130:
601:, or SIGINT. The department was initially composed of the NKGB's 5th Directorate (responsible for wartime communications) and an independent cryptography department, the 2nd Special Department. However, this Directorate was competing with another better-funded communications organization, Department ‘R’, which specialized in radio counterintelligence. The 6th Directorate was dissolved in 1949, and its resources and personnel absorbed into the Special Services Department (GUSS), a cryptanalysis and
3283:
125:
120:
3295:
488:’s last years, between 1945 and 1953, more than 750,000 Soviet citizens were arrested and punished. Many of the arrests made by the MGB were founded on flimsy or fabricated evidence, most notably on the "suspicion of espionage" (podozreniye shpionazha, or PSh). Since in many cases it is impossible to prove any espionage activities or even an intention to spy, the case is built on the "suspicion of espionage", making acquittal impossible.
135:
539:
combat foreign espionage and to study the forms and methods used by foreign intelligence services on the territory of the U.S.S.R. The work it did abroad aimed to organize operational-technical intelligence, i.e., the investigation of the forms, working methods and regulations of the intelligence, counterintelligence, and police and administrative organs of foreign countries.
481:. MGB agents had the power to arrest and sentence opponents upon receiving approval from a higher authority, a clause oft ignored. The OSO (the Special Council of the State Security Ministry) convicted arrestees charged with committing political crimes, including espionage, and could banish them from certain areas, or from the USSR entirely.
470:
responsible for enforcing security regulations, monitoring and censoring information leaving or coming into the country; and supervising the vast majority of Soviet life, including the planting and organizing of agents to track and monitor public opinion and loyalty; as well as ensuring the safety of important government and party officials.
563:
bureaucracy, general administrative agencies, cultural organizations, educational institutions, and even the party apparatus itself. They investigated the political reliability of the entire population of the Soviet Union, with particular attention to the Party and Soviet apparatus, up to the highest leaders of the Party and government.
530:, in an attempt to streamline the intelligence needs of the State. In 1948, the military personnel in KI were returned to the GRU. KI sections dealing with the new East Bloc and Soviet émigrés were returned to the MGB later that year. In 1951, the KI returned to the MGB, as a First Main Directorate of the Ministry of State Security.
538:
The Second Main
Directorate focused on domestic counterintelligence and acted as an internal security and political police force. The goal of this department was to combat foreign intelligence operations within the USSR and its territories. The Second Directorate worked mainly inside the country to
631:
Otherwise known as the Guards
Directorate, they were charged with the personal security of the top party officials. The Division provided personal security to members and alternates of the Presidium of the Central Committee, ministers of the U.S.S.R. and their deputies, secretaries of the Central
622:
Sometimes called the
Seventh Directorate, this section was responsible for providing the tools, techniques, and manpower to accommodate the physical surveillance needs of the MGB. They offered facilities, devices, and methodology to help with the demands of the intelligence departments. They were
562:
The Fifth Main
Directorate evolved out of the Main Secret Political Administration. It was responsible for regulating and repressing real or imagined dissent within the party apparatus and Soviet society. This involved supervising almost every aspect of Soviet life, including the intelligentsia,
588:
Upon the destruction of the Fourth
Directorate as a terrorist group, the department was transitioned into Transportation Security. It was responsible for the preparation and security of mobilization and transport. The department was responsible for counterintelligence and surveillance operations
473:
The MGB, above all else, was a security organization, and as such, was designed for covert and clandestine surveillance and supervision. The intelligence apparatus was able to permeate every level and branch of state administration, with agents planted in collective farms, factories, and local
566:
They secretly supervised the activity of the entire administrative and economic apparatus of the state and all scientific, public, church, and other organizations. The goal was to hunt down "deviations from the general line," "opposition leanings" within the party to ferret out and eliminate
474:
governments, as well as throughout the upper level and rank and file of Soviet bureaucracy. Each department within the government also had their own official supervisor, a "Special
Section" staffed by the MGB to keep tabs on and regulate the employees, and to ensure the absence of disloyalty.
