You (嚴尤), the difficulties were twofold. Firstly there was the problem of supplying food across long distances. Secondly, the weather in the northern Xiongnu lands was
2499:
The Han dynasty sent random unrelated commoner women falsely labeled as "princesses" and members of the Han imperial family multiple times when they were practicing Heqin marriage alliances with the Xiongnu in order to avoid sending the emperor's daughters. The Han sent these "princesses" to marry
9728:
Considered as Yuezhi-Saka or simply Yuezhi, and p.3: "These tapestries were apparently manufactured in Bactria or in Gandhara at the time of the Saka-Yuezhi rule, when these countries were connected with the Parthian empire and the "Hellenized East." They represent groups of men, warriors of high
7591:
Nonetheless, among archaeologists, there are many supporters of the Xiongnu migration to the West. In recent years, S. Botalov (2009) constructed a broad picture of the migration of the Xiongnu to the Urals, and then Europe. In Kazakhstan, A. N. Podushkin discovered the Arysskaya culture with a
5317:
Within the Xiongnu culture more variety is visible from site to site than from "era" to "era," in terms of the Chinese chronology, yet all form a whole that is distinct from that of the Han and other peoples of the non-Chinese north. In some instances, the iconography cannot be used as the main
4780:
skulls with East Asian craniometrical features, setting them apart from neighboring populations in present-day Mongolia. Russian and Chinese anthropological and craniofacial studies show that the Xiongnu were physically very heterogenous, with six different population clusters showing different
3713:, and he later changed his family name from "Liu" (劉) to the more Xiongnu-like "Helian" (赫連), believing it inappropriate to follow his matrilineal line from the Han. Helian Bobo placed the Later Qin in a perpetual state of warfare and greatly contributed to its decline. In 418, he conquered the
2913:, a grandson of the 12th Chanyu's cousin. Being something of a usurper, he tried to put his own men in power, which only increased the number of his enemies. The 12th Chanyu's son fled east and, in 58 BC, revolted. Few would support Woyanqudi and he was driven to suicide, leaving the rebel son,
2814:
led a force of light cavalry westward out of Longxi and within six days fought his way through five Xiongnu kingdoms. The Xiongnu Hunye king was forced to surrender with 40,000 men. In 119 BC both Huo and Wei, each leading 50,000 cavalrymen and 100,000 footsoldiers (in order to keep up with the
4134:
speakers, the Xiongnu do not display a genetic affinity for Yeniseian peoples. A review by Wilson (2023) argues that the presence of Yeniseian-speakers among the multi-ethnic Xiongnu should not be rejected, and that "Yeniseian-speaking peoples must have played a more prominent (than heretofore
4046:
According to a study by Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong, published in 2020 in the journal Evolutionary Human Sciences by Cambridge University Press, "The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic". However, important cultural, technological and political
3203:
Tensions were evident between Han settlers and practitioners of the nomadic way of life. Thus, in 94, Anguo Chanyu joined forces with newly subjugated Xiongnu from the north and started a large scale rebellion against the Han. At times, the Southern Xiongnu would join forces with the Wuhuan in
3190:
Coincidentally, the Southern Xiongnu were plagued by natural disasters and misfortunes—in addition to the threat posed by Punu. Consequently, in 50 AD, the Southern Xiongnu submitted to tributary relations with Han China. The system of tribute was considerably tightened by the Han, to keep the
2725:. Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE. And since the Tang royal Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kirghiz Khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang Imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan
6998:
Page 36: "A renowned openwork gold plate found on the surface of the site depicts a wild boar hunt at the spear by a rider in steppe dress, in a frame of ovals arranged in cells intended to receive inlays (fig. 14). We can today attribute it to a local craft whose intention was to satisfy a
4814:
Classifications of these burial sites make distinction between two prevailing type of burials: "(1) monumental ramped terrace tombs which are often flanked by smaller "satellite" burials and (2) 'circular' or 'ring' burials." Some scholars consider this a division between "elite" graves and
9797:
While most scholars hold the Xiongnu to have originally had a leadership from a Sogdian kinship line, Kim (2023: 28-29) argues that during their migration west, they seem to have undergone a transformation from having had a Yeniseian leadership, which ruled over various Iranic, Alanic and
5077:
A study published in November 2020 examined 60 early and late Xiongnu individuals from across of Mongolia. The study found that the Xiongnu resulted from the admixture of three different clusters from the Mongolian region. The two early genetic clusters are "early Xiongnu_west" from the
5380:). At Noin-Ula and other Xiongnu burial sites in Mongolia and the region north of Lake Baikal, among the objects discovered during excavations conducted between 1924 and 1925 were over 20 carved characters. Most of these characters are either identical or very similar to letters of the
3793:
people, but based on the fact that the Juqu's ancestors once served the Xiongnu empire, the Lushuihu could still be considered a branch of the Xiongnu. Regardless, contemporaneous records treat the Lushuihu as a distinct ethnic group. The Northern Liang was known for its propagation of
4096:
to argue for a Yeniseian Jie dominant minority, that ruled over the other Xiongnu ethnicities, like Iranian and Turkic people. Kim has stated that the dominant Xiongnu language was likely Turkic or Yeniseian, but has cautioned that the Xiongnu were definitely a multi-ethnic society.
11654:
Ts. Törbat, Keramika khunnskogo mogil'nika Burkhan-Tolgoi. Erdem shinzhilgeenii bichig. Arkheologi, antropologi, ugsaatan sudlal 19,2003, 82–100. Ц. Тѳрбат, Керамика хуннского могильника Бурхан-Толгой. Эрдэм шинжилгээний бичиг. Археологи, антропологи, угсаатан судлал 19, 2003,
11635:
A. V. Davydova, Ivolginskii arkheologicheskii kompleks II. Ivolginskii mogil'nik. Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki Siunnu 2 (Sankt-Peterburg 1996). А. В. Давыдова, Иволгинский археологи-ческий комплекс II. Иволгинский могильник. Археологические памятники Сюнну 2 (Санкт-Петербург
4911:
period, which was dominated by East Asian patrilineages. They suggest that this may reflect an aggressive expansion of people with West Eurasian paternal haplogroups, or perhaps the practice of marriage alliances or cultural networks favoring people with Western patrilines.
4906:
According to Rogers & Kaestle (2022), roughly 47% of Xiongnu period remains belonged to paternal haplogroups associated with modern West Eurasians, while the rest (53%) belonged to East Asian haplogroups. They observed that this contrasts strongly with the preceding
3330:
to Liu for prestige reasons, claiming that they were related to the Han imperial clan through the old intermarriage policy. Each of the Five Divisions were supervised by a local chief, who in turn was under the "surveillance of a chinese resident", while the former
3199:
and the Southern Xiongnu were resettled in eight frontier commanderies. At the same time, large numbers of Chinese were also resettled in these commanderies, in mixed Han-Xiongnu settlements. Economically, the Southern Xiongnu became reliant on trade with the Han.
3612:
but was captured by Shi Le's forces in battle and executed in 329. Chang'an soon fell to Later Zhao and the last of Former Zhao's forces were destroyed. Thus ended the Han-Zhao dynasty; northern China would be dominated by the Later Zhao for the next 20 years.
4461:, whom Sima Qian distinguished from the Xiongnu. (notwithstanding Sima Qian's inconsistency). Additionally, Chinese chroniclers routinely ascribed Xiongnu origins to various nomadic groups: for examples, Xiongnu ancestry was ascribed to Para-Mongolic-speaking
4358:
Belt Buckle, 2nd-1st century BCE, Xiongnu. Another naturalistic belt buckle made to the Xiongnu taste, showing a mounted warrior frontally, holding a dagger and grabbing the hair of a demon who is also attacked by a dog. Also appears a nomadic cart pulled by
2835:
difficult for Han soldiers, who could never carry enough fuel. According to official reports, the Xiongnu lost 80,000 to 90,000 men, and out of the 140,000 horses the Han forces had brought into the desert, fewer than 30,000 returned to the Han Empire.
2045:
may have been made for a patron related to the Xiongnu, and may be dated to the 2nd-1st century BC. The rider wears the steppe dress, his hair is tied into a hairbun characteristic of the oriental steppes, and his horse has characteristically Xiongnu
3036:. At the height of his power, Huduershi even compared himself to his illustrious ancestor, Modu. Due to growing regionalism among the Xiongnu, however, Huduershi was never able to establish unquestioned authority. In contravention of a principle of
1803:
5893:"The primary focus of the new threat became the Xiongnu who emerged rather abruptly in the late 4th century B.C. initially subordinated to the Yuezhi, the Xiongnu overthrew the nomadic hierarchy while also escalating its attacks on Chinese areas."
4862:
A 2003 study found that 89% of Xiongnu maternal lineages are of East Asian origin, while 11% were of West Eurasian origin. However, a 2016 study found that 37.5% of Xiongnu maternal lineages were West Eurasian, in a central Mongolian sample.
11674:
1886:
origin), which persisted until the 3rd century BC. Genetic research indicates that the Slab Grave people were the primary ancestors of the Xiongnu, and that the Xiongnu formed through substantial and complex admixture with West Eurasians.
10413:(High-Cart Dingling). Their language, in brief, and Xiongnu are the same yet occasionally there are small differences. Some say that they are the sororal nephews/sons-in-laws of the Xiongnu of yore. Their tribes (種) are Di, Yuanhe (aka
7827:
Liu Jing said: "The Han dynasty was just calm, the soldiers were exhausted by the fire, and the Xiongnu could not be ... If the majesty could not send a big princess, let the royal woman or the fake princess, he I will know that I will
5318:
cultural identifier, because art depicting animal predation is common among the steppe peoples. An example of animal predation associated with Xiongnu culture is that of a tiger carrying dead prey. A similar motif appears in work from
3835:
The Xiongnu empire is widely thought to have been multiethnic. There are several theories on the ethnolinguistic identity of the Xiongnu, though there is no consensus among scholars as to what language was spoken by the Xiongnu elite.
7866:
In the Han- Wusun alliance (unlike the Han- Xiongnu heqin agreements) the gifts flowed in the proper direction, ... Thus, while Empress Lü transgressed the heqin marriage in having a false princess sent, Liu Jing's original proposal
2937:
Bronze seal of a Xiongnu chief, conferred by the Eastern Han government. Inscribed 漢匈奴/歸義親/漢長 ("The Chief of the Han Xiongnu, who have returned to righteousness and embraced the Han"). Seal, impression, and transcription in standard
7930:... 孝文皇帝 sent a girl as a new wife for the Chanyu as a 'fake princess of Royal family' with a eunuch named '中行 ... The Han lured the Xiongnu chief deep into the China proper town called "馬邑," but Gunchen Chanyu realized the trap ...
7802:
There were altogether nine marriages of Han princesses (fake or real) to the Xiongnu during these roughly 60 years (for a complete list of details, see Cui 2007a, 555). We will call this policy Heqin Model One, and, as Ying-shih Yu
6766:, p. 369: "From that time until the HAN dynasty the Ordos steppe was the home of semi-nomadic Indo-European peoples whose culture can be regarded as an eastern province of a vast Eurasian continuum of Scytho-Siberian cultures."
2815:
mobility of the Xiongnu, many of the non-cavalry Han soldiers were mobile infantrymen who traveled on horseback but fought on foot), and advancing along different routes, forced the chanyu and his Xiongnu court to flee north of the
5242:, suggesting multiple sources for their Eastern ancestry. High Eastern ancestry was more common among high status female samples, while low status male samples tended to be more diverse and having higher Western ancestry. A likely
11664:
Ts. Törbat, Tamiryn Ulaan khoshuuny bulsh ba Khünnügiin ugsaatny büreldekhüünii asuudald. Tükhiin setgüül 4, 2003, 6–17. Ц. Төрбат, Тамирын Улаан хошууны булш ба Хүннүгийн угсаатны бүрэлдэхүүний асуудалд. Түүхийн сэтгүүл 4, 2003,
10789:
quote: "東胡初輕冒頓，不爲備。及冒頓以兵至，擊，大破滅東胡王，而虜其民人及畜產。" translation: "Initially the Donghu despised Modun and were unprepared. So Modun arrived with his troops, attacked, routed and killed Donghu king; then captured his people as well as
10904:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev (12 November 2020).
2197:
expanded Qin's territory at the expense of the Xiongnu. After the unification of Qin dynasty, Xiongnu was a threat to the northern board of Qin. They were likely to attack the Qin dynasty when they suffered natural disasters.
4024:. According to Beckwith the Xiongnu could have contained a leading Iranian component when they started out, but more likely they had earlier been subjects of an Iranian people and learned the Iranian nomadic model from them.
7895:
Figuring the Foreign in the Early Han Dynasty Tamara Ta Lun Chin ... Emperor Han Wudi's military push to reverse the power relations between Xiongnu and Han stands in stark contrast to the original ... Xiongnu with a false
6290:) bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of Saka type. It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language."
3784:
in 397. Recent historiographies often classify the Northern Liang as a "Xiongnu" state, but there is still ongoing debate on the exact origin of the Lushuihu. A leading theory is that the Lushuihu were descendants of the
2145:
nomadic peoples. In later Chinese historiography, some groups of these peoples were believed to be the possible progenitors of the Xiongnu people. These nomadic people often had repeated military confrontations with the
9693:
Polos'mak, Natalia V.; Francfort, Henri-Paul; Tsepova, Olga (2015). "Nouvelles découvertes de tentures polychromes brodées du début de notre ère dans les "tumuli" n o 20 et n o 31 de Noin-Ula (République de Mongolie)".
4162:
western and eastern Eurasian origins that suggested a large genetic diversity within, and possibly multiple origins of Xiongnu elites. The Turkic-related component may be brought by eastern Eurasian genetic substratum.
2892:
at the age of 70 years and died there in the year 102. Following his death, the power of the Xiongnu in the Western Regions increased again, and the emperors of subsequent dynasties did not reach as far west until the
4047:
elements may have been transmitted by Eastern Iranian-speaking Steppe nomads: "Arguably, these Iranian-speaking groups were assimilated over time by the predominant Turkic-speaking part of the Xiongnu population".
6788:
Unterländer, Martina; Palstra, Friso; Lazaridis, Iosif; Pilipenko, Aleksandr; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Groß, Melanie; Sell, Christian; Blöcher, Jens; Kirsanow, Karola; Rohland, Nadin; Rieger, Benjamin (3 March 2017).
9729:
status, and kings and/ or princes, performing rituals of drinking, fighting or taking part in a religious ceremony, a procession leading to an altar with a fire burning on it, and two men engaged in a ritual."
5061:
in May 2018 examined the remains of five Xiongnu. The study concluded that Xiongnu confederation was genetically heterogeneous, and Xiongnu individuals belonging to two distinct groups, one being of primarily
12337:
The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking
2909:, normally kept an adult male on the throne, but could cause trouble in later generations when there were several lineages that might claim the throne. When the 12th Chanyu died in 60 BC, power was taken by
2257:. This transformed the Xiongnu into a more formidable polity, able to form larger armies and exercise improved strategic coordination. Two years later, in 207 BC, the Qin dynasty fell, and after a period of
8649:
13053:
3930:, who noticed that ancient Chinese scholars had referred to members of tribes which were associated with the Xiongnu by names which were similar to the name "Hun", albeit with varying Chinese characters.
13564:
12350:
Lee, Juhyeon; Sato, Takehiro; Tajima, Atsushi; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Tsogtbaatar, Batmunkh; Nakagome, Shigeki; Miyake, Toshihiko; Shiraishi, Noriyuki; Jeong, Choongwon; Gakuhari, Takashi (1 March 2024).
2570:
4806:
The archaeologists have chosen to, for the most part, refrain from positing anything about Han-Xiongnu relations based on the material excavated. However, they were willing to mention the following:
12461:
12459:
12457:
12455:
12453:
3585:. That same year, Shi Le proclaimed independence and formed his own state of Zhao, challenging Liu Yao for hegemony over northern China. For this reason, Han-Zhao is also known to historians as the
3537:
Although Han enjoyed military success, it also suffered from internal strife under Liu Cong. Throughout his reign, Liu Cong faced constant dissidence from his own ministers, and so he empowered his
11645:
S. S. Miniaev, Dyrestuiskii mogil'nik. Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki Siunnu 3 (Sankt-Peterburg 1998). С. С. Миняев, Дырестуйский могильник. Археологические памятники Сюнну 3 (Санкт-Петербург 1998).
4189:. André Wink states that the Xiongnu probably spoke an early form of Turkic; even if Xiongnu were not "Turks" nor Turkic-speaking, they were in close contact with Turkic-speakers very early on.
1639:. The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses, because only a few words, mainly titles and personal names, were preserved in the Chinese sources. The name
9651:
In Noin-Ula (Noyon Uul), Mongolia, the remarkable elite Xiongnu tombs have revealed textiles that are linked to the pictorial tradition of the Yuezhi: the decorative faces closely resemble the
4702:
The original geographic location of the Xiongnu is disputed among steppe archaeologists. Since the 1960s, the geographic origin of the Xiongnu has attempted to be traced through an analysis of
3573:
as the new emperor. In 319, he moved the capital from Pingyang to Chang'an and renamed the dynasty as Zhao. Unlike his predecessors, Liu Yao appealed more to his Xiongnu ancestry by honouring
4750:
and the Ordos commonly show individuals with West Eurasian features. Iaroslav Lebedynsky said that West Eurasian depictions in the Ordos region should be attributed to a "Scythian affinity".
2962:
should present tribute to the Han emperor. The political status of the Xiongnu in the Chinese world order was reduced from that of a "brotherly state" to that of an "outer vassal" (外臣).
3058:
In 48 AD, a confederation of eight Xiongnu tribes in Bi's power base in the south, with a military force totalling 40,000 to 50,000 men, seceded from Punu's kingdom and acclaimed Bi as
11809:
11771:
11707:
18896:
18891:
4503:
Since the early 19th century, a number of Western scholars have proposed a connection between various language families or subfamilies and the language or languages of the Xiongnu.
4449:, another people who in turn descended from the Xianbei and were also associated with the Xiongnu. While the Xianbei, Khitans, and Shiwei are generally believed to be predominantly
2566:
A traveling nomad family led by a man in belted jacket and trousers, pulling a nomadic cart. Belt Buckle, Mongolia or southern Siberia, dated to 2nd-1st century BC (Xiongnu period).
14095:
4757:
demonstrate other cultural evidences and influences, showing that Chinese and Xiongnu art have influenced each other mutually. Some of these embroidered portraits in the Noin-Ula
4663:
was descended from a Xiongnu ruler), but many contemporary scholars do not consider the modern Uyghurs to be of direct linear descent from the old Uyghur Khaganate because modern
3370:(賀賴), Zhongqin (鐘跂), Dalou (大樓), Yongqu (雍屈), Zhenshu (真樹) and Lijie (力羯). Among the nineteen tribes, the Chuge, also known as the Xiuchuge, were the most honored and prestigious.
13872:
Minyaev, Sergey. "Niche Grave Burials of the Xiong-nu Period in Central Asia", Information Bulletin, Inter-national Association for the Cultures of Central Asia 17 (1990): 91–99.
10884:
5248:, a male ruler of the Empire identified by his prestigious tomb, was shown to have had similar ancestry as a high status female in the "western frontiers", deriving about 39.3%
10230:
quote: "突厥者，其先居西海之右，獨為部落，蓋匈奴之別種也。" translation: "The Tujue, their ancestors dwelt on the right bank of the Western Sea; a lone tribe, probably a separate branch of the Xiongnu"
14223:
2888:(Rome). Ban Chao was created the Marquess of Dingyuan (定遠侯, i.e., "the Marquess who stabilized faraway places") for his services to the Han Empire and returned to the capital
2134:. Even Sima Qian was inconsistent: in the chapter "Hereditary House of Zhao", he considered the Donghu to be the Hu proper, yet elsewhere he considered Xiongnu to be also Hu.
1858:
10432:
quote: "回紇，其先匈奴也，俗多乘高輪車，元魏時亦號高車部，或曰敕勒，訛為鐵勒。" translation: "Huihe, their ancestors were the Xiongnu; because they customarily drove carts with high-wheels and many spokes, in
13142:
The proto-Turkic Hsiung-nu were now challenged by other alien groups — proto-Tibetans, proto-Mongol tribes called the Hsien-pi, and separate proto-Turks called To-pa (Toba).
9835:
3577:
and distancing himself from the state's initial positioning of restoring the Han dynasty. However, this was not a break from Liu Yuan, as he continued to honor Liu Yuan and
2408:. Beneath them came the commanders of detachments of one thousand, of one hundred, and of ten men. This nation of nomads, a people on the march, was organized like an army.
4100:
Pulleybank and D. N. Keightley asserted that the Xiongnu titles "were originally Siberian words but were later borrowed by the Turkic and Mongolic peoples". Titles such as
2776:
the west provided even greater incentive to counter the Xiongnu hold on westward routes out of the Han Empire, and the Han prepared to mount a large scale attack using the
13995:
12744:
5122:
sources. Their uniparental haplogroup assignments also showed heterogenetic influence on their ethnogenesis as well as their connection with Huns. In contrast, the later
4112:
were also inherited from the Xiongnu language and are possibly of Yeniseian origin. For example, the Xiongnu word for "heaven" is theorized to come from Proto-Yeniseian *
2965:
Huhanye sent his son, the "wise king of the right" Shuloujutang, to the Han court as hostage. In 51 BC he personally visited Chang'an to pay homage to the emperor on the
2500:
Xiongnu leaders in their efforts to stop the border raids. Along with arranged marriages, the Han sent gifts to bribe the Xiongnu to stop attacking. After the defeat at
1914:. These tribes are recorded as harassing Zhou territory, but at the time the Zhou were expanding northwards, encroaching on their traditional lands, especially into the
12002:
Ren Meng; Wang Jian Xin (2011). "Knowing the Xiongnu Culture in Eastern Tianshan Mountain from Tomb Heigouliang and Dongheigou Site at the Beginning of Xihan Dynasty".
2594:
and the Xiongnu for sixty years. Up to 135 BC, the treaty was renewed nine times, each time with an increase in the "gifts" to the Xiongnu Empire. In 192 BC,
11292:
10511:
Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia".
9410:
741:
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685:
660:
646:
632:
618:
604:
7945:
Ancient bronzes, ceramics, and seals: The Nasli M. Heeramaneck Collection of ancient Near Eastern, central Asiatic, and European art, gift of the Ahmanson Foundation
12717:
5404:. The Xiongnu were a nomadic people. From their lifestyle of herding flocks and their horse-trade with China, it can be concluded that their diet consist mainly of
4149:
3323:. This was aimed at preventing the exiled Xiongnu in Shanxi from engaging in rebellion, and also allowed Cao Cao to use the Xiongnu as auxiliaries in his cavalry.
2509:
2322:
Xiongnu in their expansion drove their western neighbour Yuezhi from the Hexi Corridor in year 176 BC, killing the Yuezhi king and asserting their presence in the
2312:, which had previously been taken by the Qin general Meng Tian. Under Modu's leadership, the Xiongnu became so strong that they began to threaten the Han dynasty.
3442:
Despite Cao Cao's effort, the Five Divisions in Shanxi eventually grew restless and attempted to restore themselves to power. The Commander of the Left Division,
1992:
from the 6th to 2nd centuries BC, and is of unknown ethno-linguistic origin, and is thought to represent the easternmost extension of Indo-European-speakers. The
13866:
Minyaev, Sergey. On the origin of the Xiongnu // Bulletin of International association for the study of the culture of Central Asia, UNESCO. Moscow, 1985, No. 9.
12053:
Keyser, C.; Zvénigorosky, V.; et al. (2020). "Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia".
10397:
quote: "高車，蓋古赤狄之餘種也，初號為狄歷，北方以為勑勒，諸夏以為高車、丁零。其語略與匈奴同而時有小異，或云其先匈奴之甥也。其種有狄氏、袁紇氏、斛律氏、解批氏、護骨氏、異奇斤氏。" translation: "The Gaoche are probably remnants of the ancient Red
3020:
13575:
8627:. Curatores seriei Victor Spinei et Ionel Candeâ VII. Romanian Academy Institute of Archaeology of Iaşi Editura Academiei Romane - Editura Istros. p. 245.
2411:
After Modu, later leaders formed a dualistic system of political organisation with the left and right branches of the Xiongnu divided on a regional basis. The
9519:
Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023).
2876:) of the Han dynasty, embarked with an army of 70,000 soldiers in a campaign against the Xiongnu remnants who were harassing the trade route now known as the
13901:
Minyaev, Sergey. Art and archeology of the Xiongnu: new discoveries in Russia. In: Circle of Iner Asia Art, Newsletter, Issue 14, December 2001, pp. 3–9
5230:
On the contrary, high status Xiongnu individuals tended to have less genetic diversity, and their ancestry was essentially derived from the Eastern Eurasian
5371:
indicate that the Xiongnu did not have an ideographic form of writing like Chinese, but in the 2nd century BC, a renegade Chinese dignitary Yue "taught the
5102:
ancestry, or mixed with "early Xiongnu_west"). The later third cluster named "late Xiongnu" has even higher heterogenity, with the continued combination of
2795:. By that point the empire was consolidated politically, militarily and economically, and was led by an adventurous pro-war faction at court. In that year,
2822:
2496:, he was ambushed, reputedly by Xiongnu cavalry. The emperor was cut off from supplies and reinforcements for seven days, only narrowly escaping capture.
2329:
By the time of Modu's death in 174 BC, the Xiongnu were recognized as the most prominent of the nomads bordering the Chinese Han empire According to the
13842:
10481:
2092:
people (Han) to the pastoral nomads (Xiongnu), characterizing them as two polar groups in the sense of a civilization versus an uncivilized society: the
3705:. He was assigned to guard Shuofang, but in 407, angered by Qin holding peace talks with the Northern Wei, he rebelled and founded a state known as the
13984:(Etnicheskii sostav i proiskhozhdenie altaitsev, Ethnic composition and origins of the Altaians). Leningrad: Nauka. Facsimile in Microsoft Word format.
9812:, p. 405: "Accordingly, the transcription now read as Hsiung- nu may have been pronounced * Soγdâ, * Soγlâ, * Sak(a)dâ, or even * Skla(C)da, etc."
12844:
Demattè, Paola (2006). "Writing the Landscape: Petroglyphs of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Province (China)". In David L. Peterson; et al. (eds.).
4694:
has denied any possibility of a relationship between the Xiongnu language and any other known language, even any connection with Turkic or Mongolian.
3107:, attacked the Northern Xiongnu. The Northern Xiongnu suffered two major defeats: one at the hands of the Xianbei in 85 AD, and by the Han during the
16562:
11457:
5365:
is dated from the 9th millennium BC to the 19th century AD. It consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and only minimally of painted images.
4126:
An analysis by Savelyev and Jeong (2020) has cast doubt on the Yeniseian theory. If assuming that the ancient Yeniseians were represented by modern
2850:
which further aided them in their battle against the Xiongnu. As a result of these battles, the Han Empire controlled the strategic region from the
16220:
13296:
13261:
12997:
Hall, Mark & Minyaev, Sergey. Chemical Analyses of Xiong-nu Pottery: A Preliminary Study of Exchange and Trade on the Inner Asian Steppes. In:
10313:. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." quoted and translated in Xu (2005),
5384:
of the Early Middle Ages found on the Eurasian steppes. From this, some specialists conclude that the Xiongnu used a script similar to the ancient
9672:"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"
8048:"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"
6990:"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"
5412:
and wild geese that were shot down. Historical evidence gives reason to believe that, from the 2nd century BC, proto-Mongol peoples (the Xiongnu,
5070:) and the other presenting considerable admixture levels with West Eurasian (possibly from Central Saka) sources. The evidence suggested that the
14294:
13514:
10627:
10247:, 21 (2): p. 298 of 291–327, fn. 36. quote: "'Western Sea' (xi hai 西海) has many possible meanings designating different bodies of water from the
8752:
8309:
9655:
portraits, while the local ornaments have integrated elements of Graeco-Roman design. These artifacts were most probably manufactured in Bactria
7246:
in the east, and to the west we have the Loufan and shared borders with Qin and Han. Nevertheless, we have no mounted archers ready for action."
1593:
to the south-east were complex—alternating between various periods of peace, war, and subjugation. Ultimately, the Xiongnu were defeated by the
14228:
13250:
Keyser-Tracqui, Christine; et al. (October 2006). "Population origins in Mongolia: genetic structure analysis of ancient and modern DNA".
12958:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East
8240:
The Sinitic Civilization Book II: A Factual History Through the Lens of Archaeology, Bronzeware, Astronomy, Divination, Calendar and the Annals
2396:. The Tuqi King of the Left was normally the heir presumptive. Next lower in the hierarchy came more officials in pairs of left and right: the
17094:
4039:
claims that the royal tribes and kings of the Xiongnu bore Iranian names, that all Xiongnu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from a
3687:. The Tiefu resided there for most of their existence, often as a vassal to their stronger neighbours before their power was destroyed by the
2519:
was dispatched for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties included a Han princess given in marriage to the
13977:
13793:
11825:
11787:
11723:
7734:
5643:
4508:
racial theories or even ethnic affiliations" in favour of the "historical reality of these extensive, multiethnic, polyglot steppe empires".
3545:
to counter them. The Han court fell into a power struggle which ended in a bloody purge of the government. Liu Cong also failed to constrain
1500:
11898:"Analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup frequencies in the population of the slab burial mortuary culture of Mongolia (ca. 1100–300 BCE )"
9588:
3502:
The Western Jin, devastated by war and natural disasters, was unable to stop the growing threat of Han, even more so after the ascension of
18881:
14149:
6333:
4582:. The Ashina and Tiele may have been separate ethnic groups who mixed with the Xiongnu. Indeed, Chinese sources link many nomadic peoples (
2726:
11622:
11165:. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65.
8022:. Seattle : Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in association with University of Washington Press. pp. 22, 90.
7592:
distinct stage of Xiongnu influence (2009). Russian archaeologists are actively studying the Hun sites in the Caucasus (Gmyrya 1993; 1995)
2439:: Luut; lit. "Dragon City") became the annual meeting place and served as the Xiongnu capital. The ruins of Longcheng were found south of
15452:
14342:
13285:
Kim, Kijeong; et al. (July 2010). "A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia".
10867:
5190:
5087:
5044:
11217:
Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950–1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996
8834:
8475:
7748:
4499:
Pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 1000 BCE (Early Iron Age), and schematic formation of the Xiongnu Empire in the 3rd century BCE.
2826:
Horse trampling a Xiongnu warrior, with detail of the warrior's facial features. 2nd century BC statue from the tomb of Chinese general
1600:, which led to the confederation splitting in two, and forcible resettlement of large numbers of Xiongnu within Han borders. During the
15387:
3403:
dynasty, was a descendant of the Qiangqu clan, although by his time, he and his people had become a distinct ethnic group known as the
10846:
10453:
8685:
The role of women in the Altaic world : Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001
3709:. Bobo strongly affirmed his Xiongnu lineage; his state name of "Xia" was based on the claim that the Xiongnu were descendants of the
3241:(the Han capital) to seek aid from the Han court, but at this time the Han court was in disorder from the clash between Grand General
2617:
While the Xiongnu benefited handsomely, from the Chinese perspective marriage treaties were costly, very humiliating and ineffective.
