Military justice - Knowledge

2210:. The military jurisdiction encompasses all military persons: conscripts, students training for a paid military position, females serving voluntarily and paid military personnel. However, military chaplains are outside the criminal military jurisdiction. Reservists belong to the military jurisdiction when activated voluntarily or involuntarily. The military jurisdiction starts from the moment when a person reports to duty or was liable to report to duty and lasts to the moment when the person has been discharged from service and, in case of conscripts and involuntarily activated reservists, has also left the military area. During wartime, also civilians serving in the Defence Forces or in civilian institutions that have been put under the direction of Defence Forces are under military jurisdiction. Enemy 68: 2465:

be administratively suspended for a period of one to six months. Similarly to state military servants, persons serving in a deployed force on an international mission may be administratively dismissed by the commander of the Finnish contingent. A conscript or a reservist cannot be dismissed but their service can be suspended by the brigade commander if they are suspected of having committed a crime which shows that they may endanger the safety of others. Following this, the person may be declared permanently unfit for duty by the Defence Forces regional office for safety and security reasons.

4641: 4655: 2190: 3001:. N.b Members of a Finnish contingent in a crisis management mission are not considered state military servants unless they hold that position in a domestically serving unit. (Most members do not, but will return to civilian employment after the tour of duty.) Instead, they have a special service relationship to the state, thus necessitating differentiation between state military servants and crisis management personnel. 2789:, bribery, intimidation, misuse of assets, failure to supervise, dereliction of duty, conduct unbecoming, and refusal to obey a lawful order. It also includes ordinary crimes, but perhaps with different standards of proof and punishment than for civilians, on the grounds that more is expected of military personnel by their oaths of office. Many of the terms used date back to the era during which the code was written. 2335:. If the Defence Command requires the use of the most invasive investigative measures (e.g. wiretaps, use of deep cover agents or computer intrusion) they may either request the police to conduct the measure or hand over the case to the police, as agreed between the investigator and the competent policeman. If the police considers it necessary, they may always take the case over, however. 2447:) in addition to other punishments, if they are convicted of a military or a civilian crime for more than two years in prison and there are no special grounds for leniency. If the sentence is a life sentence, dismissal is mandatory. The court may also sentence dismissal with a shorter prison sentence if the crime shows that the person is unsuitable for state employment. 2469:

crimes in chapters 11 and 12 of the Penal Code, e.g. espionage, high treason and related crimes), shall be sentenced to lose their military rank also. Thus, not only active military persons but also retired personnel, reservists and persons who are too old to belong to reserve may lose their military ranks for crimes of civilian nature.

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regulation fulfils the indicia of the "service crime". The legislator has purposefully given the military superiors the legal tools by which to maintain discipline by punishing even the slight appearances of bad conduct if they feel it necessary. On the other hand, handing out unofficial punishments is discouraged in the extreme.

2581:, Navy Act and Air Force Act. These laws define the statutory provisions as applicable to men and women in uniform. All these three Acts are available on search from the official website. There are certain para military forces in India too who have laws akin to the ones applicable to defence services. This includes the 3044:

This is, nonetheless, well founded, for practical experience has demonstrated that especially in a military community, measures taken as early as possible to curtail phenomena endangering discipline and order, however slight they may seem, are an efficient way to minimize the number of more serious crimes.

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peacetime, a sentence of disciplinary punishment or up to one year in prison. During wartime, it carries a mandatory prison sentence of not more than four years, and, if the crime caused a particularly immediate danger to the unit, a mandatory minimum of one year, with a maximum sentence of ten years.

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completed the harmonisation of service law, and took full effect on 1 November 2009. Guidance about its application and related matters are provided in the Manual of Service Law. One motivating factor behind the changes in the legislation combining discipline acts across the armed forces is the trend

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In addition to judicial dismissal, the Defence Forces and the Border Guard have the option of administratively ending the military person's service if the person is in a paid position. This can happen even if no criminal charges are pressed. In the Defence Forces, the professional serviceman can also

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The military has a jurisdiction to investigate all military crimes proper, and also a number of other crimes that have been specifically listed as belonging to the military jurisdiction. These include e.g. various types of murder, assault, theft, fraud, forgery, computer hacking and illegal divulging

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Rangaistavan palvelusvelvollisuuden rikkomisen ala on ehdotetussa ja myös voimassa olevassa pykälässä laajempi kuin rangaistavan virkavelvollisuuden rikkomisen ala rikoslain 40 luvun 10 §:ssä, koska rangaistavuudelle ei ole asetettu vähäisyyskynnystä. Tämä on kuitenkin perusteltua, sillä käytäntö on

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administration. He will remain in arrest for the same time but continue serving in his unit on duty times unless the court has imposed further limits. Otherwise soldiers will be detained in civil state prisons. In the case of a soldier being sentenced to jail for one year or more (six months or more

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The extent of punishable disregard for duty is both in the proposed and existing legislation wider than that of punishable disregard for civil servant's duty as defined in the Section 10, Chapter 40 of the Penal Code, as there is no minimum threshold below which the disregard would not be criminal.

