951:
687:, they cast the fuel into large cylinders with a star-shaped hole running along the inner axis. This allowed the fuel to burn along the entire length of the cylinder, rather than just the end as in earlier designs. The increased burn rate meant increased thrust. This also meant the heat was spread across the entire motor, instead of the end, and because it burned from the inside out it did not reach the wall of the missile fuselage until the fuel was finished burning. In comparison, older designs burned primarily from one end to the other, meaning that at any instant one small section of the fuselage was being subjected to extreme loads and temperatures.
466:
1944:, and the 4062nd Strategic Missile Wing (Mobile) was organized 1 December 1960. It was planned to include three missile train squadrons, each with 10 trains carrying 3 missiles per train. During the Kennedy/McNamara force reductions, the Department of Defense announced "that it has abandoned the plan for a mobile Minuteman ICBM. The concept called for 600 to be placed in serviceβ450 in silos and 150 on special trains, each train carrying 5 missiles." Kennedy announced on 18 March 1961 that the 3 squadrons were to be replaced with "fixed-base squadrons", and Strategic Air Command discontinued the 4062nd Strategic Missile Wing on 20 February 1962.
1050:, an interceptor missile capable of shooting down Soviet warheads, provided another way to prevent a sneak attack. This had initially been proposed as a way to defend the SAC bomber fleet. The Army argued that upgraded Soviet missiles might be able to attack US missiles in their silos, and Zeus would be able to blunt such an attack. Zeus was expensive and the Air Force said it was more cost-effective to build another Minuteman missile. Given the large size and complexity of the Soviet liquid-fueled missiles, an ICBM building race was one the Soviets could not afford. Zeus was canceled in 1963.
6067:
115:
1315:
1948:
869:, had failed and were abandoned. The Air Force and Autonetics spent millions on a program to improve transistor and component reliability 100 times, leading to the "Minuteman high-rel parts" specifications. The techniques developed during this program were equally useful for improving all transistor construction, and greatly reduced the failure rate of transistor production lines in general. This improved yield, which had the effect of greatly lowering production costs, had enormous spin-off effects in the electronics industry.
6004:
691:
instantaneous thrust during the burn, which made them questionable for the sort of accuracy required to hit a target at intercontinental range. While this initially appeared to be an insurmountable problem, it ended up being solved in an almost trivial fashion. A series of ports were added inside the rocket nozzle that were opened when the guidance systems called for engine cut-off. The reduction in pressure was so abrupt that the remaining fuel broke up and blew out the nozzle without contributing to the thrust.
2143:
1799:
989:" level around 400 megatons that would be enough to prevent a Soviet attack no matter how many missiles they had of their own. All that had to be ensured was that the US missiles survived, which seemed likely given the low accuracy of the Soviet weapons. Reversing the problem, the addition of ICBMs to the US Air Force's arsenal did not eliminate the need, or desire, to attack Soviet military targets, and the Air Force maintained that bombers were the only suitable platform in that role.
1587:
2091:
996:. Launched from submarines, Polaris was effectively invulnerable and had enough accuracy to attack Soviet cities. If the Soviets improved the accuracy of their missiles this would present a serious threat to the Air Force's bombers and missiles, but none at all to the Navy's submarines. Based on the same 400 equivalent megatons calculation, they set about building a fleet of 41 submarines carrying 16 missiles each, giving the Navy a finite deterrent that was unassailable.
1007:, entitled "The Puzzle of Polaris", was passed around among high-ranking Air Force officials. It suggested that Polaris negated any need for Air Force ICBMs if they were also being aimed at Soviet cities. If the role of the missile was to present an unassailable threat to the Soviet population, Polaris was a far better solution than Minuteman. The document had long-lasting effects on the future of the Minuteman program, which, by 1961, was firmly evolving towards a
1461:
2704:(GBSD) next-generation nuclear ICBM, was made by the US Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center, ICBM Systems Directorate, GBSD Division on 29 July 2016. The GBSD would replace MMIII in the land-based portion of the US Nuclear Triad. The new missile to be phased in over a decade from the late 2020s are estimated over a fifty-year life cycle to cost around $ 86 billion. Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman were competing for the contract.