2276:
A gold crown belonging to a Xiongnu king, from the early Xiongnu period. Seen at the top of a crown is an eagle with a turquoise head.
985:
16393:
15605:
13287:
13252:
7720:
5629:
4993:
4866:
According to Rogers & Kaestle (2022), these studies make clear that the Xiongnu population is extremely similar to the preceding
13603:
9674:[On some vestiges and new indications of Hellenism in the arts between Bactria and Gandhāra (130 BC-100 AD approximately)].
6992:[On some vestiges and new indications of Hellenism in the arts between Bactria and Gandhāra (130 BC-100 AD approximately)].
2997:, with the help of Gan Yanshou, protector-general of the Western Regions, assembled an expeditionary force that defeated him at the
2905:
When a Chanyu died, power could pass to his younger brother if his son was not of age. This system, which can be compared to Gaelic
968:
16463:
16449:
3215:—many of the Xiongnu feared that it would set a precedent for unending military service to the Han court. His subjects, led by the
1305:
1260:
8176:
4682:
origin. There are also some Korean researchers that point out that the grave goods of Silla and of the eastern Xiongnu are alike.
16473:
16453:
14476:
10082:
4678:, it is recorded that King Munmu had Xiongnu ancestry. According to several historians, it is possible that there were tribes of
4123:
Alexander Vovin also wrote, that some names of horses in the Xiongnu language appear to be Turkic words with Yeniseian prefixes.
4065:
3557:
massacred the emperor and a large portion of the aristocracy before being defeated by a combined force led by Liu Cong's cousin,
3454:
courts intervened and forced them back into five. During the early Jin period, the Xiongnu began staging revolts and leaving the
43:
12913:
12848:. Colloquia Pontica: series on the archaeology and ancient history of the Black Sea area. Vol. 13. Brill. pp. 300–313.
9742:
8543:
The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001
6857:
5718:"Ethnicity and the Suppression of Buddhism in Fifth-century North China: The Background and Significance of the Gaiwu Rebellion"
3048:, Bi (Pi)—the Rizhu King of the Right—had a more legitimate claim. Consequently, Bi refused to attend the annual meeting at the
3004:
Tributary relations were discontinued during the reign of Huduershi (18 AD–48), corresponding to the political upheavals of the
2170:
states were encroaching and conquering various nomadic territories that were inhabited by the Xiongnu and other Hu peoples. The
18679:
15707:
12748:
11532:
8400:
7841:
7816:
7775:
4854:
4375:
people were the ancestors of the Xiongnu, and some scholars have suggested that the Xiongnu may have been the ancestors of the
11524:
Honeychurch, William. "Thinking Political Communities: The State and Social Stratification among Ancient Nomads of Mongolia".
7909:
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12967:
12691:
12157:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
11848:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
11819:
11781:
11717:
11407:
11387:
11354:
11327:
11258:
11225:
11170:
11114:
10988:
10561:
10027:
9786:
9644:
9608:
9484:
9457:
9252:
9031:
8941:
8807:
8766:
8692:
8632:
8520:
8448:
8408:
8364:
8323:
8282:
8217:
8155:
8100:
8027:
7953:
7584:
7458:
6935:
6904:
6877:
6713:
6686:
6253:
5886:
5876:
5700:
5668:
5613:
5586:
5559:
5533:
4997:
in October 2006 detected significant genetic continuity between the examined individuals at Egyin Gol and modern Mongolians.
4092:, contains a transliterated song of Jie origin, which appears to be Yeniseian. This song has led researchers Pulleyblank and
3207:
During the late 2nd century AD, the southern Xiongnu were drawn into the rebellions then plaguing the Han court. In 188, the
2880:. His successful military campaign saw the subjugation of one Xiongnu tribe after another. Ban Chao also sent an envoy named
2866:. Because of strong Han control over the Xiongnu, the Xiongnu became unstable and were no longer a threat to the Han Empire.
2219:
2194:
11130:
2372:
16261:
13960:
13574:. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series (53). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. Archived from
7366:
6720:
The rise of the confederation of the Xiongnu, in addition, clearly affected this region as it did most regions of the Altai
5976:
17953:
5896:
4069:
Belt plaque in the shape of a kneeling horse, 3rd-1st century BCE, gilded silver, made in North China for Xiongnu patrons.
1894:(1045–771 BC), there were numerous conflicts with nomadic tribes from the north and the northwest, variously known as the
16655:
16424:
15662:
14287:
5834:
5293:
1690:
pronunciation, from the Mandarin dialect spoken now in Beijing, which came into existence less than 1,000 years ago. The
13018:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250
12854:
Di Cosmo, Nicola (1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China". In Michael Loewe and Edward Shaughnessy (eds.).
11434:
8086:
7204:
at our borders to the west. Yet we have no strong army to help us, surely we will lose our country. What is to be done?"
7011:; C'est celle des steppes orientales, que l'on remarque sur les plaques de la chasse au sanglier «des Iyrques» (fig. 15)
7007:(fig. 15)" (French: La coiffure du chasseur, aux longs cheveux tirés en arrière et rassemblés en chignon, se retrouve à
3008:. The Xiongnu took the opportunity to regain control of the western regions, as well as neighboring peoples such as the
18099:
17099:
15788:
15657:
14658:
14182:
13672:
13207:
13029:
11676:
10574:
10240:
9957:
9289:
9273:
9176:
9044:
8993:
8663:
8551:
8248:
7919:
7886:
7855:
7791:
5301:
4718:
3728:
After Helian Bobo's death in 425, the Xia quickly declined due to pressure from the Northern Wei. In 428, the emperor,
2381:
2341:
6416:高晶一, Jingyi Gao (2017). "Quèdìng xià guó jí kǎitè rén de yǔyán wéi shǔyú hànyǔ zú hé yè ní sāi yǔxì gòngtóng cí yuán"
6061:
The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic (Late Proto-Turkic, to be more precise)
2933:
18871:
16743:
15922:
15783:
15068:
13924:
Minyaev, Sergey & Sakharovskaja, Lidya. Investigation of a Xiongnu Royal Tomb in the Tsaraam valley, part 2. In:
13917:
Minyaev, Sergey & Sakharovskaja, Lidya. Investigation of a Xiongnu Royal Tomb in the Tsaraam valley, part 1. In:
13835:
13691:
13635:
13157:
13135:
12727:
11571:
11032:
10741:
9418:
9381:
8716:
Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840".
7004:
5814:
5126:
had a much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry as a whole, similar to that of modern-day Mongolic-speaking populations.
1493:
14034:"Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin"
13898:
Minyaev, Sergey. The origins of the "Geometric Style" in Hsiungnu art // BAR International series 890. London, 2000.
9185:
9100:
9084:
8854:
8434:
5804:
5522:
Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015).
4671:
are different. Rather, they consider them to be descendants of a number of people, one of them the ancient Uyghurs.
2454:
with the Tuqi King of the Left was holding the area north of Beijing and the Tuqi King of the Right was holding the
2284:
expanded the Xiongnu empire in all directions. To the north he conquered a number of nomadic peoples, including the
18709:
15968:
15803:
8394:
8268:
8017:
7218:
5448:
3722:
3506:
to the Han throne. In 311, the Jin imperial army was annihilated by Han forces, and shortly after, the Jin capital
10694:
8120:
6533:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca (6 September 2019).
17725:
15763:
15667:
14937:
14317:
13914:
Miniaev, Sergey & Elikhina, Julia. On the chronology of the Noyon Uul barrows. The Silk Road 7 (2009): 21–30.
13728:
12850:(Proceedings of the First International Conference of Eurasian Archaeology, University of Chicago, 3–4 May 2002.)
9153:
7991:
7880:
6520:
4975:
4629:
3280:, but after his death, a nominal king was put in his place. In the 190s, the Xiuchuge allied themselves with the
1434:
16887:
14253:
13385:"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin"
13152:. Volume 2: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 bc to ad 250. UNESCO. pp. 151–170.
12846:
Beyond the steppe and the sown: proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology
10803:
10563:
Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier: 19 November 1995 - 2 September 1996, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
3553:
ethnicity who effectively held the eastern parts of the empire. After Liu Cong's death in 318, his consort kin,
1996:
were displaced by the Xiongnu expansion in the 2nd century BC, and had to migrate to Central and Southern Asia.
1653:, although this is disputed. Other linguistic links—all of them also controversial—proposed by scholars include
18901:
18866:
18237:
15871:
15702:
15647:
14897:
14280:
14080:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE
13339:
13175:
12604:
10617:
N.Bichurin "Collection of information on the peoples who inhabited Central Asia in ancient times", 1950, p. 227
9759:), of about the same date, manufactured probably in Bactria, as were probably also the examples from Noin Ula."
8592:
8186:
8147:
7571:. 7th International Conference on the Medieval History of the Eurasian Steppe. Vol. 53. pp. 149–165.
7235:
5368:
4548:
3311:, and divided his followers in Shanxi into five divisions: left, right, south, north and centre. The office of
2069:
1447:
895:
14233:
11745:
10772:"Early Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic lexical contact: Jurchen numerals from the 室韦 Shirwi (Shih-wei) in North China"
5074:
probably emerged through minor male-driven geneflow into the Saka through westward migrations of the Xiongnu.
2621:
showed that he did not take the peace treaty seriously. On one occasion his scouts penetrated to a point near
18906:
18163:
16198:
16193:
15191:
14653:
12577:
12573:
9774:
The Steppe Tradition in International Relations: Russians, Turks and European State Building 4000 BCE–2017 CE
7555:
4784:
4561:
4527:
4216:
1029:
947:
13962:
Polymorphismes ponctuels de séquence et identification génétique: étude par spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF
11989:
11984:
Y chromosomes of ancient Hunnu people and its implication on the phylogeny of East Asian linguistic families
11814:. Bonn: Vor- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archaologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn. p. 24.
11776:. Bonn: Vor- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archaologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn. p. 23.
3938:
used in the so-called "Sogdian Ancient Letters", both the Xiongnu and the Huns were referred to as the γwn (
18158:
18042:
15652:
13203:"Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of a 2,000-Year-Old Necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia"
12593:
11986:. ASHG 63rd Annual Meeting October 22–26, 2013: Boston. Vol. 2041. American Society of Human Genetics.
11589:
Camilla Trever, "Excavations in Northern Mongolia (1924–1925)", Leningrad: J. Fedorov Printing House, 1932
9247:. Faculty of Asian Studies monographs. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University.
4504:
4000:
origin of the Xiongnu, recognizing all of the earliest Xiongnu names of the 2nd century BC as being of the
3931:
2578:
region and western part of North China, 2nd century BC, bronze - Ethnological Museum, Berlin. According to
1590:
1486:
1457:
1430:
1400:
12766:
A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire
11463:
7064:
6594:
3890:
3877:
3864:
2648:(the Xiongnu ruler) to Han Chinese who joined the Xiongnu and Xiongnu in Han service. The daughter of the
2629:, reaching as far as the imperial retreat at Yong. In 158 BC, his successor sent 30,000 cavalry to attack
976:
18168:
17205:
13895:
Minyaev, Sergey. Derestuj cemetery. In: Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu, vol. 3. St-Petersburg, 1998.
13320:
Loewe, Michael (1974). "The campaigns of Han Wu-ti". In Kierman, Frank A. Jr.; Fairbank, John K. (eds.).
12637:
12096:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (2020).
11250:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia
4895:
4761:
also depict the Xiongnu with long braided hair with wide ribbons, which is seen to be identical with the
4535:
clan was a component of the Xiongnu confederation, but this connection is disputed, and according to the
2265:
in 202 BC. This period of Chinese instability was a time of prosperity for the Xiongnu, who adopted many
827:
10662:
4170:
4043:, and that it is therefore clear that the majority of Xiongnu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language.
1850:
18684:
16587:
16554:
16516:
16441:
15778:
14917:
13775:
Davydova, Anthonina & Minyaev Sergey. The complex of archaeological sites near Dureny village. In:
12683:
10192:
9778:
9023:
8793:
8512:
8350:
7943:
6479:
5692:
5453:
4796:
4734:
in northern Mongolia, dated to around the first century CE. Other Xiongnu sites have been unearthed in
4626:
2839:
2684:
2514:
1467:
13885:
Minyaev, Sergey. Archaeologie des Xiongnu en Russie: nouvelles decouvertes et quelques Problemes. In:
13545:
13453:
Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2003). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of Cultural and Political Relations".
12719:
Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections
11316:"Chapter 2: Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century"
9449:
Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China
8546:. Asiatische Forschungen. Vol. 152 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.
6670:
The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire
4080:
was the first to expand upon this idea with credible evidence. The Yeniseian theory proposes that the
2695:
married a Xiongnu woman given by Li Ling when he was arrested and taken captive. Han Chinese explorer
1878:
The territories associated with the Xiongnu in central/east Mongolia were previously inhabited by the
18815:
18439:
18409:
18280:
18126:
17274:
16838:
16619:
16572:
16529:
16411:
16107:
16092:
15937:
15733:
15153:
14447:
14238:
13931:
Minyaev, Sergey & Smolarsky Phillipe. Art of the Steppes. Brussels, Foundation Richard Liu, 2002.
10107:"Late Holocene Technology Words in Proto-Athabaskan: Implications for Dene-Yeniseian Culture History"
8274:
8092:
7776:"11 Legalism and offensive realism in the Chinese court debate on defending national security 81 BCE"
7635:
Nomady kazakhstanskikh stepey: etnosociokulturnye protsessy i kontakty v Evrazii skifo sakskoy epokhi
7516:
6595:"The human environment of the Xiongnu Ivolga Fortress (West Trans-Baikal area, Russia): Initial data"
5281:
4021:
3790:
3748:. The Xia was at its end, and the following year, Helian Ding was sent to Wei where he was executed.
3718:
3698:
3451:
2859:
18835:
14218:
14177:
Yap, Joseph P, (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu.
11939:
8958:
3526:, was also crushed by Han. After the fall of Chang'an, the remnants of Jin survived in the south at
18886:
18694:
18084:
18059:
17909:
17568:
17563:
16634:
16624:
16577:
16567:
16534:
16458:
16344:
16317:
16312:
16254:
15600:
15173:
14887:
14877:
14872:
14467:
14457:
14422:
14258:
13747:
12609:
11185:
11037:
5377:
5158:
5130:
5009:
5005:
4634:
4060:
3822:
The Xiongnu confederation was unusually long-lived for a steppe empire. The purpose of raiding the
3459:
2710:
2115:(1994) contends that pre-241-BCE references to the Xiongnu are anachronistic substitutions for the
1862:
1410:
1375:
1233:
13972:
9633:
Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019).
8891:"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"
4776:
Analysis of cranial remains from some sites attributed to the Xiongnu have revealed that they had
3179:
2504:
in 200 BC, the Han emperor abandoned a military solution to the Xiongnu threat. Instead, in 198 BC
18689:
18151:
18032:
17573:
17526:
17469:
17168:
17112:
16860:
16322:
15697:
15585:
15462:
15367:
15211:
15093:
14502:
14452:
14303:
13820:. (Ancient Türkic runiform monuments as a source for the history of Central Asia). Moscow: Nauka.
13329:
12673:
12156:
11847:
11712:. Bonn: Vor- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archaeologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn.
11578:
Europoid faces in some depictions of the Ordos, which should be attributed to a Scythian affinity
11073:
11010:
9017:
5468:
5420:) were familiar with Buddhism. On the territory of the Ivolginsk Settlement, remains of Buddhist
5253:
5154:
4454:
4290:'s tribe and that Yueban's language and customs resembled Gaoche (高車), another name of the Tiele.
4005:
3237:), succeeded him, but was then overthrown by the same rebellious faction in 189. He travelled to
2042:
1883:
1870:
1827:
1789:
1237:
14157:
13950:
13840:
Kradin, Nikolay. 2005. Social and Economic Structure of the Xiongnu of the Trans-Baikal Region.
12537:Александр Берзин, Тибетский буддизм: история и перспективы развития, M., 1992 (Alexandr Berzin,
11293:"The Formation of Modern Uyghur Historiography and Competing Perspectives toward Uyghur History"
10589:
Ts. Baasansuren "The scholar who showed the true Mongolia to the world", Summer 2010 vol.6 (14)
10495:
10468:
10394:
10227:
7444:
7177:
6348:
4799:, Dyrestui, Burkhan Tolgoi, and Daodunzi. Additionally thousands of tombs have been recorded in
2009:
18173:
18074:
18069:
17757:
17705:
17625:
17558:
17462:
17447:
17340:
17107:
17061:
16902:
16789:
16307:
16178:
16067:
15843:
15677:
15437:
14462:
14397:
13055:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B. C.
10745:
10429:
10336:
10310:
6506:
5297:
Belt buckle with animal combat scene, 2nd-1st century BCE, made in North China for the Xiongnu.
3622:
3384:
3033:
2679:
after he surrendered and defected. Another Han Chinese General who defected to the Xiongnu was
2258:
2093:
1617:
1539:
1420:
1229:
1110:
734:
65:
14243:
13938:
13148:
Ishjamts, N. (1996). "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia". In Janos Harmatta; et al. (eds.).
11590:
11563:
11344:
9772:
9634:
9447:
8931:
8578:
8506:
8238:
8203:
8143:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
7818:
Historical Records 史记: The First and Most Important Biographical General History Book in China
6894:
6441:
5658:
5603:
5576:
5523:
4891:
4887:
4875:
4479:
refers to the time of Modu Chanyu as "the remote times of our Chanyu" in his letter to Daoist
3806:
caves, and for being the last of the so-called Sixteen Kingdoms after it was conquered by the
3697:, a surviving member of the Tiefu, went into exile and eventually offered his services to the
2783:
While the Han dynasty was making preparations for a military confrontation since the reign of
1722:, after a short vowel, seemingly played the role of a general nasal – sometimes equivalent to
18699:
18354:
18104:
18064:
17877:
17752:
16816:
16806:
16765:
16736:
16629:
16595:
16539:
16173:
15512:
15487:
15397:
15028:
14862:
12588:
12199:
12034:
11982:
Kang, L. L.; Jin, T.; Wu, F.; Ao, X.; Wen, S.; Wang, C.; Huang, Y.; Li, X.; Li, H. Y (2013).
11315:
11215:
11106:
10019:
A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak): Part 1: Introduction, Phonology and Morphology
10017:
9474:
9299:
9283:
9195:
9110:
9094:
9054:
9003:
8864:
8541:
8141:
7450:
7085:
6795:
6703:
6678:
6674:
6668:
5909:
5549:
4367:
Mongolian and other scholars have suggested that the Xiongnu spoke a language related to the
3296:
established control over the north. The Xiuchuge were eventually defeated by Cao Cao in 214.
2155:
1946:
1059:
1039:
1034:
17992:
14101:
Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia
14026:
Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia
12955:
11542:
11377:
11248:
9600:
8621:
The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research
6925:
6869:
4954:
According to Lee & Kuang, the main paternal lineages of 62 Xiongnu Elite remains in the
4824:
18876:
18789:
18197:
18027:
17997:
17872:
17803:
17774:
17693:
17027:
16865:
16855:
16661:
16524:
16468:
16117:
15853:
15726:
15447:
15294:
14829:
14627:
14129:
13572:
Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text
13510:
13490:
13402:
13086:
12792:
12633:
12245:
11200:
9667:
9532:
8043:
7239:
7227:
7201:
7075:'s northern borders. He often stationed at Dai and Wild Goose Gate, prepared the Xiongnu."
6985:
6804:
6606:
6153:
5525:
Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History
4916:
4883:
4879:
4788:
4754:
4731:
4483:. Sun and moon symbol of Xiongnu that discovered by archaeologists is similar to Mongolian
4243:
However, the Ashina-surnamed Göktürks were also stated to be they were "mixed barbarians" (
4182:
4178:
4166:
4135:
recognized) role in the history of Eurasia during the first millennium of the Common Era".
3993:
3973:
3496:
3037:
2699:
married a Xiongnu woman and had a child with her when he was taken captive by the Xiongnu.
2599:
2579:
2485:
2316:
2171:
2112:
2038:
1918:. Archaeologically, the Zhou expanded to the north and the northwest at the expense of the
1080:
1069:
1054:
17977:
13594:
10436:'s they were also called Gaoche (High-Cart), or also called Chile, mistakenly rendered as
10084:
Identifying the Huns and the Xiongnu (or Not): Multi-Faceted Implications and Difficulties
9893:
9344:
4844:
2440:
2119:
instead. Sometimes the Xiongnu were distinguished from other nomadic peoples; namely, the
1635:
has confirmed their interaction with the Xiongnu, and also possibly their relation to the
8:
18734:
18622:
18265:
17889:
17769:
17735:
17637:
17457:
17452:
17264:
16983:
16919:
16794:
16779:
16419:
16354:
16247:
16148:
16143:
15798:
15768:
15687:
15621:
15477:
14902:
14892:
14622:
14547:
14107:
Miller, Bryan K. (2014). "Xiongnu "Kings" and the Political Order of the Steppe Empire".
13765:
Davydova, Anthonina. The Ivolga archaeological complex. Part 2. The Ivolga cemetery. In:
13758:
Davydova, Anthonina. The Ivolga archaeological complex. Part 1. The Ivolga fortress. In:
13664:
13607:
12679:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
12352:"Medieval genomes from eastern Mongolia share a stable genetic profile over a millennium"
11555:
10830:
9949:
9621:
There is thus no scholarly consensus on the language that was spoken by the Xiongnu elite
8440:
7629:
7371:
7231:
7173:
5381:
4668:
4646:, and implied similar geographic origins and nomadic lifestyle but not direct filiation.
4422:
4380:
4131:
4076:
was the first to suggest that the Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language. In the early 1960s
4056:
3871:
3680:
3578:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3465:
3455:
3435:
3108:
2978:
2746:
2634:
2556:
1715:
1670:
1597:
1355:
1140:
1049:
1011:
352:
197:
17605:
17595:
13810:(Chinese reports about peoples of Southern Siberia, Central Asia, and Far East). Moscow.
13406:
12796:
12391:
12249:
10146:
9924:
9561:
9536:
9520:
6808:
6610:
5129:
A Xiongnu remain (GD1-4) analysed in a 2024 study was found to be entirely derived from
4592:) on their northern borders to the Xiongnu, just as Greco-Roman historiographers called
4245:
3926:
The Xiongnu-Hun hypothesis was originally proposed by the 18th-century French historian
3663:. Based on their name, which meant a person whose father was a Xiongnu and mother was a
2806:
made a surprise attack on the Xiongnu at the border markets. In 127 BC, the Han general
2272:
1930:. Thereafter the task of dealing with the northern tribes was left to their vassal, the
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17590:
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16907:
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11927:
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9878:
9865:
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8912:
8733:
7992:"FASTENING THE BUCKLE: A STRAND OF XIONGNU-ERA NARRATIVE IN A RECENT KIRGHIZ EPIC POEM"
7690:
7682:
7538:
7396:
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6790:
6630:
6569:
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6502:
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6223:
Weishu, "vol. 102 Wusun, Shule, & Yueban" quote: "悅般國，…… 其先，匈奴北單于之部落也。…… 其風俗言語與高車同"
6138:
6052:
6039:
5737:
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4867:
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4679:
4450:
4372:
4368:
4349:
4040:
3845:
3667:, the Tiefu had intermingled with the Xianbei, and records sometimes refer to them as "
3523:
3096:
3024:
Belt hook depicting an animal fight, Xiongnu, 200-100 BC, bronze. Östasiatiska museet,
2784:
2777:
2664:
2611:
2610:, continued his father's expansionist policies. Laoshang succeeded in negotiating with
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2436:
1879:
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1100:
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411:
175:
13375:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
7843:
Savage Exchange: Han Imperialism, Chinese Literary Style, and the Economic Imagination
6075:"Bayesian phylolinguistics reveals the internal structure of the Transeurasian family"
4832:
3462:
that weakened the Jin power in northern China, that they made a crucial breakthrough.
3395:
people, it is sometimes categorized in more recent historiography as a Xiongnu state.
3315:
was formally abolished, and the Southern Xiongnu were placed under the supervision of
3118:
In about 155 AD, the Northern Xiongnu were decisively "crushed and subjugated" by the
18111:
18007:
17943:
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17764:
17479:
17407:
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16897:
16694:
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14512:
14497:
14387:
14382:
14352:
14332:
14248:
14197:
14178:
14083:
14053:
14049:
14021:(Materials on the history of the ancient nomadic peoples of the Dunhu group). Moscow.
13946:
13831:
13706:
13687:
13668:
13631:
13541:
13515:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"
13482:
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13343:
13308:
13273:
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13187:
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11166:
11110:
10984:
10944:
10926:
10628:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"
10570:
10248:
10128:
10023:
9953:
9882:
9870:
9856:
9782:
9711:
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9604:
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9172:
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8803:
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7851:
7787:
7694:
7580:
7454:
7400:
7388:
7273:單于曰頭曼，頭曼不勝秦，北徙。" translation: "Later on, Qin conquered the six other states, and the
7181:
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6820:
6709:
6682:
6634:
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4936:
4932:
4920:
4840:
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4001:
3963:
3927:
3904:
3897:
3379:" that dominated northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. They founded the
3285:
2796:
2768:
2626:
2493:
2424:
2269:
agriculture techniques such as slaves for heavy labor and lived in Han-style homes.
2262:
2231:
2097:
2056:
1942:
1922:. The Quanrong put an end to the Western Zhou in 771 BC, sacking the Zhou capital of
1683:
1658:
1570:
1527:
879:
871:
407:
131:
14096:"Settlement Patterns and Domestic Economy of the Xiongnu in Khanui Valley, Mongolia"
14065:
13869:
Minyaev, Sergey. News of Xiongnu Archaeology // Das Altertum, vol. 35. Berlin, 1989.
13045:
13013:
13005:
12830:
12774:
5689:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220
4332:
However, Chinese sources also ascribe Xiongnu origins to the Para-Mongolic-speaking
4036:
3600:
region and expanded his domain westward by campaigning against remnants of the Jin,
2603:
1945:
culture, it was identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans, such as the
49:
18861:
18714:
17960:
17747:
17742:
17698:
17685:
17615:
17583:
17578:
17442:
17437:
17419:
17380:
17313:
17296:
17237:
17227:
17222:
17163:
17119:
17089:
17049:
17032:
17015:
16978:
16729:
16600:
16369:
16339:
16297:
15749:
15682:
15610:
15231:
15118:
14927:
14912:
14761:
14607:
14567:
14522:
14507:
14116:
14045:
13627:
13529:
13466:
13462:
13418:
13410:
13300:
13265:
13228:
13220:
13183:
13098:
13049:
12892:
12808:
12800:
12779:
12363:
12318:
12302:
12253:
12168:
12127:
12117:
12109:
12062:
11909:
11859:
10934:
10918:
10414:
10118:
9860:
9852:
9844:
9703:
9596:
9556:
9540:
9324:
9225:
8902:
8799:
8725:
8655:
8584:
8356:
7847:
7672:
7642:. Astana: Ministry of Culture and Information of the Kazakhstan Republic pp. 47‒154
7572:
7530:
7380:
6973:
The image on this belt-buckle represents a rider striking a wild boar with a spear.
6865:
6828:
6812:
6791:"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe"
6614:
6564:
6546:
6433:
6429:
6241:
6130:
6094:
6086:
6034:
6026:
6018:
5438:
5265:
5216:
5207:(characterized by a hybrid Eurasian gene pool combining the genetic profile of the
5204:
5145:
5133:
without any West Eurasian-associated ancestry. The sample clustered closely with a
5057:
5031:
4660:
4623:
4442:
4434:
4403:
4277:
4228:
4154:
4144:
3989:
3935:
3799:
3569:
Amidst Jin Zhun's rebellion, the Han loyalists that escaped the massacre acclaimed
3542:
3304:
3266:
2998:
2966:
2730:
2530:
2432:
2420:
2189:
and had been influenced by China for centuries, before they were driven out by the
2105:
1927:
1687:
1666:
1654:
1601:
1518:
1270:
1215:
1160:
792:
769:
706:
429:
287:
13849:
Kradin, Nikolay. 2012. New Approaches and Challenges for the Xiongnu Studies. In:
13360:
7193:
18825:
18729:
18663:
18178:
18146:
18019:
17987:
17970:
17926:
17921:
17899:
17894:
17852:
17845:
17820:
17680:
17675:
17516:
17397:
17291:
17286:
17254:
17079:
17069:
16963:
16956:
16951:
16936:
16892:
16774:
16760:
16690:
16683:
16673:
16383:
15672:
15615:
15555:
15545:
15507:
15249:
14942:
14741:
14698:
14680:
14517:
14487:
14392:
14367:
14322:
13981:
13658:
13398:
13333:
13009:
12788:
12677:
12236:
11160:
11138:
10188:
9943:
9756:
9521:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales"
7721:"ASYA HUN DEVLETİ (BÜYÜK HUN İMPARATORLUĞU) (M.Ö. 220 – M.S.216 ) — Dijital Hoca"
7576:
6618:
5630:"ASYA HUN DEVLETİ (BÜYÜK HUN İMPARATORLUĞU) (M.Ö. 220 – M.S.216 ) — Dijital Hoca"
5405:
5362:
5079:
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4777:
4691:
4664:
4593:
4588:
4287:
4174:
4093:
3997:
3951:
3640:
3376:
3281:
3196:
3144:
3075:
2863:
2618:
2607:
2583:
2323:
2308:
out of the Yuezhi king. Modu also retook the original homeland of Xiongnu on the
2124:
2123:; yet on other occasions, Chinese sources often just classified the Xiongnu as a
2047:
1957:
1938:
1632:
1605:
1543:
1365:
1170:
857:
547:
521:
335:
232:
76:
17600:
13180:
Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea
9831:"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"
8832:
8473:
6007:"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"
5968:
4354:
3472:
tribe, but he claimed himself to be a direct descendant of the Southern Xiongnu
2562:
2154:, who often conquered and enslaved the nomads in an expansion drift. During the
1780:
and suggests that it was originally a dynastic name rather than an ethnic name.
18830:
18724:
18612:
18121:
18116:
18079:
18054:
18037:
17948:
17933:
17904:
17862:
17710:
17670:
17665:
17620:
17546:
17506:
17496:
17486:
17301:
17180:
17074:
16941:
16823:
16402:
16378:
16329:
16279:
15838:
15632:
15595:
15417:
15352:
15226:
15078:
15063:
15033:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14751:
14602:
14592:
14552:
14337:
13414:
13370:
12709:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times
12306:
12113:
12066:
11680:
11413:
10959:
10922:
10757:
Schönig, Claus. (27 January 2006) "Turko-Mongolic relations" in Janhunen (ed.)
10723:
10314:
9476:
Cave Temples of Mogao at Dunhuang: Art History on the Silk Road: Second Edition
9139:
8637:. Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.
7008:
7000:
5947:
5945:
5443:
4971:
4928:
4858:
Uniparental haplogroup assignments by group and sex-bias "z" scores of Xiongnu.