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Summary dealing by a Commanding Officer (CO) is the central feature, this is acceptable within the ECHR because an accused always has the right to elect trial by the Court Martial. Most cases are dealt with summarily. Typically a CO is a Lieutenant Colonel or equivalent (NATO grade OF-4), but a CO

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If the military person is no longer in service, the summary disciplinary procedure cannot be used and the military has no longer any law enforcement power over the issue. In such cases, the former service member is investigated by the civilian police but the case is handled by a court with military

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When the crime falls under military jurisdiction, it is usually investigated by the serviceman's own unit. During such investigation, the serviceman's superior and the company commander have the power to detain the suspect. The battalion commander and military police officers have also the right to

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Military crimes are relatively common in Finland. Partly this is due to the fact that the bar of criminality has been set consciously low. The crime of absence without leave is committed by a soldier who is even a minute late, and a slightest wilful or negligent disregard for a standing order or a

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and Defence Administrative Orders and Directives; they are used as direction for authorities within the CF to administer the day-to-day considerations of the Forces. For example, officer cadets attending military college are organized and subject to regulations more appropriate for their academic

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who acts as primary disciplinary master has the exclusive right to choose: non-judicial punishment (such as fines, curfews, arrests up to seven days), forwarding the decision to the next superior officer of the unit (arrest then can be extended up to 21 days) or calling the military service court

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The number of military crimes is yearly somewhat above 4,000. An absolute majority of these are handled by summary measures, i.e. by a punishments given by the military superiors. Only some 250 military crimes in a year end up for handling in district courts. The number of appeals is vanishingly

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When the investigation is ready, the case is brought to the company commander or sergeant major or for his superior for consideration. After hearing the suspect, the disposing superior either frees the suspect from suspicion or gives an appropriate punishment within the range allowed to him. The

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The German constitution allows the federal government in art. 96 II to create military courts under special circumstances: in times of war, outside Germany or on a German vessel, acting under a legal judge and only for members of the armed forces. In fact, no such laws have been enacted so far.

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As an exception to the principle that the military jurisdiction concerns only military persons, the penal code provides for the loss of military rank. Any person who is sentenced to prison for at least two years or to prison for any length of time for a crime of treasonous nature (specifically,

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If the superior does not feel that his powers allow him to give sufficient punishment, he will transfer the matter to the next higher superior. When the brigade commander determines that he cannot give sufficient punishment, he will transfer the matter to the public prosecutor who will commence

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Unlike other crimes, the military crimes have separate sentence ranges for peace and wartime. During wartime, the crimes carry considerably larger sentence ranges and, if the crime causes the danger to the military unit, the sentence range is even harsher. For example, desertion carries, in the

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The military crimes that go to court are handled by civilian courts that have military members. The district court has a learned civilian judge and two military members. One of them is an officer and the other a warrant officer, an NCO or a private. The court of appeals, that acts as the first

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Administrative procedures enable a service man or woman to be discharged for unsatisfactory behaviour in a process similar to that in the private sector. They also allow a superior of any rank to award up to three extra duties or similar to a subordinate for minor infractions. Since being

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prosecution in a civilian court. If the serviceman feels that the punishment was unjust, he can appeal to the brigade commander. The brigade commander's decision can be appealed to the district court within seven days. However, the appeals will not prevent the execution of the punishment.

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As in Germany, persons under military jurisdiction are under the usual civilian criminal law. The military criminal law, the 45th Chapter of the penal code, encompasses only the crimes which only military persons can commit. The most important of these are various types of "service crime"

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has two officers with at least colonel's rank as members when handling military crimes. These members are not named for a specific case but serve for two-year terms. The military members of the district court are selected by the court of appeals on the motion of the Commander of the

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may delegate some powers of summary dealing to a subordinate. The superior officer of a CO, a Higher Authority, may vary a CO's powers of summary dealing. An implication is that every person subject to service law must have a CO, and a CO must have a Higher Authority.

3141: 2648:(ECHR) had considerable impact on the administration of military justice, particularly the need for the independence of the courts martial system. Nevertheless, the underlying premise of the service justice system is that discipline is a matter for commanders. 2411:

The sentences of the courts for military crimes are served in civilian prisons. An exception is formed by the disciplinary arrest, which may be sentenced for up to 30 days and is served in the detention facilities of the convict's garrison.

2557:) which has the power for further punishment (like degradation and shortening the salary up to five years). The judge of such a court is a civil one, two military officers are attending every case and act as consultants to the judge. 3037:

osoittanut, että erityisesti sotilasyhteisössä mahdollisimman varhaisessa vaiheessa tapahtuva puuttuminen kuria ja järjestystä vaarantaviin suhteellisen lieviinkin ilmiöihin on tehokas keino vähentää vakavampien rikosten määrää.

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in civil issues. In cases of both groups involved (on German terrain), regular and military police cooperate. In emergencies, the regular police is authorized to maintain order until the military police has arrived.

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In the Border Guard, the Border Guard headquarters has the same internal law enforcement authority as the Defence Command in the Defence Forces, in addition to the regular law enforcement powers of the Border Guard.

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is sentenced. Typically, this is the case when a reservist is absent from an obligatory refresher exercise or a conscript is, after the commission of crime, declared unfit for duty for medical or security reasons.

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success than the enforcement of discipline, as might be expected of fully trained members. Volume IV, Appendix 6.1 of The Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Military Colleges (QR Canmilcols) applies.

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When the military has jurisdiction over an ordinary crime, and the crime carries fine as a punishment, a disciplinary punishment may be given instead of fine both in summary proceedings and in the courts of law.