613:
Known as the ‘K’ Division, this organization supervised the economy and ran economic counterintelligence and industrial security. They were concerned with the implementation of security programs and requirements, as well as the supervision and monitoring of the workers, leading them to make
469:
The protection, policing, and supervision of the Soviet Union fell to this new agency, as it was the main agency responsible for the security of the Union. The MGB directed espionage networks at home and abroad, and also organized both domestic and foreign counterintelligence. They were also
518:
was responsible for foreign intelligence. The First Main
Directorate maintained surveillance over the "Soviet colony" (SK—Sovetskaya koloniya), i.e., the personnel of Soviet diplomatic, trade, technical, cultural, and other agencies functioning abroad. It also sought to infiltrate foreign
623:
able to do both outdoor (tailing) and photographic surveillance, as well as being able to tap phone lines, monitor conversations in other rooms through hidden microphones and covertly examining mail. They also had sections devoted to codes, cryptography, and ciphers.
1778:
1964:
1979:
1969:
1783:
1498:
554:. It relied heavily on the Army Special Section to ensure the loyalties of the soldiers and officers. The MGB operatives were used to supervise personnel and daily action, as well as to carry out counterintelligence operations.
1738:
584:
dissolved this department in 1946, but kept the main players in a
Special Service group so that they could continue with the same pattern of violence that the Fourth Directorate was known for. The group was dissolved in 1949.
1858:
519:
governmental bodies, businesses, public organizations, sensitive industrial plants, cultural and educational institutions, etc., placing MGB agents in strategic posts for intelligence-gathering and possible covert action.
1793:
1643:
1573:
1813:
1488:
1974:
1768:
1959:
1518:
2106:
1923:
1823:
2111:
1588:
1558:
1578:
2101:
2019:
1999:
1439:
1833:
1638:
1713:
3334:
1868:
1733:
1538:
372:
1843:
1613:
2029:
1903:
1683:
632:
Committee, and a number of high officeholders specifically listed. The
Division was also responsible for guarding important agencies and installations of the secret police themselves.
1853:
2202:
526:(military intelligence) and MGB's 1st Main Directorate were combined into the recently created foreign intelligence agency, the Committee of Information (KI), under the control of
431:—anecdotally derived from a phrase translated as "Death to Spies"—was designed to be a counter-intelligence unit within the Red Army to ensure the loyalty of the army personnel.
2059:
1943:
1583:
580:
At the beginning of the MGB, the Fourth
Directorate was designed as a proto-terrorist force to combat the anti-Soviet underground, nationalist formations, and hostile elements.
1908:
1773:
466:
under Soviet control. It enforced rigid conformity in the satellite states of Eastern Europe and infiltrated and destroyed anticommunist, anti-Soviet, or independent groups.
1883:
1743:
1060:
2606:
2589:
1928:
1753:
462:, as well as enacting a policy of supervision and surveillance to keep control and to prevent disloyalty. After World War II, the MGB was used to bring the newly acquired
2636:
1548:
1105:
365:
477:
The Ministry retained a high level of autonomy and a remarkable amount of freedom of operation within the Soviet system, as the agency was only responsible to the
2579:
3099:
2599:
1918:
412:, this "Organ of State Security" was re-organized and renamed multiple times. In 1941, the state-security function was separated from the NKVD and became the
3319:
1723:
1668:
2625:
2594:
358:
3379:
3369:
3329:
2584:
2536:
1788:
976:
3349:
2833:
1399:
515:
3374:
3364:
1628:
1568:
1483:
1098:
543:
2024:
1933:
1798:
2531:
2144:
1653:
1478:
3344:
2197:
2034:
496:
The general structure of the MGB is much the same as both the organization it came from, the NKGB, and the organization that followed, the
163:
2716:
2686:
1748:
1728:
1608:
1361:
1192:
1010:
Leeuw, Karl De., and Jan Bergstra. The History of Information Security: a Comprehensive Handbook. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007, pp. 505-506.
413:
317:
276:
104:
87:
71:
427:
In 1943, the NKGB was once again made into an independent organization in response to the Soviet occupation of parts of Eastern Europe.
2973:
2933:
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2654:
2170:
2069:
1648:
1563:
1427:
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1315:
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1989:
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1803:
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2004:
1938:
1838:
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1623:
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249:
771:
3208:
3159:
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2233:
2137:
1708:
1444:
1177:
992:
Parrish, Michael. The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996, pp. 174, 314-318.