4735:
4703:
4675:
4615:
4610:
4516:
4484:
4258:
4190:
4186:
3884:
3777:
3763:
3745:
3706:
3676:
3660:
3636:
3388:
2970:
2954:
or his representatives should come to the capital to pay homage; secondly, the
2847:
2788:
2703:
2614:
terms for the maintenance of a large scale government sponsored market system.
2423:, exercised direct authority over the central territory. Longcheng (around the
2377:
2376:
Xiongnu chief, 2nd century BCE-1st century CE. Reconstruction by archaeologist
2222:
against the Xiongnu. Meng Tian defeated the Xiongnu and expelled them from the
2131:
2101:
1977:
1866:
1613:
1578:
1120:
841:
384:
274:
87:
14120:
13808:Китайские известия о народах Южной Сибири, Центральной Азии и Дальнего Востока
13782:
Davydova, Anthonina & Minyaev Sergey. The Xiongnu Decorative bronzes. In:
13742:
13533:
13102:
12875:
Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
12865:
Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
12804:
12258:
12231:
12172:
11864:
11346:
Democratization and Identity: Regimes and Ethnicity in East and Southeast Asia
10650:. vol. 91 "蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ"
6420:[Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies].
6235:
5140:
4270:
Uyghur Khagans claimed descent from the Xiongnu (according to Chinese history
3671:", which by the 4th-century had become synonymous with "mixed barbarians" or "
3627:
3426:
1702:. Sinologist Axel Schuessler (2014) reconstructs the pronunciations of 匈奴 as *
18855:
18719:
18223:
18202:
18089:
17884:
17857:
17830:
17808:
17786:
17553:
17536:
17521:
17365:
17318:
17306:
17232:
17124:
16998:
16993:
16968:
16850:
16710:
16544:
16496:
16364:
16359:
16302:
15627:
15580:
15472:
15304:
15289:
15221:
14980:
14746:
14718:
14703:
14663:
14562:
14417:
14402:
14357:
13595:"The Sogdian ancient letters. Letters 1, 2, 3, and 5 translated into English"
13366:
13167:
13048:(1992). "The Emergence of the Indo-Iranians: The Indo-Iranian Languages". In
12942:
12934:
12737:
12377:
12314:
12180:
11923:
11873:
10930:
10786:
10294:
10132:
9715:
9636:
The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads
9552:
9377:
9208:
9125:
8702:
7392:
7274:
7262:
7165:
7035:
6968:
6824:
6626:
6560:
6498:
6245:
6108:
5842:
5733:
5602:
Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (19 November 2012).
5473:
5417:
5400:, "the Xiongnu called Heaven (天) 'Chēnglí,' (撐犁) a Chinese transcription of
5358:
5306:
5134:
5123:
4924:
4739:
4495:
4466:
4458:
4446:
4430:
4414:
4411:
4233:
4194:
3943:
3343:
3081:
3041:
2986:
2922:
2918:
2799:
reversed the decision he had made the year before to renew the peace treaty.
2575:
2336:
2297:
2289:
2254:
2223:
2211:
2147:
2120:
2116:
1969:
1531:
1345:
1325:
1315:
1225:
1205:
692:
665:
623:
471:
243:
184:
162:
98:
17630:
17610:
16239:
14263:
13907:
Minyaev, Sergey. The Xiongnu cultural complex: location and chronology. In:
13875:
Minyaev, Sergey. The excavation of Xiongnu Sites in the Buryatia Republic//
13565:"Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words"
12368:
12351:
10569:. Seattle: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Inst. pp. 90–91, item 2.
10530:
10212:
9707:
7969:
7022:"The Account of the Xiongnu, Records of the Grand Historian",Sima Qian.DOI:
6551:
6122:
5942:
4874:
Some examples of maternal haplogroups observed in Xiongnu specimens include
4795:
Presently, there exist four fully excavated and well documented cemeteries:
2020:
18774:
18755:
18394:
18270:
18094:
17835:
17825:
17791:
17720:
17715:
17642:
17432:
17414:
17375:
17370:
17350:
17345:
17217:
17210:
17200:
17195:
17190:
17084:
17022:
17003:
16988:
16924:
16700:
16666:
16501:
16483:
16072:
15973:
15963:
15927:
15808:
15550:
15517:
15497:
15402:
15309:
15264:
15241:
15158:
15053:
14970:
14960:
14852:
14587:
14582:
14572:
14532:
14472:
14437:
14362:
14057:
14010:
Talko-Gryntsevich, Julian. 1999. Paleo-Ethnology of Trans-Baikal area. In:
13882:
Minyaev, Sergey. Les Xiongnu// Dossiers d' archaeologie, # 212. Paris 1996.
13432:
13312:
13277:
13242:
12822:
12332:
12267:
12141:
12074:
11005:
11000:
10948:
10748:
quote: "契丹者，古匈奴之種也。" translation: "The Khitans, a kind of Xiongnu of yore."
10437:
10433:
10402:
10260:
10204:
10033:
9963:
9874:
9792:
9570:
9544:
9473:
Whitfield, Roderick; Whitfield, Susan; Agnew, Neville (15 September 2015).
9037:
8847:
8819:
8778:
8669:
8604:
8563:
8526:
8488:
8460:
8376:
8335:
8294:
8223:
8161:
8126:
8106:
7925:
7890:
7861:
7822:
7797:
7464:
7090:
ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
7072:
7023:
6910:
6842:
6732:
6578:
6480:"Huns and Xiongnu Identified by Hungarian and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies"
6229:
Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties vol. 4 quote: "北人呼駮馬為賀蘭
6134:
6048:
5820:
5783:
5759:
5421:
5334:
5310:
4762:
4727:
4532:
4521:
4512:
4476:
4470:
4399:
4237:
4210:
4085:
4073:
3807:
3751:
3729:
3688:
3632:
3601:
3480:, citing that his alleged ancestors were married to Han princesses through
3359:
3156:
2982:
2894:
2851:
2309:
2163:
2151:
2085:
1941:(6th-3rd century BC) immediately preceded the formation of the Xiongnus. A
1919:
1891:
1335:
1280:
940:
799:
219:
14272:
14254:
Videodocumentation: Xiongnu – the burial site of the Hun prince (Mongolia)
11600:
The Great Empires of the Ancient World – Thomas Harrison – 2009 – page 288
10665:
txt: "芮芮國，蓋匈奴別種。" tr: "Ruìruì state, possibly a Xiongnu's separate branch"
10123:
10106:
9361:
7569:
Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours
7384:
6347:. Dankook University Institute of Oriental Studies: 25, 27. Archived from
6090:
4828:
4765:
hair-style. Well-preserved bodies in Xiongnu and pre-Xiongnu tombs in the
3679:
staged a revolt against the Western Jin from Shanxi but was driven out to
18769:
18750:
17813:
17798:
17647:
17360:
17269:
17259:
17185:
16833:
16828:
16491:
16227:
16183:
16010:
15955:
15917:
15642:
15575:
15527:
15492:
15467:
15432:
15427:
15422:
15412:
15407:
15362:
15342:
15334:
15163:
15148:
15098:
15088:
15043:
15000:
14776:
14771:
14736:
14537:
14492:
14432:
14264:
Xiongnu and the Central Plains: The Collision and Fusion of Civilizations
12568:
11196:
11068:
10736:
10391:
10252:
9220:
8758:
8315:
7197:
7185:
6963:(1997/98). Kamakura, Japan: The Institute of Silk Road Studies: 107–159.
6074:
5605:
The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions
5397:
5119:
4800:
4747:
4537:
4438:
4407:
4293:
4283:
3858:
3803:
3737:
3733:
3710:
3586:
3574:
3538:
3519:
3499:
to serve under him, and in 308, he elevated his title to Emperor of Han.
3477:
3347:
3184:
3167:
3152:
3127:
3005:
2816:
2764:
2756:
2734:
2718:
2672:
2622:
2595:
2591:
2489:
2331:
2281:
2266:
2250:
2246:
2235:
2190:
2167:
2159:
2030:
1931:
1752:
1707:
1691:
1649:
1594:
1547:
1019:
961:
678:
509:
254:
111:
13818:Древнетюркские рунические памятники как источник по истории Средней Азии
13474:
12813:
11675:
Ningxia Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute (寧夏文物考古研究所);
9848:
9723:
8907:
8890:
8508:
The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World
7619:
Prikaspiiskiy Dagestan v epokhu velikogo pereseleniia narodov. Mogilniki
6816:
6591:
6402:
6389:
Vovin, Alexander (2000). "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?".
6022:
5741:
3608:. Eventually, Liu Yao led his army to fight Later Zhao for control over
2950:. The original terms insisted on by the Han court were that, first, the
2644:
who defected to their side by marrying off sisters and daughters of the
18794:
18784:
18658:
18484:
18434:
18419:
17840:
17657:
17531:
17491:
17424:
16705:
16607:
16506:
16270:
16097:
16046:
15907:
15889:
15881:
15866:
15793:
15773:
15522:
15347:
15279:
15274:
15201:
15183:
15143:
15128:
15108:
15073:
15058:
15020:
15010:
14995:
14985:
14952:
14839:
14766:
14542:
14442:
14372:
13304:
13269:
13216:
12904:
12426:
11914:
11897:
11403:
10541:
9752:
9652:
8651:
Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
8580:
Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
7948:. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 168, item 887.
7686:
6893:
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2 December 2020).
5717:
5409:
5319:
5257:
5231:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5181:
5111:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5063:
5040:
4980:
4743:
4325:
4301:
4297:
4127:
4081:
3684:
3590:
3550:
3404:
3400:
3367:
3366:(赤沙), Yugang (鬱鞞), Weisuo (萎莎), Tutong (禿童), Bomie (勃蔑), Qiangqu (羌渠),
3012:. In 24 AD, Hudershi even talked about reversing the tributary system.
2827:
2811:
2810:
retook the Ordos. In 121 BC, the Xiongnu suffered another setback when
2772:
2696:
2680:
2455:
2109:
2034:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1953:
1765:
1628:
720:
364:
360:
309:
14726:
13110:
12650:
10048:
9143:
8737:
7749:"Archeologists discover capital of Xiongnu Empire in central Mongolia"
7542:
6896:
The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires
6006:
5345:
4556:
4553:
3988:
Most scholars agree that the Xiongnu elite may have been initially of
18779:
18637:
18560:
18555:
18550:
18369:
18328:
17730:
17501:
17385:
17355:
17136:
17010:
16801:
16025:
16020:
15945:
15912:
15861:
15442:
15392:
15324:
15259:
15206:
15196:
15168:
15103:
15048:
15038:
14975:
14965:
14811:
14688:
14648:
14577:
14427:
13494:
13128:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
12954:
Golden, Peter B. (1992). "Chapter VI – The Uyğur Qağante (742–840)".
12883:
Fairbank, J.K.; Têng, S.Y. (1941). "On the Ch'ing Tributary System".
12599:
12187:
11192:
11063:
10328:
10264:
9167:
Hyun Jim Kim (2015). "2 The So-called 'Two-Hundred year Interlude'".
8619:
7783:
7661:"The Hsiung-nu imperial confederacy: Organization and foreign policy"
7289:
chanyu was Touman; Touman could not win against Qin, so fled north."
7278:
5493:
5171:
5115:
5048:
4955:
4601:
4579:
4480:
4392:
4360:
4254:
4009:
3823:
3714:
3702:
3597:
3308:
3293:
3246:
3025:
2994:
2969:. In the same year, another envoy Qijushan (稽居狦) was received at the
2947:
2910:
2877:
2667:, the Marquis of Xi who was serving the Han dynasty. The daughter of
2641:
2630:
2393:
2305:
2215:
2080:
BC), wherein the Xiongnu were alleged to be descendants of a certain
2060:
1915:
1718:; citing other Chinese transcriptions wherein the velar nasal medial
1566:
1250:
888:
533:
440:
376:
14033:
13861:
Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken (T'u-küe)
12896:
12626:
Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History
10771:
9671:
9245:
Northern frontier: the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire
9019:
Han Material Culture: An Archaeological Analysis and Vessel Typology
8583:. Brill's Inner Asian library. Vol. 13 (illustrated ed.).
8047:
7677:
7660:
6989:
6787:
6523:. International Journal of Eurasian Studies. 2: p of 45–47 of 35–63.
4836:
4722:
Xiongnu Leather Robe, Han period, Henan Provincial Museum, Zhengzhou
3350:
lists nineteen Xiongnu tribes that resettled within the Great Wall:
3326:
Later, the Xiongnu aristocracy in Shanxi changed their surname from
3166:
Southern and Northern Xiongnu in 200 AD, before the collapse of the
2981:
refused, giving him instead five ladies-in-waiting. One of them was
2642:
practiced marriage alliances with Han dynasty officers and officials
18820:
18799:
18761:
18576:
18530:
18459:
18454:
18424:
18414:
18404:
18399:
18338:
18303:
18288:
17131:
16914:
16872:
16811:
16188:
16168:
16127:
16122:
16015:
16005:
15833:
15718:
15502:
15482:
15083:
14907:
14821:
14756:
14527:
13224:
12666:
The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, 221 BC to AD 1757
11379:
The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat
11101:
10643:
10410:
10387:
10272:
10256:
10157:
9998:
8729:
8069:
7534:
7348:
7346:
6952:
5764:[匈 - The 13890th word of the Ancient Phonological System].
5458:
5323:
5103:
5091:
5083:
5000:
4915:
Some examples of paternal haplogroups in Xiongnu specimens include
4543:
4222:
4198:
3811:
3795:
3773:
3767:
3694:
3582:
3554:
3527:
3431:
3416:
3392:
3380:
3220:
3204:
rebelling and receive support from the Xianbei outside the border.
2906:
2881:
2869:
2807:
2751:
2722:
2668:
2660:
2649:
2285:
2186:
2088:. Even so, Sima Qian also drew a distinct line between the settled
1989:
1965:
1911:
1907:
1777:
1609:
1586:
909:
813:
448:
444:
380:
356:
151:
12510:
12486:
12438:
12291:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
12098:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
10907:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
9072:
8839:. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. p. 6
8480:. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. p. 6
7222:, "King Wuling spends his day in idleness", quote: "自常山以至代、上黨，東有燕、
6532:
5788:[奴 – The 9600th word of the Ancient Phonological System].
3968:
3798:
in Gansu through their construction of Buddhist sites such as the
3740:
in 431, but that same year, he was ambushed and imprisoned by the
298:
18591:
18545:
18489:
18479:
18474:
18464:
18444:
18429:
18364:
18359:
17044:
16973:
16784:
16678:
16349:
16292:
16163:
16112:
16062:
16000:
15899:
15382:
15377:
15319:
15254:
15138:
15123:
14990:
14867:
14857:
14806:
12230:
Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022).
10401:. Initially they had been called Dili. Northerners consider them
9427:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7065:
Vol. 81 "Stories about Lian Po and Lin Xiangru - Addendum: Li Mu"
5932:
5930:
5413:
5350:
5239:
4770:
4639:
4605:
4462:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4337:
4333:
4157:(wild ass), 2nd–1st century BC, Northwest China, Xiongnu culture.
4101:
3977:
3757:
3741:
3664:
3644:
3609:
3605:
3570:
3558:
3507:
3488:
3447:
3443:
3355:
3316:
3300:
3289:
3238:
3228:
3119:
3104:
2943:
2914:
2889:
2855:
2803:
2714:
2676:
2656:
2481:
2138:
2081:
1950:
1923:
1899:
1895:
1644:
1574:
455:
368:
16845:
11483:김창호, 〈문무왕릉비에 보이는 신라인의 조상인식 – 태조성한의 첨보 -〉, 《한국사연구》, 한국사연구회, 1986년
11313:
9999:"Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary"
9518:
9305:
9261:
8833:
Indian Society for Prehistoric & Quaternary Studies (1998).
8474:
Indian Society for Prehistoric & Quaternary Studies (1998).
7632:(2009). "Xiongnu v Yuznom Kazakhstane". . In: Z. Samashev (ed.)
7343:
6334:"Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia"
4746:
Otto Maenchen-Helfen has said that depictions of the Xiongnu of
3032:
The Xiongnu's new power was met with a policy of appeasement by
2582:, the wrestlers are Xiongnu, and their horses have Xiongnu-type
2543:'harmonious kinship'); periodic gifts to the Xiongnu of
2063:
composed an early yet detailed exposition on the Xiongnu in one
18627:
18607:
18535:
18525:
18509:
18504:
18499:
18494:
18469:
18449:
18389:
18374:
18318:
18308:
16877:
16752:
16158:
16153:
15284:
15216:
14847:
14781:
14693:
14407:
13062:
13021:
12563:
11088:
10687:
10406:
10287:
5401:
5388:, and that this alphabet was a basis for later Turkic writing.
5372:
5260:(or Yellow River farmers) ancestry, with the rest (8.8%) being
5244:
4758:
4707:
4655:
4653:
claimed descent from the Xiongnu (according to Chinese history
4569:
4272:
4109:
4028:
4017:
3981:
3947:
3786:
3668:
3616:
3546:
3492:
3396:
3363:
3327:
3258:
3254:
3242:
3148:
3132:
3100:
3009:
2974:
2843:
2706:
2688:
2652:
2645:
2501:
2462:. When the Xiongnu had been driven north, to today's Mongolia.
2451:
2428:
2389:
2367:
2354:
2293:
2239:
2227:
2207:
2178:
2142:
2096:. Sima Qian also mentioned Xiongnu's early appearance north of
2089:
2084:, who in turn descended from the "lineage of Lord Xia", a.k.a.
1993:
1903:
1738:
might be a Chinese rendition, Han or even pre-Han, of foreign *
1562:
1558:
1535:
637:
497:
478:
403:
322:
142:
56:
13495:"Ji Hu: Indigenous Inhabitants of Shaanbei and Western Shanxi"
12476:
12474:
12232:"The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians"
10704:
10702:
9824:
9822:
9820:
9818:
7882:
Savage Exchange: Figuring the Foreign in the Early Han Dynasty
7319:
7094:
6535:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
5927:
3581:
posthumously; it is hence known to historians collectively as
18642:
18632:
18617:
18586:
18581:
18384:
18379:
18333:
18323:
18313:
18298:
18293:
17511:
16612:
16041:
15113:
15005:
14932:
14882:
14731:
14377:
11213:
10958:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
10954:
10835:. London : Longmans, Green – via Internet Archive.
10398:
9892:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
9888:
9692:
9330:
8262:
8260:
7942:
Moorey, P. R. S. (Peter Roger Stuart); Markoe, Glenn (1981).
7068:
7060:
4948:
4650:
4262:
4204:
Chinese sources link several Turkic peoples to the Xiongnu:
4105:
3781:
3656:
3652:
3482:
3469:
3351:
3320:
3216:
3212:
3162:
3140:
3136:
3040:
established by Huhanye, Huduershi designated his son Punu as
2885:
2692:
2525:
2477:
2471:
2459:
2301:
2210:, who reigned between 220-209 BC. In 215 BC, Chinese Emperor
1981:
1624:
1582:
952:
651:
468:
388:
372:
210:
122:
13499:
Opuscula Altaica: Essays Presented in Honor of Henry Schwarz
12775:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
12541:, Moscow 1992; Буддизм, Л. Л. Абаева, М., Республика, 1991 (
7414:
7412:
7410:
7118:
7116:
6129:, Princeton University Press, pp. 72–103, 14 May 2019,
4437:
mentioned twenty Shiwei tribes, whom other Chinese sources (
4433:, "they also constituted a separate branch of the Xiongnu".
3195:
was ordered to establish his court in the Meiji district of
2590:
This first treaty set the pattern for relations between the
18246:
16334:
15537:
15299:
14347:
14194:
Cultural History of Ancient Northern Ethnic Groups in China
13335:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
12471:
11162:
De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
10699:
9975:
9973:
9815:
8933:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
8428:
8426:
7471:
7307:
5521:
5463:
5330:
5286:
5261:
5167:
5141:
Relationship between ethnicity and status among the Xiongnu
5071:
5027:
4597:
4265:). or from an obscure Suo state (索國), north of the Xiongnu.
4013:
3732:
and capital were both captured by Wei forces. His brother,
3487:
He allowed the Han Chinese and non-Xiongnu tribes like the
3446:
briefly unified them during the mid-3rd century before the
3273:
3055:
s court. Nevertheless, in 46 AD, Punu ascended the throne.
2802:
Full-scale war broke out in autumn 129 BC, when 40,000 Han
2552:
2544:
2182:
1747:
1636:
351:
Territory of the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BC (before the
16721:
14130:"The -yu Ending in Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Gaoju Onomastica"
12918:[On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language].
12628:. American Historical Association/Temple University Press.
10674:
Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in
8754:
The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC – AD 2000
8311:
The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC – AD 2000
8257:
7985:
7983:
7297:
7295:
7003:; it is that of the eastern steppes, which can be seen on
6308:
6298:
6296:
5004:
Mapping of Xiongnu ancestry per burial sites in Mongolia.
3092:, began to put military pressure on the Southern Xiongnu.
2830:, who fought decisively against the Xiongnu (died 117 BC).
2606:. His son and successor, the energetic Jiyu, known as the
14019:Материалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху
11203:), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."
11183:
According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his
11045:
10371:
10369:
9060:
7780:
Chinese Just War Ethics: Origin, Development, and Dissent
7735:"Türklerin tarihî başkenti: Ötüken - Avrasya'dan - Haber"
7407:
7331:
7113:
5915:
5644:"Türklerin tarihî başkenti: Ötüken - Avrasya'dan - Haber"
4781:
degrees of West Eurasian and East Asian physical traits.
4674:
In various kinds of ancient inscriptions on monuments of
3338:
3272:
Meanwhile, the rebels initially elected a marquis of the
2234:. In 210 BC, Meng Tian died, and in 209 BC, Touman's son
990:
973:
928:
914:
900:
18897:
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
18892:
States and territories disestablished in the 1st century
14259:
The National Museum of Mongolian History :: Xiongnu
14109:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
13703:
Wars with the Xiongnu: A translation from Zizhi tongjian
12349:
10965:
9970:
9904:
9902:
8423:
8388:
8386:
7490:
7488:
7486:
5988:
5986:
4706:
burial constructions. No region has been proven to have
4084:, a western Xiongnu people, spoke a Yeniseian language.
3015:
2625:. In 166 BC he personally led 140,000 cavalry to invade
18215:
14028:. Bonn: Freiburger Graphische Betriebe- Freiburg, 2011.
13440:
Pritsak, O. (1959). "XUN Der Volksname der Hsiung-nu".
11105:] (in Simplified Chinese). Vol. 197. Beijing:
10832:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century
10263:. In the Sui era (581–618) it was viewed as being near
9472:
7980:
7508:又《漢書》："使王烏等窺匈奴。法，漢使不去節，不以墨黥面，不得入穹盧。王烏等去節、黥面，得入穹盧，單於愛之。"
7292:
7140:
7128:
6358:
6293:
5966:
5901:
5899:
5856:
3253:
had no choice but to settle down with his followers in
2733:
and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to
2245:
In order to protect the Xiongnu from the threat of the
14219:
Material Culture presented by University of Washington
13601:
13091:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
12402:
12229:
11603:
10983:
Hyun Jin Kim, The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe.
10960:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
10366:
10169:
9894:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
9632:
8981:
8930:
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto; Helfen, Otto (1 January 1973).
6752:
5601:
5349:
2nd century BC – 2nd century AD characters of Xiongnu-
4286:
states that the Yueban descended from remnants of the
2465:
13604:"Prehistoric Art - Early Nomads of the Altaic Region"
13249:
13200:
12414:
12193:
12095:
12014:
12001:
10903:
10363:"vol. 99 - section Tujue" quote: "又曰突厥之先，出於索國，在匈奴之北。"
9899:
9829:
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwoon (7 May 2020).
8929:
8383:
7633:
7617:
7604:
7483:
7424:
7285:; and he took all lands south the Yellow River. The
7041:
6005:
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (10 May 2020).
5983:
5782:
Zheng Zhang (Chinese: 鄭張), Shang-fang (Chinese: 尚芳).
5781:
5758:
Zheng Zhang (Chinese: 鄭張), Shang-fang (Chinese: 尚芳).
5757:
5026:) form the main contribution, followed by the hybrid
4979:
Xiongnu confederation and may be associated with the
4165:
Other proponents of a Turkic language theory include
3245:
and the eunuchs, and the intervention of the warlord
3131:, the remnants of Northern Chanyu's tribe settled as
2946:(呼韓邪) decided to enter into tributary relations with
1760:
prompts Christopher P. Atwood (2015) to reconstruct *
876:
862:
846:
832:
818:
804:
18:
Eurasian steppe confederation (3rd c. BC – 1st c. AD)
13965:. Strasbourg: Université Louis Pasteur. Dissertation
13843:
Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia
13830:. Acad. 2nd ed., updated and added., Moscow: Logos,
13800:. 2000, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
13798:
The History of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic Peoples
13201:
Keyser-Tracqui, Christine; et al. (July 2003).
13182:. Handbuch der Orientalistik , 8: Central Asia; 15.
12528:
Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也.
12498:
11746:"The Date of the TLV Mirrors from the Xiongnu Tombs"
11526:
The Anthropological Study of Class and Consciousness
11207:
8936:. University of California Press. pp. 369–370.
6521:"The Kai, the Khongai, and the Names of the Xiōngnú"
3992:
origin, while later switching to a Turkic language.
3211:
sent troops to help the Han suppress a rebellion in
3084:(modern north central Mongolia) became known as the
2858:. They succeeded in separating the Xiongnu from the
1573:. The Xiongnu were also active in areas now part of
1550:, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the
1546:
from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.
13383:Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (12 November 2019).
13089:(1948). "The date of the Sogdian ancient letters".
11896:Rogers, Leland Liu; Kaestle, Frederika Ann (2022).
11683:Cultural Relics Administration (同心縣文物管理所) (1988).
11462:(in Korean). 조선일보. 27 February 2009. Archived from
11246:
10482:
Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties
7782:. War, Conflict and Ethics (illustrated ed.).
7755:
7281:to lead a multitude of 100,000 north to attack the
7067:text: "李牧者，趙之北邊良將也。常居代鴈門，備匈奴。" translation: "About
6461:
6459:
6073:Robbeets, Martine; Bouckaert, Remco (1 July 2018).
4710:practices that clearly match those of the Xiongnu.
4240:clan was a component of the Xiongnu confederation,
2928:
2862:to the south, and also gained direct access to the
2177:Pulleyblank argued that the Xiongnu were part of a
12052:
8201:
7626:Mahachkala: Dagestan Scientific Center, RAS Press.
6370:
5874:
4008:notes that the Xiongnu name could be a cognate of
1623:Attempts to associate the Xiongnu with the nearby
13382:
11679:Archaeology Institute Ningxia Archaeology Group;
11343:Susan J. Henders (2006). Susan J. Henders (ed.).
10817:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
10724:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
10710:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
10316:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
10092:PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository
9919:
9917:
7521:Reed, Carrie E. (2000). "Tattoo in Early China".
6951:Ilyasov, Jangar Ya.; Rusanov, Dmitriy V. (1997).
6927:Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources
6892:
6702:Linduff, Katheryn M.; Rubinson, Karen S. (2021).
6072:
5875:Chase-Dunn, C.; Anderson, E. (18 February 2005).
4773:show both East Asian and West Eurasian features.
2787:, the break did not come until 133 BC, following
2292:of eastern Mongolia and Manchuria as well as the
2288:of southern Siberia. He crushed the power of the
1557:After overthrowing their previous overlords, the
18853:
16221:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
13297:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
13262:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
11409:騎馬흉노국가 新羅 연구 趙甲濟(月刊朝鮮 편집장)의 심층취재 내 몸속을 흐르는 흉노의 피
11342:
11314:James A. Millward & Peter C. Perdue (2004).
8019:Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier
7846:. Harvard University Studies in East Asian Law.
7367:"China and the steppe: reception and resistance"
6733:"Pazyryk | archaeological site, Kazakhstan"
6456:
5962:
5960:
5608:. Cambridge University Press. p. 245, Fig 12.3.
4638:, though in his use, "Turks" always referred to
3476:and depicted his state as a continuation of the
2400:, the army commanders, the great governors, the
2029:A nomad horseman spearing a boar, discovered in
14249:Belt buckle, Xiongnu type, 3rd–2nd century B.C.
13328:
12772:
12217:
12205:
12155:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017).
12040:
11945:
11538:
10506:
10504:
10283:
10281:
9798:Turko-Mongol to developing a Turkic royal line.
9771:Neumann, Iver B.; Wigen, Einar (19 July 2018).
8792:Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (1998).
8791:
8349:Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (1998).
8348:
7778:. In Lo, Ping-cheung; Twiss, Sumner B. (eds.).
7172:，西有林胡、樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無彊兵之救，是亡社稷，柰何？" translation: "(
6701:
5687:Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han Foreign Relations".
3219:clan, rebelled, first killing the Inspector of
2958:should send a hostage prince; and thirdly, the
2900:
2315:In 200 BC, Modu besieged the first Han Dynasty
1561:, the Xiongnu became the dominant power on the
13909:Ancient and Middle Age History of Eastern Asia
13796:(Short History of the Samoyedic peoples). In:
12539:Tibetan Buddhism: History and Future Prospects
11290:
9914:
8178:Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II
8078:
6950:
6286:, p. 488: "Their royal tribes and kings (
6279:
6277:
5578:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies
4457:, yet Xianbei were stated to descend from the
3758:Juqu clan and Northern Liang dynasty (401–460)
3335:was in "semicaptivity at the imperial court."
3044:. However, as the eldest son of the preceding
2838:In 104 and 102 BC, the Han fought and won the
18231:
16737:
16269:
16255:
15734:
14288:
13592:
12009:
11969:
11895:
11689:
11025:
10899:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10187:Craig Benjamin (2007, 49), In: Hyun Jin Kim,
9828:
9593:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
9405:Zhou, Yiliang (June 1997). "〈北朝的民族問題與民族政策〉".
8539:
8500:
8498:
8243:(abridged ed.). iUniversе. p. 419.
7599:
7506:
7254:
7252:
6862:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
6648:
6262:Du You. Tongdian. Vol. 200. "突厥謂駮馬為曷剌，亦名曷剌國。"
6004:
5957:
5554:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51.
5137:remain (GD1-1) from the later Turkic period.
5090:ancestry), and "early Xiongnu_rest" from the
4939:, R1a1a1b2a-Z94, R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124, Q1a, N1a,
4730:oversaw the excavation of royal tombs at the
4371:. Mongolian archaeologists proposed that the
4296:lists 19 southern Xiongnu tribes who entered
4197:who possibly spoke a language related to the
3810:in 439. There was also the Northern Liang of
3410:
3232:
3155:. It states that this group later became the
2476:In the winter of 200 BC, following a Xiongnu
2137:Ancient China often came in contact with the
2104:commanderies before 265 BCE, just before the
1730:–, Schuessler proposes that 匈奴 Xiongnu < *
1494:
774:
18194:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
14196:]. Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Press.