2519:) to crimes that can be only committed on military duty: General offenses (such as desertion, illegal use of weapons and more) and offenses that interfere with the military hierarchy (such as mutiny or abuse). 2381:

During peacetime, professional soldiers (with the exception of certain soldiers deployed to international missions) cannot be given other disciplinary punishment than a public letter of reprimand or a fine.

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Brigade commander and his superiors: all of above and up to 30 disciplinary fines, one disciplinary fine being one fifth of the individual's daily gross income, or for conscripts, at least conscript's daily

2173:. In Canadian practice, armed combat is a strictly regulated environment and legal officers are a crucial part of the planning that goes into operational decisions. The Military Law Centre on the grounds of 3091: 2084:

have separate and distinct bodies of law that govern the conduct of members of their armed forces. Some states use special judicial and other arrangements to enforce those laws, while others use

2131:(CF) (that is, Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command) are primarily governed by the 2145:

has not achieved rigid standing in Canada, the QR&Os authorize other military officials to generate orders having similar, but not equal, status. These instruments can be found in the

2404:. The military members of the Courts of Appeals are selected by the Ministry of Justice on motion of the Ministry of Defence. The military members of the Supreme Court are selected by the 2548:, WDO). The WDO describes how to proceed on offenses that are not (yet) covered by the military penal code but clearly against a military regulation. The head of the unit as 2307:

of classified information. However, they are only under military jurisdiction if the crime has been committed against another military person or against the Defence Forces.

3365: 2774:(CAAF), a federal appellate court consisting of five civilian judges appointed by the President of the United States. CAAF decisions are subject to direct review by the 3054: 2644:

replaces the three separate service discipline acts and earlier Armed Forces Acts as the system of law under which the Armed Forces operate. In the previous decade the

3328: 2177:, staffed with military lawyers, oversees the education of officers and troops in legal matters, trains military lawyers and advises Ottawa on matters of policy and 2136: 2665: 2723:

authorized the creation of a system of military justice. Article I, Section 8 permits the U.S. Congress to "make rules for the government and regulation of the

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When the company commander or his superior feels that the crime is non-trivial and requires professional investigation, they may submit the issue to the

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in 2007. There is increasing voice in the country for the reform on the lines other liberal democracies are seeing in their military justice system.

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Nonetheless, there exist numerous acts that only concern soldiers describing their special status, their rights and duties. The military penal code (

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for investigation. The Defence Command has, in addition to the power of arrest, the power to use almost all other measures that are available to the

4927: 2633: 2496:, the German armed forces, are subject to the ordinary civil jurisdiction and unless otherwise stated all civil laws apply to soldiers as well. 2669: 3070:

Hallituksen esitys eduskunnalle laiksi sotilaskurinpidosta ja rikostorjunnasta puolustusvoimissa sekä eräiksi siihen liittyviksi laeiksi

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Company sergeant major: a private warning, up to three shifts of extra duty (only to conscripts and involuntarily activated reservists)

2107:, which is the imposition of military authority on a civilian population as a substitute for civil authority, and is often declared in 2395:

instance for the prosecution of officers with at least major's rank, will have a military member who has at least a major's rank. The

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or in severe cases judicial punishments by a special type of court. These procedures are defined by the military discipline code (

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Hallituksen esitys eduskunnalle laiksi rikoslain 2 luvun 14 a §:n ja 45 luvun muuttamisesta ja eräiksi siihen liittyviksi laeiksi

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Company commander: a private warning, up to five shifts of extra duty, up to 10 days of confinement to the garrison, a public

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The claim may seem extraordinary. The exact quote from the Government's proposal for the amendment of Penal Code is

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members. In sentencing, disciplinary punishments cannot be used. Instead if a disciplinary punishment, an ordinary

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This article is about legal jurisdiction over military personnel. For military jurisdiction over civilians, see

4700: 4124: 3758: 2920:. (Act on maintenance of military discipline and crime fighting in the Defence Forces)]. Retrieved 2015-08-30. 1635: 3477: 3450: 2052: 1499: 4284: 3763: 2782: 1989: 688: 448: 17: 2831: 2728: 4279: 2139:(QR&Os). The QR&Os are subordinate legislation having the force of law. Since the principle of 1999: 1186: 983: 854: 392: 4254: 3753: 2763: 2720: 2586: 2533: 2332: 2239:) which encompasses all voluntary and negligent disobedience of orders and regulations, "guard crime" ( 2166: 1463: 2564:. If a soldier is sentenced to jail for up to six months, the punishment is executed by the soldier's 2088:. Legal issues unique to military justice include the preservation of good order and discipline, the 4922: 4693: 4337: 3382: 3324: 2751: 2328: 1573: 1081: 425: 299: 133: 4132: 4114: 2856:

Valtioneuvoston asetus sotilasrikoksia koskevien rangaistussäännösten soveltamisalasta (1153/2000)

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The United Kingdom's arrangements for justice in the armed forces dates back many centuries to the

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When the military person holds a permanent or temporary paid position as a state military servant (

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Instead, suspects of crimes committed abroad are subject to the district attorney of the city of

1977: 1959: 1715: 1274: 1196: 1141: 1021: 734: 397: 276: 4875: 4764: 4562: 4547: 2673: 2431:), as all officers and NCOs in regular active service do, they will be sentenced to dismissal ( 2203: 1844: 1819: 1541: 1453: 1326: 1201: 797: 774: 200: 99: 3380:

Bessner, Daniel; Lorber, Eric (October 2012). "Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Punishment".