946:
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159:
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2009:
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1408:
1284:
567:"bourgeois nationalism" in the Soviet satellites, i.e., anti-Soviet movements under the guise of nationalism.
59:
1046:
Knight, Amy W. Beria, Stalin's First Lieutenant. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993, pp. 169-171.
3255:
3082:
2946:
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2659:
2453:
2327:
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1678:
1513:
1503:
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502:
The MGB was composed of several departments or directorates with a specific purpose within the organization.
385:
The MGB was just one of many incarnations of the Soviet State Security apparatus. After the revolution, the
2851:
2526:
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2222:
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1808:
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974:"History of the MGB: The Fourth Directorate." TELUS Internet Services - Member Services. Web. 19 May 2011.
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2089:
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692:
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184:
438:(MVD) and the Ministry for State Security (MGB). The MGB and MVD merged again in 1953, orchestrated by
3127:
3104:
3077:
1873:
1292:
434:
Following the end of the war, both the NKVD and the NKGB were converted to ministries and redubbed the
389:
relied on a strong political police or security force to support and control their regime. During the
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2255:
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602:
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was concerned with military counterintelligence. It carried out many of the same tasks as
8:
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2207:
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527:
523:
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The MGB essentially inherited the "secret police" function of the old NKVD, conducting
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2463:
2265:
2250:
2192:
942:
873:"KGB | Origins, Functions, Significance, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica"
837:
687:
478:
390:
66:. The ministry inherited the intelligence and state security responsibilities of the
639:, showing the inherent mistrust and suspicion within the Soviet security apparatus.
1366:
817:
682:
677:
636:
446:
took on the mantle of the NKGB/ MGB and, in 1954, broke off from the reformed MVD.
46:
1061:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag
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79:
75:
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extensive use of the Special Sections within the state and local organizations.
3194:
3122:
2402:
2392:
714:
597:
This department was a short-lived organization designed to collect and process
439:
124:
3313:
3055:
1114:
801:
727:
129:
119:
63:
2938:
2759:
2153:
1266:
1159:
1134:
1118:
779:
551:
463:
421:
214:
635:
A number of the top officials from this department were implicated in the
2801:
2763:
2755:
2377:
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2074:
1144:
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2096:
1338:
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3011:
3006:
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2721:
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2212:
455:
821:
3001:
2546:
2280:
2240:
1220:
732:
2893:
2397:
2079:
2039:
408:(NKVD) in 1934. From the mid-1930s and until the creation of the
736:, the first in the Leo Demidov trilogy, Demidov is an MGB agent
550:, which it absorbed, as it conducted political surveillance of
547:
485:
428:
1113:
416:(NKGB), only to be reintegrated a few months later during the
134:
47:[mʲɪnʲɪˈsʲtʲerstvəɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)əjbʲɪzɐˈpasnəsʲtʲɪ]
2816:
2694:
1274:
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751:
394:
154:
1407:
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2704:
1356:
1182:
405:
237:
189:
67:
3335:
People's commissariats and ministries of the Soviet Union
2913:
2733:
2084:
1779:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
1256:
1202:
626:
443:
435:
409:
339:
938:
KGB Lexicon: The Soviet Intelligence Officer's Handbook
806:"Recent Developments in Soviet Public Administration"
533:
36:
1965:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
62:
from 1946 to 1953 which functioned as the country's
1980:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
1584:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
86:in 1953, upon which it was merged into an enlarged
16:Main Soviet secret police agency from 1946 to 1953
1744:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
1183:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
914:"KGB." Universitat De València. Web. 19 May 2011.
3311:
3002:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1970:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
1423:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
617:
1193:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)
2138:
1393:
1099:
935:Mitrokhin, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich (18 June 2002).
366:
24:
3320:Law enforcement agencies of the Soviet Union
1784:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
1499:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
889:
401:(GPU) in 1922 after the fighting was over.
244:(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
3380:Government agencies disestablished in 1953
3370:1953 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
3330:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Russia
2145:
2131:
1919:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
1739:Installation and Special Construction Work
1400:
1386:
1106:
1092:
703:
608:
442:, who was then arrested and executed. The
406:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
373:
359:
283:(People's Commissariat for State Security)
68:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
1859:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
1724:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
1339:Department of State Security (Securitate)
1188:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)
934:
890:Wolin, Simon; Slusser, Robert M. (1974).