1469:
790:
1092:
service, and the
Minuteman II had a CEP of 0.26 nautical miles (0.48 km; 0.30 mi). Additionally, the computers were upgraded with more memory, allowing them to store information for eight targets, which the missile crews could select among almost instantly, greatly increasing their flexibility. From that point, Minuteman became the US's primary deterrent weapon, until its performance was matched by the Navy's
44:
471:
470:
467:
629:
472:
755:
in a missile would detect failures, at which point it would be removed and recycled, while a newly built missile would take its place. The missile design was based purely on lowest possible cost, reducing its size and complexity because "the basis of the weapon's merit was its low cost per completed mission; all other factors β accuracy, vulnerability, and reliability β were secondary."
1814:. The safety features installed on the Minuteman III for each test launch allow the flight controllers to terminate the flight at any time if the systems indicate that its course may take it unsafely over inhabited areas. Since these flights are for test purposes only, even terminated flights can send back valuable information to correct a potential problem with the system.
469:
1853:
1490:
improved with a new fluid-injected motor, giving finer control than the previous four-nozzle system. Performance improvements realized in
Minuteman III include increased flexibility in reentry vehicle (RV) and penetration aids deployment, increased survivability after a nuclear attack, and increased payload capacity. The missile retains a
4965:
centers become disabled. It qualifies the aircraft as a weapon system even though
Looking Glass itself cannot fire a bullet or drop a bomb. The ALCS officer is also the intelligence planner and briefs the entire battle staff on current intelligence matters, develops threat assessments, and identifies emerging threats to the United States.
2465:; missiles reassigned to 341st SMW, however in 1995 it was decided to retire the Grand Forks missiles; the last missile was pulled from its silo in June 1998. Destruction of silos and control facilities began in October 1999; the last silo (H-22) was imploded 24 August 2001 (the last US silo destroyed per the 1991 START-I treaty).
1926:
561:, which addressed the same role, allowed the Air Force to modify the Minuteman, boosting its accuracy enough to attack hardened military targets, including Soviet missile silos. The Minuteman II entered service in 1965 with a host of upgrades to improve its accuracy and survivability in the face of an
3986:...we conclude that the US Department of Defense should pursue an ICBM/SLBM Dyad as it moves to reshape its nuclear force posture at lower warhead levels. Essentially, the US is already moving in this direction: the ICBMs and SLBMs remain robust, with modernization scheduled and funded, but the aging
2711:
On 14 December 2019, it was announced that
Northrop Grumman had won the competition to build the future ICBM. Northrop won by default, as their bid was at the time the only bid left to be considered for the GBSD program (Boeing had dropped out of the bidding contest earlier in 2019). The US Air Force
2707:
On 21 August 2017, the US Air Force awarded 3-year development contracts to Boeing and
Northrop Grumman, for $ 349 million and $ 329 million, respectively. One of these companies will be selected to produce this ground-based nuclear ICBM in 2020. In 2027, the GBSD program is expected to enter service
1322:
The LGM-30F Minuteman II was an improved version of the
Minuteman I missile. Its first test launch took place on September 24, 1964. Development on the Minuteman II began in 1962 as the Minuteman I entered the Strategic Air Command's nuclear force. Minuteman II production and deployment began in 1965
974:
In this environment, the Air Force saw their own ICBMs not as a primary weapon of war, but as a way to ensure that the
Soviets would not risk a sneak attack. ICBMs, especially newer models that were housed in silos, could be expected to survive an attack by a single Soviet missile. In any conceivable
962:
was the primary weapon of nuclear war. Blind bombing accuracy on the order of 1,500 feet (0.46 km) was expected, and the weapons were sized to ensure even the hardest targets would be destroyed as long as the weapon fell within this range. The USAF had enough bombers to attack every military and
774:
Although he was removed from the
Minuteman project, Hall's work on cost reduction had already produced a new design of 71 inches (1.8 m) diameter, much smaller than the Atlas and Titan at 120 inches (3.0 m), which meant smaller and cheaper silos. Hall's goal of dramatic cost reduction was a
754:
would allow continual production, and that similar equipment would allow a small team to oversee operations for dozens or hundreds of missiles, radically reducing the manpower requirements. Each farm would support between 1,000 and 1,500 missiles being produced in a continuous low rate cycle. Systems
742:
But Hall saw solid fuels not only as a way to improve launch times or survivability, but part of a radical plan to greatly reduce the cost of ICBMs so that thousands could be built. He envisioned a future where ICBMs were the primary weapon of the US, not in the supporting role of "last ditch backup"
2058:
The U.S. Air Force has considered using some decommissioned
Minuteman missiles in a satellite launching role. These missiles would be stored in silos, for launch upon short notice. The payload would be variable and would have the ability to be replaced quickly. This would allow a surge capability in
1668:
The
Guidance Replacement Program replaces the NS20A Missile Guidance Set with the NS50 Missile Guidance Set. The newer system extends the service life of the Minuteman missile beyond the year 2030 by replacing aging parts and assemblies with current, high reliability technology while maintaining the
881:
In 1957, a series of intelligence reports suggested the Soviet Union was far ahead in the missile race and would be able to overwhelm the US by the early 1960s. If the Soviets were building missiles in the numbers being predicted by the CIA and others within the defense establishment, by as early as
841:
Since the guidance program would not be running while the missile sat in the silo, the same computer was also used to run a program that monitored the various sensors and test equipment. With older designs this had been handled by external systems, requiring miles of extra wiring and many connectors
4964:
The airborne launch control system (ALCS) officer is the missile launch team leader and, along with the operations officer, operates the ALCS. This system allows Looking Glass to transmit launch codes to the intercontinental ballistic missiles in their underground silos should ground launch control
2062:
During the 1980s, surplus Minuteman missiles were used to power the Conestoga rocket produced by Space Services Inc. of America. It was the first privately funded rocket, but saw only three flights and was discontinued due to a lack of business. More recently, converted Minuteman missiles have been
1873:
for several decades. All Minuteman ICBM Launch Facilities were modified and built to have the capability to receive commands from ALCS. With ALCS standing alert around-the-clock, the Soviets could no longer successfully launch a Minuteman LCC decapitation strike. Even if the Soviets attempted to do
1283:
warhead with a yield of 1 Mt. Production for the W56 warhead with a 1.2 Mt yield began in March 1963 and W59 production was ended in July 1963 with a production run of only 150 warheads before being retired in June 1969. The W56 would continue production until May 1969 with a production run of 1000
1251:
in 20 tracks (write heads disabled after program fill) of 24 bits each and one alterable track of 128 words. The time for a D-17 disk revolution was 10 ms. The D-17 also used a number of short loops for faster access to intermediate results storage. The D-17 computational minor cycle was three disk
1091:
At those levels, the ICBM begins to approach the manned bomber in terms of accuracy; a small upgrade, roughly doubling the accuracy of the INS, would give it the same 1,500 feet (460 m) CEP as the manned bomber. Autonetics began such development even before the original Minuteman entered fleet
2025:. These locations were vital for ERCS effectiveness due to their centralized position in the US, within range of all missile complexes. In 1968, ERCS configurations were placed on the top of modified Minuteman II ICBMs (LGM-30Fs) under the control of the 510th Strategic Missile Squadron located at
1655:
warhead (335β350 kilotons) began replacing a number of the W62s deployed on the Minuteman IIIs. These were delivered in the Mark 12A reentry vehicle. A small, unknown number of the previous Mark 12 RVs were retained operationally, however, to maintain a capability to attack more-distant targets in
1546:
The Hercules M57 third stage of Minuteman I and Minuteman II had thrust termination ports on the sides. These ports, when opened by detonation of shaped charges, reduced the chamber pressure so abruptly that the interior flame was blown out. This allowed a precisely timed termination of thrust for
1382:
A penetration aids system to camouflage the warhead during its reentry into an enemy environment. In addition, the Mk-11C reentry vehicle incorporated stealth features to reduce its radar signature and make it more difficult to distinguish from decoys. The Mk-11C was no longer made of titanium for
1374:
and miniaturized discrete electronic parts. Minuteman II was the first program to make a major commitment to these new devices. Their use made possible multiple target selection, greater accuracy and reliability, a reduction in the overall size and weight of the guidance system, and an increase in
872:
Using a general-purpose computer also had long-lasting effects on the Minuteman program and the US's nuclear stance in general. With Minuteman, the targeting could be easily changed by loading new trajectory information into the computer's hard drive, a task that could be completed in a few hours.