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Entisaikojen armeijaperinne tulkitaan nykyään simputukseksi – ”Ei missään nimessä sallittua”

3025: 2119:. Most countries restrict when and in what manner martial law may be declared and enforced. 2096:

for members of the military. Some states enable their military justice systems to deal with

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was added in 1918. In 1966 a process of harmonisation started with the introduction of a

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small. In year 2014, courts of appeals handled only a total of 5 military criminal cases.

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The military courts in India are coming under extreme stress with the establishment of

2108: 2089: 2009: 1864: 1784: 1705: 1650: 1625: 1546: 1492: 1458: 1389: 1306: 1216: 1121: 1066: 951: 916: 869: 744: 715: 668: 606: 581: 415: 209: 128: 3010: 2994: 2982: 2967: 2952: 2628:. In the late 19th Century this was added to the annual Army Act and embodied in the 4810: 4342: 4264: 4102: 3845: 3840: 3793: 3718: 3712: 3552: 3470: 3403: 3167: 3099: 2724: 2170: 2045: 1954: 1901: 1804: 1794: 1789: 1759: 1742: 1737: 1710: 1655: 1356: 1346: 1341: 1331: 1251: 1241: 1236: 1211: 1181: 1071: 1041: 1036: 1026: 1016: 1006: 921: 874: 844: 683: 476: 453: 387: 3211: 2917: 2699:

introduced this has significantly reduced the number of cases dealt with summarily.

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Battalion commander, all of above, and up to fifteen days of confinement to garrison

2135:(NDA). Section 12 of the NDA§ authorizes the governor in council's creation of the 2014: 4896: 4850: 4800: 4347: 4314: 3677: 3672: 3637: 3391: 2855: 2440: 2432: 2424: 2416: 2363: 2355: 2296: 2288: 2280: 2272: 2264: 2256: 2248: 2240: 2232: 2224: 2181:. Legal education is integrated into the regular training that CF members undergo. 2019: 1984: 1916: 1809: 1747: 1568: 1561: 1418: 1351: 1301: 1291: 1166: 1086: 1046: 1031: 993: 978: 849: 834: 787: 695: 653: 596: 591: 549: 372: 349: 241: 165: 94: 77: 2664:(including family members), authority of Commanding Officer to deal with offences 4860: 4820: 4795: 4759: 4744: 4596: 4569: 4557: 4537: 4471: 4449: 4429: 4424: 4404: 4269: 4249: 4244: 4147: 4107: 3818: 3743: 3667: 3652: 3572: 3332: 3233: 3095: 2625: 2561: 2540:

Soldiers that violate military regulations may also receive penalties in form of

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civilians associated with the armed forces or with the armed forces overseas

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Laki sotilaskurinpidosta ja rikostorjunnasta puolustusvoimissa (255/2014)

2808: 2803: 2766:. Court-martial convictions in the United States may be appealed through 2736: 2255:), encompassing any misdeed during guarding duty, absence without leave ( 2104: 1949: 1700: 1665: 1504: 1191: 1156: 864: 807: 710: 494: 195: 190: 31: 2656:

towards tri-service operations and defence organisations. It deals with

4726: 4645: 4574: 4454: 4392: 4137: 4058: 4053: 4011: 3993: 3981: 3942: 3788: 3778: 3738: 3723: 3707: 3657: 3594: 3589: 2492: 1906: 1876: 1598: 962: 4552: 4517: 4459: 4434: 4299: 4196: 4184: 4169: 4157: 4085: 4003: 3976: 3860: 2157:(JAG) has headed the Canadian military legal branch since before the 1896: 1720: 1670: 1620: 1610: 1605: 1470: 1261: 1256: 1221: 658: 344: 311: 180: 4640: 2532:. When investigating, working for the attorney is equivalent to any 2214:

fall under Finnish military jurisdiction during their imprisonment.

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arrest the suspect and to conduct searches inside a military area.

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in case of bribery) he will be discharged from the armed forces.

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Body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces

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issued by the President of the United States in his capacity as

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The offenses covered by the UCMJ include those encompassed by "

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Act. All such Acts draw their inspiration from the Army Act.

899: 435: 430: 4414: 4362: 4218: 3616: 3532: 3255: 175: 170: 3486: 2515:) applies to soldiers by extending the civil penal code ( 2112: 48: 3327:(JSP) 830, Volumes 1 – 3. Vol 1 and 2 Edition 1.0 2009 3013:(Conscription Act). §§ 10 and 60. Retrieved 2015-08-30. 2318: 2100:

committed by their armed forces in some circumstances.

3455: 2739:. The Articles of War were superseded in 1951 by the 2202:

The Finnish military law concerns the members of the

3345:"The Causes and Effects of a Military Court Martial" 2727:." Congress issued these rules first in 1806 as the 2772:

United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces

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Offences against military law in the United Kingdom

2504:. The reason is that the operational headquarters ( 2303:). Other crimes are subject to usual civilian law. 2193:

Insignia of the Finnish Defence Forces legal branch

3431:Loose-leaf publication updated 1–2 times per year. 3417:. Aurora, Ontario: Canada Law Book. Archived from 2995:Laki sotilaallisesta kriisinhallinnasta (211/2006) 2851: 2849: 4914: 2953:Laki rajavartiolaitoksen hallinnosta (577/2007) 2522:Law enforcing inside any branch is done by the 3098:. Finnish Ministry of Justice. Helsinki 2015. 2846: 2687:The military judicial system is headed by the 4701: 3471: 3379: 3084: 3082: 2046: 3144:. Sta-potsdam.brandenburg.de. Archived from 2459: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2746:The UCMJ is federal law, found in Title 10 4708: 4694: 3478: 3464: 3079: 2053: 2039: 3434: 3057:Kaleva 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2015-08-31. 4623:History of the American legal profession 3437:Military Justice: Practice and Procedure 2864: 2188: 2076:and procedures governing members of the 1012:List of military strategies and concepts 4928:Military supporting service occupations 3300:"Corruption in Military Justice System" 2888:(Penal code). Retrieved on 2015-08-30. 14: 4915: 3451:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project 3410: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 4689: 3459: 3072:. HE 30/2013vp. Retrieved 2015-08-31. 3028:(HE 17/1999vp). Retrieved 2015-08-31. 2610:Military Courts of the United Kingdom 2147:Canadian Forces Administrative Orders 4715: 2938:Sotilasoikeudenkäyntilaki (326/1983) 2560:In Germany, there are no federal or 2389: 2319:Investigation and summary discipline 2926: 2894: 2750:Chapter 47, and implemented by the 2646:European Convention on Human Rights 24: 3373: 2776:Supreme Court of the United States 2691:who is a civilian and part of the 2217: 2103:Military justice is distinct from 25: 4944: 3607:Restitution and unjust enrichment 3444: 3089:Tuomioistuinten työtilastoja 2014 2985:(Act on the Defence Forces), §49. 2983:Laki puolustusvoimista (551/2007) 2828:"The Whig Standard – Ontario, CA" 2603: 2301:olämpligt uppträdande av krigsman 2293:sotilaan sopimaton käyttäytyminen 4654: 4653: 4639: 3212:"Military penal code of Germany" 2997:. §10. Retrieved on 2015-08-30. 2968:Valtion virkamieslaki (750/1994) 2741:Uniform Code of Military Justice 2709:Uniform Code of Military Justice 2702: 2678:Director of Service Prosecutions 2175:Royal Military College of Canada 2165:' own internal rules and in the 66: 4618:History of the legal profession 3359: 3347:. www.grayandcosolicitors.co.uk 3337: 3314: 3292: 3270: 3248: 3226: 3204: 3182: 3160: 3134: 3112: 3063: 3048: 3019: 3011:Asevelvollisuuslaki (1438/2007) 3004: 2197: 2988: 2976: 2961: 2946: 2820: 2731:. Military justice during the 2715:Judge Advocate General's Corps 2137:Queen's Regulations and Orders 13: 1: 3302:. Scribd.com. 22 January 1947 2814: 2490:Members of any branch of the 2472: 2142:delegatus non-potest delegare 3435:Schlueter, David A. (2008). 3142:"Staatsanwaltschaft Potsdam" 2783:high crimes and misdemeanors 2161:. The branch interprets the 7: 3414:Military Law and Operations 3366:U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8 3120:"Grundgesetz Artikel 96 II" 2792: 1510:Military–industrial complex 984:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 4949: 4285:International legal theory 3764:International slavery laws 3759:International human rights 3754:International criminal law 3383:Armed Forces & Society 3234:"Soldier's law of Germany" 2764:United States Armed Forces 2721:United States Constitution 2712: 2706: 2617: 2607: 2587:Indo-Tibetan Border Police 2485: 2184: 2167:Code of Service Discipline 29: 4889: 4788: 4724: 4633: 4610: 4500: 4338:Administration of justice 4323: 4232: 4123: 4002: 3904: 3625: 3493: 3325:Joint Service Publication 3094:24 September 2015 at the 2752:Manual for Courts-Martial 2735:was governed by the 1863 2460:Administrative punishment 2122: 2086:civilian judicial systems 1574:Loss-of-strength gradient 426:Combat information center 4115:Basic structure doctrine 3965:Natural and legal rights 3846:Public international law 3396:10.1177/0095327X12437685 3236:. Gesetze-im-internet.de 3214:. Gesetze-im-internet.de 3192:. Gesetze-im-internet.de 3190:"Wehrdisziplinarordnung" 3170:. Gesetze-im-internet.de 3106:. Retrieved 2015-08-31. 2940:. Retrieved 2015-08-30. 2572: 2397:Supreme Court of Finland 1892:Military science fiction 1377:Technology and equipment 793:List of military tactics 4295:Principle of typicality 3769:International trade law 3485: 3331:4 November 2009 at the 3323:, Ministry of Defence, 2542:Non-judicial punishment 2506:Einsatzführungskommando 1960:Wartime sexual violence 1716:Full-spectrum dominance 1527:Supply-chain management 3411:Madsen, Chris (2008). 