557:
510:
38:Ministerstvo gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti
26:Министерство государственной безопасности
3350:Political repression in the Soviet Union
2075:Standards and Product Quality Management
1409:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
1221:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)
1178:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)
414:People's Commissariat for State Security
113:
102:
72:People's Commissariat for State Security
3375:Government agencies established in 1946
3365:1946 establishments in the Soviet Union
2152:
1794:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
1789:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
1574:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
960:
958:
894:. Westport, CT: Greenwood. p. 133.
800:
449:
3312:
2171:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
1357:Department of National Security (OZNA)
627:Division for the Protection of Leaders
168:(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)
2126:
1814:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
1489:Installation and Special Construction
1381:
1362:Directorate for State Security (UDBA)
1140:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
1087:
720:
575:
93:
45:
1975:Construction in the Southern Regions
1769:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
1629:Electrical Power and Electrification
1569:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
1316:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)
955:
858:
856:
772:"Encyclopedia :: K :: KGB"
642:
592:
570:
505:
256:(Main Directorate of State Security)
3345:Law enforcement in communist states
1960:Construction in the Eastern Regions
1519:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
1275:Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
397:were in power, relinquishing it to
219:(Joint State Political Directorate)
13:
1934:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
1799:Manufacture of Communication Media
1203:Committee for State Security (KGB)
1053:
671:
534:Second and Third Main Directorates
14:
3396:
1479:Agricultural Products Procurement
1367:Counterintelligence Service (KOS)
1239:Committee for State Security (DS)
1173:State Political Directorate (GPU)
853:
605:branch of the Central Committee.
589:within their transport programs.
3294:
3293:
3281:
1549:Communication Equipment Industry
1298:Ministry of Internal Affairs III
1293:State Protection Authority (ÁVH)
1198:Ministry of State Security (MGB)
1168:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
657:(14 July 1951 – 9 August 1951) (
651:(18 October 1946 – 14 July 1951)
345:Council of Ministers of the USSR
133:
128:
123:
118:
1924:Tool and Tool Building Industry
1040:
1031:
1022:
1019:Wolin and Slusser, pp. 115-117.
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
967:
928:
904:Wolin and Slusser, pp. 138-139.
114:
1564:Construction of Heavy Industry
1028:Wolin and Slusser, p. 110-111.
919:
907:
898:
883:
865:
844:
794:
764:
667:(9 August 1951 – 5 March 1953)
349:(Committee for State Security)
325:(Ministry of Internal Affairs)
1:
3360:1946 establishments in Russia
2834:Political abuse of psychiatry
2626:Congress of People's Deputies
1829:Mineral Fertilizer Production
1589:Construction of Tool-Machines
1559:Construction of Fuel Industry
757:
618:Second Special Administration
436:Ministry for Internal Affairs
404:The GPU was then renamed The
195:(State Political Directorate)
3325:Soviet intelligence agencies
1579:Construction of Power Plants
1524:Cellulose and Paper Industry
491:
304:(Ministry of State Security)
88:Ministry of Internal Affairs
60:ministry of the Soviet Union
7:
2997:Academy of Medical Sciences
1509:Building Materials Industry
1069:"Structure of the KGB USSR"
740:
693:Night of the Murdered Poets
399:State Political Directorate
78:from 1946 to 1951, then by
74:(NKGB). The MGB was led by
37:
10:
3401:
1669:Foreign Economic Relations
1001:Wolin and Slusser, p. 136.
964:Wolin and Slusser, p. 166.
925:Wolin and Slusser, p. 168.
21:Ministry of State Security
3275:
3219:
3193:
3113:
3036:
3027:
2972:
2879:
2842:
2782:
2685:
2647:
2567:
2429:
2420:
2370:
2318:
2309:
2161:
2107:Timber and Paper Industry
1988:
1952:
1864:Power and Electrification
1639:Electrotechnical Industry
1463:
1415:
1347:
1329:
1306:
1283:
1265:
1247:
1229:
1211:
1158:
1125:
1037:Wolin and Slusser, p.114.