762:
pressed for a system with higher accuracy, but Hall countered that the missile's role was to attack Soviet cities, and that "a force which provides numerical superiority over the enemy will provide a much stronger deterrent than a numerically inferior force of greater accuracy." Hall was known for
4109:
As work on Silos 31 and 32 neared completion, the first MINUTEMAN I test missile was launched from Pad 31 on 1 February 1961. The flight was highly successful, and it set a record for being the first launch operation in which all stages of a multi-staged missile were tested on the very first test
1848:
In other words, the Soviets needed only 100 warheads to eliminate command and control of the Minuteman ICBMs. Even if the Soviets chose to expend two to three warheads per LCC for assured damage expectancy, the Soviets would have had to expend only up to 300 warheads to disable the Minuteman ICBM
984:
attack concept, strategic planners calculated that an attack of "400 equivalent megatons" aimed at the largest Soviet cities would promptly kill 30% of their population and destroy 50% of their industry. Larger attacks raised these numbers only slightly, as all of the larger targets would already
3904:
The White House said in May that, under the treaty, the United States would deploy up to 420 Minuteman III ICBMs, up to 60 nuclear-capable heavy bombers, and 14 ballistic missile submarines, each with 20 launchers (reduced from 24 launchers). The U.S. Navy would deploy 240 Trident D-5 SLBMs (two
1877:
With the ALCS on alert, the Soviet war planning was complicated by forcing them to target not only the 100 LCCs, but also the 1,000 silos with more than one warhead in order to guarantee destruction. This would have required upwards of 3,000 warheads to complete such an attack. The odds of being
1222:, in 1963 and 1964. All 800 Minuteman I missiles were delivered by June 1965. Each of the bases had 150 missiles emplaced; F.E. Warren had 200 of the Minuteman IB missiles. Malmstrom had 150 of the Minuteman I, and about five years later added 50 of the Minuteman II similar to those installed at
833:
that kept the missile flying along a programmed course, and the second compared the information from the inertial platform to the target coordinates and sent any needed corrections to the autopilot. To reduce the total number of parts used in Minuteman, a single faster computer was used, running
805:
Minuteman was designed from the outset to be launched in minutes. While solid fuel eliminated the fueling delays, the delays in starting and aligning the guidance system remained. For the desired quick launch, the guidance system would have to be kept running and aligned at all times. This was a
4819:
After four years of internal deliberations, the U.S. Air Force has decided to empty 50 Minuteman III ICBMs from 50 of the nation's 450 ICBM silos. Instead of destroying the empty silos, however, they will be kept "warm" to allow reloading the missiles in the future if necessary. The decision to
1075:
Chief among these qualities was its digital computer, the D-17B. This could be updated in the field with new targets and better information about the flight paths with relative ease, gaining accuracy for little cost. One of the unavoidable effects on the warhead's trajectory was the mass of the
1489:
The LGM-30G Minuteman III program started in 1966 and included several improvements over the previous versions. Its first test launch took place on August 16, 1968. It was first deployed in 1970. Most modifications related to the final stage and reentry system (RS). The final (third) stage was
1234:
The Minuteman I's length varied based on which variation one was to look at. The Minuteman I/A had a length of 53 ft 8 in (16.36 m) and the Minuteman I/B had a length of 55 ft 11 in (17.04 m). The Minuteman I weighed roughly 65,000 lb (29,000 kg), had an
824:
by building the platform in the form of a ball which could rotate in two directions. Conventional solutions used a shaft with ball bearings at either end that allowed it to rotate around a single axis only. Autonetics' design meant that only two gyros would be needed for the inertial platform,
690:
Guidance of an ICBM is based not only on the direction the missile is traveling but the precise instant that thrust is cut off. Too much thrust and the warhead will overshoot its target, too little and it will fall short. Solids are normally very hard to predict in terms of burn time and their
3146:
For military applications, solid propellants are advantageous because missiles don't need to be fueled immediately prior to launch and are thus always combat ready. Many liquid propellants are difficult to store and transport safely, making it impossible to keep missiles pre-loaded with fuel.