3122:. Bundesrecht.juris.de 2689:Judge Advocate General 2674:Service Civilian Court 2640:Armed Forces Act. The 2585:Act, Coast Guard Act, 2546:Wehrdisziplinarordnung 2444: 2436: 2428: 2420: 2367: 2359: 2300: 2292: 2284: 2276: 2268: 2260: 2252: 2244: 2236: 2228: 2204:Finnish Defence Forces 2194: 2155:judge advocate general 1872:Awards and decorations 1845:Peace through strength 1820:Low-intensity conflict 1454:Conscientious objector 1327:Area of responsibility 4290:Principle of legality 4049:Delegated legislation 3749:Intellectual property 3321:Manual of Service Law 2725:land and naval forces 2653:Armed Forces Act 2006 2642:Armed Forces Act 2006 2618:Further information: 2598:Armed Forces Tribunal 2583:Border Security Force 2192: 459:Torpedo data computer 449:Ship gun fire-control 4508:Barristers' chambers 4450:Legal representation 4388:Justice of the peace 3734:Financial regulation 2630:Naval Discipline Act 2555:Truppendienstgericht 2508:) is located there. 2406:President of Finland 2208:Finnish Border Guard 2133:National Defence Act 2127:All Commands of the 1990:Military occupations 1825:Military engineering 1727:Unrestricted Warfare 1584:Force multiplication 477:Military manoeuvrers 4543:Election commission 4255:Expressive function 3784:Landlord–tenant law 3683:Consumer protection 3421:on 11 February 2009 3148:on 6 September 2017 3040:This translates as 2886:Rikoslaki (39/1889) 2693:Ministry of Justice 2352:letter of reprimand 2094:appropriate conduct 1676:Penal military unit 1661:Rules of engagement 1337:Command and control 957:Operations research 421:Director (military) 411:Fire-control system 161:Command and control 42:Part of a series on 4501:Legal institutions 4368:Lawsuit/Litigation 4358:Dispute resolution 4163:Catholic canon law 3871:State of emergency 3834:Will and testament 3558:Law of obligations 3511:Constitutional law 3501:Administrative law 3280:. Tribuneindia.com 3258:. indiacode.nic.in 3256:"indiacode.nic.in" 2787:abuse of authority 2760:Commander-in-Chief 2748:United States Code 2733:American Civil War 2589:Force Act and the 2577:India has its own 2550:immediate superior 2237:tjänstgöringsbrott 2195: 2171:Geneva Conventions 2109:times of emergency 2090:legality of orders 1785:Counter-insurgency 1706:Command of the sea 1651:Jewish laws on war 1626:Geneva Conventions 1162:Divide and conquer 952:Military operation 917:Tactical objective 416:Fire-control radar 393:Electronic-warfare 4910: 4909: 4683: 4682: 4343:Constitutionalism 4265:Law and economics 4103:Act of parliament 3841:Product liability 3794:Legal archaeology 3719:Environmental law 3713:Entertainment law 3553:International law 3168:"Wehrstrafgesetz" 3104:978-952-259-449-5 2770:of appeal to the 2658:military offences 2429:militärtjänsteman 2390:Trial and appeals 2261:luvaton poissaolo 2063: 2062: 1955:Horses in warfare 1902:Anti-war movement 1805:Gunboat diplomacy 1795:Disaster response 1743:Philosophy of war 1738:Principles of war 1711:Deterrence theory 1656:Right of conquest 1579:Lanchester's laws 1347:Principles of war 1037:Counter-offensive 1017:Military campaign 922:Target saturation 845:Counterinsurgency 454:Gun data computer 388:Close air support 350:Aircraft carriers 16:(Redirected from 4940: 4923:Military justice 4710: 4703: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4644: 4643: 4467:Question of fact 4348:Criminal justice 3678:Construction law 3673:Conflict of laws 3638:Agricultural law 3480: 3473: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3407: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3341: 3335: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2935: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2892: 2891: 2883: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2830:. 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measure 4008: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3989:Legal treatise 3986: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3957: 3955:Letters patent 3952: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3908: 3906:Sources of law 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3891:Unenforced law 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3663:Commercial law 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3445:External links 3443: 3442: 3441: 3432: 3408: 3390:(4): 649–668. 3375: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3358: 3336: 3313: 3291: 3269: 3247: 3225: 3203: 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2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1882:Warrior caste 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1852:Show of force 1850: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1840:Peacebuilding 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1696:Air supremacy 1694: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1636:Islamic rules 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1616:Court-martial 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1515:Arms industry 1513: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1132:Broken-backed 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1002: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 969:Expeditionary 967: 