951:– via Google Books.
55:
25:
2035:Labour and Social Issues
1714:Housing and Architecture
1694:General Machine-Building
1644:Environmental Protection
892:The Soviet Secret Police
213:of the Sovnarkom of the
3385:Intelligence ministries
3288:Soviet Union portal
1869:Pulp and Paper Industry
1819:Medium Machine-Building
1804:Meat and Dairy Industry
1734:Industrial Construction
810:The Journal of Politics
704:Intelligence operations
609:Economic Administration
253:of the NKVD of the USSR
3180:Stalinist architecture
2934:Science and technology
2844:Ideological repression
2772:Soviet Airborne Forces
2710:Destruction battalions
2112:Transport Construction
2070:Science and Technology
1939:Transport Construction
1844:Nuclear Power Industry
1839:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
1719:Heavy Machine Building
1624:Electrical Engineering
558:Fifth Main Directorate
544:Third Main Directorate
516:First Main Directorate
511:First Main Directorate
2962:List of metro systems
2515:Collective leadership
1904:Technical Cultivation
1684:Fruits and Vegetables
1321:Security Service (SB)
747:Eastern Bloc politics
2924:Net material product
2867:Censorship of images
2784:Political repression
2744:Soviet Border Troops
2677:First Deputy Premier
2261:1965 economic reform
2256:Soviet space program
2102:Television and Radio
1854:Oil and Gas Industry
1634:Electronics Industry
1484:Agriculture and Food
1435:Presidential Council
1257:State Security (StB)
603:information security
599:Signals Intelligence
450:Functions of the MGB
105:Chronology of Soviet
2992:Academy of Sciences
2807:Population transfer
2751:Soviet Armed Forces
2614:Congress of Soviets
2595:Presidium/Politburo
2559:Soviet anti-Zionism
2408:West Siberian Plain
2286:Revolutions of 1989
2223:Great Patriotic War
2208:New Economic Policy
1953:Regional ministries
1150:Inner German border
979:14 May 2011 at the
99:
2637:Military Collegium
2505:Capital punishment
2383:Caucasus Mountains
2296:Post-Soviet states
2176:Russian Revolution
2065:State of Emergency
2020:Defense Technology
2000:Building Materials
1944:Urban Construction
1654:Ferrous Metallurgy
1440:Federation Council
879:. 12 January 2024.
877:www.britannica.com
840:– via JSTOR.
782:on 8 November 2017
721:In popular culture
576:Fourth Directorate
528:Vyacheslav Molotov
98:
94:Origins of the MGB
50:), abbreviated as
3307:
3306:
3271:
3270:
3263:Hammer and sickle
3205:and their groups
3203:Soviet dissidents
2982:Communist Academy
2899:Economic planning
2875:
2874:
2768:Soviet Air Forces
2687:Security services
2607:General Secretary
2590:Central Committee
2532:Political parties
2464:Brezhnev Doctrine
2459:Foreign relations
2416:
2415:
2357:Autonomous okrugs
2271:Soviet–Afghan War
2251:Sino-Soviet split
2193:Russian Civil War
2120:
2119:
1679:Forestry Industry
1514:Chemical Industry
1504:Aviation Industry
1375:
1374:
688:Mingrelian affair
643:List of ministers
593:Sixth Directorate
571:Minor Departments
506:Major Departments
479:Central Committee
391:Russian Civil War
383:
382:
141:
140:
107:security agencies
35:
3392:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3034:
3033:
2942:
2797:Collectivization
2542:Marxism–Leninism
2427:
2426:
2316:
2315:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2045:People's Control
1990:State Committees
1909:Textile Industry
1809:Medical Industry
1774:Machine Building
1749:Internal Affairs
1729:Higher Education
1664:Fishing Industry
1609:Defense Industry
1450:Security Council
1402:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1117:agencies in the
1108:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1075:. Archived from
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
984:
971:
965:
962:
953:
952:
932:
926:
923:
917:
911:
905:
902:
896:
895:
887:
881:
880:
869:
863:
862:Fainsod, p. 711.
860:
851:
850:Fainsod, p. 710.