12882:
12640:Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts
11240:
11018:
10991:. Cambridge University Press. 2013. page 31.
10501:
10278:
9803:
9770:
9639:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 104.
9242:
9166:
9066:
7941:
7157:
7155:
5967:Étienne de la Vaissière (15 November 2006).
5682:
5680:
4974:and another to C-M217. Xiongnu remains from
4685:
3839:
3617:Tiefu tribe and Helian Xia dynasty (309–431)
3458:, but it would not be until 304, amidst the
1869:and across Central Asia, and encounter with
14302:
13879:, vol. 26, n. 10, Hong Kong, November 1995.
13509:
13489:
13365:
12773:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018).
11981:
11948:, Supplementary Table 8, Rows 87-88, 94-96.
11902:American Journal of Biological Anthropology
11375:
10678:. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). pp. 54-55
10456:" quote: "悅般國，…… 其先，匈奴北單于之部落也。…… 其風俗言語與高車同"
10267:(Sinor, 'Legendary Origin': 226). Taşağıl,
9359:
8436:Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations
8212:]. Wunan Publishing. pp. 557–558.
8133:
8088:Records of the Grand Historian: Han dynasty
8085:Sima, Qian; Watson, Burton (January 1993).
7654:
7652:
7650:
7337:
7325:
7107:
6769:
6274:
6123:"Northern Dynasties and Southern Dynasties"
5921:
5663:. Cambridge University Press. p. 273.
5528:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138.
4970:. One sample from Duurlig Nars belonged to
4320:being glossed "piebald horse" (Ch. 駁馬 ~ 駮馬
3001:and sent his head as a trophy to Chang'an.
2663:Chanyu) was married to the Xiongnu General
2538:
2488:personally led a military campaign against
18238:
18224:
16744:
16730:
16262:
16248:
15741:
15727:
14295:
14281:
13974:Этнический состав и происхождение алтайцев
13656:
13562:
13284:
12745:"Via Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries"
12028:
11957:
11808:Miller, Bryan (2011). Bemmann, Jan (ed.).
11737:
11706:Miller, Bryan (2011). Bemmann, Jan (ed.).
11554:
11402:
10890:
10676:The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them
10049:"ONCE AGAIN ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE TITLE
8978:(Beijing: Zhonghua shuju ed) 94B, p. 3824.
8495:
8270:Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang
8181:. Columbia University Press. p. 128.
8084:
7446:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
7249:
7122:
7005:the wild boar hunting plaque "des Iyrques"
6763:
5936:
5660:Early China: A Social and Cultural History
5329:Xiongnu art is harder to distinguish from
4193:sees the Xiongnu as either proto-Turks or
4088:notes that the 7th AD Chinese conpendium,
3830:
3115:fled to the north-west with his subjects.
2985:, famed in Chinese folklore as one of the
2574:Belt plaque with design of wrestling men,
1849:
1501:
1487:
15809:Northern Wei's unification of North China
15606:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
14187:
14164:
14147:
14082:. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.
13684:Al-Hind: making of the Indo-Islamic World
13422:
13288:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
13253:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
13232:
13174:
12812:
12763:
12367:
12322:
12257:
12131:
12121:
11913:
11863:
11770:Miller, Bryan (2011). Jan Bemmann (ed.).
11307:
11051:
10938:
10122:
9992:
9990:
9988:
9864:
9666:
9560:
9016:Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2 February 2015).
8906:
8611:
8125:. H. Vetch. 2004. p. 81 – via
8071:Aristocratic elites in the Xiongnu empire
8042:
7676:
7152:
6984:
6832:
6568:
6550:
6314:
6217:Jinshu vol. 97 Four Barbarians - Xiongnu"
6098:
6038:
5878:The Historical Evolution of World-Systems
5841:. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from
5677:
4994:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3434:in 317 AD, shortly after the fall of the
3088:. Punu, who became known as the Northern
2713:claimed descent from the Chinese general
2555:; equal status between the states; and a
2174:is a notable example of these campaigns.
1694:pronunciation has been reconstructed as *
14150:"Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave"
13150:History of civilizations of Central Asia
13147:
13044:
13004:
12976:
12872:
12862:
12853:
12722:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
12672:
12663:
12516:
12492:
12154:
11845:
11220:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 46.
11214:Günter Prinzing; Maciej Salamon (1999).
11081:
10994:
10971:
10822:
10559:
9979:
9809:
9682:("Diademed royal portrait of a Yuezhi").
9514:
9512:
9510:
9508:
9499:
9360:Obrusánszky, Borbála (10 October 2006).
9295:
9279:
9191:
9137:
9106:
9090:
9050:
8999:
8860:
8718:Journal of the American Oriental Society
8617:
8266:
8015:
7707:
7658:
7647:
7523:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7477:
7418:
7352:
7313:
7301:
7146:
7047:
7024:https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004216358_00
6924:Marshak, Boris Ilʹich (1 January 2002).
6899:. Oxford University Press. p. 330.
6855:
6775:
6364:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6283:
5951:
5905:
5862:
5344:
5313:, manufactured in China for the Xiongnu.
5300:
5292:
5280:
5144:
4999:
4871:origin, while the rest were East Asian.
4853:
4783:
4717:
4642:. Such archaizing was a common literary
4494:
4353:
4148:
4064:
4033:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
3967:
3950:, who have sometimes been linked to the
3626:
3564:
3425:
3178:
3161:
3080:The rump kingdom under Punu, around the
3019:
2932:
2821:
2750:
2737:by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).
2569:
2561:
2388:The ruler of the Xiongnu was called the
2371:
2271:
1902:, or various "Rong" tribes, such as the
18018:
15453:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
14343:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
14000:(The ethnonym "Tele" and the Altaians.
13939:Tongwancheng, city of the southern Huns
13926:Newsletters of the Silk Road Foundation
13919:Newsletters of the Silk Road Foundation
13452:
13439:
13085:
12843:
12706:
12545:, L.L. Abaeva, Respublika, Moscow 1991)
12504:
12480:
12465:
11609:
11523:
11284:
11158:
11123:
10271:, vol. 1: 95, n. 553 identies it with
10198:
9941:
9015:
8987:
8836:Man and environment, Volume 23, Issue 1
8687:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 61.
8477:Man and environment, Volume 23, Issue 1
8139:
7494:
7430:
6953:"A Study on the Bone Plates from Orlat"
6923:
5340:
5114:ancestry, and additional geneflow from
4490:
4417:, possessed the alternative name(s) 大檀
3659:and were related to another tribe, the
3375:The Xiongnu were one of the so-called "
3288:before retreating west as the warlords
3261:. In 195, he died and was succeeded as
2230:and the Xiongnu to flee north into the
1926:and killing the last Western Zhou king
1608:", they founded the dynastic states of
18854:
18680:Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire
15708:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
14106:
14031:
13911:. Vladivostok, 2001, pp. 295–305.
13606:. The Hermitage Museum. Archived from
13125:
12953:
12856:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
12715:
12632:
12444:
12432:
12420:
12408:
12356:Human Population Genetics and Genomics
11807:
11769:
11705:
11436:김운회의 '대쥬신을 찾아서' <23> 금관의 나라, 신라"
11376:Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010).
11057:
10885:Elite Xiongnu Burials at the Periphery
10560:So, Jenny F.; Bunker, Emma C. (1995).
10547:
10375:
10189:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
10163:
10104:
10080:
9985:
9908:
9238:
9236:
9078:
8888:
8750:
8715:
8647:
8576:
8432:
8307:
8016:So, Jenny F.; Bunker, Emma C. (1995).
7567:Kradin, Nikolay N. (23 January 2020).
7566:
7442:
7364:
7212:
7210:
7134:
6302:
6237:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
5992:
5802:
5777:
5775:
5753:
5751:
5715:
5581:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 403.
5082:(formed at 92% by the hybrid Eurasian
4130:, who are more genetically similar to
3903:
3514:was captured in an event known as the
3339:Later Xiongnu states in northern China
3095:In 49 AD, Tsi Yung, a Han governor of
1682:
1526:
930:
878:
241:
217:
18219:
16725:
16243:
15722:
14276:
14266:, Henan Provincial Museum exhibition
14165:Vaissière (2005). "Huns et Xiongnu".
14032:Csányi, B.; et al. (July 2008).
14024:Brosseder, Ursula, and Bryan Miller.
13794:"A szamojéd népek vázlatos története"
13319:
12289:Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020).
12288:
11297:The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly
11279:
11159:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967).
11131:"Об эт нической принадлежности Хунну"
10611:
10602:
10297:quote: "突厥之先，平涼今平涼郡雜胡也，蓋匈奴之別種，姓阿史那氏。"
10105:Wilson, Joseph A. P. (21 July 2023).
10046:
10015:
9740:
9601:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.50
9505:
8959:"Horse Stepping on a Xiongnu Soldier"
8876:
8505:Mayor, Adrienne (22 September 2014).
8504:
8392:
7989:
7907:
6870:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.49
6662:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6388:
6331:
6320:
5574:
5353:script (Mongolia and Inner Mongolia).
4986:
4791:carpet, animal style. 1st century CE.
4697:
4363:, and another dog on top of the cart.
4050:
3976:. This luxury item was imported from
3814:, which existed between 442 and 460.
3299:In 215–216 AD, the warlord-statesman
3016:Southern Xiongnu and Northern Xiongnu
2687:, who also married a daughter of the
1825:
1809:
333:
296:
285:
272:
263:
252:
208:
195:
182:
173:
160:
149:
140:
129:
120:
109:
96:
85:
63:
54:
15794:Fu Jian's unification of North China
15748:
14093:Houle, J. and L.G. Broderick (2011)
13806:Kiuner (Kjuner, Küner) , N.V. 1961.
13681:
13621:
12911:
12711:. New York: Oxford University Press.
12623:
12208:, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 28-32.
12043:, Supplementary Table 9, Rows 20-23.
11846:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (2017).
11459:경주 사천왕사(寺) 사천왕상(四天王像) 왜 4개가 아니라 3개일까
10712:. University of Helsinki. p. 173-178
10175:
9445:
9433:
9404:
9311:
9267:
9207:
8682:
8236:
8174:
8067:
7914:. X libris Corporation. p. 77.
7878:
7839:
7814:
7520:
6930:. Yale University Press. p. 9.
6465:
6376:
5656:
5391:
5094:Plateau (individuals with primarily
5066:origin (associated with the earlier
4901:
4849:
4343:
4280:was descended from a Xiongnu ruler).
3972:An embroidered rug from the Xiongnu
3744:while attempting a campaign against
3191:Southern Xiongnu under control. The
2771:dispatched the Han Chinese explorer
2361:
320:
307:
230:
74:
18882:Former countries in Chinese history
16656:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
16425:Protectorate of the Western Regions
15663:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
14188:Zhang, Bibo; Dong, Guoyao (2001).
14127:
14012:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13937:Obrusánszky, Borbála. August 2009.
13851:Xiongnu and its eastward Neighbours
13784:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13777:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13767:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13760:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13700:
13660:Macmillan Dictionary of Archaeology
11432:
11320:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland
10828:
10510:
10409:(aka Chinese) consider them Gaoche
10241:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks"
9734:
9586:
9452:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 107.
9233:
7761:
7443:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
7207:
6978:
6735:. Britannica.com. 11 September 2001
6666:
6477:
6415:
6233:
5792:(in Chinese). Rearranged by BYVoid.
5772:
5768:(in Chinese). Rearranged by BYVoid.
5748:
4515:and Ashina to the Xiongnu, not all
3957:
3174:
3069:
3062:. This kingdom became known as the
2846:. As a result, the Han gained many
2767:made preparations for war when the
2466:Marriage diplomacy with Han dynasty
2253:united the Xiongnu into a powerful
2206:The first known Xiongnu leader was
2037:, 1st-2nd century CE. According to
1681:The pronunciation of 匈奴 as Xiōngnú
1435:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
13:
15658:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
14659:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
13722:
13208:American Journal of Human Genetics
12885:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
12531:
11677:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
11087:
10819:. University of Helsinki. p. 24-25
10787:"vol. 110: Account of the Xiongnu"
10605:Aspects of Altaic Civilization III
9741:Nehru, Lolita (14 December 2020).
9479:. Getty Publications. p. 55.
7889:. pp. 66, 73, 74 – via
7887:University of California, Berkeley
7773:
7513:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang
6653:
5686:
4138:
3596:Liu Yao retained control over the
2740:
2382:Central State Museum of Kazakhstan
2342:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang
2201:
2195:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu
1631:were once controversial. However,
14:
18918:
15069:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
14212:
14148:Touchette, Nancy (25 July 2003).
12999:Journal of Archaeological Science
11033:History of the Northern Dynasties
10829:Howorth, Henry H. (Henry Hoyle).
10742:Old History of the Five Dynasties
10469:vol. 97 Four Barbarians - Xiongnu
10081:Xumeng, Sun (14 September 2020).
9996:
7263:Vol. 110 "Account of the Xiongnu"
6856:Benjamin, Craig (29 March 2017).
6667:Tse, Wicky W. K. (27 June 2018).
5170:populations to the west combined
4528:History of the Northern Dynasties
4153:Plaque in the shape of a grazing
3675:" (雜胡). In 309, their chieftain,
3518:. In 316, the Jin restoration in
3362:(赤勒), Hanzhi (捍蛭), Heilang (黑狼),
3143:; while the rest fled across the
2691:Chanyu. The Han Chinese diplomat
1647:with that of the Huns and/or the
18710:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
16392:
15774:Shi Le's conquest of North China
14050:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x
13622:Tang, Changru (December 2010).
13593:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2004).
12522:
12384:
12343:
12282:
12223:
12211:
12148:
12089:
12046:
12022:
11995:
11975:
11963:
11951:
11889:
11839:
11801:
11763:
11699:
11668:
11658:
11648:
11639:
11629:
11615:
11594:
11583:
11548:
11517:
11486:
11477:
11450:
11426:
11396:
11369:
11349:. Lexington Books. p. 135.
11336:
11322:. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 40–41.
11273:
11152:
10977:
10953:
10878:
10860:
10839:
10809:
10793:
10777:
10764:
10751:
10730:
10715:
10681:
10668:
10653:
10637:
10620:
10596:
10583:
10553:
10523:
10488:
10474:
10459:
10443:
10420:
10381:
10354:
10342:
10322:
10300:
10239:Golden, Peter B. (August 2018).
10233:
10218:
10181:
10139:
10098:
10074:
10040:
10009:
9935:
9887:
9764:
9686:
9660:
9626:
9580:
9466:
9439:
9398:
9353:
9337:
9317:
9201:
9160:
9156:from the original on 2009-06-29.
9131:
9116:
9009:
8969:
8950:
8923:
8882:
8826:
8785:
8744:
8709:
8676:
8641:
8570:
8533:
8467:
8342:
8301:
8230:
8195:
7911:Ancient History of the Manchuria
7219:Stratagems of the Warring States
5979:from the original on 2012-01-04.
5486:
5449:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
5434:List of Xiongnu rulers (Chanyus)
5039:), and smaller contributions of
4958:valley belonged to the paternal
4841:Scythians § Archaeogenetics
4825:Rouran Khaganate § Genetics
3736:succeeded him and conquered the
3589:to distinguish it from Shi Le's
3421:
2929:Tributary relations with the Han
2019:
2008:
1999:
1802:
1589:. Their relations with adjacent
1018:
739:
725:
711:
697:
683:
658:
644:
630:
616:
602:
355:of 133 BC – 89 AD): it includes
48:
42:
15764:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
15668:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
14938:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
14244:Gold Headdress from Aluchaideng
14234:The Silk Road Volume 4 Number 1
14224:Encyclopedic Archive on Xiongnu
13863:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
13602:State Hermitage Museum (2007).
11743:
11318:. In S. Frederick Starr (ed.).
11195:, stretches west as far as the
10531:"Belt Buckle LACMA Collections"
10417:), Hulu, Jiepi, Hugu, Yiqijin."
10351:, "vol. 50" "或云突厥之先出於索國，在匈奴之北。"
10057:Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia
10022:. Global Oriental. p. 16.
10016:Georg, Stefan (22 March 2007).
9942:Jin Kim, Hyun (November 2015).
9680:"Portrait royal diadémé Yuezhi"
9587:Kim, Hyun Jin (29 March 2017),
9387:from the original on 2013-07-18
9326:Sand-covered Hun City Unearthed
8654:. Brill's Inner Asian Library.
8577:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).
8168:
8113:
8061:
8036:
8009:
7970:"Belt Buckle LACMA Collections"
7962:
7935:
7901:
7872:
7833:
7808:
7767:
7741:
7727:
7713:
7560:
7549:
7500:
7436:
7358:
7242:, our lands border Yan and the
7078:
7053:
7028:
7016:
6944:
6917:
6886:
6849:
6781:
6757:
6746:
6725:
6705:Pazyryk Culture Up in the Altai
6695:
6642:
6585:
6526:
6519:Atwood, Christopher P. (2015).
6513:
6507:10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0041
6471:
6409:
6382:
6234:Kim, Hyun Jin (18 April 2013).
6191:
6171:
6115:
6066:
5998:
5868:
5827:
5796:
5424:were found in a Xiongnu grave.
5215:)), or various combinations of
5194:
5185:
5180:) and Ancient Northeast Asian (
5022:
4845:Pannonian Avars § Genetics
4630:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
4300:'s borders, the 14th being the
3817:
3789:that had intermingled with the
3391:dynasty was established by the
3358:(鮮支), Koutou (寇頭), Wutan (烏譚),
3125:According to the fifth-century
2789:an abortive trap to ambush the
2304:, where his son, Jizhu, made a
2130:, which was a blanket term for
1794:
1746:, which Schuessler compares to
991:
974:
953:
929:
915:
901:
15703:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
15648:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
13990:Potapov, L.P. 1966. Этнионим
13786:, vol. 6. St Petersburg, 2003.
13779:, vol. 5. St Petersburg, 2003.
13769:, vol. 2. St Petersburg, 1996.
13762:, vol. 1. St Petersburg, 1995.
13657:Whitehouse, Ruth, ed. (2016).
13467:10.1080/02549948.2003.11731391
13340:University of California Press
13338:(1st ed.). Berkeley, CA:
12645:. Cambridge University Press.
12605:Records of the Grand Historian
11690:
11291:Nabijan Tursun (5 July 2023).
11026:
10626:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000).
10319:, University of Helsinki, 2005
9446:Bell, Alexander Peter (2000).
8148:University of California Press
7507:
7265:. quote: "後秦滅六國，而始皇帝使蒙恬將十萬之眾北擊
7228:Jennifer Dodgson's translation
7216:Compare a parallel passage in
6442:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
6434:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
6240:. Cambridge University Press.
6160:(in French). Larousse Éditions
5709:
5650:
5636:
5622:
5595:
5568:
5542:
5515:
5289:, 2nd-1st century BC, Xiongnu.
5176:
4713:
4574:
4565:
4552:
4020:, corresponding to a name for
3980:, and is thought to represent
3914:Sources: Schuessler (2014:264)
2280:After forging internal unity,
2070:Records of the Grand Historian
877:
863:
847:
833:
819:
805:
775:
1:
14654:Silk Road transmission of art
14090:. (Especially pp. 69–74)
13377:, London: Thames & Hudson
13130:. Stanford University Press.
12877:. Cambridge University Press.
12867:. Cambridge University Press.
12858:. Cambridge University Press.
12740:– via Internet Archive.
9224:] (in Chinese). Beijing:
8889:Qingbo, Duan (January 2023).
8140:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985).
6957:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
6079:Journal of Language Evolution
5657:Feng, Li (30 December 2013).
5503:
5492:This view was put forward to
5211:and Baikal hunter-gatherers (
5162:
5149:Pre-Xiongnu populations. The
5055:A genetic study published in
5013:
4833:Donghu people § Genetics
4217:History of Northern Dynasties
2357:looked upon them very highly.
2074:
33:3rd century BC–1st century AD
15653:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
13748:Resources in other libraries
12983:. Rutgers University Press.
12664:Barfield, Thomas J. (1989).
12392:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
11247:Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008).
11201:Eastern Carpathian Mountains
10245:The Medieval History Journal
10147:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
9925:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
9747:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
9152:] (in Russian). Moscow.
8618:Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010).
8401:China Intercontinental Press
7879:Chin, Tamara Ta Lun (2005).
7665:The Journal of Asian Studies
7659:Barfield, Thomas J. (1981).
7577:10.14232/sua.2019.53.149-165
7184:is at our heart and belly ,
6619:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.09.041
5881:. Springer. pp. 36–37.
5508:
5238:, or alternatively from the
5219:and Ancient Northeast Asian
5035:
4547:, they were "mixed nomads" (
4505:Albert Terrien de Lacouperie
4004:type. Central Asian scholar
2973:in the north-west of modern
2901:Xiongnu Civil War (60–53 BC)
2419:, a ruler equivalent to the
1764:, which he derives from the
1598:in a centuries-long conflict
7:
16751:
13959:Petkovski, Elizabet. 2006.
13846:, No 1 (21), p. 79–86.
13126:Hucker, Charles O. (1975).
13001:(2002) 29, pp. 135–144
12015:
11502:(in Korean). Archived from
9836:Evolutionary Human Sciences
9595:, Oxford University Press,
9243:De Crespigny, Rafe (1984).
8540:Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).
8267:Millward, James A. (2007).
8202:Lin Jianming (林剑鸣) (1992).
7634:
7618:
7605:
7071:, he was a good general at
7038:quote: "匈奴，其先祖夏后氏之苗裔也，曰淳維。"
6753:State Hermitage Museum 2007
6418:確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源
6011:Evolutionary Human Sciences
5973:Encyclopedia Iranica online
5954:, pp. 404–405, notes 51–52.
5427:
4818:
4465:as well as Turkic-speaking
4410:identified as offspring of
3917:& Zhengzhang Shangfang.
2598:even asked for the hand of
2043:this decorative belt buckle
1756:. However, the same medial
10:
18923:
18685:Battle of the Tanais River
16525:against Northwest khanates
14004:): 233–240. Moscow: Nauka.
13415:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5
12684:Princeton University Press
12552:
12307:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
12194:Keyser-Tracqui et al. 2006
12114:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
12067:10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4
11695:(in Chinese) (3): 333–356.
11253:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3.
10923:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
10695:"vol. 199 section: Shiwei"
10454:Wusun, Shule, & Yueban
10339:quote: "突厥之先，平涼雜胡也，姓阿史那氏。"
10215:quote: "突厥者，蓋匈奴之別種，姓阿史那氏。"
10193:Cambridge University Press
9779:Cambridge University Press
9678:(in French): 26–27, Fig.8
9024:Cambridge University Press
8895:Journal of Chinese History
8513:Princeton University Press
7166:"Hereditary House of Zhao"
6478:Gao, Jingyi (高晶一) (2013).
5693:Cambridge University Press
5454:History of the Han Dynasty
5271:
5256:) genetic ancestry, 51.9%
4822:
4429:"Tartar" and according to
4347:
4142:
4054:
3961:
3843:
3761:
3655:tribe were descendants of
3620:
3414:
3411:Han-Zhao dynasty (304–329)
3073:
2840:War of the Heavenly Horses
2780:to move men and material.
2744:
2685:War of the Heavenly Horses
2671:Chanyu was married to the
2469:
2365:
1787:
1783:
1538:who, according to ancient
18816:Attila in popular culture
18808:
18743:
18672:
18651:
18600:
18569:
18518:
18347:
18279:
18253:
18187:
18139:
17656:
17060:
16759:
16647:
16586:
16553:
16515:
16482:
16440:
16410:
16401:
16390:
16278:
16212:
16136:
16085:
16055:
16034:
15993:
15986:
15954:
15936:
15898:
15880:
15852:
15824:
15817:
15756:
15568:
15536:
15333:
15240:
15182:
15154:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
15019:
14951:
14838:
14820:
14717:
14679:
14672:
14636:
14310:
14121:10.1163/15685209-12341340
13743:Resources in your library
13563:Schuessler, Axel (2014).
13534:10.1017/S0362502800004259
13103:10.1017/S0041977X00083178
12980:The Empire of the Steppes
12879:(First paperback edition)
12873:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2004).
12863:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2002).
12805:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
12764:Christian, David (1998).
12259:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093
12173:10.1163/22105018-12340089
12123:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D
12010:
11970:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
11865:10.1163/22105018-12340089
10804:"Vol. 90 section Xianbei"
10395:vol. 103 - section Gaoche
10228:"vol. 99 - section Tujue"
10047:Vovin, Alexander (2007).
9857:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4
8795:The Human Record: To 1700
8352:The Human Record: To 1700
8275:Columbia University Press
8093:Columbia University Press
7600:
7036:Ch. 110: Xiongnu liezhuan
6708:. Routledge. p. 69.
6649:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
6332:Tumen D (February 2011).
6100:21.11116/0000-0001-E3E6-B
6031:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4
5153:people were uniformly of
4991:A study published in the
4686:Language isolate theories
4619:
4511:Chinese sources link the
4244:
4022:Eastern Iranian Scythians
3910:
3852:
3840:Proposed link to the Huns
3387:dynasties, and while the
3233:
3111:, in 89 AD. The northern
2872:, Protector General (都護;
2717:, grandson of the famous
2534:
2261:, it was replaced by the
2067:(arrayed account) of his
1773:
1522:
1002:
984:
967:
960:
946:
939:
922:
908:
894:
887:
870:
856:
840:
826:
812:
798:
791:
786:
782:
768:
764:
759:
581:
577:
567:
557:
553:
543:
539:
527:
515:
503:
491:
487:
477:
464:
454:
436:
424:
417:Longcheng (later capital)
396:
37:
32:
25:
18872:Ancient peoples of China
18245:
16318:Western Turkic Khaganate
16313:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
15923:Southern Liang (397–414)
15839:Northern Liang (397–460)
15601:Mogao Christian painting
15174:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
14888:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
14878:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
14189:
14128:Toh, Hoong Teik (2005).
14038:Annals of Human Genetics
14014:, vol. 4. St Petersburg.
13826:Kradin , Nikolay. 2002.
13816:Klyashtorny S.G. 1964.
13623:
13052:; Masson, V. M. (eds.).
12927:Language and Translation
12922:
12914:
12716:Bunker, Emma C. (2002).
12674:Beckwith, Christopher I.
11684:
11494:
11458:
11435:
11408:
11186:De Administrando Imperio
11096:
11092:
10485:vol. 4 quote: "北人呼駮馬為賀蘭"
10275:, which is more likely."
9411:Beijing University Press
9364:[Huns in China]
9215:
9067:Fairbank & Têng 1941
8648:Drompp, Michael (2021).
8433:Higham, Charles (2004).
8204:
7840:Chin, Tamara T. (2020).
7821:. DeepLogic – via
7774:Lo, Ping-cheung (2015).
7365:Rawson, Jessica (2017).
7355:, pp. 892–893, 964.
7192:to the east, Forest Hu,
7084:Theobald, Ulrich (2019)
6599:Quaternary International
6417:
6246:10.1017/cbo9780511920493
5784:
5760:
5479:
5131:Ancient Northeast Asians
5006:Ancient Northeast Asians
4635:De Administrando Imperio
4387:to be two subgroups (or
4171:Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat
4061:Para-Yeniseian languages
3776:family that founded the
3460:War of the Eight Princes
3231:, entitled Chizhisizhu (
2711:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
1863:Indo-European migrations
1542:, inhabited the eastern
1238:Second Turkic Khaganates
371:, and parts of northern
16323:Second Turkic Khaganate
15969:Western Liang (400–421)
15698:Saksanokhur gold buckle
15586:Hephthalite silver bowl
15463:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
14503:Second Turkic Khaganate
14304:History of Central Asia
14167:Central Asiatic Journal
13997:Тюркологический сборник
13889:, tome 51, Paris, 1996.
13853:. Seoul, p. 35–51.
13701:Yap, Joseph P. (2009).
13626:(in Chinese). Beijing:
13442:Central Asiatic Journal
13322:Chinese ways in warfare
12977:Grousset, Rene (1970).
12707:Bentley, Jerry (1993).
12617:Other sources consulted
12435:, pp. 29, 101; item 68.
12369:10.47248/hpgg2404010004
11495:자료검색>상세_기사 | 국립중앙도서관
11382:. ABC-CLIO. p. 7.
10550:, pp. 30, 110, item 81.
10513:Central Asiatic Journal
9708:10.3406/arasi.2015.1881
9409:(in Chinese). Beijing:
8683:Veit, Veronika (2007).
7598:Botalov, S. G. (2009).
7226:之境，西有樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無騎射之備。"
6552:10.1126/science.aat7487
6487:Central Asiatic Journal
6422:Central Asiatic Journal
6391:Central Asiatic Journal
5469:List of largest empires
5285:Belt buckle with three
5254:Ancient Northeast Asian
5155:Ancient Northeast Asian
4829:Xianbei § Genetics
4753:Portraits found in the
4383:considered Xiongnu and
4288:Northern Xiongnu chanyu
4006:Christopher I. Beckwith
3952:Avars of Central Europe
3934:has shown that, in the
3932:Étienne de la Vaissière
3831:Ethnolinguistic origins
2842:against the Kingdom of
2349:Also, according to the
1884:Ancient Northeast Asian
1871:Ancient Northeast Asian
1790:Timeline of the Xiongnu
1676:
18836:Origin of the Székelys
16308:First Turkic Khaganate
16073:Northern Wei (386–535)
15974:Northern Yan (407–436)
15964:Former Liang (318–376)
15928:Southern Yan (398–410)
15789:Huan Wen's Expeditions
15784:Conquest of Wei by Yan
15678:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
15438:Alexandria Prophthasia
14463:First Turkic Khaganate
14398:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
14239:The Silk Road Volume 9
13324:. Harvard Univ. Press.
12912:Geng, Shimin (2005).
12624:Adas, Michael (2001).
11433:김운회 (30 August 2005).
10815:Xu Elina-Qian (2005).
10759:The Mongolic Languages
10721:Xu Elina-Qian (2005).
10708:Xu Elina-Qian (2005).
9545:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904
8751:Lovell, Julia (2007).
8396:Story of the Silk Road
8393:Zhang, Yiping (2005).
8308:Lovell, Julia (2007).
8210:History of Qin and Han
7990:Prior, Daniel (2016).
7616:Gmyrya, L. B. (1993).
7168:quote: "今中山在我腹心，北有燕，東有
6673:. Routledge. pp.
6135:10.2307/j.ctvc77f7s.11
5806:Türk Medeniyeti Tarihi
5575:Fauve, Jeroen (2021).
5551:Atlas of World History
5354:
5314:
5298:
5290:
5276:
5199:
5189:) ancestry, with some
5052:
4859:
4812:
4792:
4723:
4500:
4455:Para-Mongolic-speaking
4445:) associated with the
4364:
4158:
4070:
3985:
3778:Northern Liang dynasty
3651:The chieftains of the
3648:
3623:Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)
3439:
3187:
3171:
3029:
2939:
2854:and Gansu corridor to
2831:
2760:
2633:and another 30,000 to
2587:
2567:
2385:
2359:
2277:
2158:, the armies from the
1111:Munkhkhairkhan culture
735:First Turkic Khaganate
569:• Disestablished
18902:Former confederations
18867:460 disestablishments
18164:Medieval great powers
16450:against Western Turks
16011:Western Yan (384–394)
15918:Western Qin (385–431)
15872:Later Liang (386–403)
15488:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
14863:Karsakpay inscription
14318:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
14078:Hill, John E. (2009)
13980:20 April 2012 at the
13928:, vol. 5, no.1, 2007.