965: 964: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 946: 941: 940: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 901: 898: 897: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 840:Counterattack 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 794: 789: 784: 783: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 765:Psychological 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 701:Combined arms 699: 697: 694: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 643: 638: 637: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 613: 610: 609: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 578: 575: 574: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 540:Fortification 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 526: 523: 522: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 500: 499: 496: 491: 490: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 361: 358: 356: 355:Landing craft 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 225: 221: 220:Standing army 218: 216: 213: 211: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 150: 145: 144: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 125: 122: 118: 115: 113: 112:pike and shot 110: 109: 108: 105: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 79: 74: 73: 69: 65: 64: 58: 50: 46: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4933:Military law 4836:Reproductive 4825: 4740:Distributive 4672: 4665: 4651: 4637: 4410:Jurisdiction 4378:Legal remedy 4333:Adjudication 4233:Legal theory 4071:Ratification 4066:Promulgation 4037:Proclamation 4017:Codification 3950:Human rights 3938:Divine right 3928:Constitution 3896:Women in law 3814:Military law 3813: 3809:Marriage law 3804:Maritime law 3703:Election law 3643:Aviation law 3633:Abortion law 3585:Property law 3521:Criminal law 3436: 3423:. Retrieved 3419:the original 3413: 3387: 3381: 3361: 3349:. Retrieved 3339: 3316: 3304:. Retrieved 3294: 3282:. Retrieved 3272: 3260:. Retrieved 3250: 3238:. Retrieved 3228: 3216:. Retrieved 3206: 3194:. Retrieved 3184: 3172:. Retrieved 3162: 3150:. Retrieved 3146:the original 3136: 3124:. Retrieved 3114: 3108:(in Finnish) 3074:(in Finnish) 3065: 3059:(in Finnish) 3050: 3042: 3035: 3030:(in Finnish) 3021: 3015:(in Finnish) 3006: 2999:(in Finnish) 2990: 2978: 2972:(in Finnish) 2963: 2957:(in Finnish) 2948: 2942:(in Finnish) 2922:(in Finnish) 2890:(in Finnish) 2860:(in Finnish) 2836:. Retrieved 2832:the original 2822: 2780: 2745: 2718: 2697: 2686: 2682: 2650: 2638:quinquennial 2623: 2595: 2591:Assam Rifles 2576: 2559: 2554: 2545: 2539: 2527: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2449: 2414: 2410: 2402:Finnish Army 2393: 2384: 2380: 2341: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2221: 2201: 2198:Jurisdiction 2152: 2140: 2126: 2117:civil unrest 2102: 2078:armed forces 2074:body of laws 2070:military law 2069: 2065: 2064: 1965:Fifth column 1945:War resister 1940:Women in war 1835:Peacekeeping 1780:Arms control 1725: 1640: 1414:Mobilization 1409:Conscription 1367:Intelligence 1320:Organization 961: 890:Encirclement 770:Radiological 706:Conventional 560:Subterranean 467:Development: 466: 443: 405: 367: 330:Naval units: 329: 322:Signal corps 289: 252:Intelligence 232:Specialties: 231: 156:Organization 107:Early modern 36: 18:Military law 4881:Utilitarian 4846:Retributive 4841:Restorative 4780:Recognition 4735:Commutative 4582:Legislature 4513:Bureaucracy 4310:Rule of man 4305:Rule of law 4280:Libertarian 4143:Chinese law 4044:Legislation 3994:Regulations 3982:Law reports 3960:Natural law 3856:Reparations 3851:Refugee law 3774:Jurimetrics 3715:(Media law) 3653:Banking law 3648:Amnesty law 3626:Disciplines 3563:Private law 2838:22 February 2809:Martial law 2804:Laws of war 2737:Lieber Code 2437:viraltapano 2285:överlöpning 2245:vartiorikos 2105:martial law 1950:War studies 1773:Non-warfare 1701:Appeasement 1666:Martial law 1505:War economy 1444:Transgender 1397:Recruitment 1157:Containment 1042:Culminating 1022:Anti-access 945:Operational 865:Envelopment 808:Air assault 689:Air cavalry 649:Air defence 629:Information 530:Cold-region 495:Battlespace 444:Historical: 290:Land units: 196:Space force 191:Coast guard 124:Late modern 85:Prehistoric 32:martial law 4917:Categories 4770:Procedural 4727:philosophy 4575:Law school 4455:Prosecutor 4393:Magistrate 4180:Jewish law 4138:Common law 4059:Rulemaking 4054:Regulation 4004:Law making 3943:Divine law 3919:Legal code 3866:Sports law 3789:Law of war 3739:Health law 3724:Family law 3708:Energy law 3658:Bankruptcy 3595:Punishment 3590:Public law 2815:References 2713:See also: 2493:Bundeswehr 2473:Statistics 2445:avsättning 2377:allowance. 