1860:
Faced with only a few Minuteman LCC targets, the Soviets could have concluded that the odds of being successful in a Minuteman LCC decapitation strike were higher with less risk than it would have been having to face the almost insurmountable task of successfully attacking and destroying 1000
1836:
When the Minuteman ICBM was first placed on alert, the Soviet Union did not have the number of weapons, accuracy, nor significant nuclear yield to completely destroy the Minuteman ICBM force during an attack. However, starting in the mid-1960s, the Soviets began to gain parity with the US and
1167:
in California, but before the missiles were set to officially be moved there it was discovered that this first set of Minuteman missiles had defective boosters which limited their range from their initial 6,300 miles (10,100 km) to 4,300 miles (6,900 km). This defect would cause the
797:
Previous long-range missiles used liquid fuels that could be loaded only just prior to firing. The loading process took from 30 to 60 minutes in typical designs. Although lengthy, this was not considered to be a problem at the time, because it took about the same amount of time to spin up the
4820:
retain the silos rather than destroy them is in sharp contrast to the destruction of 100 empty silos currently underway at Malmstrom AFB and F.E. Warren AFB. Those silos were emptied of Minuteman and MX ICBMs in 2005-2008 by the Bush administration and are scheduled to be destroyed by 2016.
1988:. The missile fired at 8,000 ft (2,400 m), and the 10-second engine burn carried the missile to 20,000 feet again before it dropped into the ocean. Operational deployment was discarded due to engineering and security difficulties, and the capability was a negotiating point in the
1099:
Questions about the need for the manned bomber were quickly raised. The Air Force began to offer a number of reasons why the bomber offered value, in spite of costing more money to buy and being much more expensive to operate and maintain. Newer bombers with better survivability, like the
668:-range missiles with solids, especially for use in Europe where the fast reaction time was an advantage for weapons that might be attacked by Soviet aircraft. But Hall was convinced that they could be used for a true ICBM with a 5,500-nautical-mile (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) range.
1901:" Airborne Command Post (ABNCP) and are on alert around-the-clock. Although the Minuteman ICBM force has been reduced since the end of the Cold War, the ALCS continues to act as a force multiplier by ensuring that some enemy cannot launch a successful Minuteman LCC decapitation strike.
1722:, as well as more advanced safety devices. In addition to implementing these safety features in at least a portion of the future Minuteman III force, the decision to transfer W87s onto the missile was based on two features that improved the targeting capabilities of the weapon: more
1840:
Studying the problem, SAC realized that in order to prevent the US from launching all 1,000 Minuteman ICBMs, the Soviets did not have to target all 1,000 Minuteman missile silos. The Soviets needed to launch only a disarming decapitation strike against the 100 Minuteman LCCs β the
3763:
3555:
2130:'s 50 LFs even though they are part of the same Missile Wing). Each Minuteman wing is assisted logistically by a nearby Missile Support Base (MSB). If the ground-based LCCs are destroyed or incapacitated, the Minuteman ICBMs can be launched by airborne missileers utilizing the
1868:
command post aircraft, the ALCS demonstrated its capability on 17 April 1967 by launching an ERCS configured Minuteman II out of Vandenberg AFB, CA. Afterward, ALCS achieved Initial Operational Capability on 31 May 1967. From that point on, airborne missileers stood alert with
1072:" logic as their earlier missiles: that the weapon was primarily one designed to survive any potential Soviet attack and ensure they would be hit in return. But Minuteman had a combination of features that led to its rapid evolution into the US's primary weapon of nuclear war.