13921:, vol. 4, no.1, 2006.
13511:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
13491:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
13330:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto
12589:Book of the Later Han
11107:Zhonghua Book Company
10868:"Xiongnu Archaeology"
10603:Sinor, Denis (1990).
10535:collections.lacma.org
10124:10.3390/humans3030015
9668:Francfort, Henri-Paul
9150:History of Hun People
8044:Francfort, Henri-Paul
7974:collections.lacma.org
7451:Bloomsbury Publishing
7385:10.15184/aqy.2016.276
6986:Francfort, Henri-Paul
6796:Nature Communications
6179:Book of Zhou, vol. 50
6158:Larousse Rncyclopedie
5803:Gökalp, Ziya (2020).
5348:
5304:
5296:
5284:
5205:Chandman/Uyuk culture
5148:
5003:
4857:
4808:
4787:
4721:
4659:, the founder of the
4498:
4357:
4276:, the founder of the
4152:
4068:
3971:
3772:The Juqu clan were a
3630:
3565:Former Zhao (319–329)
3429:
3399:, the founder of the
3182:
3165:
3023:
2936:
2825:
2754:
2655:(and older sister of
2573:
2565:
2392:. Under him were the
2375:
2347:
2275:
2156:Warring States period
1972:had developed in the
1947:Siberian Ice Princess
1710:(c. 318 BCE) and as *
1458:Democratic Revolution
517:• 174 - 161 BCE
505:• 209 - 174 BCE
493:• 220 - 209 BCE
425:Common languages
18907:Tribal confederacies
18790:North Caucasian Huns
18744:Other Hunnic peoples
18174:European colonialism
18159:Ancient great powers
16662:Greater Central Asia
16213:Histories of the Era
15908:Former Yan (337–370)
15890:Later Zhao (319–351)
15867:Former Qin (351–394)
15804:Liu Yu's Expeditions
15295:Kutlug Timur Minaret
14830:Noin-Ula burial site
14628:Chinese Central Asia
14137:Sino-Platonic Papers
14017:Taskin V.S. . 1984.
13971:Potapov, L.P. 1969.
13859:Liu Mau-tsai. 1958.
13065:. pp. 346–370.
13024:. pp. 485–492.
12244:(13): 2858–2870.e7.
12218:Damgaard et al. 2018
12206:Damgaard et al. 2018
12041:Damgaard et al. 2018
11946:Damgaard et al. 2018
11556:Lebedynsky, Yaroslav
11539:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
10887:(Miller et al. 2009)
10872:depts.washington.edu
10854:depts.washington.edu
10761:. Routledge. p. 393.
9950:Taylor & Francis
9372:(in Hungarian) (3).
9145:История народа Хунну
8956:For a frontal view:
6593:V. (30 April 2020).
6268:Wink 2002, pp. 60–61
6127:Chinese Architecture
5939:, pp. 257, 264.
5716:Shufen, Liu (2002).
5357:The rock art of the
5341:Rock art and writing
4837:Huns § Genetics
4755:Noin-Ula excavations
4732:Noin-Ula burial site
4669:Old Uyghur languages
4491:Multiple ethnicities
4183:Annemarie von Gabain
4179:Gustaf John Ramstedt
3994:Harold Walter Bailey
3974:Noin-Ula burial site
3853:Pronunciation of 匈奴
3808:Northern Wei dynasty
3689:Northern Wei dynasty
3038:fraternal succession
2759:world order in AD 2.
2600:Emperor Gaozu of Han
2486:Emperor Gaozu of Han
1968:. To the south, the
1604:era, as one of the "
969:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
406:(around present-day
18735:Battle of Bassianae
18266:History of the Huns
18169:Modern great powers
15946:Later Qin (384–417)
15913:Later Yan (384–409)
15862:Cheng-Han (304–347)
15799:Battle of Fei River
15769:Disaster of Yongjia
15688:Siberian Ice Maiden
15478:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
14893:Petrovka settlement
14623:Soviet Central Asia
14548:Great Seljuq Empire
14154:Genome News Network
13945:, August 2009, 14.
13665:Macmillan Education
13407:2019NatSR...916569N
12962:. O. Harrassowitz.
12797:2018Natur.557..369D
12483:, pp. 102–103.
12250:2022CBio...32E2858M
11811:Xiongnu Archaeology
11773:Xiongnu Archaeology
11709:Xiongnu Archaeology
10498:. "突厥謂駮馬為曷剌，亦名曷剌國。"
10166:, p. 137, item 109.
9849:10.1017/ehs.2020.18
9676:Journal des Savants
9537:2023SciA....9F3904L
9436:, ch.〈魏晋杂胡考 二 卢水胡〉.
9346:National Geographic
8963:en.chinaculture.org
8908:10.1017/jch.2022.25
8441:Infobase Publishing
8237:Hong, Yuan (2018).
8175:Sima, Qian (1993).
8052:Journal des Savants
7908:Mosol, Lee (2013).
7815:Qian, Sima (2019).
7480:, pp. 885–966.
7328:, pp. 514–523.
7316:, pp. 892–893.
7277:dispatched general
7174:King Wuling of Zhao
7110:, pp. 518–520.
6994:Journal des Savants
6817:10.1038/ncomms14615
6809:2017NatCo...814615U
6611:2020QuInt.546..216K
6211:Hucker 1975, p. 136
6091:10.1093/jole/lzy007
6023:10.1017/ehs.2020.18
5382:Old Turkic alphabet
4627:emperor and scholar
4549:traditional Chinese
4519:. According to the
4057:Yeniseian languages
3872:Eastern Han Chinese
3725:the previous year.
3719:Eastern Jin dynasty
3681:Shuofang Commandery
3532:Eastern Jin dynasty
3516:Disaster of Yongjia
3436:Western Jin dynasty
3139:and subjugated the
3109:Battle of Ikh Bayan
2549:distilled beverages
2263:Western Han dynasty
2238:became the Xiongnu
2185:, who had lived in
2150:and especially the
1716:Eastern Han Chinese
1673:, or multi-ethnic.
1620:in northern China.
1431:People's Revolution
1401:National Revolution
1356:Oirat Confederation
1141:Deer stones culture
1012:History of Mongolia
559:• Established
18705:Battle of the Utus
18695:Battle of Faesulae
18601:Other notable Huns
18261:Origin of the Huns
16026:Qiao Shu (405–413)
16021:Huan Chu (403–404)
16016:Zhai Wei (388–392)
15834:Han-Zhao (304–329)
15638:Buddhas of Bamiyan
15591:Chilek silver bowl
15458:Buddhas of Bamiyan
15134:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
14923:Talapty Settlement
14709:Filippovka kurgans
14598:Khanate of Bukhara
14558:Khwarazmian Empire
14483:Ikhshids of Sogdia
14328:Afanasievo culture
14229:The Xiongnu Empire
13390:Scientific Reports
13305:10.1002/ajpa.21242
13270:10.1002/ajpa.20429
13008:(1 January 1994).
12869:(original edition)
12668:. Basil Blackwell.
12447:, p. 100, item 67.
12301:(4): 890–904.e29.
11988:(Poster abstracts
11915:10.1002/ajpa.24478
11623:"Hermitage Museum"
10917:(4): 890–904.e29.
10770:Shimunek, Andrew.
10494:Du You. Tongdian.
9997:Vovin, Alexander.
9670:(1 January 2020).
9314:, ch.〈魏晋杂胡考 四 乌丸〉.
9270:, ch.〈魏晋杂胡考 一 屠各〉.
9081:, p. 104, item 72.
8068:di Cosmo, Nicola,
7613:Chelyabinsk: Рифей
6199:Sims-Williams 2004
5439:Rulers family tree
5355:
5326:, Inner Mongolia.
5315:
5299:
5291:
5236:Slab Grave culture
5200:
5068:Slab-grave culture
5053:
4987:Autosomal ancestry
4860:
4793:
4767:Mongolian Republic
4724:
4698:Geographic origins
4622:) was used by the
4562:simplified Chinese
4501:
4398:According to the "
4391:) of but one same
4373:Slab Grave Culture
4369:Mongolic languages
4365:
4350:Mongolic languages
4159:
4071:
4051:Yeniseian theories
3986:
3846:Origin of the Huns
3707:Helian Xia dynasty
3649:
3637:Helian Xia dynasty
3440:
3188:
3183:Xiongnu cauldron,
3172:
3099:, allied with the
3030:
2940:
2832:
2778:Northern Silk Road
2761:
2588:
2568:
2559:as mutual border.
2445:Arkhangai Province
2386:
2335:, later quoted in
2278:
2094:Hua–Yi distinction
1880:Slab Grave Culture
1421:Chinese occupation
1151:Slab-grave culture
1131:Ulaanzuukh culture
1101:Chemurchek culture
1091:Afanasievo culture
610:Slab Grave Culture
18849:
18848:
18764:
18690:Siege of Florence
18213:
18212:
18135:
18134:
18100:Polish–Lithuanian
17275:Gurjara-Pratihara
16719:
16718:
16695:Chinese Turkestan
16643:
16642:
16464:Mongolian Plateau
16237:
16236:
16137:Key personalities
16081:
16080:
16063:Chouchi (296–580)
16006:Duan Qi (350–356)
16001:Ran Wei (350–352)
15982:
15981:
15716:
15715:
15693:Ai-Khanoum plaque
15564:
15563:
15368:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
14644:Central Asian art
14618:Russian Turkestan
14613:Chinese Turkestan
14513:Abbasid Caliphate
14477:Anxi Protectorate
14423:Kushano-Sasanians
14388:Macedonian Empire
14383:Achaemenid Empire
14353:Andronovo culture
14333:Sintashta culture
14203:978-7-207-03325-3
14088:978-1-4392-2134-1
13792:Helimski, Eugen.
13729:Library resources
13712:978-1-4490-0604-4
13682:Wink, A. (2002).
13349:978-0-520-01596-8
13193:978-90-04-15433-9
13176:Jankowski, Henryk
13072:978-92-3-102719-2
12990:978-0-8135-1304-1
12969:978-3-447-03274-2
12693:978-0-691-13589-2
12676:(16 March 2009).
12634:Bailey, Harold W.
12396:www.metmuseum.org
11821:978-3-936490-14-5
11783:978-3-936490-14-5
11719:978-3-936490-14-5
11439:(in Korean). 프레시안
11389:978-0-313-36540-9
11356:978-0-7391-0767-6
11329:978-0-7656-1318-9
11260:978-1-60520-134-4
11227:978-3-447-04146-1
11191:"Patzinakia, the
11172:978-0-88402-021-9
11116:978-7-101-00258-4
10989:978-1-107-00906-6
10800:Book of Later Han
10195:. 2013. page 176.
10178:, pp. 60–61.
10151:www.metmuseum.org
10029:978-90-04-21350-0
9952:. pp. 6–17.
9929:www.metmuseum.org
9788:978-1-108-42079-2
9646:978-1-78969-407-9
9610:978-0-19-027772-7
9486:978-1-60606-445-0
9459:978-3-8258-5134-7
9370:Amsterdam Studies
9349:(online ed.)
9254:978-0-86784-410-8
9033:978-1-316-27267-1
8943:978-0-520-01596-8
8809:978-0-395-87087-7
8768:978-0-8021-4297-9
8694:978-3-447-05537-6
8634:978-973-27-1962-6
8522:978-1-4008-6513-0
8515:. pp. 422–.
8450:978-0-8160-4640-9
8410:978-7-5085-0832-0
8366:978-0-395-87087-7
8325:978-0-8021-4297-9
8284:978-0-231-13924-3
8219:978-957-11-0574-1
8157:978-0-520-04804-1
8102:978-0-231-08166-5
8095:. pp. 161–.
8054:. p. 37, Fig.16.
8029:978-0-295-97473-6
7955:978-0-87587-100-4
7586:978-963-306-708-6
7519:Translation from
7460:978-1-83860-868-2
7421:, pp. 71–73.
7137:, pp. 27–28.
6937:978-0-300-09038-3
6906:978-0-19-753278-2
6879:978-0-19-027772-7
6715:978-0-429-85153-7
6688:978-1-315-53231-8
6317:, pp. 26–27.
6305:, pp. 21–45.
6255:978-0-511-92049-3
5888:978-1-4039-8052-6
5761:匈 – 上古音系第一三千八百九十字
5702:978-0-521-24327-8
5670:978-0-521-89552-1
5615:978-1-139-78938-7
5588:978-3-8382-1518-1
5561:978-0-19-521921-0
5535:978-1-316-29777-3
5396:According to the
5392:Religion and diet
5386:Eurasian runiform
5311:zoomorphic design
5305:Belt Buckle with
5209:Sintashta culture
5197:
5188:
5179:
5165:
5086:ancestry, and 8%
5038:
5025:
5016:
4902:Paternal lineages
4850:Maternal lineages
4344:Mongolic theories
4208:According to the
4078:Edwin Pulleyblank
4041:Scythian language
3964:Iranian languages
3928:Joseph de Guignes
3924:
3923:
3723:Jin destroyed Qin
3635:, capital of the
3286:Taihang Mountains
3227:himself. His son
2683:, general in the
2640:The Xiongnu also
2541:
2494:Battle of Baideng
2425:Khangai Mountains
2362:Xiongnu hierarchy
2339:'s ninth-century
2259:internal conflict
2232:Mongolian Plateau
2220:military campaign
2113:Edwin Pulleyblank
1937:To the west, the
1834:Ancient Northeast
1591:Chinese dynasties
1571:Mongolian Plateau
1569:, centred on the
1511:
1510:
1476:
1475:
1448:People's Republic
1384:
1383:
1289:
1288:
1261:Tang protectorate
1179:
1178:
1006:
1005:
998:
997:
896:Yale Romanization
793:Standard Mandarin
755:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
671:
670:
408:Khangai Mountains
18914:
18760:
18715:Sack of Aquileia
18623:Eskam's daughter
18348:Military leaders
18240:
18233:
18226:
18217:
18216:
18016:
18015:
17681:Austro-Hungarian
17381:Chagatai Khanate
16746:
16739:
16732:
16723:
16722:
16408:
16407:
16396:
16264:
16257:
16250:
16241:
16240:
15991:
15990:
15822:
15821:
15750:Sixteen Kingdoms
15743:
15736:
15729:
15720:
15719:
15683:Seal of Khingila
15611:Penjikent murals
15232:Kalai Kafirnigan
15119:Koi Krylgan Kala
14928:Turkistan (city)
14913:Steppe Geoglyphs
14677:
14676:
14608:Khanate of Khiva
14568:Chagatai Khanate
14523:Saffarid dynasty
14508:Uyghur Khaganate
14297:
14290:
14283:
14274:
14273:
14269:
14207:
14174:
14161:
14156:. Archived from
14144:
14134:
14124:
14075:
14073:
14072:
14009:
13989:
13970:
13958:
13936:
13906:
13894:
13858:
13825:
13815:
13805:
13791:
13774:
13716:
13697:
13678:
13641:
13628:Commercial Press
13618:
13616:
13615:
13598:
13589:
13587:
13586:
13580:
13569:
13559:
13557:
13556:
13550:
13544:. Archived from
13519:
13506:
13486:
13455:Monumenta Serica
13449:
13436:
13426:
13378:
13361:Internet Archive
13359:
13357:
13356:
13325:
13316:
13281:
13246:
13236:
13197:
13171:
13144:
13122:
13097:(3–4): 601–615.
13082:
13080:
13079:
13060:
13041:
13039:
13038:
12994:
12973:
12961:
12950:
12945:. Archived from
12920:Yu Yan Yu Fan Yi
12908:
12878:
12868:
12859:
12849:
12840:
12838:
12837:
12816:
12769:
12759:
12757:
12756:
12747:. Archived from
12741:
12712:
12703:
12701:
12700:
12669:
12660:
12658:
12657:
12629:
12572:, esp. vol. 94,
12546:
12535:
12529:
12526:
12520:
12519:, p. 166, Fig 6.
12514:
12508:
12502:
12496:
12495:, p. 166, Fig 5.
12490:
12484:
12478:
12469:
12463:
12448:
12442:
12436:
12430:
12424:
12418:
12412:
12406:
12400:
12399:
12388:
12382:
12381:
12371:
12347:
12341:
12340:
12326:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12261:
12227:
12221:
12215:
12209:
12203:
12197:
12191:
12185:
12184:
12152:
12146:
12145:
12135:
12125:
12093:
12087:
12086:
12050:
12044:
12038:
12032:
12026:
12020:
12018:
12013:
12012:
12007:
11999:
11993:
11987:
11979:
11973:
11967:
11961:
11955:
11949:
11943:
11937:
11935:
11917:
11893:
11887:
11885:
11867:
11843:
11837:
11836:
11834:
11833:
11824:. Archived from
11805:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11795:
11786:. Archived from
11767:
11761:
11760:
11750:
11741:
11735:
11734:
11732:
11731:
11722:. Archived from
11703:
11697:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11672:
11666:
11662:
11656:
11652:
11646:
11643:
11637:
11633:
11627:
11626:
11619:
11613:
11607:
11601:
11598:
11592:
11587:
11581:
11580:
11564:Éditions Errance
11552:
11546:
11536:
11530:
11529:
11521:
11515:
11514:
11512:
11511:
11490:
11484:
11481:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11454:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11444:
11430:
11424:
11423:
11421:
11420:
11406:(5 March 2004).
11400:
11394:
11393:
11373:
11367:
11366:
11364:
11363:
11340:
11334:
11333:
11311:
11305:
11304:
11288:
11282:
11277:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11267:
11244:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11234:
11211:
11205:
11182:
11180:
11179:
11156:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11146:
11137:. Archived from
11135:rudocs.exdat.com
11127:
11121:
11120:
11109:. p. 5401.
11085:
11079:
11078:
11061:
11055:
11049:
11043:
11042:
11029:
11028:
11022:
11016:
11015:
10998:
10992:
10981:
10975:
10969:
10963:
10957:
10952:
10942:
10901:
10888:
10882:
10876:
10875:
10864:
10858:
10857:
10851:
10843:
10837:
10836:
10826:
10820:
10813:
10807:
10797:
10791:
10781:
10775:
10768:
10762:
10755:
10749:
10734:
10728:
10719:
10713:
10706:
10697:
10692:Old Book of Tang
10685:
10679:
10672:
10666:
10657:
10651:
10641:
10635:
10624:
10618:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10600:
10594:
10587:
10581:
10580:
10568:
10557:
10551:
10545:
10539:
10538:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10508:
10499:
10492:
10486:
10478:
10472:
10463:
10457:
10447:
10441:
10430:vol 217A - Huihu
10424:
10418:
10385:
10379:
10373:
10364:
10358:
10352:
10346:
10340:
10326:
10320:
10304:
10298:
10285:
10276:
10237:
10231:
10222:
10216:
10202:
10196:
10185:
10179:
10173:
10167:
10161:
10155:
10154:
10143:
10137:
10136:
10126:
10102:
10096:
10095:
10089:
10078:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10068:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10013:
10007:
10006:
9994:
9983:
9977:
9968:
9967:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9921:
9912:
9906:
9897:
9891:
9886:
9868:
9826:
9813:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9690:
9684:
9683:
9664:
9658:
9657:
9630:
9624:
9623:
9618:
9617:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9564:
9531:(15): eadf3904.
9525:Science Advances
9516:
9503:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9443:
9437:
9431:
9425:
9424:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9386:
9367:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9321:
9315:
9309:
9303:
9293:
9287:
9277:
9271:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9240:
9231:
9229:
9226:Commercial Press
9205:
9199:
9189:
9183:
9182:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9135:
9129:
9120:
9114:
9104:
9098:
9088:
9082:
9076:
9070:
9064:
9058:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9013:
9007:
8997:
8991:
8985:
8979:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8954:
8948:
8947:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8910:
8886:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8858:
8852:
8851:
8845:
8844:
8830:
8824:
8823:
8817:
8816:
8800:Houghton Mifflin
8789:
8783:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8713:
8707:
8706:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8626:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8537:
8531:
8530:
8502:
8493:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8430:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8390:
8381:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8357:Houghton Mifflin
8346:
8340:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8264:
8255:
8254:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8172:
8166:
8165:
8150:. pp. 41–.
8137:
8131:
8130:
8122:Monumenta Serica
8117:
8111:
8110:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8065:
8059:
8058:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8013:
8007:
8006:
7996:
7987:
7978:
7977:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7939:
7933:
7932:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7680:
7656:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7630:Podushkin, A. N.
7625:
7621:
7612:
7608:
7603:
7602:
7594:
7564:
7558:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7405:
7404:
7379:(356): 375–388.
7362:
7356:
7350:
7341:
7338:Pulleyblank 2000
7335:
7329:
7326:Pulleyblank 1994
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7290:
7256:
7247:
7214:
7205:
7159:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7111:
7108:Pulleyblank 1994
7105:
7092:
7082:
7076:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7013:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6836:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6664:
6651:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6572:
6554:
6530:
6524:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6484:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6454:
6453:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6341:Oriental Studies
6338:
6329:
6318:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6291:
6281:
6272:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6182:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6154:"Turcs ou Turks"
6151:
6150:
6149:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6102:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6042:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5981:
5980:
5964:
5955:
5949:
5940:
5934:
5925:
5922:Pulleyblank 2000
5919:
5913:
5903:
5894:
5892:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5835:"Xiongnu People"
5831:
5825:
5824:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5779:
5770:
5769:
5755:
5746:
5745:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5519:
5497:
5490:
5196:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5164:
5161:
5037:
5034:
5024:
5021:
5015:
5012:
4960:haplogroups N1c1
4661:Uyghur Khaganate
4621:
4576:
4567:
4559:
4443:New Book of Tang
4435:Old Book of Tang
4278:Uyghur Khaganate
4253:) who fled from
4248:
4229:New Book of Tang
4145:Turkic languages
3958:Iranian theories
3906:
3892:
3879:
3866:
3850:
3849:
3717:region from the
3432:Han-Zhao dynasty
3276:clan as the new
3236:
3235:
3175:Southern Xiongnu
3086:Northern Xiongnu
3070:Northern Xiongnu
3064:Southern Xiongnu
3054:
2999:Battle of Zhizhi
2731:Uyghur Khaganate
2542:
2539:
2536:
2518:
2507:
2421:Emperor of China
2172:Zhao–Xiongnu War
2106:Zhao-Xiongnu War
2079:
2076:
2035:South Tajikistan
2023:
2012:
1916:Wei River valley
1853:
1845:
1843:
1823:
1806:
1775:
1688:Mandarin Chinese
1685:
1602:Sixteen Kingdoms
1530:) were a tribal
1529:
1524:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1397:
1396:
1310:9th–12th century
1302:
1301:
1271:Uyghur Khaganate
1216:Rouran Khaganate
1192:
1191:
1161:Chandman culture
1087:
1086:
1022:
1008:
1007:
994:
993:
980:
979:
978:
956:
955:
935:
934:
933:
918:
917:
904:
903:
883:
882:
881:
866:
865:
852:
851:
850:
836:
835:
822:
821:
808:
807:
784:
783:
778:
777:
757:
756:
743:
742:
729:
728:
715:
714:
707:Rouran Khaganate
701:
700:
687:
686:
675:
674:
662:
661:
648:
647:
634:
633:
620:
619:
606:
605:
599:
598:
583:
582:
375:such as western
344:
342:
331:
329:
318:
316:
305:
303:
294:
292:
283:
281:
270:
268:
261:
259:
250:
248:
239:
237:
228:
226:
215:
213:
206:
204:
193:
191:
180:
178:
171:
169:
158:
156:
147:
145:
138:
136:
127:
125:
118:
116:
107:
105:
94:
92:
83:
81:
72:
70:
61:
59:
52:
46:
23:
22:
18922:
18921:
18917:
18916:
18915:
18913:
18912:
18911:
18887:Nomadic empires
18852:
18851:
18850:
18845:
18826:Eurasian nomads
18804:
18739:
18730:Battle of Nedao
18700:Battle of Arles
18668:
18664:Hunnic language
18647:
18596:
18565:
18514:
18343:
18275:
18249:
18244:
18214:
18209:
18198:American Empire
18183:
18179:African empires
18131:
18014:
17706:Central African
17652:
17470:Romano-Germanic
17056:
16790:Middle Assyrian
16763:
16755:
16750:
16720:
16715:
16691:Western Regions
16684:Chinese Tartary
16674:Eurasian nomads
16639:
16596:against Dzungar
16582:
16563:against Mongols
16549:
16511:
16478:
16436:
16420:against Xiongnu
16403:Chinese empires
16397:
16388:
16280:Nomadic empires
16274:
16268:
16238:
16233:
16208:
16132:
16077:
16051:
16030:
15978:
15950:
15932:
15894:
15876:
15848:
15818:The 16 Kingdoms
15813:
15752:
15747:
15717:
15712:
15673:Afrasiab murals
15616:Sampul tapestry
15560:
15556:Shahr-e Sukhteh
15546:Bandian complex
15532:
15508:Musalla Complex
15388:Tapa-i Kafariha
15329:
15250:Cave of Dzhebel
15236:
15178:
15015:
14947:
14943:Araltobe kurgan
14834:
14816:
14742:Kizilgaha caves
14713:
14699:Pazyryk burials
14681:Southern Russia
14668:
14632:
14518:Tahirid dynasty
14488:Tokhara Yabghus
14393:Seleucid Empire
14368:Pazyryk culture
14323:Yamnaya culture
14306:
14301:
14267:
14215:
14210:
14204:
14191:
14132:
14070:
14068:
14007:
13987:
13982:Wayback Machine
13968:
13956:
13934:
13904:
13892:
13887:Arts Asiatiques
13856:
13823:
13813:
13803:
13789:
13772:
13754:
13753:
13752:
13737:
13736:
13732:
13725:
13723:Further reading
13720:
13713:
13705:. AuthorHouse.
13694:
13675:
13638:
13625:
13613:
13611:
13584:
13582:
13578:
13567:
13554:
13552:
13548:
13517:
13399:Nature Research
13371:Mair, Victor H.
13354:
13352:
13350:
13194:
13160:
13138:
13077:
13075:
13073:
13058:
13046:Harmatta, János
13036:
13034:
13032:
13014:Harmatta, János
13006:Harmatta, János
12991:
12970:
12924:
12916:
12897:10.2307/2718006
12835:
12833:
12789:Nature Research
12754:
12752:
12743:
12730:
12698:
12696:
12694:
12655:
12653:
12558:Primary sources
12555:
12550:
12549:
12536:
12532:
12527:
12523:
12515:
12511:
12503:
12499:
12491:
12487:
12479:
12472:
12464:
12451:
12443:
12439:
12431:
12427:
12419:
12415:
12407:
12403:
12390:
12389:
12385:
12348:
12344:
12287:
12283:
12237:Current Biology
12228:
12224:
12216:
12212:
12204:
12200:
12192:
12188:
12153:
12149:
12094:
12090:
12051:
12047:
12039:
12035:
12029:Kim et al. 2010
12027:
12023:
12000:
11996:
11980:
11976:
11968:
11964:
11958:Kim et al. 2010
11956:
11952:
11944:
11940:
11894:
11890:
11844:
11840:
11831:
11829:
11822:
11806:
11802:
11793:
11791:
11784:
11768:
11764:
11748:
11742:
11738:
11729:
11727:
11720:
11704:
11700:
11686:
11673:
11669:
11663:
11659:
11653:
11649:
11644:
11640:
11634:
11630:
11621:
11620:
11616:
11608:
11604:
11599:
11595:
11588:
11584:
11574:
11566:. p. 125.
11553:
11549:
11537:
11533:
11522:
11518:
11509:
11507:
11496:
11492:
11491:
11487:
11482:
11478:
11469:
11467:
11460:
11456:
11455:
11451:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11431:
11427:
11418:
11416:
11410:
11401:
11397:
11390:
11374:
11370:
11361:
11359:
11357:
11341:
11337:
11330:
11312:
11308:
11289:
11285:
11278:
11274:
11265:
11263:
11261:
11245:
11241:
11232:
11230:
11228:
11212:
11208:
11177:
11175:
11173:
11157:
11153:
11144:
11142:
11129:
11128:
11124:
11117:
11098:
11094:
11086:
11082:
11076:
11062:
11058:
11050:
11046:
11040:
11023:
11019:
11013:
10999:
10995:
10982:
10978:
10970:
10966:
10902:
10891:
10883:
10879:
10866:
10865:
10861:
10849:
10845:
10844:
10840:
10827:
10823:
10814:
10810:
10798:
10794:
10782:
10778:
10769:
10765:
10756:
10752:
10735:
10731:
10720:
10716:
10707:
10700:
10686:
10682:
10673:
10669:
10658:
10654:
10642:
10638:
10625:
10621:
10616:
10612:
10601:
10597:
10588:
10584:
10577:
10566:
10558:
10554:
10546:
10542:
10529:
10528:
10524:
10509:
10502:
10493:
10489:
10479:
10475:
10464:
10460:
10448:
10444:
10425:
10421:
10386:
10382:
10374:
10367:
10359:
10355:
10347:
10343:
10327:
10323:
10305:
10301:
10286:
10279:
10238:
10234:
10223:
10219:
10203:
10199:
10186:
10182:
10174:
10170:
10162:
10158:
10145:
10144:
10140:
10103:
10099:
10087:
10079:
10075:
10066:
10064:
10045:
10041:
10030:
10014:
10010:
9995:
9986:
9978:
9971:
9960:
9940:
9936:
9923:
9922:
9915:
9907:
9900:
9827:
9816:
9808:
9804:
9789:
9781:. p. 103.
9769:
9765:
9739:
9735:
9696:Arts Asiatiques
9691:
9687:
9665:
9661:
9647:
9631:
9627:
9615:
9613:
9611:
9585:
9581:
9517:
9506:
9498:
9494:
9487:
9471:
9467:
9460:
9444:
9440:
9432:
9428:
9421:
9403:
9399:
9390:
9388:
9384:
9365:
9362:"Hunok Kínában"
9358:
9354:
9343:
9342:
9338:
9323:
9322:
9318:
9310:
9306:
9294:
9290:
9278:
9274:
9266:
9262:
9255:
9241:
9234:
9217:
9206:
9202:
9190:
9186:
9179:
9165:
9161:
9136:
9132:
9121:
9117:
9105:
9101:
9089:
9085:
9077:
9073:
9065:
9061:
9049:
9045:
9034:
9014:
9010:
8998:
8994:
8986:
8982:
8974:
8970:
8957:
8955:
8951:
8944:
8928:
8924:
8887:
8883:
8875:
8871:
8859:
8855:
8842:
8840:
8831:
8827:
8814:
8812:
8810:
8802:. p. 165.