2010:War crimes 2000:Operations 1907:Foot drill 1877:Battle cry 1790:deterrence 1449:Harassment 1424:Specialism 1247:Technology 1242:Succession 1187:Liberation 1122:Asymmetric 1057:Empty fort 963:Blitzkrieg 932:Withdrawal 895:Investment 674:Camouflage 669:Biological 607:Underwater 582:Amphibious 501:Aerospace 368:Air units: 345:Submarines 134:fourth-gen 129:industrial 117:napoleonic 4716:Types of 4553:Judiciary 4548:Executive 4523:The bench 4460:Solicitor 4435:Barrister 4315:Sociology 4300:Pseudolaw 4240:Anarchist 4197:Roman law 4185:Parsi law 4170:Hindu law 4158:Canon law 4133:Civil law 4086:Concordat 3977:Precedent 3886:Trust law 3861:Space law 3698:Drugs law 3568:Procedure 3506:Civil law 3404:147068799 2666:summarily 2529:Feldjäger 2343:range is 2072:) is the 1897:War novel 1800:Grey-zone 1760:War games 1721:Overmatch 1671:War crime 1621:Desertion 1611:Ceasefire 1606:Armistice 1493:Logistics 1471:Mercenary 1459:Volunteer 1390:Personnel 1362:Engineers 1307:Sociology 1262:World war 1257:Total war 1237:Strategic 1227:Religious 1212:Political 1207:Perpetual 1182:Irregular 1097:Offensive 1072:Defensive 1067:Deception 1027:Attrition 875:Guerrilla 870:Formation 813:Airbridge 745:Loitering 659:Artillery 312:Artillery 247:Engineers 210:Irregular 181:Air force 4897:Frontier 4851:Resource 4826:Military 4816:Fairness 4811:Equality 4801:Criminal 4775:Victor's 4660:Category 4602:Tribunal 4587:Military 4430:Attorney 4400:Judgment 4260:Feminist 4175:Jain law 3972:Case law 3693:Cyberlaw 3600:Corporal 3578:Criminal 3548:Evidence 3538:Doctrine 3516:Contract 3425:13 March 3351:23 April 3329:Archived 3092:Archived 2793:See also 2743:(UCMJ). 2579:Army Act 2566:barracks 2453:day-fine 2360:varoitus 2206:and the 2179:doctrine 1912:War song 1887:War film 1520:Materiel 1439:Children 1419:Training 1357:Medicine 1342:Doctrine 1297:Training 1232:Resource 1217:Princely 1167:Economic 1152:Conquest 1147:Colonial 1142:Cold war 1127:Blockade 1007:Strategy 979:Maneuver 740:Infantry 696:Chemical 550:Mountain 510:Airborne 373:Fighters 340:Warships 295:Infantry 237:Rifleman 201:Reserves 149:Military 4861:Spatial 4796:Climate 4760:Natural 4718:justice 4674:Outline 4611:History 4518:The bar 4492:Verdict 4440:Counsel 4420:Justice 4275:History 4098:Statute 3914:Charter 3876:Tax law 3824:Probate 3306:10 July 3284:10 July 3262:10 July 3240:10 July 3218:10 July 3196:10 July 3174:10 July 3152:10 July 3126:10 July 2762:of the 2632:. The 2620:AGAI 67 2502:Potsdam 2486:Germany 2441:Swedish 2433:Finnish 2425:Swedish 2417:Finnish 2368:varning 2364:Swedish 2356:Finnish 2297:Swedish 2289:Finnish 2281:Swedish 2273:Finnish 2265:Swedish 2257:Finnish 2249:Swedish 2241:Finnish 2233:Swedish 2225:Finnish 2185:Finland 2080:. Many 2025:Writers 2020:Weapons 1985:Battles 1934:Related 1922:Wargame 1917:Uniform 1865:Culture 1646:Perfidy 1641:Justice 1562:Science 1547:Outpost 1500:History 1480:Warrior 1476:Soldier 1464:foreign 1402:counter 1302:Service 1252:Theater 1192:Limited 1172:Endemic 1087:Nuclear 855:Foxhole 830:Cavalry 818:Airdrop 803:Airlift 788:Tactics 760:Nuclear 750:Missile 679:Cavalry 664:Barrage 642:Weapons 602:Surface 383:Command 378:Bombers 335:Frogman 305:Cavalry 262:Medical 224:Militia 206:Regular 186:Marines 100:castles 90:Ancient 78:History 57:outline 4902:Poetic 4866:Speedy 4856:Social 4831:Racial 4821:Gender 4755:Global 4745:Divine 4592:Police 4563:Agency 4445:Lawyer 4190:Sharia 4081:Treaty 4076:Repeal 4022:Decree 3933:Custom 3829:Estate 3779:Labour 3543:Equity 3402: 3102: 2672:, the 2668:, the 2526:, the 2123:Canada 2092:, and 2005:Sieges 1689:Theory 1429:Morale 1287:Policy 1282:Branch 1062:Mosaic 1052:Fabian 994:Covert 927:Trench 912:Screen 835:Charge 825:Battle 798:Aerial 716:Denial 684:Horses 612:Seabed 565:Tunnel 545:Jungle 535:Desert 505:Aerial 272:Diving 267:Police 4890:Other 4871:Trade 4789:Areas 4667:Index 4533:Court 4477:Trial 4383:Judge 4224:Yassa 4027:Edict 3573:Civil 3526:Crime 3400:S2CID 3278:"AFT" 2754:, an 2573:India 2115:, or 1978:Lists 1434:Women 1372:Ranks 1292:Staff 1222:Proxy 1137:Class 1092:Naval 1077:Depth 907:Swarm 900:Siege 880:Naval 860:Drone 755:Music 730:Robot 726:Drone 711:Cyber 654:Armor 624:Cyber 597:Green 592:Brown 555:Urban 515:Space 436:Radar 431:Sonar 300:Armor 282:Pilot 277:Comms 257:Recon 242:Staff 215:Ranks 4415:Jury 4363:Fiqh 4219:Xeer 3617:Tort 3533:Deed 3427:2009 3353:2015 3308:2012 3286:2012 3264:2012 3242:2012 3220:2012 3198:2012 3176:2012 3154:2012 3128:2012 3100:ISBN 2840:2011 2719:The 2651:The 2612:and 2068:(or 2015:Wars 1532:Base 1082:Goal 989:Raid 587:Blue 525:Land 176:Navy 171:Army 4725:In 3487:Law 3392:doi 2113:war 1599:Law 1542:FOB 1537:MOB 577:Sea 49:War 4919:: 3921:/ 3398:. 3388:38 3386:. 3081:^ 2928:^ 2896:^ 2866:^ 2848:^ 2778:. 2695:. 2680:. 2443:: 2439:, 2435:: 2427:: 2423:, 2419:: 2408:. 2366:: 2362:, 2358:: 2299:: 2295:, 2291:: 2283:: 2279:, 2275:: 2267:: 2263:, 2259:: 2251:: 2247:, 2243:: 2235:: 2231:, 2227:: 2153:A 2111:, 1478:/ 728:/ 222:/ 208:/ 4709:e 4702:t 4695:v 3479:e 3472:t 3465:v 3429:. 3406:. 3394:: 3355:. 3310:. 3288:. 3266:. 3244:. 3222:. 3200:. 3178:. 3156:. 3130:. 3076:. 3032:. 2842:. 2553:( 2370:) 2354:( 2223:( 2054:e 2047:t 2040:v 59:) 55:( 34:. 20:)

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