848:
842:
841:
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
778:. Archived from
768:
683:Leningrad affair
460:counterespionage
375:
368:
361:
350:
335:
326:
314:
305:
293:
284:
272:
257:
245:
233:
220:
205:
196:
180:
179:
169:
150:
137:
132:
127:
122:
115:
100:
97:
57:
49:
44:
40:
30:
28:
27:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3282:
3280:
3267:
3215:
3189:
3109:
3023:
2968:
2940:
2914:Internet domain
2909:Five-year plans
2871:
2838:
2778:
2681:
2643:
2575:Communist Party
2563:
2522:Passport system
2412:
2388:European Russia
2366:
2305:
2246:Khrushchev Thaw
2225:(World War II)
2203:Creation treaty
2157:
2151:
2121:
2116:
1993:and commissions
1992:
1984:
1948:
1914:Timber Industry
1884:Rubber Industry
1824:Merchant Marine
1649:Foreign Affairs
1467:
1459:
1411:
1406:
1376:
1371:
1343:
1325:
1302:
1279:
1261:
1243:
1225:
1207:
1154:
1121:
1112:
1079:on 6 June 2011.
1067:
1056:
1054:Further reading
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
981:Wayback Machine
972:
968:
963:
956:
949:
933:
929:
924:
920:
912:
908:
903:
899:
888:
884:
871:
870:
866:
861:
854:
849:
845:
822:10.2307/2126230
799:
795:
785:
783:
770:
769:
765:
760:
743:
723:
706:
698:Operation North
674:
672:Major campaigns
665:Semyon Ignatiev
655:Sergei Ogoltsov
649:Viktor Abakumov
645:
629:
620:
611:
595:
582:Viktor Abakumov
578:
573:
560:
536:
513:
508:
494:
452:
379:
348:
347:
331:
324:
323:
310:
303:
302:
289:
282:
281:
268:
264:
255:
254:
243:
242:
229:
225:
218:
217:
201:
194:
193:
175:
174:
167:
166:
146:
106:
96:
80:Semyon Ignatiev
76:Viktor Abakumov
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2957:Rail transport
2954:
2952:Railway system
2944:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2672:Deputy Premier
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2655:Heads of state
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2620:Supreme Soviet
2617:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2537:State ideology
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:Ural Mountains
2400:
2395:
2393:North Caucasus
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2085:State Security
2082:
2080:State Planning
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Cinematography
2002:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Internal Trade
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:State Security
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Radio Industry
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:Light Industry
1761:
1756:
1754:Iron and Steel
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Grain Products
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1544:Communications
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Civil Aviation
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1249:Czechoslovakia
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
966:
954:
947:
941:. Frank Cass.
927:
918:
906:
897:
882:
864:
852:
843:
816:(4): 679–714.
802:Fainsod, Merle
793:
762:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
749:
742:
739:
738:
737:
722:
719:
718:
717:
715:Cambridge Five
712:
705:
702:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
673:
670:
669:
668:
662:
652:
644:
641:
628:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
594:
591:
577:
574:
572:
569:
559:
556:
535:
532:
512:
509:
507:
504:
493:
490:
451:
448:
440:Lavrenty Beria
381:
380:
378:
377:
370:
363:
355:
352:
351:
336:
328:
327:
315:
307:
306:
294:
286:
285:
273:
261:
260:
259:
258:
234:
222:
221:
206:
198:
197:
181:
171:
170:
151:
143:
142:
139:
138:
111:
110:
95:
92:
84:Stalin's death
23:(Russian:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3397:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Secret police
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Printed media
3158:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:Cyrillisation
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Working class
3059:
3057:
3056:Soviet people