8790:
8786:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8749:
8745:
8714:
8710:
8695:
8681:
8677:
8666:
8658:. p. 126.
8646:
8642:
8635:
8624:
8616:
8612:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8587:. p. 126.
8575:
8571:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8538:
8534:
8523:
8503:
8496:
8483:
8481:
8472:
8468:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8443:. p. 409.
8431:
8424:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8391:
8384:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8359:. p. 165.
8347:
8343:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8306:
8302:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8235:
8231:
8220:
8206:
8200:
8196:
8189:
8173:
8169:
8158:
8138:
8134:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8103:
8083:
8079:
8066:
8062:
8041:
8037:
8030:
8014:
8010:
7994:
7988:
7981:
7968:
7967:
7963:
7956:
7940:
7936:
7922:
7906:
7902:
7877:
7873:
7858:
7850:. p. 225.
7838:
7834:
7813:
7809:
7794:
7786:. p. 269.
7772:
7768:
7764:, p. liii.
7760:
7756:
7747:
7746:
7742:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7719:
7718:
7714:
7706:
7702:
7678:10.2307/2055601
7657:
7648:
7639:
7623:
7610:
7587:
7565:
7561:
7554:
7550:
7505:
7501:
7493:
7484:
7476:
7472:
7461:
7441:
7437:
7429:
7425:
7417:
7408:
7363:
7359:
7351:
7344:
7336:
7332:
7324:
7320:
7312:
7308:
7300:
7293:
7257:
7250:
7215:
7208:
7160:
7153:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7123:Schuessler 2014
7121:
7114:
7106:
7095:
7083:
7079:
7058:
7054:
7046:
7042:
7033:
7029:
7021:
7017:
6983:
6979:
6971:. p. 127:
6949:
6945:
6938:
6922:
6918:
6907:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6854:
6850:
6786:
6782:
6774:
6770:
6764:Whitehouse 2016
6762:
6758:
6751:
6747:
6738:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6665:
6654:
6647:
6643:
6590:
6586:
6531:
6527:
6518:
6514:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6464:
6457:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6387:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6351:
6336:
6330:
6321:
6313:
6309:
6301:
6294:
6282:
6275:
6266:
6260:
6256:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6163:
6161:
6152:
6147:
6145:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6071:
6067:
6003:
5999:
5991:
5984:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5943:
5937:Schuessler 2014
5935:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5904:
5897:
5889:
5873:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5848:
5846:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5817:
5801:
5797:
5786:
5780:
5773:
5762:
5756:
5749:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5695:. p. 384.
5685:
5678:
5671:
5655:
5651:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5500:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5430:
5394:
5369:Chinese sources
5363:Helan Mountains
5343:
5279:
5274:
5143:
5080:Altai Mountains
4989:
4904:
4852:
4847:
4821:
4778:dolichocephalic
4716:
4700:
4692:Gerhard Doerfer
4688:
4665:Uyghur language
4493:
4381:Nikita Bichurin
4352:
4346:
4257:(now in modern
4236:and the ruling
4175:Julius Klaproth
4147:
4141:
4139:Turkic theories
4063:
4053:
3966:
3960:
3920:
3898:Modern Mandarin
3848:
3842:
3833:
3820:
3770:
3762:Main articles:
3760:
3641:Jingbian County
3639:in present-day
3625:
3619:
3567:
3549:, a general of
3510:was sacked and
3424:
3419:
3413:
3341:
3307:in the city of
3282:Heishan bandits
3265:by his brother
3197:Xihe Commandery
3177:
3145:Altai mountains
3078:
3076:Northern Chanyu
3072:
3052:
3034:Emperor Guangwu
3018:
2931:
2903:
2864:Western Regions
2848:Ferghana horses
2749:
2747:Han–Xiongnu War
2743:
2741:Han–Xiongnu war
2619:Laoshang Chanyu
2608:Laoshang Chanyu
2584:horse trappings
2512:
2508:, the courtier
2505:
2474:
2468:
2458:area as far as
2370:
2364:
2324:Western Regions
2204:
2202:State formation
2098:Wild Goose Gate
2077:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:horse trappings
2026:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1958:Altay Mountains
1949:, found in the
1939:Pazyryk culture
1876:
1875:
1874:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1810:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1679:
1633:archaeogenetics
1606:Five Barbarians
1544:Eurasian Steppe
1540:Chinese sources
1536:nomadic peoples
1507:
1478:
1477:
1468:Modern Mongolia
1441:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1366:Dzungar Khanate
1306:Mongol khanates
1299:
1298:Medieval period
1291:
1290:
1244:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1171:Pazyryk culture
1084:
858:Tongyong Pinyin
848:
828:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
740:
726:
712:
698:
684:
659:
645:
631:
617:
603:
570:
560:
530:
518:
506:
494:
420:
392:
353:Han–Xiongnu War
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
339:
336:
334:
332:
323:
321:
319:
310:
308:
306:
299:
297:
295:
290:
288:
286:
284:
275:
273:
271:
266:
264:
262:
257:
255:
253:
251:
246:
244:
242:
240:
235:
233:
231:
229:
223:
220:
218:
216:
211:
209:
207:
198:
196:
194:
185:
183:
181:
176:
174:
172:
166:
163:
161:
159:
152:
150:
148:
143:
141:
139:
132:
130:
128:
123:
121:
119:
114:
112:
110:
108:
99:
97:
95:
88:
86:
84:
79:
77:
75:
73:
68:
66:
64:
62:
57:
55:
53:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
18920:
18910:
18909:
18904:
18899:
18894:
18889:
18884:
18879:
18874:
18869:
18864:
18847:
18846:
18844:
18843:
18838:
18833:
18831:Nomadic empire
18828:
18823:
18821:Akatziri tribe
18818:
18812:
18810:
18809:Related topics
18806:
18805:
18803:
18802:
18797:
18792:
18787:
18782:
18777:
18772:
18767:
18766:
18765:
18753:
18747:
18745:
18741:
18740:
18738:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18725:Siege of Milan
18722:
18717:
18712:
18707:
18702:
18697:
18692:
18687:
18682:
18676:
18674:
18670:
18669:
18667:
18666:
18661:
18655:
18653:
18649:
18648:
18646:
18645:
18640:
18635:
18630:
18625:
18620:
18615:
18610:
18604:
18602:
18598:
18597:
18595:
18594:
18589:
18584:
18579:
18573:
18571:
18567:
18566:
18564:
18563:
18558:
18553:
18548:
18543:
18538:
18533:
18528:
18522:
18520:
18516:
18515:
18513:
18512:
18507:
18502:
18497:
18492:
18487:
18482:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18462:
18457:
18452:
18447:
18442:
18437:
18432:
18427:
18422:
18417:
18412:
18407:
18402:
18397:
18392:
18387:
18382:
18377:
18372:
18367:
18362:
18357:
18351:
18349:
18345:
18344:
18342:
18341:
18336:
18331:
18326:
18321:
18316:
18311:
18306:
18301:
18296:
18291:
18285:
18283:
18277:
18276:
18274:
18273:
18268:
18263:
18257:
18255:
18251:
18250:
18243:
18242:
18235:
18228:
18220:
18211:
18210:
18208:
18207:
18206:
18205:
18200:
18191:
18189:
18185:
18184:
18182:
18181:
18176:
18171:
18166:
18161:
18156:
18155:
18154:
18143:
18141:
18137:
18136:
18133:
18132:
18130:
18129:
18124:
18119:
18114:
18109:
18108:
18107:
18097:
18092:
18087:
18082:
18077:
18072:
18067:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18051:
18050:
18045:
18035:
18030:
18024:
18022:
18013:
18012:
18011:
18010:
18005:
18000:
17995:
17990:
17980:
17975:
17974:
17973:
17963:
17958:
17957:
17956:
17951:
17946:
17936:
17931:
17930:
17929:
17924:
17914:
17913:
17912:
17907:
17902:
17897:
17892:
17882:
17881:
17880:
17875:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17850:
17849:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17818:
17817:
17816:
17811:
17801:
17796:
17795:
17794:
17789:
17779:
17778:
17777:
17772:
17762:
17761:
17760:
17755:
17745:
17740:
17739:
17738:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17718:
17708:
17703:
17702:
17701:
17696:
17688:
17683:
17678:
17673:
17668:
17662:
17660:
17654:
17653:
17651:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17634:
17633:
17628:
17623:
17618:
17613:
17608:
17603:
17593:
17588:
17587:
17586:
17581:
17576:
17571:
17566:
17561:
17551:
17550:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17534:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17504:
17499:
17494:
17489:
17484:
17483:
17482:
17477:
17467:
17466:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17427:
17422:
17417:
17412:
17411:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17390:
17389:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17373:
17363:
17358:
17353:
17348:
17343:
17338:
17337:
17336:
17331:
17326:
17321:
17311:
17310:
17309:
17304:
17299:
17294:
17284:
17283:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17262:
17257:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17241:
17240:
17235:
17230:
17220:
17215:
17214:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17193:
17188:
17178:
17177:
17176:
17171:
17161:
17160:
17159:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17134:
17129:
17128:
17127:
17117:
17116:
17115:
17110:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17066:
17064:
17062:Post-classical
17058:
17057:
17055:
17054:
17053:
17052:
17042:
17037:
17036:
17035:
17030:
17020:
17019:
17018:
17008:
17007:
17006:
17001:
16996:
16991:
16986:
16981:
16971:
16966:
16961:
16960:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16934:
16933:
16932:
16927:
16917:
16912:
16911:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16895:
16890:
16880:
16875:
16870:
16869:
16868:
16863:
16861:Middle Kingdom
16858:
16848:
16843:
16842:
16841:
16836:
16831:
16821:
16820:
16819:
16817:Neo-Babylonian
16814:
16809:
16807:Old Babylonian
16799:
16798:
16797:
16792:
16782:
16777:
16771:
16769:
16757:
16756:
16749:
16748:
16741:
16734:
16726:
16717:
16716:
16714:
16713:
16708:
16703:
16698:
16688:
16687:
16686:
16676:
16671:
16670:
16669:
16659:
16651:
16649:
16648:Related topics
16645:
16644:
16641:
16640:
16638:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16616:
16615:
16605:
16604:
16603:
16592:
16590:
16584:
16583:
16581:
16580:
16575:
16570:
16568:against Turpan
16565:
16559:
16557:
16551:
16550:
16548:
16547:
16542:
16537:
16532:
16527:
16521:
16519:
16513:
16512:
16510:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16488:
16486:
16480:
16479:
16477:
16476:
16471:
16466:
16461:
16456:
16446:
16444:
16438:
16437:
16435:
16434:
16433:
16432:
16430:Chief Official
16422:
16416:
16414:
16405:
16399:
16398:
16391:
16389:
16387:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16375:
16374:
16373:
16372:
16362:
16357:
16347:
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16326:
16325:
16320:
16315:
16310:
16300:
16295:
16290:
16284:
16282:
16276:
16275:
16273:history series
16267:
16266:
16259:
16252:
16244:
16235:
16234:
16232:
16231:
16224:
16216:
16214:
16210:
16209:
16207:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16181:
16176:
16171:
16166:
16161:
16156:
16151:
16146:
16140:
16138:
16134:
16133:
16131:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16100:
16095:
16089:
16087:
16083:
16082:
16079:
16078:
16076:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16059:
16057:
16053:
16052:
16050:
16049:
16044:
16038:
16036:
16032:
16031:
16029:
16028:
16023:
16018:
16013:
16008:
16003:
15997:
15995:
15988:
15984:
15983:
15980:
15979:
15977:
15976:
15971:
15966:
15960:
15958:
15952:
15951:
15949:
15948:
15942:
15940:
15934:
15933:
15931:
15930:
15925:
15920:
15915:
15910:
15904:
15902:
15896:
15895:
15893:
15892:
15886:
15884:
15878:
15877:
15875:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15858:
15856:
15850:
15849:
15847:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15830:
15828:
15819:
15815:
15814:
15812:
15811:
15806:
15801:
15796:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15766:
15760:
15758:
15754:
15753:
15746:
15745:
15738:
15731:
15723:
15714:
15713:
15711:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15633:Bimaran Casket
15630:
15625:
15622:Sogdian Daēnās
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15596:Gardez Ganesha
15593:
15588:
15583:
15578:
15572:
15570:
15566:
15565:
15562:
15561:
15559:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15542:
15540:
15534:
15533:
15531:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15420:
15418:Takht-e Rostam
15415:
15410:
15405:
15400:
15395:
15390:
15385:
15380:
15375:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15355:
15353:Dilberjin Tepe
15350:
15345:
15339:
15337:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15246:
15244:
15238:
15237:
15235:
15234:
15229:
15227:Takht-i Sangin
15224:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15188:
15186:
15180:
15179:
15177:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15141:
15136:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15079:Guldursun-Kala
15076:
15071:
15066:
15064:Dalverzin Tepe
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15034:Akchakhan-Kala
15031:
15025:
15023:
15017:
15016:
15014:
15013:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14963:
14957:
14955:
14949:
14948:
14946:
14945:
14940:
14935:
14930:
14925:
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14850:
14844:
14842:
14836:
14835:
14833:
14832:
14826:
14824:
14818:
14817:
14815:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14792:Dunhuang Caves
14789:
14787:Bezeklik Caves
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14752:Subashi Temple
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14723:
14721:
14715:
14714:
14712:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14685:
14683:
14674:
14670:
14669:
14667:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14640:
14638:
14634:
14633:
14631:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14603:Durrani Empire
14600:
14595:
14593:Timurid Empire
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14338:Vakhsh culture
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14314:
14312:
14308:
14307:
14300:
14299:
14292:
14285:
14277:
14271:
14270:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14214:
14213:External links
14211:
14209:
14208:
14202:
14185:
14183:978-1792829154
14175:
14162:
14160:on 2006-05-16.
14145:
14125:
14104:
14099:, 137–152. In
14091:
14076:
14044:(4): 519–534.
14029:
14022:
14015:
14005:
13985:
13966:
13954:
13935:(in Hungarian)
13932:
13929:
13922:
13915:
13912:
13902:
13899:
13896:
13890:
13883:
13880:
13873:
13870:
13867:
13864:
13854:
13847:
13838:
13821:
13811:
13801:
13790:(in Hungarian)
13787:
13780:
13770:
13763:
13755:
13751:
13750:
13745:
13739:
13738:
13727:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13718:
13711:
13698:
13692:
13679:
13674:978-1349075898
13673:
13654:
13653:
13652:
13649:
13646:
13636:
13619:
13599:
13590:
13560:
13507:
13487:
13450:
13437:
13380:
13367:Mallory, J. P.
13363:
13348:
13326:
13317:
13282:
13247:
13225:10.1086/377005
13198:
13192:
13172:
13158:
13145:
13136:
13123:
13087:Henning, W. B.
13083:
13071:
13042:
13031:978-9231028465
13030:
13002:
12995:
12989:
12974:
12968:
12951:
12949:on 2012-02-25.
12909:
12891:(2): 135–246.
12880:
12870:
12860:
12851:
12841:
12770:
12761:
12728:
12713:
12704:
12692:
12670:
12661:
12630:
12620:
12619:
12618:
12614:
12613:
12597:
12581:
12560:
12559:
12554:
12551:
12548:
12547:
12530:
12521:
12509:
12497:
12485:
12470:
12449:
12437:
12425:
12413:
12411:, p. 136.
12401:
12383:
12342:
12281:
12222:
12210:
12198:
12196:, p. 272.
12186:
12167:(2): 197–239.
12147:
12108:(4): 890–904.
12088:
12061:(2): 349–359.
12055:Human Genetics
12045:
12033:
12021:
11994:
11974:
11962:
11950:
11938:
11908:(4): 644–657.
11888:
11858:(2): 197–239.
11838:
11820:
11800:
11782:
11762:
11744:Lai, Guolong.
11736:
11718:
11698:
11681:Tongxin County
11667:
11657:
11647:
11638:
11628:
11614:
11602:
11593:
11582:
11572:
11547:
11531:
11516:
11485:
11476:
11449:
11425:
11414:Monthly Chosun
11395:
11388:
11368:
11355:
11335:
11328:
11306:
11283:
11272:
11259:
11239:
11226:
11206:
11193:Pecheneg realm
11171:
11151:
11122:
11115:
11080:
11056:
11054:, p. 249.
11052:Christian 1998
11044:
11017:
10993:
10976:
10974:, p. 165.
10964:
10889:
10877:
10859:
10847:"Sun and Moon"
10838:
10821:
10808:
10792:
10776:
10763:
10750:
10729:
10714:
10698:
10680:
10667:
10652:
10636:
10619:
10610:
10595:
10582:
10576:978-0295974736
10575:
10552:
10540:
10522:
10500:
10487:
10473:
10458:
10442:
10419:
10380:
10378:, p. 155.
10365:
10353:
10341:
10321:
10299:
10277:
10232:
10217:
10197:
10180:
10168:
10156:
10138:
10117:(3): 177–192.
10097:
10073:
10039:
10028:
10008:
9984:
9982:, p. 164.
9969:
9959:978-1317340904
9958:
9934:
9913:
9898:
9814:
9802:
9787:
9763:
9733:
9685:
9659:
9645:
9625:
9609:
9579:
9504:
9492:
9485:
9465:
9458:
9438:
9426:
9419:
9397:
9352:
9336:
9316:
9304:
9288:
9272:
9260:
9253:
9232:
9209:Fang, Xuanling
9200:
9184:
9178:978-1317340904
9177:
9159:
9130:
9115:
9099:
9083:
9071:
9059:
9043:
9032:
9026:. p. 19.
9008:
8992:
8980:
8968:
8949:
8942:
8922:
8881:
8869:
8853:
8825:
8808:
8784:
8767:
8761:. p. 73.
8743:
8730:10.2307/605932
8724:(3): 394–395.
8708:
8693:
8675:
8665:978-9047414780
8664:
8640:
8633:
8610:
8593:
8569:
8553:978-3447055376
8552:
8532:
8521:
8494:
8466:
8449:
8422:
8409:
8403:. p. 22.
8382:
8365:
8341:
8324:
8318:. p. 73.
8300:
8283:
8277:. p. 20.
8256:
8250:978-1532058301
8249:
8229:
8218:
8194:
8187:
8167:
8156:
8132:
8112:
8101:
8077:
8060:
8035:
8028:
8008:
7979:
7961:
7954:
7934:
7921:978-1483667676
7920:
7900:
7871:
7857:978-1684170784
7856:
7832:
7807:
7793:978-1317580973
7792:
7766:
7754:
7740:
7726:
7712:
7700:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7627:
7614:
7606:Gunny i tiurki
7585:
7559:
7548:
7535:10.2307/606008
7529:(3): 360–376.
7499:
7482:
7470:
7459:
7435:
7423:
7406:
7357:
7342:
7330:
7318:
7306:
7304:, p. 107.
7291:
7248:
7206:
7188:to the north,
7151:
7149:, p. 129.
7139:
7127:
7125:, p. 264.
7112:
7093:
7077:
7052:
7040:
7027:
7015:
7009:Takht-i Sangin
7001:Takht-i Sangin
6977:
6943:
6936:
6916:
6905:
6885:
6878:
6848:
6780:
6768:
6756:
6745:
6724:
6714:
6694:
6687:
6652:
6641:
6584:
6525:
6512:
6470:
6455:
6428:(1–2): 51–58.
6408:
6381:
6369:
6367:, p. 166.
6357:
6354:on 2013-07-29.
6319:
6315:Jankowski 2006
6307:
6292:
6273:
6254:
6190:
6170:
6114:
6085:(2): 145–162.
6065:
5997:
5995:, p. 136.
5982:
5956:
5941:
5926:
5914:
5895:
5887:
5867:
5865:, p. 186.
5855:
5839:britannica.com
5826:
5815:
5795:
5785:奴 – 上古音系第九千六百字
5771:
5747:
5708:
5701:
5676:
5669:
5649:
5635:
5621:
5614:
5594:
5587:
5567:
5560:
5541:
5534:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5444:Nomadic empire
5441:
5436:
5429:
5426:
5393:
5390:
5342:
5339:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5142:
5139:
4988:
4985:
4903:
4900:
4851:
4848:
4820:
4817:
4803:and Mongolia.
4738:, such as the
4736:Inner Mongolia
4726:In the 1920s,
4715:
4712:
4704:Early Iron Age
4699:
4696:
4687:
4684:
4676:Munmu of Silla
4517:Turkic peoples
4492:
4489:
4485:Soyombo symbol
4412:Proto-Mongolic
4345:
4342:
4330:
4329:
4291:
4281:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4259:Gansu province
4191:Craig Benjamin
4187:Charles Hucker
4140:
4137:
4052:
4049:
4037:János Harmatta
3959:
3956:
3936:Sogdian script
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3885:Middle Chinese
3881:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3854:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3819:
3816:
3780:in modern-day
3764:Northern Liang
3759:
3756:
3746:Northern Liang
3621:Main article:
3618:
3615:
3566:
3563:
3561:, and Shi Le.
3423:
3420:
3415:Main article:
3412:
3409:
3389:Northern Liang
3377:Five Babarians
3340:
3337:
3176:
3173:
3071:
3068:
3017:
3014:
2993:officer named
2971:Ganquan Palace
2967:Lunar New Year
2930:
2927:
2902:
2899:
2769:Han Emperor Wu
2745:Main article:
2742:
2739:
2704:Yenisei Kyrgyz
2604:Empress Lü Zhi
2470:Main article:
2467:
2464:
2378:A.N. Podushkin
2363:
2360:
2203:
2200:
2132:nomadic people
2028:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1978:Inner Mongolia
1867:Pontic steppes
1857:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1686:is the modern
1678:
1675:
1614:Northern Liang
1579:Inner Mongolia
1552:Xiongnu Empire
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:Bogd Khaganate
1407:
1406:
1403:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1190:
1188:Ancient period
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:Sagsai culture
1117:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
988:
982:
981:
971:
965:
964:
958:
957:
950:
944:
943:
937:
936:
926:
920:
919:
912:
906:
905:
898:
892:
891:
889:Yue: Cantonese
885:
884:
874:
868:
867:
860:
854:
853:
844:
838:
837:
830:
824:
823:
816:
810:
809:
802:
796:
795:
789:
788:
787:Transcriptions
780:
779:
772:
766:
765:
762:
761:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
737:
731:
730:
723:
717:
716:
709:
703:
702:
695:
689:
688:
681:
672:
669:
668:
663:
655:
654:
649:
641:
640:
635:
627:
626:
621:
613:
612:
607:
595:
594:
589:
579:
578:
575:
574:
573:1st century AD
571:
568:
565:
564:
563:3rd century BC
561:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
544:Historical era
541:
540:
537:
536:
531:
528:
525:
524:
519:
516:
513:
512:
507:
504:
501:
500:
495:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
466:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:
438:
434:
433:
426:
422:
421:
419:
418:
415:
400:
398:
394:
393:
385:Inner Mongolia
350:
47:
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
34:
30:
29:
26:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18919:
18908:
18905:
18903:
18900:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18890:
18888:
18885:
18883:
18880:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18870:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18860:
18859:
18857:
18842:
18839:
18837:
18834:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18813:
18811:
18807:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18791:
18788:
18786:
18783:
18781:
18778:
18776:
18773:
18771:
18768:
18763:
18759:
18758:
18757:
18754:
18752:
18749:
18748:
18746:
18742:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18720:Sack of Padua
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18681:
18678:
18677:
18675:
18671:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18656:
18654:
18650:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
18634:
18631:
18629:
18626:
18624:
18621:
18619:
18616:
18614:
18611:
18609:
18606:
18605:
18603:
18599:
18593:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18574:
18572:
18568:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18527:
18524:
18523:
18521:
18517:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18463:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18446:
18443:
18441:
18438:
18436:
18433:
18431:
18428:
18426:
18423:
18421:
18418:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18408:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18398:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18376:
18373:
18371:
18368:
18366:
18363:
18361:
18358:
18356:
18353:
18352:
18350:
18346:
18340:
18337:
18335:
18332:
18330:
18327:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18310:
18307:
18305:
18302:
18300:
18297:
18295:
18292:
18290:
18287:
18286:
18284:
18282:
18278:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
18262:
18259:
18258:
18256:
18252:
18248:
18241:
18236:
18234:
18229:
18227:
18222:
18221:
18218:
18204:
18203:Soviet empire
18201:
18199:
18196:
18195:
18193:
18192:
18190:
18188:Miscellaneous
18186:
18180:
18177:
18175:
18172:
18170:
18167:
18165:
18162:
18160:
18157:
18153:
18150:
18149:
18148:
18145:
18144:
18142:
18138:
18128:
18125:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18110:
18106:
18103:
18102:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18041:
18040:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18025:
18023:
18021:
18017:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17985:
17984:
17981:
17979:
17976:
17972:
17969:
17968:
17967:
17964:
17962:
17959:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17945:
17942:
17941:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17919:
17918:
17915:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
17887:
17886:
17883:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17871:
17870:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17823:
17822:
17819:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17806:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17793:
17790:
17788:
17787:German Empire
17785:
17784:
17783:
17780:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17767:
17766:
17763:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17750:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17713:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17691:
17689:
17687:
17684:
17682:
17679:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17664:
17663:
17661:
17659:
17655:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17598:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17585:
17582:
17580:
17577:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17560:
17557:
17556:
17555:
17552:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17529:
17528:
17527:Turco-Persian
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17503:
17500:
17498:
17495:
17493:
17490:
17488:
17485:
17481:
17478:
17476:
17473:
17472:
17471:
17468:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17435:
17434:
17431:
17428:
17426:
17423:
17421:
17418:
17416:
17413:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17395:
17394:
17391:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17369:
17368:
17367:
17364:
17362:
17359:
17357:
17354:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17316:
17315:
17312:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17293:
17290:
17289:
17288:
17285:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17268:
17267:
17266:
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17239:
17236:
17234:
17231:
17229:
17226:
17225:
17224:
17221:
17219:
17216:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17183:
17182:
17179:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17166:
17165:
17162:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17139:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17126:
17123:
17122:
17121:
17118:
17114:
17111:
17109:
17106:
17105:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17067:
17065:
17063:
17059:
17051:
17048:
17047:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17025:
17024:
17021:
17017:
17014:
17013:
17012:
17009:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16976:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16939:
16938:
16935:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16922:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16891:
16889:
16886:
16885:
16884:
16881:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16826:
16825:
16822:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16804:
16803:
16800:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16787:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16762:
16758:
16754:
16747:
16742:
16740:
16735:
16733:
16728:
16727:
16724:
16712:
16711:Greater China
16709:
16707:
16704:
16702:
16699:
16696:
16692:
16689:
16685:
16682:
16681:
16680:
16677:
16675:
16672:
16668:
16665:
16664:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16657:
16653:
16652:
16650:
16646:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16614:
16611:
16610:
16609:
16606:
16602:
16599:
16598:
16597:
16594:
16593:
16591:
16589:
16585:
16579:
16576:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16560:
16558:
16556:
16552:
16546:
16545:Northern Yuan
16543:
16541:
16538:
16536:
16533:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16522:
16520:
16518:
16514:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16497:Northern Liao
16495:
16493:
16490:
16489:
16487:
16485:
16481:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16462:
16460:
16459:against Tibet
16457:
16455:
16454:Eastern Turks
16451:
16448:
16447:
16445:
16443:
16439:
16431:
16428:
16427:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16417:
16415:
16413:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16400:
16395:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16371:
16368:
16367:
16366:
16365:Mongol Empire
16363:
16361:
16360:Khamag Mongol
16358:
16356:
16353:
16352:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16324:
16321:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16309:
16306:
16305:
16304:
16301:
16299:
16296:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16285:
16283:
16281:
16277:
16272:
16265:
16260:
16258:
16253:
16251:
16246:
16245:
16242:
16230:
16229:
16225:
16223:
16222:
16218:
16217:
16215:
16211:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16165:
16162:
16160:
16157:
16155:
16152:
16150:
16147:
16145:
16142:
16141:
16139:
16135:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16094:
16091:
16090:
16088:
16084:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16068:Dai (310–376)
16066:
16064:
16061:
16060:
16058:
16054:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16039:
16037:
16033:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16002:
15999:
15998:
15996:
15992:
15989:
15985:
15975:
15972:
15970:
15967:
15965:
15962:
15961:
15959:
15957:
15953:
15947:
15944:
15943:
15941:
15939:
15935:
15929:
15926:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15905:
15903:
15901:
15897:
15891:
15888:
15887:
15885:
15883:
15879:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15859:
15857:
15855:
15851:
15845:
15844:Xia (407–431)
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15831:
15829:
15827:
15823:
15820:
15816:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15761:
15759:
15755:
15751:
15744:
15739:
15737:
15732:
15730:
15725:
15724:
15721:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15628:Oxus Treasure
15626:
15624:
15623:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15581:Orlat plaques
15579:
15577:
15574:
15573:
15571:
15567:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15543:
15541:
15539:
15535:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15473:Dasht-e Nawar
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15340:
15338:
15336:
15332:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15305:Monjukli Depe
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15290:Konye-Urgench
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15247:
15245:
15243:
15239:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15222:Takht-i Kuwad
15220:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15189:
15187:
15185:
15181:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15026:
15024:
15022:
15018:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14981:Koshoy Korgon
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14958:
14956:
14954:
14950:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14845:
14843:
14841:
14837:
14831:
14828:
14827:
14825:
14823:
14819:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14747:Kumtura Caves
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14724:
14722:
14720:
14719:Western China
14716:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14704:Salbyk kurgan
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14694:Arzhan kurgan
14692:
14690:
14687:
14686:
14684:
14682:
14678:
14675:
14671:
14665:
14664:Serindian art
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14641:
14639:
14635:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14563:Mongol Empire
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14553:Ghurid Empire
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14478:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14468:Western Turks
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14418:Kushan Empire
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14403:Guiyi Circuit
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14378:Median Empire
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14358:Tagar culture
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14315:
14313:
14309:
14305:
14298:
14293:
14291:
14286:
14284:
14279:
14278:
14275:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14216:
14205:
14199:
14195:
14186:
14184:
14180:
14176:
14172:
14169:(in French).
14168:
14163:
14159:
14155:
14151:
14146:
14142:
14138:
14131:
14126:
14122:
14118:
14114:
14110:
14105:
14102:
14098:
14097:
14092:
14089:
14085:
14081:
14077:
14067:
14063:
14059:
14055:
14051:
14047:
14043:
14039:
14035:
14030:
14027:
14023:
14020:
14016:
14013:
14006:
14003:
13999:
13998:
13993:
13986:
13983:
13979:
13976:
13975:
13967:
13964:
13963:
13955:
13952:
13948:
13944:
13940:
13933:
13930:
13927:
13923:
13920:
13916:
13913:
13910:
13903:
13900:
13897:
13891:
13888:
13884:
13881:
13878:
13874:
13871:
13868:
13865:
13862:
13855:
13852:
13848:
13845:
13844:
13839:
13837:
13836:5-94010-124-0
13833:
13829:
13822:
13819:
13812:
13809:
13802:
13799:
13795:
13788:
13785:
13781:
13778:
13771:
13768:
13764:
13761:
13757:
13756:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13740:
13735:
13730:
13714:
13708:
13704:
13699:
13695:
13693:0-391-04174-6
13689:
13685:
13680:
13676:
13670:
13666:
13662:
13661:
13655:
13651:〈魏晋杂胡考 二 卢水胡〉
13650:
13647:
13644:
13643:
13639:
13637:9787100074513
13633:
13629:
13620:
13610:on 2007-06-22
13609:
13605:
13600:
13596:
13591:
13581:on 2021-06-07
13577:
13573:
13566:
13561:
13551:on 2017-11-18
13547:
13543:
13539:
13535:
13531:
13527:
13523:
13516:
13512:
13508:
13504:
13500:
13496:
13492:
13488:
13484:
13480:
13476:
13472:
13468:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13451:
13447:
13444:(in German).
