434:, and the fertilisation process itself. The ability to control the fertility of eggs was a necessity to his work. He initiated the study of orally administered contraceptives for mammals to enable him to better conduct his research in fertilisation. Indeed, throughout the span of his 45-year career, only five years, 1951 to 1956, were spent researching and testing the effectiveness of orally administered contraceptives, and this work was mainly on the oral mode of the administration of the contraceptive steroids, rather than on the effectiveness of the steroids themselves, which had already been previously proven.
398:. It was apparent that they worked well together and Chang would eventually spend the rest of his career at the foundation, researching mammalian fertilisation. Funds became increasingly available for research on reproduction from the 1950s, and the Foundation attracted a number of talented scientists. Chang guided and advised these scientists, may of whom would go on to become leaders in the field of reproduction. While at the Foundation Chang's work contributed to the development of the oral contraceptive, making him one of the co-founders of the
459:, the maturation period of sperm that is required in order for them to be able to fertilise ova, was also one of Chang's major discoveries. This observation would lead him further to find that capacitated sperm would lose capacitation if exposed to seminal plasma or blood serum, and that recapacitation could be achieved if the sperm was placed back in the
446:
by the sperm. It was believed that the fertilisation of the egg was dependent on there being a large number of available sperm in the fertilisation process. Chang found that it was actually the physiological structure of the individual sperm that affected the actual fertilisation of the egg, and that
437:
Chang's body of work in mammalian fertilisation is large and appears in nearly 350 publications. One of his major discoveries was the effect of lowering temperature on sperm. Chang found that at a temperature of 13 °C or lower, the membrane structure and function of sperm would disintegrate,
48:
338:, shortly after he moved to the United States. Chin assumed the role of the housewife in the pair's marriage, allowing Chang to delve into his work without domestic concerns. They have two daughters and a son together – Claudia Chang Tourtellotte, head of the
485:
fertilised a black rabbit's eggs with a black rabbit's sperm, transferred them to a white rabbit, and was able to produce a litter of young black rabbits. This was the sort of evidence attesting to the feasibility of
490:
fertilisation for which many scientists had been searching. In the years that followed, Chang and his associates conducted further research to determine specific conditions of successful
555:
324:
by the
University of Cambridge on his observations on the effect of testicular cooling and various hormonal treatments on the respiration, metabolism, and survival of sperm in animals.
835:
481:
fertilisation of rabbit eggs. As nobody, including Chang, could repeat this feat at the time, doubts were cast over the authenticity of the claim. Then finally, in 1959, Chang
780:
447:
having a large number of sperm was not necessary. He then posited that the purpose of having a large number of sperm in the fertilisation process was to allow for greater
296:, but found that the university was not to his liking due to a combination of the cold weather and a perceived bias against foreigners there. On an invitation from
535:
545:
331:
494:
fertilisation as well as to perform the technique on other mammals such as hamsters, mice, and rats. It was on the basis of Chang's findings that the first
442:. Yet another of Chang's major discoveries was his observation on the relationship between the number of available sperm and the effective fertilisation of
288:
in
Beijing. In 1938, Chang won a national competition and was awarded one of the few available fellowships to study abroad. He went to spend a year at the
590:(试管婴儿之父: 张民觉). Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China: Yuanfang Publishing House, page 37 . Geographic coordinates of Dunhòu: 38°9′50″North, 111°26′38″East
810:
770:
667:
820:
297:
346:; Pamela O'Malley Chang, an architect, civil engineer, and sustainable design consultant and Francis Hugh Chang, director of health centers in
525:
422:. Chang is arguably most remembered for this endeavor as the birth control pill came to have a tremendous influence on human society and the
374:
362:
253:
237:. Though his career produced findings that are important and valuable to many areas in the field of fertilisation, including his work on
566:
477:
was arguably his greatest achievement. In 1935, Gregory Pincus had claimed to have achieved successful mammal birth from the result of
840:
559:
815:
731:
549:
539:
648:
805:
775:
410:
One of Chang's notable achievements was his research and testing of the effectiveness of certain orally administered
728:
415:
399:
249:
165:
750:
264:
Chang was born on
October 10, 1908, in the village of Dunhòu (敦厚), which lies 64 miles (103 km) northwest of
830:
317:
825:
305:
201:
137:
193:
715:
664:
426:. However, controlling fertility was not the primary concentration of his work. Chang's interest lay in
529:
452:
380:
379:
In March 1945, Chang arrived at the recently founded
Worcester Foundation of Experimental Biology in
358:
99:
384:
771:
Chang, Min Chueh, "Recollections of 40 years at the
Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology"
289:
776:
Roy O. Greep, "Min Chueh Chang", Biographical
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1995)
438:
thus destroying the fertilising capacity of the sperm. This phenomenon is now commonly known as
30:
471:
392:
238:
234:
158:
147:
448:
328:
800:
795:
781:
Symposium
Tribute to Min-Chueh Chang and his disciples. 13-14 November 2014. Murcia (Spain)
309:
293:
277:
276:
China. His family was able to provide for him a good education, and in 1933, he obtained a
226:
8:
511:
343:
285:
133:
729:
List of recipients, Albert Lasker Awards Given by
Planned Parenthood – World Population
519:
498:
fertilisation of human eggs was performed, leading to the birth of the world's first "
702:
515:
451:, in that only the strongest sperm would reach the site of fertilisation through the
423:
312:, Chang immersed himself in research, working together with other scientists such as
281:
313:
223:
754:
735:
671:
652:
335:
321:
248:", he was best known to the world for his contribution to the development of the
645:
499:
464:
419:
388:
245:
687:
789:
351:
230:
107:
103:
22:
456:
427:
414:
in the control of mammalian fertility. This led to his co-invention of the
339:
301:
273:
624:
757:, Society for the Study of Reproduction. Retrieved on February 25, 2007
320:, under the tutelage of Arthur Walton. In 1941, he was awarded a PhD in
747:
439:
76:
68:
300:, Chang left the University of Edinburgh and went on to research ram
47:
411:
265:
368:
460:
347:
269:
209:
72:
674:, Mindfully.org, Spring 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
627:, National Academy of Science. Retrieved on March 24, 2021.
443:
431:
836:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
470:
Of all his research and experimentation, Chang's work in
738:, The Lasker Foundation. Retrieved on February 25, 2007
655:, Sweet Briar College. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
218:, October 10, 1908 – June 5, 1991), often credited as
665:Article "Eco-Clean Homes" by Pamela O'Malley Chang
787:
588:Father of the Test Tube Baby: Chang Min Chueh
636:The Cambridge University List of Members 1976
375:Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology
369:Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology
363:Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology
259:
254:Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology
405:
688:http://aaci.org/main/about/management-team/
620:
618:
616:
46:
748:List of recipients, Carl G. Hartman Award
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
811:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
560:Planned Parenthood Federation of America
821:Chinese emigrants to the United States
788:
625:Biographical Memoir of Min Chueh Chang
593:
550:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
540:Society for the Study of Reproduction
505:
229:. His specific area of study was the
387:, on a fellowship granted to him by
357:Upon his death, Chang was buried in
361:, where he had lived and where the
13:
14:
852:
764:
586:Zhào Zhì Zhōng (赵志忠), ed. (2004)
556:Wippman Scientific Research Award
841:20th-century American biologists
400:combined oral contraceptive pill
308:. With his newfound interest in
250:combined oral contraceptive pill
166:combined oral contraceptive pill
816:20th-century Chinese inventors
741:
722:
677:
658:
639:
630:
580:
383:, Massachusetts, just outside
306:Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
214:
205:
197:
138:Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
1:
573:
646:Anthropology Program Faculty
567:National Academy of Sciences
354:. and San Jose, California.
33:when mentioning individuals.