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Energy policy
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:Supreme Court
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:The Holocaust
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Fuel Industry
2028:
2026:
2025:Flight Safety
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
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3340:Eastern Bloc
3279:
3051:Demographics
3041:Antisemitism
2894:Central Bank
2812:Forced labor
2760:Spetsnaz GRU
2728:
2580:organisation
2488:Human rights
2437:Constitution
2320:Subdivisions
2198:Russian SFSR
2154:Soviet Union
2010:Construction
1898:
1889:Shipbuilding
1849:Oil Industry
1689:Gas Industry
1554:Construction
1267:East Germany
1197:
1160:Soviet Union
1135:Iron Curtain
1119:Eastern Bloc
1077:the original
1073:Aventura. ru
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784:. Retrieved
780:the original
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521:
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192:of the RSFSR
183:
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20:
18:
3155:Phraseology
3100:Prohibition
3088:Linguistics
3073:Drug policy
3066:1989 census
2987:Cybernetics
2889:Agriculture
2802:Great Purge
2764:Soviet Navy
2756:Soviet Army
2628:(1989–1991)
2622:(1938–1991)
2616:(1922–1936)
2600:Secretariat
2471:Gun control
2378:Caspian Sea
2362:Closed city
2291:Dissolution
2276:Perestroika
2218:Great Purge
1894:State Farms
1145:Berlin Wall
322:of the USSR
301:of the USSR
280:of the USSR
241:of the USSR
70:(NKVD) and
3314:Categories
3195:Opposition
3185:Television
3165:Propaganda
3138:Literature
3012:Naukograds
3007:Sharashkas
2941:(currency)
2919:Inventions
2862:Censorship
2792:Red Terror
2476:Government
2350:Autonomous
2333:Autonomous
2266:Stagnation
2229:Evacuation
2097:Statistics
2060:Metallurgy
2055:Publishing
1834:Metallurgy
1465:Ministries
1349:Yugoslavia
1058:See also:
758:References
387:Bolsheviks
54:(Russian:
3256:Republics
3244:Republics
3232:Republics
3083:Languages
2947:Transport
2829:Holodomor
2722:Militsiya
2660:President
2552:Stalinism
2454:Elections
2328:Republics
2311:Geography
2301:Nostalgia
2213:Stalinism
2040:Logistics
1619:Education
1416:All-Union
838:153394501
730:'s novel
492:Structure
456:espionage
160:Sovnarkom
58:), was a
32:romanized
3299:Category
2852:Religion
2739:Chairmen
2585:Congress
2547:Leninism
2527:Propiska
2422:Politics
2281:Glasnost
2241:Cold War
2181:February
2090:Chairmen
1879:Railways
1674:Forestry
1539:Commerce
1494:Armament
1455:Premiers
1231:Bulgaria
977:Archived
804:(1949).
741:See also
733:Child 44
3220:Symbols
3133:Fashion
3115:Culture
3029:Society
2974:Science
2939:Rouble
2881:Economy
2857:Science
2667:Premier
2648:Offices
2510:Leaders
2430:General
2398:Siberia
2371:Regions
2345:Oblasts
2186:October
2163:History
2015:Defense
1759:Justice
1699:Geology
1659:Finance
1614:Economy
1604:Defense
1599:Culture
1331:Romania
1285:Hungary
1213:Albania
830:2126230
420:of the
343:of the
333:1954–91
312:1953–54
291:1946–53
270:1943–46
231:1941–43
227:1934–41
203:1923–34
188:of the
177:1922–23
162:of the
158:of the
148:1917–22
90:(MVD).
3239:Emblem
3227:Anthem
3175:Sports
3128:Cinema
3123:Ballet
3105:Racism
3078:Family
2568:Bodies
2156:topics
2050:Prices
1709:Health
1594:Cotton
1308:Poland
945:
836:
828:
786:19 May
659:acting
548:SMERSH
486:Stalin
429:SMERSH
393:, the
82:until
3170:Radio
3148:Opera
3143:Music
3046:Crime
2817:Gulag
2695:Cheka
2340:Krais
1130:Gulag
983:>.
834:S2CID
826:JSTOR
752:Stasi
395:Cheka
164:RSFSR
155:Cheka
3251:Flag
3209:List
3017:List
2929:OGAS
2822:List
2705:NKVD
2493:LGBT
2481:List
2447:1977
2442:1936
1470:list
1428:list
943:ISBN
788:2011
542:The
458:and
277:NKGB
266:1941
250:GUGB
238:NKVD
215:USSR
210:OGPU
190:NKVD
43:IPA:
19:The
2734:KGB
2729:MGB
2717:MVD
2700:GPU
2500:Law
818:doi
726:In
524:GRU
498:KGB
484:In
444:KGB
424:.
410:KGB
340:KGB
319:MVD
298:MGB
185:GPU
56:МГБ
52:MGB
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