13443:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13416:
13412:
13408:
13404:
13400:
13396:
13392:
13391:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13372:
13368:
13364:
13362:
13351:
13345:
13341:
13337:
13336:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13318:
13314:
13310:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13294:
13290:
13289:
13283:
13279:
13275:
13271:
13267:
13263:
13259:
13255:
13254:
13248:
13244:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13226:
13222:
13218:
13214:
13210:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13195:
13189:
13185:
13181:
13177:
13173:
13169:
13165:
13161:
13159:92-3-102846-4
13155:
13151:
13146:
13143:
13139:
13137:0-8047-2353-2
13133:
13129:
13124:
13120:
13116:
13112:
13108:
13104:
13100:
13096:
13092:
13088:
13084:
13074:
13068:
13064:
13057:
13056:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13033:
13027:
13023:
13019:
13015:
13011:
13007:
13003:
13000:
12996:
12992:
12986:
12982:
12981:
12975:
12971:
12965:
12960:
12959:
12952:
12948:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12932:
12928:
12921:
12917:
12910:
12906:
12902:
12898:
12894:
12890:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12832:
12828:
12824:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12806:
12802:
12798:
12794:
12790:
12786:
12782:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12767:
12762:
12751:on 2013-12-03
12750:
12746:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12729:9780300096880
12725:
12721:
12720:
12714:
12710:
12705:
12695:
12689:
12685:
12681:
12680:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12662:
12652:
12648:
12644:
12643:
12639:
12635:
12631:
12627:
12622:
12621:
12616:
12615:
12611:
12607:
12606:
12601:
12598:
12595:
12591:
12590:
12585:
12582:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12570:
12565:
12562:
12561:
12557:
12556:
12544:
12540:
12534:
12525:
12518:
12517:Ishjamts 1996
12513:
12506:
12501:
12494:
12493:Ishjamts 1996
12489:
12482:
12477:
12475:
12467:
12462:
12460:
12458:
12456:
12454:
12446:
12441:
12434:
12429:
12423:, p. 30.
12422:
12417:
12410:
12405:
12397:
12393:
12387:
12379:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12361:
12357:
12353:
12346:
12339:
12334:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12296:
12292:
12285:
12277:
12273:
12269:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12251:
12247:
12243:
12239:
12238:
12233:
12226:
12219:
12214:
12207:
12202:
12195:
12190:
12182:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12166:
12162:
12158:
12151:
12143:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12115:
12111:
12107:
12103:
12099:
12092:
12084:
12080:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12056:
12049:
12042:
12037:
12031:, p. 429
12030:
12025:
12017:
12005:
11998:
11991:
11985:
11978:
11971:
11966:
11960:, p. 429
11959:
11954:
11947:
11942:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11907:
11903:
11899:
11892:
11883:
11879:
11875:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11842:
11828:on 2013-07-29
11827:
11823:
11817:
11813:
11812:
11804:
11790:on 2013-07-29
11789:
11785:
11779:
11775:
11774:
11766:
11758:
11754:
11753:The Silk Road
11747:
11740:
11726:on 2013-07-29
11725:
11721:
11715:
11711:
11710:
11702:
11694:
11682:
11678:
11671:
11661:
11651:
11642:
11632:
11624:
11618:
11612:, p. 69.
11611:
11606:
11597:
11591:
11586:
11579:
11575:
11573:9782877723466
11569:
11565:
11561:
11557:
11551:
11544:
11540:
11535:
11527:
11520:
11506:on 2018-10-02
11505:
11501:
11497:
11489:
11480:
11466:on 2014-12-30
11465:
11461:
11453:
11438:
11429:
11415:
11412:(in Korean).
11411:
11405:
11399:
11391:
11385:
11381:
11380:
11372:
11358:
11352:
11348:
11347:
11339:
11331:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11310:
11302:
11298:
11294:
11287:
11281:
11276:
11262:
11256:
11252:
11251:
11243:
11229:
11223:
11219:
11218:
11210:
11204:
11202:
11199:(or even the
11198:
11194:
11189:(ca. 950 AD)
11188:
11187:
11174:
11168:
11164:
11163:
11155:
11141:on 2018-09-14
11140:
11136:
11132:
11126:
11118:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11103:
11090:
11084:
11075:
11071:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11053:
11048:
11039:
11035:
11034:
11021:
11012:
11008:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10990:
10986:
10980:
10973:
10972:Di Cosmo 2004
10968:
10961:
10956:
10950:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10920:
10916:
10912:
10908:
10900:
10898:
10896:
10894:
10886:
10881:
10873:
10869:
10863:
10855:
10848:
10842:
10834:
10833:
10825:
10818:
10812:
10805:
10801:
10796:
10788:
10785:
10780:
10773:
10767:
10760:
10754:
10747:
10744:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10726:
10725:
10718:
10711:
10705:
10703:
10696:
10693:
10689:
10684:
10677:
10671:
10664:
10661:
10656:
10649:
10645:
10640:
10633:
10629:
10623:
10614:
10606:
10599:
10592:
10586:
10578:
10572:
10565:
10564:
10556:
10549:
10544:
10536:
10532:
10526:
10518:
10514:
10507:
10505:
10497:
10491:
10484:
10483:
10477:
10470:
10467:
10462:
10455:
10451:
10446:
10439:
10435:
10431:
10428:
10423:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10393:
10389:
10384:
10377:
10372:
10370:
10362:
10357:
10350:
10345:
10338:
10334:
10330:
10325:
10318:
10317:
10312:
10308:
10303:
10296:
10293:
10289:
10284:
10282:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10249:Mediterranean
10246:
10242:
10236:
10229:
10226:
10221:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10201:
10194:
10190:
10184:
10177:
10172:
10165:
10160:
10152:
10148:
10142:
10134:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10101:
10093:
10086:
10085:
10077:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10052:
10043:
10035:
10031:
10025:
10021:
10020:
10012:
10004:
10000:
9993:
9991:
9989:
9981:
9980:Di Cosmo 2004
9976:
9974:
9965:
9961:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9946:
9938:
9930:
9926:
9920:
9918:
9911:, p. 29.
9910:
9905:
9903:
9895:
9890:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9837:
9832:
9825:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9811:
9810:Beckwith 2009
9806:
9799:
9794:
9790:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9775:
9767:
9760:
9758:
9754:
9748:
9744:
9737:
9730:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9689:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9663:
9656:
9654:
9648:
9642:
9638:
9637:
9629:
9622:
9612:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9589:"The Xiongnu"
9583:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9501:
9500:Barfield 1989
9496:
9488:
9482:
9478:
9477:
9469:
9461:
9455:
9451:
9450:
9442:
9435:
9430:
9422:
9420:9787301031919
9416:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9363:
9356:
9348:
9347:
9340:
9332:
9328:
9327:
9320:
9313:
9308:
9301:
9297:
9296:Grousset 1970
9292:
9285:
9281:
9280:Grousset 1970
9276:
9269:
9264:
9256:
9250:
9246:
9239:
9237:
9227:
9223:
9222:
9214:
9210:
9204:
9197:
9193:
9192:Grousset 1970
9188:
9180:
9174:
9171:. Routledge.
9170:
9163:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9146:
9141:
9138:Gumilev L.N.
9134:
9127:
9124:
9119:
9112:
9108:
9107:Grousset 1970
9103:
9096:
9092:
9091:Grousset 1970
9087:
9080:
9075:
9068:
9063:
9056:
9052:
9051:Grousset 1970
9047:
9039:
9035:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9020:
9012:
9005:
9001:
9000:Grousset 1970
8996:
8990:, p. 37.
8989:
8984:
8977:
8972:
8964:
8960:
8953:
8945:
8939:
8935:
8934:
8926:
8918:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8885:
8878:
8873:
8866:
8862:
8861:Grousset 1970
8857:
8849:
8838:
8837:
8829:
8821:
8811:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8788:
8780:
8770:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8747:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8712:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8690:
8686:
8679:
8671:
8667:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8652:
8644:
8636:
8630:
8623:
8622:
8614:
8606:
8596:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8581:
8573:
8565:
8555:
8549:
8545:
8544:
8536:
8528:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8509:
8501:
8499:
8490:
8479:
8478:
8470:
8462:
8452:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8429:
8427:
8412:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8389:
8387:
8378:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8353:
8345:
8337:
8327:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8312:
8304:
8296:
8286:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8271:
8263:
8261:
8252:
8246:
8242:
8241:
8233:
8225:
8221:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8198:
8190:
8184:
8180:
8179:
8171:
8163:
8159:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8136:
8128:
8124:
8123:
8116:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8094:
8091:. Renditions-
8090:
8089:
8081:
8073:
8072:
8064:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8039:
8031:
8025:
8021:
8020:
8012:
8004:
8000:
7999:The Silk Road
7993:
7986:
7984:
7975:
7971:
7965:
7957:
7951:
7947:
7946:
7938:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7904:
7897:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7883:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7836:
7829:
7824:
7820:
7819:
7811:
7804:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7770:
7763:
7758:
7750:
7744:
7736:
7730:
7722:
7716:
7709:
7708:Grousset 1970
7704:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7636:
7631:
7628:
7620:
7615:
7607:
7601:Гунны и турки
7597:
7596:
7593:
7588:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7563:
7557:
7556:Museum notice
7552:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7514:
7503:
7497:, p. 36.
7496:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7479:
7478:Di Cosmo 1999
7474:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7453:. p. 4.
7452:
7448:
7447:
7439:
7433:, p. 38.
7432:
7427:
7420:
7419:Beckwith 2009
7415:
7413:
7411:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7353:Di Cosmo 1999
7349:
7347:
7340:, p. 20.
7339:
7334:
7327:
7322:
7315:
7314:Di Cosmo 1999
7310:
7303:
7302:Di Cosmo 2002
7298:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7275:First Emperor
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7255:
7253:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7213:
7211:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7158:
7156:
7148:
7147:Di Cosmo 2002
7143:
7136:
7131:
7124:
7119:
7117:
7109:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7091:
7087:
7081:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7056:
7049:
7048:Di Cosmo 2002
7044:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6939:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6920:
6912:
6908:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6889:
6881:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6784:
6777:
6776:Harmatta 1992
6772:
6765:
6760:
6754:
6749:
6734:
6728:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6698:
6690:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6650:
6645:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6462:
6460:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6397:(1): 87–104.
6396:
6392:
6385:
6379:, p. 88.
6378:
6373:
6366:
6365:Di Cosmo 2004
6361:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6316:
6311:
6304:
6299:
6297:
6289:
6285:
6284:Harmatta 1994
6280:
6278:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6159:
6155:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5963:
5961:
5953:
5952:Beckwith 2009
5948:
5946:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5924:, p. 17.
5923:
5918:
5911:
5907:
5906:Grousset 1970
5902:
5900:
5890:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5871:
5864:
5863:Di Cosmo 2004
5859:
5845:on 2020-03-11
5844:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5822:
5818:
5816:9786054369461
5812:
5808:
5807:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5778:
5776:
5767:
5763:
5754:
5752:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5698:
5694:
5691:. Cambridge:
5690:
5683:
5681:
5672:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5653:
5645:
5639:
5631:
5625:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5598:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5571:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5518:
5514:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5474:Ordos culture
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5352:
5347:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5295:
5288:
5283:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5217:Chandman/Uyuk
5214:
5210:
5206:
5192:
5183:
5173:
5169:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5033:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4984:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4864:
4856:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Transbaikalia
4798:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4772:
4769:and southern
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4748:Transbaikalia
4745:
4741:
4740:Ordos culture
4737:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4604:". The Greek
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4563:
4558:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4431:Book of Liang
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4415:Donghu people
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4356:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:proto-Mongols
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4035:, its editor
4034:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
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3873:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3828:
3825:
3824:Central Plain
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3787:Lesser Yuezhi
3783:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3755:
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3749:
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3743:
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3735:
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3509:
3505:
3500:
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3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3422:Han (304–319)
3418:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:Fang Xuanling
3336:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3226:
3223:and then the
3222:
3221:Bing province
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3198:
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3186:
3181:
3169:
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3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:heir-apparent
3039:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2987:Four Beauties
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2923:Lake Balkhash
2920:
2919:Zhizhi Chanyu
2916:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:Qiang peoples
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:(阿熱) invaded
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:boundary wall
2554:
2550:
2546:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2337:Duan Chengshi
2334:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2317:Emperor Gaozu
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:Hexi Corridor
2295:
2291:
2290:Donghu people
2287:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:confederation
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:sent General
2213:
2212:Qin Shi Huang
2209:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:group called
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2011:
2000:Early history
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:) during the
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:Ordos culture
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1750:and Sanskrit
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:confederation
1528:
1520:
1516:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1393:Modern period
1390:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:Northern Yuan
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:Mongol Empire
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:Khamag Mongol
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1206:Xianbei state
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1001:
989:
987:
983:
972:
970:
966:
963:
959:
951:
949:
945:
942:
938:
932:
927:
925:
921:
913:
911:
907:
899:
897:
893:
890:
886:
880:
875:
873:
869:
861:
859:
855:
845:
843:
839:
831:
829:
825:
817:
815:
811:
803:
801:
797:
794:
790:
785:
781:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
738:
736:
733:
732:
724:
722:
719:
718:
710:
708:
705:
704:
696:
694:
693:Xianbei state
691:
690:
682:
680:
677:
676:
673:
667:
666:Ordos culture
664:
657:
656:
653:
650:
643:
642:
639:
636:
629:
628:
625:
624:Donghu people
622:
615:
614:
611:
608:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
576:
572:
566:
562:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
529:• 46 AD
526:
523:
520:
514:
511:
508:
502:
499:
496:
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
473:
472:confederation
470:
467:
463:
459:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
439:
435:
432:
431:
427:
423:
416:
413:
409:
405:
402:
401:
399:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
343:
341:
330:
328:
327:
317:
315:
314:
304:
302:
293:
282:
280:
279:
269:
260:
249:
238:
227:
225:
214:
205:
203:
202:
192:
190:
189:
179:
170:
168:
157:
155:
146:
137:
135:
126:
117:
106:
104:
103:
93:
91:
82:
71:
60:
51:
45:
36:
31:
24:
21:
16:
18840:
18775:Iranian Huns
18756:Hephthalites
18271:List of Huns
17954:Contemporary
17804:Indo-Persian
17792:Nazi Germany
17736:Contemporary
17638:Vijayanagara
17537:Great Seljuk
17448:Thessalonica
17376:Golden Horde
17016:Carthaginian
16929:
16795:Neo-Assyrian
16780:Neo-Sumerian
16701:China proper
16667:Central Asia
16654:
16502:Eastern Liao
16492:Western Liao
16287:
16226:
16219:
16102:
15987:Other states
15825:
15779:Wei–Zhao War
15620:
15551:Mount Khajeh
15518:Qala-i-Jangi
15498:Khair Khaneh
15403:Khair Khaneh
15310:Namazga-Tepe
15265:Anau culture
15242:Turkmenistan
15159:Tavka Kurgan
15054:Balalyk Tepe
14971:Burana Tower
14961:Aigyr-Zhal 2
14853:Issyk kurgan
14588:Kart dynasty
14583:Sufi dynasty
14573:Golden Horde
14498:Oghuz Yabgus
14473:Tang dynasty
14438:Hephthalites
14412:
14363:Uyuk culture
14268:(in Chinese)
14193:
14170:
14166:
14158:the original
14153:
14140:
14136:
14112:
14108:
14100:
14094:
14079:
14069:. Retrieved
14041:
14037:
14025:
14018:
14011:
14008:(in Russian)
14001:
13996:
13991:
13988:(in Russian)
13973:
13969:(in Russian)
13961:
13942:
13925:
13918:
13908:
13905:(in Russian)
13893:(in Russian)
13886:
13877:Orientations
13876:
13860:
13850:
13841:
13828:"Hun Empire"
13827:
13824:(in Russian)
13817:
13814:(in Russian)
13807:
13804:(in Russian)
13797:
13783:
13776:
13773:(in Russian)
13766:
13759:
13733:
13717:AuthorHouse.
13702:
13683:
13659:
13648:〈魏晋杂胡考 四 乌丸〉
13645:〈魏晋杂胡考 一 屠各〉
13612:. Retrieved
13608:the original
13583:. Retrieved
13576:the original
13571:
13553:. Retrieved
13546:the original
13528:(25): 1–27.
13525:
13521:
13502:
13498:
13458:
13454:
13445:
13441:
13394:
13388:
13374:
13353:. Retrieved
13334:
13321:
13292:
13286:
13257:
13251:
13212:
13206:
13179:
13149:
13141:
13127:
13094:
13090:
13076:. Retrieved
13054:
13035:. Retrieved
13017:
13010:"Conclusion"
12998:
12979:
12957:
12947:the original
12926:
12919:
12915:阿尔泰共同语、匈奴语探讨
12888:
12884:
12874:
12864:
12855:
12845:
12834:. Retrieved
12814:1887/3202709
12784:
12778:
12768:. Blackwell.
12765:
12753:. Retrieved
12749:the original
12718:
12708:
12697:. Retrieved
12678:
12665:
12654:. Retrieved
12641:
12638:
12625:
12603:
12587:
12567:
12542:
12538:
12533:
12524:
12512:
12505:Demattè 2006
12500:
12488:
12481:Psarras 2003
12466:Psarras 2003
12440:
12428:
12416:
12404:
12395:
12386:
12359:
12355:
12345:
12338:populations.
12336:
12298:
12294:
12284:
12241:
12235:
12225:
12213:
12201:
12189:
12164:
12160:
12150:
12105:
12101:
12091:
12058:
12054:
12048:
12036:
12024:
12003:
11997:
11983:
11977:
11965:
11953:
11941:
11905:
11901:
11891:
11855:
11851:
11841:
11830:. Retrieved
11826:the original
11810:
11803:
11792:. Retrieved
11788:the original
11772:
11765:
11756:
11752:
11739:
11728:. Retrieved
11724:the original
11708:
11701:
11688:
11670:
11660:
11650:
11641:
11631:
11617:
11610:Psarras 2003
11605:
11596:
11585:
11577:
11559:
11550:
11534:
11525:
11519:
11508:. Retrieved
11504:the original
11500:www.nl.go.kr
11499:
11488:
11479:
11468:. Retrieved
11464:the original
11452:
11441:. Retrieved
11428:
11417:. Retrieved
11398:
11378:
11371:
11360:. Retrieved
11345:
11338:
11319:
11309:
11303:(3): 87–100.
11300:
11296:
11286:
11280:Sinor (1990)
11275:
11264:. Retrieved
11249:
11242:
11231:. Retrieved
11216:
11209:
11190:
11184:
11176:. Retrieved
11161:
11154:
11143:. Retrieved
11139:the original
11134:
11125:
11100:
11093:辺防13 北狄4 突厥上
11083:
11077:(in Chinese)
11067:
11059:
11047:
11041:(in Chinese)
11031:
11024:Li Yanshou (
11020:
11014:(in Chinese)
11006:Book of Zhou
11004:
11001:Linghu Defen
10996:
10979:
10967:
10914:
10910:
10880:
10871:
10862:
10853:
10841:
10831:
10824:
10816:
10811:
10799:
10795:
10783:
10779:
10766:
10758:
10753:
10740:
10732:
10722:
10717:
10709:
10691:
10683:
10675:
10670:
10659:
10655:
10647:
10639:
10631:
10622:
10613:
10604:
10598:
10590:
10585:
10562:
10555:
10543:
10534:
10525:
10516:
10512:
10490:
10480:
10476:
10465:
10461:
10452:, "vol. 102
10449:
10445:
10426:
10422:
10383:
10360:
10356:
10348:
10344:
10332:
10324:
10315:
10306:
10302:
10291:
10268:
10244:
10235:
10224:
10220:
10208:
10205:Linghu Defen
10200:
10183:
10171:
10159:
10150:
10141:
10114:
10110:
10100:
10091:
10083:
10076:
10065:. Retrieved
10060:
10056:
10050:
10042:
10034:Google Books
10032:– via
10018:
10011:
10002:
9964:Google Books
9962:– via
9944:
9937:
9928:
9840:
9834:
9805:
9796:
9793:Google Books
9791:– via
9773:
9766:
9750:
9746:
9743:"KHALCHAYAN"
9736:
9727:
9699:
9695:
9688:
9679:
9675:
9662:
9650:
9635:
9628:
9620:
9614:, retrieved
9592:
9582:
9574:
9528:
9524:
9495:
9475:
9468:
9448:
9441:
9429:
9406:
9400:
9389:. Retrieved
9369:
9355:
9345:
9339:
9325:
9319:
9307:
9291:
9275:
9263:
9244:
9219:
9212:
9203:
9187:
9168:
9162:
9149:
9144:
9133:
9128:(in Chinese)
9122:
9118:
9102:
9086:
9074:
9062:
9046:
9038:Google Books
9036:– via
9018:
9011:
8995:
8988:Bentley 1993
8983:
8975:
8971:
8962:
8952:
8932:
8925:
8898:
8894:
8884:
8872:
8856:
8848:Google Books
8846:– via
8841:. Retrieved
8835:
8828:
8820:Google Books
8818:– via
8813:. Retrieved
8794:
8787:
8779:Google Books
8777:– via
8772:. Retrieved
8753:
8746:
8721:
8717:
8711:
8684:
8678:
8670:Google Books
8668:– via
8650:
8643:
8620:
8613:
8605:Google Books
8603:– via
8598:. Retrieved
8579:
8572:
8564:Google Books
8562:– via
8557:. Retrieved
8542:
8535:
8527:Google Books
8525:– via
8507:
8489:Google Books
8487:– via
8482:. Retrieved
8476:
8469:
8461:Google Books
8459:– via
8454:. Retrieved
8435:
8414:. Retrieved
8395:
8377:Google Books
8375:– via
8370:. Retrieved
8351:
8344:
8336:Google Books
8334:– via
8329:. Retrieved
8310:
8303:
8295:Google Books
8293:– via
8288:. Retrieved
8269:
8239:
8232:
8224:Google Books
8222:– via
8209:
8197:
8177:
8170:
8162:Google Books
8160:– via
8142:
8135:
8127:Google Books
8121:
8115:
8107:Google Books
8105:– via
8087:
8080:
8074:, p. 31
8070:
8063:
8055:
8051:
8038:
8018:
8011:
8002:
7998:
7973:
7964:
7944:
7937:
7929:
7926:Google Books
7924:– via
7910:
7903:
7894:
7891:Google Books
7881:
7874:
7865:
7862:Google Books
7860:– via
7842:
7835:
7826:
7823:Google Books
7817:
7810:
7801:
7798:Google Books
7796:– via
7779:
7769:
7757:
7743:
7729:
7715:
7703:
7671:(1): 45–61.
7668:
7664:
7640:(in Russian)
7624:(in Russian)
7611:(in Russian)
7590:
7568:
7562:
7551:
7526:
7522:
7512:
7502:
7495:Bentley 1993
7473:
7465:Google Books
7463:– via
7445:
7438:
7431:Bentley 1993
7426:
7376:
7370:
7360:
7333:
7321:
7309:
7286:
7282:
7270:
7266:
7258:
7243:
7223:
7217:
7189:
7169:
7161:
7142:
7130:
7089:
7080:
7059:
7055:
7050:, p. 2.
7043:
7030:
7018:
6997:
6993:
6980:
6972:
6960:
6956:
6946:
6926:
6919:
6911:Google Books
6909:– via
6895:
6888:
6861:
6858:"The Yuezhi"
6851:
6800:
6794:
6783:
6771:
6759:
6748:
6737:. Retrieved
6727:
6719:
6704:
6697:
6669:
6644:
6602:
6598:
6587:
6542:
6538:
6528:
6515:
6490:
6486:
6473:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6372:
6360:
6349:the original
6344:
6340:
6310:
6287:
6267:
6261:
6236:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6205:Pritsak 1959
6204:
6198:
6193:
6185:Henning 1948
6184:
6178:
6173:
6162:. Retrieved
6157:
6146:, retrieved
6126:
6117:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6060:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5972:
5917:
5877:
5870:
5858:
5847:. Retrieved
5843:the original
5838:
5829:
5821:Google Books
5819:– via
5805:
5798:
5789:
5765:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5688:
5659:
5652:
5638:
5624:
5604:
5597:
5577:
5570:
5550:
5544:
5524:
5517:
5488:
5422:prayer beads
5395:
5385:
5367:
5356:
5335:Scythian art
5328:
5316:
5268:) ancestry.
5243:
5229:
5201:
5128:
5076:
5056:
5054:
4992:
4990:
4953:
4914:
4905:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4794:
4775:
4752:
4728:Pyotr Kozlov
4725:
4701:
4690:Turkologist
4689:
4673:
4654:
4648:
4643:
4633:
4632:in his book
4609:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4542:
4536:
4526:
4522:Book of Zhou
4520:
4513:Tiele people
4510:
4502:
4477:Genghis Khan
4475:
4426:
4425:" and/or 檀檀
4418:
4400:Book of Song
4397:
4366:
4331:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4271:
4250:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4211:Book of Zhou
4209:
4203:
4164:
4160:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4099:
4089:
4086:Hyun Jin Kim
4074:Lajos Ligeti
4072:
4045:
4032:
4027:In the 1994
4026:
3996:proposed an
3987:
3946:people, the
3944:proto-Mongol
3939:
3925:
3834:
3821:
3818:Significance
3771:
3752:Tongwancheng
3750:
3730:Helian Chang
3727:
3693:
3672:
3650:
3633:Tongwancheng
3631:Remnants of
3602:Former Liang
3595:
3568:
3539:consort kins
3536:
3522:, headed by
3512:Emperor Huai
3501:
3481:
3473:
3464:
3441:
3374:
3371:
3342:
3332:
3325:
3312:
3298:
3277:
3271:
3262:
3257:, a city in
3250:
3224:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3189:
3157:Hephthalites
3126:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3031:
3003:
2991:
2983:Wang Zhaojun
2979:Emperor Yuan
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2904:
2895:Tang dynasty
2873:
2868:
2837:
2833:
2801:
2790:
2782:
2762:
2701:
2639:
2616:
2589:
2524:
2520:
2498:
2475:
2449:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2310:Yellow River
2279:
2244:
2205:
2176:
2136:
2125:
2086:Yu the Great
2068:
2064:
2055:
1936:
1920:Siwa culture
1892:Western Zhou
1889:
1877:
1873:populations.
1830:
1829:
1795:Predecessors
1761:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1680:
1648:
1640:
1622:
1556:
1551:
1514:
1512:
1472:1990–present
1376:Qing dynasty
1336:Yuan dynasty
1281:Liao dynasty
1200:209 BC–93 AD
1195:
1135:1450–1150 BC
1125:1500–1000 BC
1115:1800–1600 BC
1105:2750–1900 BC
1095:3300–2500 BC
941:Southern Min
800:Hanyu Pinyin
592:Succeeded by
591:
586:
428:
337:
325:
324:
312:
311:
300:
277:
276:
265:
221:
200:
199:
187:
186:
164:
153:
133:
101:
100:
89:
20:
15:
18877:Han dynasty
17542:Khwarezmian
17475:Carolingian
17280:Rashtrakuta
16984:Shaishunaga
16883:Hellenistic
16866:New Kingdom
16856:Old Kingdom
16474:Tarim Basin
16228:Book of Jin
16184:Murong Chui
16093:Jin dynasty
15994:Short-lived
15643:Kabul hoard
15576:Sokh snakes
15528:Surkh Kotal
15493:Haji Piyada
15468:Darra-e Kur
15433:Yemshi Tepe
15428:Tillya Tepe
15423:Tepe Fullol
15413:Tepe Narenj
15408:Tapa Sardar
15398:Fondukistan
15363:Tapa Shotor
15343:Tepe Fullol
15335:Afghanistan
15164:Toprak-Kala
15149:Shahrukhiya
15099:Kampir Tepe
15089:Itchan Kala
15044:Ancient Pap
15001:Shakh Fazil
14873:Krasnyi Yar
14777:Mogao Caves
14737:Kizil Caves
14673:Archaeology
14538:Farighunids
14493:Turk Shahis
14433:Alchon Huns
14190:中国古代北方民族文化史
14115:(1): 1–43.
14002:Turcologica
13994:и Алтайцы.
13957:(in French)
13943:Transoxiana
13857:(in German)
13522:Early China
13299:: 429–440.
13264:: 272–281.
13219:: 247–260.
13050:Dani, A. H.
12929:] (2).
12791:: 369–373.
12569:Book of Han
12468:, p. .
12445:Bunker 2002
12433:Bunker 2002
12421:Bunker 2002
12409:Bunker 2002
12362:(1): 1–11.
11759:(1): 34–43.
11685:寧夏同心倒墩子匈奴墓地
11560:Les nomades
11541:, pp.
11197:Siret River
11069:Book of Sui
10790:livestock."
10737:Xue Juzheng
10648:Book of Wei
10632:Early China
10607:. p. .
10548:Bunker 2002
10519:(1–2): 105.
10427:Xin Tangshu
10407:various Xia
10392:Book of Wei
10376:Golden 1992
10307:Xin Tangshu
10269:Gök-Türkler
10164:Bunker 2002
9909:Bunker 2002
9502:, p. .
9298:, pp.
9282:, pp.
9221:Book of Jin
9123:Book of Wei
9079:Bunker 2002
9053:, pp.
9002:, pp.
8879:, p. .
8759:Grove Press
8316:Grove Press
7710:, p. .
7232:Mount Chang
7135:Bunker 2002
6605:: 216–228.
6303:Bailey 1985
5993:Hucker 1975
5908:, pp.
5728:(1): 1–21.
5398:Book of Han
5120:Han Chinese
4763:Ashina clan
4714:Archaeology
4538:Book of Sui
4439:Book of Sui
4408:Book of Wei
4294:Book of Jin
4284:Book of Wei
4167:E.H. Parker
4031:-published
3859:Old Chinese
3738:Western Qin
3734:Helian Ding
3711:Xia dynasty
3587:Former Zhao
3575:Modu Chanyu
3524:Emperor Min
3478:Han dynasty
3452:Western Jin
3348:Book of Jin
3185:Eastern Han
3168:Han Dynasty
3153:Transoxania
3135:(悅般), near
3128:Book of Wei
3006:Xin Dynasty
2938:characters.