7:
10:
857:
806:Tsinghua University alumni
565:Elected membership to the
530:American Fertility Society
391:to learn the technique of
372:
260:Education and private life
20:
16:Chinese American biologist
734:October 13, 2006, at the
453:female reproductive tract
406:Professional achievements
359:Shrewsbury, Massachusetts
179:
171:
153:
143:
129:
121:
113:
95:
83:
54:
45:
38:
416:first birth control pill
244:which led to the first "
29:. This article uses
21:The native form of this
753:August 4, 2007, at the
670:April 27, 2006, at the
290:University of Edinburgh
831:Biologists from Shanxi
651:June 15, 2006, at the
268:, the capital city of
235:mammalian reproduction
227:reproductive biologist
148:Reproductive biologist
536:Carl G. Hartman Award
449:genetic recombination
329:American-born Chinese
334:, in the library at
327:Chang met his wife,
310:reproductive biology
294:agricultural science
826:People from Lüliang
546:Francis Amory Prize
512:Albert Lasker Award
344:Sweet Briar College
332:Isabelle Chin Chang
286:Tsinghua University
202:traditional Chinese
134:Tsinghua University
520:Planned Parenthood
506:Awards and honours
194:simplified Chinese
31:Western name order
710:Missing or empty
516:Lasker Foundation
455:. The process of
424:sexual revolution
282:animal psychology
278:bachelor's degree
187:
186:
117:American, Chinese
848:
758:
745:
739:
726:
720:
719:
713:
708:
706:
698:
696:
694:
681:
675:
662:
656:
643:
637:
634:
628:
622:
591:
584:
224:Chinese American
216:
207:
199:
122:Other names
90:
65:October 10, 1908
64:
62:
50:
36:
35:
856:
855:
851:
850:
849:
847:
846:
845:
786:
785:
767:
762:
761:
755:Wayback Machine
746:
742:
736:Wayback Machine
727:
723:
711:
709:
700:
699:
692:
690:
683:
682:
678:
672:Wayback Machine
663:
659:
653:Wayback Machine
644:
640:
635:
631:
623:
594:
585:
581:
576:
558:, given by the
548:, given by the
538:, given by the
528:, given by the
514:, given by the
508:
465:fallopian tubes
408:
377:
371:
336:Yale University
322:animal breeding
318:F.H.A. Marshall
262:
190:Min Chueh Chang
136:
125:M.C. Chang, 張明覺
88:
79:
66:
60:
58:
41:
40:Min Chueh Chang
34:
27:Chang Min-chueh
17:
12:
11:
5:
854:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
784:
783:
778:
773:
766:
765:External links
763:
760:
759:
740:
721:
676:
657:
638:
629:
592:
578:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
563:
553:
543:
533:
523:
507:
504:
500:test tube baby
420:Gregory Pincus
407:
404:
389:Gregory Pincus
373:Main article:
370:
367:
342:department at
261:
258:
246:test tube baby
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
175:Isabelle Chang
173:
169:
168:
155:
154:Known for
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
97:
93:
92:
91:(aged 82)
85:
81:
80:
67:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
853:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
756:
752:
749:
744:
737:
733:
730:
725:
717:
704:
689:
686:
680:
673:
669:
666:
661:
654:
650:
647:
642:
633:
626:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
589:
583:
579:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
551:
547:
544:
541:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
521:
517:
513:
510:
509:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
475:fertilisation
474:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
403:
401:
397:
396:fertilisation
395:
390:
386:
382:
376:
366:
365:was located.
364:
360:
355:
353:
352:Massachusetts
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Arthur Walton
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:province, in
271:
267:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:fertilisation
241:
236:
232:
231:fertilisation
228:
225:
221:
217:
215:Zhāng Míngjué
211:
203:
195:
191:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
162:fertilisation
161:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
108:United States
105:
104:Massachusetts
101:
98:
96:Resting place
94:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
57:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
28:
24:
23:personal name
19:
743:
724:
712:|title=
691:. Retrieved
684:
679:
660:
641:
632:
587:
582:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
472:
469:
457:capacitation
436:
409:
393:
378:
356:
340:anthropology
326:
314:John Hammond
274:Qing dynasty
263:
239:
219:
213:
189:
188:
159:
157:His work in
89:(1991-06-05)
87:June 5, 1991
26:
18:
801:1991 deaths
796:1908 births
693:January 28,
526:Ortho Medal
502:" in 1978.
302:spermatozoa
233:process in
114:Nationality
790:Categories
574:References
440:cold shock
381:Shrewsbury
220:M.C. Chang
144:Occupation
100:Shrewsbury
77:Qing China
61:1908-10-10
385:Worcester
292:studying
130:Education
751:Archived
732:Archived
703:cite web
685:aaci.org
668:Archived
649:Archived
496:in vitro
492:in vitro
488:in vitro
483:in vitro
479:in vitro
473:in vitro
412:steroids
394:in vitro
240:in vitro
222:, was a
180:Children
164:and the
160:in vitro
463:or the
266:Taiyuan
252:at the
69:Lüliang
569:(1990)
562:(1987)
552:(1975)
542:(1970)
532:(1961)
522:(1954)
461:uterus
348:Boston
270:Shanxi
212::
210:pinyin
204::
196::
172:Spouse
73:Shanxi
428:sperm
418:with
284:from
716:help
695:2016
518:and
432:eggs
316:and
84:Died
55:Born
444:ova
304:at
280:in
206:張明覺
198:张明觉
25:is
792::
707::
705:}}
701:{{
595:^
467:.
430:,
402:.
350:,
256:.
208:;
200:;
106:,
102:,
75:,
71:,
718:)
714:(
697:.
192:(
183:3
63:)
59:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