2817:Gobi Desert
2785:Emperor Wen
2765:Han dynasty
2757:Han dynasty
2719:Han dynasty
2673:Han Chinese
2659:Chanyu and
2612:Emperor Wen
2513: [
2490:Modu Chanyu
2332:Book of Han
2282:Modu Chanyu
2251:Modu Chanyu
2247:Qin dynasty
2191:Qin dynasty
2108:; however,
2057:Western Han
2031:Saksanokhur
1964:and nearby
1890:During the
1708:Old Chinese
1692:Old Chinese
1595:Han dynasty
1548:Modu Chanyu
1155:1100–300 BC
1145:1400–700 BC
1081:Prehistoric
962:Old Chinese
679:Han dynasty
587:Preceded by
18856:Categories
18795:White Huns
18659:Hunnic art
18485:Thraustila
18435:Laudaricus
18112:Portuguese
17993:Revival Le
17983:Vietnamese
17626:Later Tran
17596:Vietnamese
17492:Singhasari
17480:Holy Roman
17104:Bulgarian
17040:Satavahana
17011:Phoenician
16947:Achaemenid
16908:Indo-Greek
16888:Macedonian
16802:Babylonian
16706:Sinosphere
16608:Lifan Yuan
16507:Later Liao
16271:Inner Asia
15523:Rag-i-Bibi
15348:Ai-Khanoum
15280:Gonur Depe
15275:Dev-Kesken
15212:Kafir-kala
15202:Ajina tepe
15184:Tajikistan
15144:Sarmishsay
15129:Kyzyl-Kala
15109:Khalchayan
15094:Kafir-kala
15074:Fayaz Tepe
15059:Burchmulla
15021:Uzbekistan
15011:Tash Rabat
14986:Manas Ordo
14953:Kyrgyzstan
14840:Kazakhstan
14543:Ghaznavids
14448:Ustrushana
14443:Tocharians
14373:Massagetae
14173:(1): 3–26.
14071:2022-04-06
13642:Chapters:
13624:《魏晋南北朝史论丛》
13614:2007-07-31
13585:2021-12-27
13555:2017-12-01
13505:: 499–531.
13461:: 55–236.
13355:2015-02-18
13217:Cell Press
13078:2015-05-29
13037:2015-05-29
12923:语言与翻译（汉文版）
12836:2020-04-11
12755:2021-12-27
12699:2015-05-30
12656:2015-05-30
12161:Inner Asia
12016:Xibu kaogu
12008:(Journal:
12006:: 252–290.
12004:Xibu Kaogu
11852:Inner Asia
11832:2012-12-13
11794:2012-12-13
11730:2012-12-13
11510:2019-04-15
11470:2016-09-25
11443:2016-09-25
11419:2016-09-25
11404:Cho Gab-je
11362:2011-09-09
11266:2013-06-15
11233:2013-02-09
11178:2013-08-28
11145:2014-06-21
10067:2022-04-06
9753:Khalchayan
9653:Khalchayan
9616:2024-02-29
9407:《魏晋南北朝史论集》
9391:2008-08-18
9194:, p.
9109:, p.
9093:, p.
8877:Loewe 1974
8863:, p.
8843:2011-04-17
8815:2011-04-17
8774:2011-04-17
8600:2012-02-08
8594:9004141294
8559:2012-02-08
8484:2011-04-17
8456:2011-04-17
8416:2011-04-17
8372:2011-04-17
8331:2011-04-17
8290:2011-04-17
8188:0231081677
7269:，悉收河南地。……
7086:"Li Mu 李牧"
6739:2019-03-05
6679:63 note 40
6164:2023-04-01
6148:2023-04-01
5849:2015-07-25
5790:ytenx.org
5766:ytenx.org
5722:Asia Major
5504:References
5410:horse meat
5320:Maoqinggou
5309:-inspired
5250:Slab Grave
5232:Ulaanzuukh
5227:profiles.
5225:Slab Grave
5221:Ulaanzuukh
5213:Baikal EBA
5198:component.
5182:Baikal EBA
5151:Slab-grave
5112:Slab Grave
5108:Ulaanzuukh
5100:Slab Grave
5096:Ulaanzuukh
5064:East Asian
4981:Jie people
4909:Slab Grave
4868:Slab Grave
4823:See also:
4744:Sinologist
4348:See also:
4326:Old Turkic
4298:Former Yan
4143:See also:
4128:Ket people
4055:See also:
3962:See also:
3861:(318 BCE):
3844:See also:
3800:Tiantishan
3685:Ordos Loop
3591:Later Zhao
3456:Great Wall
3401:Later Zhao
3385:Helian Xia
3074:See also:
2828:Huo Qubing
2812:Huo Qubing
2797:Emperor Wu
2773:Zhang Qian
2697:Zhang Qian
2681:Li Guangli
2456:Ordos Loop
2443:District,
2394:Tuqi Kings
2366:See also:
2226:, forcing
2224:Ordos loop
2110:sinologist
2078: 100
2059:historian
1988:and early
1974:Ordos Loop
1962:Kazakhstan
1954:permafrost
1815:Afanasievo
1788:See also:
1766:Ongi River
1629:Sarmatians
1618:Helian Xia
1175:600–300 BC
1165:700–300 BC
986:Zhengzhang
842:Wade–Giles
721:Tocharians
465:Government
456:Demonym(s)
365:Kyrgyzstan
361:Kazakhstan
313:Sarmatians
18780:Kidarites
18638:Vadamerca
18570:Diplomats
18561:Ultzindur
18556:Onegesius
18551:Oebarsius
18370:Ambazuces
18329:Dengizich
18105:Couronian
17743:Ethiopian
17731:Manchukuo
17686:Brazilian
17532:Ghaznavid
17502:Srivijaya
17453:Trebizond
17438:Byzantine
17420:North Sea
17415:Norwegian
17403:Almoravid
17386:Ilkhanate
17356:Majapahit
17329:Muromachi
17238:Solomonic
17223:Ethiopian
17137:Caliphate
17070:Aragonese
16898:Ptolemaic
16620:Manchuria
16573:Manchuria
16530:Manchuria
16199:Tuoba Tao
16194:Tuoba Gui
16179:Wang Meng
15569:Artifacts
15443:Aq Kupruk
15393:Mes Aynak
15325:Ulug Depe
15260:Altyndepe
15207:Cyropolis
15197:Penjikent
15169:Varakhsha
15104:Kara Tepe
15049:Ayaz-Kala
15039:Akhsikath
15029:Afrasiyab
14976:Issyk-Kul
14966:Balasagun
14812:Beshbalik
14689:Sintashta
14649:Silk Road
14578:Ilkhanate
14533:Ma'munids
14428:Kidarites
13951:1666-7050
13686:. Brill.
13542:162159081
13483:156676644
13401:: 16569.
13397:(16569).
13168:928730707
13119:161867825
12943:123501525
12935:1001-0823
12738:819761397
12600:Sima Qian
12378:2770-5005
12315:0092-8674
12276:249050620
12181:2210-5018
12083:220881540
11932:246508594
11924:2692-7691
11882:165623743
11874:1464-8172
11091:(1988).
11064:Wei Zheng
10931:0092-8674
10591:Mongolica
10329:Wei Zheng
10311:vol. 215A
10273:Etsin-Gol
10265:Byzantium
10176:Wink 2002
10133:2673-9461
10094:(Thesis).
9883:218935871
9749:. Brill.
9716:0004-3958
9553:2375-2548
9434:Tang 2010
9378:1873-3042
9312:Tang 2010
9268:Tang 2010
8917:251690411
8901:(1): 52.
8703:182731462
7896:princess.
7784:Routledge
7695:145078285
7401:165092308
7393:0003-598X
7372:Antiquity
7279:Meng Tian
7240:Shangdang
7182:Zhongshan
6996:: 35–39.
6969:0917-1614
6825:2041-1723
6803:: 14615.
6635:210787385
6627:1040-6182
6561:0036-8075
6499:0008-9192
6466:Geng 2005
6450:165893686
6377:Adas 2001
6143:243720017
6109:2058-4571
6057:218935871
5969:"Xiongnu"
5910:19, 26–27
5734:0004-4482
5509:Citations
5496:in AD 14.
5494:Wang Mang
5172:Sintashta
5166:), while
5116:Sarmatian
5092:Mongolian
5049:Sarmatian
5030:culture (
4956:Egiin Gol
4624:Byzantine
4602:Scythians
4580:Pingliang
4481:Qiu Chuji
4451:Mongolic-
4393:ethnicity
4389:dynasties
4361:reindeers
4255:Pingliang
4132:Samoyedic
3891:*hɨoŋ-nuo
3715:Guanzhong
3703:Later Qin
3598:Guanzhong
3319:brother,
3317:Yufuluo's
3305:Huchuquan
3303:detained
3294:Yuan Shao
3267:Huchuquan
3247:Dong Zhuo
3026:Stockholm
2995:Chen Tang
2948:Han China
2942:In 53 BC
2911:Woyanqudi
2878:Silk Road
2631:Shangdang
2580:Frankfort
2502:Pingcheng
2492:. At the
2450:North of
2447:in 2017.
2437:Mongolian
2380:, in the
2306:skull cup
2216:Meng Tian
2121:Hu people
2117:Hu people
2061:Sima Qian
2039:Francfort
1956:, in the
1932:Qin state
1865:from the
1770:Mongolian
1671:Yeniseian
1567:East Asia
1452:1924–1992
1442:1921–1924
1425:1919–1921
1415:1911–1919
1380:1691–1911
1370:1634–1757
1360:1399–1634
1350:1368–1635
1340:1271–1368
1330:1206–1368
1320:1130–1206
1251:Xueyantuo
1060:Geography
902:Hūng-nòuh
849:Hsiung-nu
548:Antiquity
534:Wudadihou
441:Shamanism
437:Religion
412:Arkhangai
377:Manchuria
134:Korgantas
69:BACTRIANS
18800:Xionites
18762:Cadiseni
18577:Berichus
18531:Emnetzur
18519:Noblemen
18460:Sanoeces
18455:Ragnaris
18425:Hormidac
18415:Elmingir
18405:Chelchal
18400:Chalazar
18339:Zilgibis
18304:Charaton
18289:Balamber
18085:Japanese
18048:Scottish
18028:American
18020:Colonial
17949:Imperial
17917:Moroccan
17853:Japanese
17831:Afsharid
17690:Burmese
17676:Austrian
17631:Later Le
17606:Early Le
17591:Venetian
17517:Tiwanaku
17430:Hellenic
17393:Moroccan
17324:Kamakura
17314:Japanese
17297:Saffarid
17250:Georgian
17164:Chalukya
17142:Rashidun
17132:Calakmul
17100:Bruneian
16979:Haryanka
16957:Sasanian
16952:Parthian
16903:Bactrian
16893:Seleucid
16873:Goguryeo
16851:Egyptian
16785:Assyrian
16775:Akkadian
16766:Colonies
16635:Xinjiang
16625:Mongolia
16601:genocide
16535:Mongolia
16370:Chagatai
16303:Göktürks
16189:Yao Xing
16169:Huan Wen
16149:Liu Cong
16144:Liu Yuan
16128:Goguryeo
16123:Dingling
16086:Involved
15503:Mundigak
15483:Firozkoh
15373:Shotorak
15192:Bunjikat
15084:Hazorasp
14908:Shilikty
14898:Boralday
14822:Mongolia
14757:Dunhuang
14528:Samanids
14458:Farghana
14311:Polities
14066:13217908
14058:18373723
13978:Archived
13513:(2000).
13493:(1994).
13475:40727370
13448:: 27–34.
13433:31719606
13373:(2000),
13332:(1973).
13313:20091844
13278:16596591
13243:12858290
13178:(2006).
12831:13670282
12823:29743675
12787:(7705).
12636:(1985).
12610:vol. 110
12602:et al.,
12586:et al.,
12566:et al.,
12543:Buddhism
12333:33157037
12268:35617951
12142:33157037
12075:32734383
11992:; 2041F)
11558:(2007).
11102:Tongdian
11074:Vol. 84.
11066:et al.,
11038:Vol. 99.
11011:Vol. 50.
11003:et al.,
10949:33157037
10746:vol. 137
10660:Liangshu
10644:Wei Shou
10496:Vol. 200
10434:Yuan Wei
10411:Dingling
10390:et al.,
10388:Wei Shou
10331:et al.,
10295:vol. 197
10292:Tongdian
10261:Kuku-nor
10259:Seas to
10207:et al.,
10063:. Kraków
10003:Academia
9945:The Huns
9875:35663512
9724:26358181
9702:: 3–32.
9571:37058560
9562:10104459
9382:Archived
9211:(1958).
9169:The Huns
9154:Archived
9140:"Ch. 15"
9126:Vol. 102
8046:(2020).
7762:Yap 2009
7595:Citing:
7517:Scroll 8
7230:: "From
7178:Lou Huan
6988:(2020).
6843:28256537
6579:31488661
6545:(6457).
6403:41928223
6049:35663512
5977:Archived
5742:41649858
5459:Ban Yong
5428:See also
5324:Xigoupan
5266:Chandman
5157:origin (
5104:Chandman
5084:Chandman
5032:Chandman
5019:Khövsgöl
4819:Genetics
4789:Noin-Ula
4708:mortuary
4680:Koreanic
4544:Tongdian
4541:and the
4525:and the
4467:Göktürks
4304:(Ch. 賀賴
4234:Göktürks
4223:Tongdian
4199:Dingling
4010:Scythian
3984:figures.
3878:*hɨoŋ-nɑ
3812:Gaochang
3796:Buddhism
3774:Lushuihu
3768:Lushuihu
3695:Liu Bobo
3691:in 392.
3583:Han-Zhao
3579:Liu Cong
3555:Jin Zhun
3528:Jiankang
3520:Chang'an
3504:Liu Cong
3466:Liu Yuan
3417:Han-Zhao
3393:Lushuihu
3381:Han-Zhao
3255:Pingyang
3217:Xiuchuge
3147:towards
3097:Liaodong
2907:tanistry
2882:Gan Ying
2870:Ban Chao
2808:Wei Qing
2735:Chang'an
2723:Li Guang
2721:general
2675:General
2669:Qiedihou
2665:Zhao Xin
2661:Yizhixie
2650:Laoshang
2635:Yunzhong
2623:Chang'an
2523:(called
2510:Liu Jing
2404:and the
2286:Dingling
2187:Shaanbei
2141:and the
2065:liezhuan
1990:Iron Age
1976:(modern
1966:Mongolia
1951:Siberian
1943:Scythian
1912:Quanrong
1908:Shanrong
1778:Mongolia
1774:Онги гол
1706:in Late
1696:xiuoŋ-na
1663:Mongolic
1610:Han-Zhao
1587:Xinjiang
1285:907–1125
1226:Göktürks
1070:Religion
1065:Language
1055:Politics
1045:Nobility
1030:Timeline
992:qʰoŋ.na:
977:qʰoŋ.nˤa
954:Hing-lôo
916:Hung-nou
910:Jyutping
864:Syong-nú
834:Shiongnu
814:Bopomofo
522:Laoshang
449:Buddhism
445:Tengrism
381:Xinjiang
367:, south
357:Mongolia
234:SELEUCID
18862:Xiongnu
18841:Xiongnu
18751:Alchons
18652:Culture
18613:Donatus
18592:Scottas
18546:Mundzuk
18490:Tuldila
18480:Tarrach
18475:Sunicas
18465:Sigizan
18445:Odolgan
18430:Kursich
18365:Althias
18360:Alathar
18254:History
18152:largest
18147:Empires
18127:Swedish
18122:Spanish
18117:Russian
18080:Italian
18055:Chinese
18043:English
18038:British
18033:Belgian
18008:Vietnam
17998:Tay son
17944:Tsarist
17939:Russian
17934:Ottoman
17900:Dzungar
17895:Khoshut
17868:Mexican
17863:Maratha
17846:Pahlavi
17826:Safavid
17821:Iranian
17748:Haitian
17711:Chinese
17671:Ashanti
17643:Wagadou
17569:Eastern
17564:Western
17547:Timurid
17507:Tibetan
17497:Songhai
17487:Serbian
17408:Almohad
17398:Idrisid
17302:Samanid
17292:Tahirid
17287:Iranian
17265:Kannauj
17245:Genoese
17181:Chinese
17174:Eastern
17169:Western
17157:Fatimid
17152:Abbasid
17147:Umayyad
17120:Burmese
17080:Ayyubid
17075:Angevin
17045:Xianbei
17033:Eastern
17028:Western
16974:Magadha
16937:Iranian
16930:Xiongnu
16915:Hittite
16824:Chinese
16812:Kassite
16761:Ancient
16753:Empires
16679:Tartary
16469:Beiting
16384:Dzungar
16379:Timurid
16330:Tibetan
16293:Xianbei
16288:Xiongnu
16174:Fu Jian
16164:Ran Min
16113:Xianbei
16103:Xiongnu
15900:Xianbei
15826:Xiongnu
15757:History
15448:Asqalan
15383:Bimaran
15378:Paitava
15320:Togolok
15255:Abiward
15139:Poykent
15124:Koktepe
14991:Navekat
14868:Kerderi
14858:Jankent
14807:Kashgar
14782:Tumshuq
14727:Bulayïq
14637:Culture
14453:Khuttal
14413:Xiongnu
13734:Xiongnu
13424:6851379
13403:Bibcode
13234:1180365
13016:(ed.).
12905:2718006
12793:Bibcode
12608:, esp.
12594:vol. 89
12592:, esp.
12553:Sources
12324:7664836
12246:Bibcode
12133:7664836
11655:82–100.
11089:Du, You
10940:7664836
10739:et al.
10690:et al.
10663:Vol. 54
10634:. p. 20
10593:, pp.40
10415:Uyghurs
10349:Zhoushu
10337:vol. 84
10253:Caspian
10213:vol. 50
10209:Zhoushu
9866:7612788
9843:(E20).
9757:Sampula
9751:About "
9533:Bibcode
9333:: China
9230:Vol. 97
8976:Han Shu
7687:2055601
7287:Xiongnu
7180::) Now
6834:5337992
6805:Bibcode
6607:Bibcode
6570:6822619
6539:Science
6288:shan-yü
6040:7612788
5418:Khitans
5414:Xianbei
5351:Xianbei
5307:nomadic
5272:Culture
5240:Xianbei
5195:
5186:
5177:
5163:
5135:Göktürk
5124:Mongols
5036:
5023:
5014:
4949:E1b1b1a
4892:D4b2b2b
4771:Siberia
4759:kurgans
4651:Uyghurs
4640:Magyars
4620:Τουρκία
4611:Tourkia
4606:cognate
4578:) from
4463:Kumo Xi
4447:Khitans
4406:, whom
4404:Rourans
4402:", the
4385:Xianbei
4377:Mongols
4338:Khitans
4334:Kumo Xi
4090:Jin Shu
4002:Iranian
3998:Iranian
3990:Sogdian
3978:Bactria
3865:*hoŋ-nâ
3742:Tuyuhun
3683:in the
3665:Xianbei
3645:Shaanxi
3610:Luoyang
3606:Chouchi
3571:Liu Yao
3559:Liu Yao
3543:eunuchs
3530:as the
3508:Luoyang
3489:Xianbei
3474:chanyus
3448:Cao Wei
3444:Liu Bao
3356:Xianzhi
3301:Cao Cao
3290:Cao Cao
3284:of the
3239:Luoyang
3229:Yufuluo
3120:Xianbei
3105:Xianbei
2944:Huhanye
2915:Huhanye
2890:Luoyang
2856:Lop Nor
2804:cavalry
2793:at Mayi
2715:Li Ling
2709:of the
2707:khagans
2677:Li Ling
2657:Junchen
2531:Chinese
2482:Taiyuan
2433:Chinese
2351:Han shu
2296:in the
2139:Xianyun
2082:Chunwei
1924:Haojing
1900:Guifang
1896:Xianyun
1818:culture
1784:History
1732:hɨoŋ-nɑ
1712:hɨoŋ-nɑ
1659:Iranian
1645:cognate
1643:may be
1641:Xiongnu
1575:Siberia
1563:steppes
1519:Chinese
1515:Xiongnu
1275:744–840
1265:647–682
1255:628–646
1245:682–744
1243:555–630
1234:Eastern
1220:330–555
1196:Xiongnu
1050:Culture
820:ㄒㄩㄥ ㄋㄨˊ
806:Xiōngnú
770:Chinese
760:Xiongnu
460:Xiongnu
430:various
397:Capital
369:Siberia
363:, east
359:, east
267:XIONGNU
258:DYNASTY
224:culture
167:culture
154:SABEANS
27:Xiongnu
18628:Ildico
18608:Adamis
18536:Gordas
18526:Atakam
18510:Zolban
18505:Uldach
18500:Tyranx
18495:Turgun
18470:Simmas
18450:Optila
18440:Mundus
18395:Bochas
18390:Basich
18375:Apsich
18319:Attila
18309:Rugila
18281:Rulers
18090:Mongol
18075:German
18070:French
18060:Danish
18003:Dainam
17978:Tongan
17966:Somali
17961:Sokoto
17927:'Alawi
17905:Kalmyk
17885:Mongol
17878:Second
17858:Korean
17809:Mughal
17799:Indian
17782:German
17775:Second
17765:French
17758:Second
17694:Second
17666:Afghan
17658:Modern
17584:Kyrgyz
17579:Uighur
17574:Second
17554:Turkic
17522:Toltec
17458:Epirus
17443:Nicaea
17366:Mongol
17319:Yamato
17255:Huetar
17113:Second
17050:Rouran
16999:Shunga
16994:Maurya
16969:Kushan
16942:Median
16920:Hunnic
16878:Harsha
16350:Mongol
16345:Kyrgyz
16340:Uyghur
16298:Rouran
16204:Liu Yu
16159:Shi Hu
16154:Shi Le
16056:States
16035:Tribes
15513:Nagara
15285:Jeitun
15217:Sarazm
14903:Sawran
14848:Begash
14802:Khotan
14797:Loulan
14408:Yuezhi
14200:
14181:
14086:
14064:
14056:
13949:
13834:
13731:about
13709:
13690:
13671:
13634:
13540:
13481:
13473:
13431:
13421:
13346:
13311:
13276:
13241:
13231:
13190:
13166:
13156:
13134:
13117:
13111:608717
13109:
13069:
13063:UNESCO
13028:
13022:UNESCO
12987:
12966:
12941:
12933:
12903:
12829:
12821:
12780:Nature
12736:
12726:
12690:
12651:312539
12649:
12584:Fan Ye
12578:part 2
12574:part 1
12564:Ban Gu
12376:
12331:
12321:
12313:
12274:
12266:
12179:
12140:
12130:
12081:
12073:
11990:p. 235
11930:
11922:
11880:
11872:
11818:
11780:
11716:
11636:1996).
11570:
11386:
11353:
11326:
11257:
11224:
11169:
11113:
10987:
10947:
10937:
10929:
10688:Liu Xu
10573:
10466:Jinshu
10450:Weishu
10405:. The
10361:Beishi
10333:Suishu
10288:Du You
10225:Beishi
10131:
10111:Humans
10026:
9956:
9881:
9873:
9863:
9785:
9722:
9714:
9643:
9607:
9569:
9559:
9551:
9483:
9456:
9417:
9376:
9251:
9213:Jìnshū
9175:
9030:
8940:
8915:
8806:
8765:
8738:605932
8736:
8701:
8691:
8662:
8631:
8591:
8550:
8519:
8447:
8407:
8363:
8322:
8281:
8247:
8216:
8185:
8154:
8099:
8026:
8005:: 191.
7952:
7918:
7854:
7790:
7693:
7685:
7583:
7543:606008
7541:
7457:
7399:
7391:
7244:Donghu
7194:Loufan
7034:Shiji
6967:
6934:
6903:
6876:
6841:
6831:
6823:
6712:
6685:
6633:
6625:
6577:
6567:
6559:
6505:
6497:
6493:: 41.
6448:
6440:
6401:
6252:
6141:
6107:
6055:
6047:
6037:
5885:
5813:
5740:
5732:
5699:
5667:
5612:
5585:
5558:
5532:
5416:, and
5406:mutton
5402:Tengri
5373:Shanyu
5287:Ibexes
5245:chanyu
5058:Nature
4976:Barkol
4968:C-M217
4966:, and
4964:Q-M242
4937:O3a3b2
4894:. and
4876:D4b2b4
4843:, and
4797:Ivolga
4656:Weishu
4586:; see
4572::
4570:pinyin
4564::
4551::
4533:Ashina
4531:, the
4459:Donghu
4427:Tántán
4273:Weishu
4238:Ashina
4232:, the
4185:, and
4110:kaghan
4102:tarqan
4029:UNESCO
4018:Sogdia
3982:Yuezhi
3948:Rouran
3721:after
3677:Liu Hu
3669:Wuhuan
3547:Shi Le
3493:Wuhuan
3397:Shi Le
3364:Chisha
3354:(屠各),
3333:chanyu
3328:Luanti
3313:chanyu
3278:chanyu
3263:chanyu
3259:Shanxi
3251:chanyu
3249:. The
3243:He Jin
3225:chanyu
3209:chanyu
3193:chanyu
3149:Kangju
3133:Yueban
3113:chanyu
3101:Wuhuan
3090:Chanyu
3082:Orkhon
3060:chanyu
3050:chanyu
3046:chanyu
3010:Wuhuan
2975:Shanxi
2960:Chanyu
2956:Chanyu
2952:Chanyu
2844:Dayuan
2791:chanyu
2689:Hulugu
2653:Chanyu
2646:Chanyu
2627:Anding
2602:widow
2533::
2521:chanyu
2506:
2452:Shanxi
2441:Ulziit
2435:: 龍城;
2429:Otuken
2417:shanyu
2413:chanyu
2402:danghu
2390:Chanyu
2368:Chanyu
2355:Shanyu
2294:Yuezhi
2240:Chanyu
2228:Touman
2208:Touman
2179:Xirong
2143:Xirong
2128:people
2090:Huaxia
1994:Yuezhi
1986:Bronze
1904:Xirong
1861:Early
1837:Asians
1736:hoŋ-nâ
1734:< *
1704:hoŋ-nâ
1700:qhoŋna
1667:Uralic
1655:Turkic
1559:Yuezhi
1521::
1236:, and
1210:93–234
1083:period
1040:Rulers
1035:States
948:Tâi-lô
638:Yuezhi
498:Touman
483:
479:Chanyu
469:Tribal
404:Otuken
289:PTOLE-
278:Khotan
247:EMPIRE
245:MAURYA
236:EMPIRE
144:YUEZHI
115:GREEKS
90:Sargat
18785:Nezak
18770:Hunas
18643:Zerco
18633:Kreka
18618:Eskam
18587:Eslas
18582:Edeko
18541:Mamas
18410:Cours
18385:Ascum
18380:Ascan
18355:Aigan
18334:Ernak
18324:Ellac
18314:Bleda
18299:Octar
18294:Uldin
18140:Lists
18095:Omani
18065:Dutch
17971:Isaaq
17922:Saadi
17890:Oirat
17873:First
17841:Qajar
17770:First
17753:First
17726:China
17699:Third
17559:First
17512:Tikal
17463:Morea
17433:Roman
17351:Latin
17346:Khmer
17341:Kanem
17307:Buyid
17233:Zagwe
17228:Aksum
17218:Chola
17125:First
17108:First
17095:Bornu
17090:Benin
17085:Aztec
17023:Roman
17004:Gupta
16989:Nanda
16925:White
16630:Tibet
16613:Amban
16578:Tibet
16540:Tibet
16355:Tatar
16108:Qiang
16042:Yuwen
15938:Qiang
15358:Hadda
15114:Khiva
15006:Suyab
14996:Özgön
14933:Urpek
14918:Sumbe
14883:Otrar
14772:Rawak
14762:Miran
14732:Kucha
14192:[
14133:(PDF)
14062:S2CID
13579:(PDF)
13568:(PDF)
13549:(PDF)
13538:S2CID
13518:(PDF)
13479:S2CID
13471:JSTOR
13295:(3).
13260:(2).
13215:(2).
13184:Brill
13115:S2CID
13107:JSTOR
13059:(PDF)
13012:. In
12925:[
12901:JSTOR
12827:S2CID
12647:JSTOR
12642:, VII
12272:S2CID
12079:S2CID
11928:S2CID
11878:S2CID
11749:(PDF)
11665:6–17.
11545:–371.
11528:: 47.
11099:[
10850:(JPG)
10784:Shiji
10567:(PDF)
10438:Tiele
10403:Chile
10088:(PDF)
10051:qaγan
9879:S2CID
9720:JSTOR
9385:(PDF)
9366:(PDF)
9300:57–58
9284:56–57
9218:[
9148:[
9055:37–38
9004:42–47
8913:S2CID
8734:JSTOR
8656:BRILL
8625:(PDF)
8585:BRILL
8208:[
7995:(PDF)
7848:BRILL
7691:S2CID
7683:JSTOR
7539:JSTOR
7511:from
7397:S2CID
7259:Shiji
7162:Shiji
7069:Li Mu
7061:Shiji
6675:45–46
6631:S2CID
6503:JSTOR
6483:(PDF)
6446:S2CID
6438:JSTOR
6399:JSTOR
6352:(PDF)
6337:(PDF)
6139:S2CID
6053:S2CID
5738:JSTOR
5480:Notes
4880:N9a2a
4649:Some
4644:topos
4616:Greek
4594:Avars
4589:Wu Hu
4575:zá hú
4471:Tiele
4423:Tatar
4419:Dàtán
4324:) in
4312:~ 曷剌
4310:Helan
4308:~ 賀蘭
4306:Helai
4263:China
4155:kulan
4114:tɨŋVr
4106:tegin
4094:Vovin
3804:Mogao
3791:Qiang
3782:Gansu
3701:-led
3699:Qiang
3657:Qubei
3653:Tiefu
3483:heqin
3470:Chuge
3368:Helai
3360:Chile
3352:Chuge
3321:Qubei
3234:持至尸逐侯
3213:Hebei
3141:Wusun
3137:Kucha
3053:'
2886:Daqin
2852:Ordos
2693:Su Wu
2596:Modun
2576:Ordos
2526:heqin
2517:]
2478:siege
2472:Heqin
2460:Gansu
2302:Gansu
2218:on a
2148:Shang
1982:China
1776:) in
1762:Xoŋai
1625:Sakas
1583:Gansu
1230:First
652:Sakas
389:Gansu
373:China
326:Alans
301:MEROË
212:WUSUN
201:Sagly
188:Tagar
165:Ordos
124:SAKAS
113:INDO-
102:Shule
67:GRECO
18673:Wars
18420:Glom
18247:Huns
17910:Bogd
17836:Zand
17814:Sikh
17721:Qing
17716:Ming
17648:Wari
17616:Tran
17601:Dinh
17371:Yuan
17361:Mali
17270:Pala
17260:Inca
17211:Yuan
17201:Song
17196:Liao
17191:Tang
16964:Kush
16846:Dʿmt
16588:Qing
16555:Ming
16517:Yuan
16484:Liao
16442:Tang
16335:Zubu
16047:Duan
15538:Iran
15315:Nisa
15300:Merv
15270:Anau
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