931:
The shape of these reentry vehicles required more room on the front of the missile than a traditional reentry vehicle design. To allow for this future expansion, the Minuteman silos were revised to be built 13 feet (4.0 m) deeper. Although Minuteman would not deploy a
3346:
This reduction is in line with the 1994 Nuclear Posture Review that established the goal of an ICBM force of "450/500 Minuteman III missiles, each carrying a single warhead," though the air force was not ordered to implement the decision until the 2006 Quadrennial Defense
909:, because they were too far away. In the shorter term, looking to rapidly increase the number of missiles in its force, Minuteman was given crash development status starting in September 1958. Advanced surveying of the potential silo sites had already begun in late 1957.
5029:
The three mobile Minuteman squadrons funded in the January budget should be deferred for the time being and replaced by three more fixed-base squadrons (thus increasing the total number of missiles added by some two-thirds). Development work on the mobile version will
1845:β in order to prevent the launch of all Minuteman ICBMs. Even though the Minuteman ICBMs would have been left unscathed in their missile silos following an LCC decapitation strike, the Minuteman missiles could not be launched without a command and control capability.
1267:. The disk storage was considered hardened to radiation from nearby nuclear explosions, making it an ideal storage medium. To improve computational speed, the D-17 borrowed an instruction look-ahead feature from the Autonetics-built Field Artillery Data Computer (
971:'s bombers, which parked in the open. Since there was no system to detect the ICBMs being launched, the possibility was raised that the Soviets could launch a sneak attack with a few dozen missiles that would take out a significant portion of SAC's bomber fleet.
743:
as the Air Force saw them at the time. This would require huge deployments, which would not be possible with existing weapons due to their high cost and operational manpower requirements. A solid fuel design would be simpler to build, and easier to maintain.
468:
2079:
L-3 Communications is currently using SR-19 SRBs, Minuteman II Second Stage Solid Rocket Boosters, as delivery vehicles for a range of different re-entry vehicles as targets for the THAAD and ASIP interceptor missile programs as well as radar testing.
2119:(LCC). A two-officer crew is on duty in the LCC, typically for 24 hours. The five flights are interconnected and status from any LF may be monitored by any of the five LCCs. Each LF is located at least three nautical miles (5.6 km) from any LCC.
4731:
Minneapolis, February 27, 2006 β Alliant Techsystems (NYSE: ATK) has received contract options worth $ 541 million from Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) to refurbish components and replace propellant on Minuteman III Stage 1, 2 and 3 rocket
1689:
treaty requirements by reconfiguring Minuteman III missiles from three reentry vehicles down to one. Though it was eventually ratified by both parties, START II never entered into force and was essentially superseded by follow-on agreements such as
1734:
The Minuteman III missile entered service in 1970, with weapon systems upgrades included during the production run from 1970 to 1978 to increase accuracy and payload capacity. As of June 2024, the USAF plans to operate it until the mid-2030s.
975:
scenario where both sides had similar numbers of ICBMs, the US forces would survive a sneak attack in sufficient numbers to ensure the destruction of all major Soviet cities in return. The Soviets would not risk an attack under these conditions.
828:
The last major advance was to use a general-purpose digital computer in place of the analog or custom designed digital computers. Previous missile designs normally used two single-purpose and very simple electromechanical computers; one ran the
1088:(CEP) of about 1.1 nautical miles (2.0 km; 1.3 mi), but this had improved to about 0.6 nautical miles (1.1 km; 0.69 mi) by 1965. This was accomplished without any mechanical changes to the missile or its navigation system.
9930:
2102:
has been the only operator of the Minuteman ICBM weapons system, currently with three operational wings and one test squadron operating the LGM-30G. The active inventory in FY 2009 is 450 missiles and 45 Missile Alert Facilities (MAF).
9867:
1348:
The Minuteman II had a length of 57 ft 7 in (17.55 m), weighed roughly 73,000 lb (33,000 kg), had an operational range of 6,300 mi (10,200 km) with an accuracy of about 1 mi (1.6 km).
4676:
842:
to locations where test instruments could be connected during servicing. Now these could all be accomplished by communicating with the computer through a single connection. In order to store multiple programs, the computer, the
738:
for added protection, and launch in minutes. This met their need for a weapon that would be safe from sneak attacks; hitting all of the silos within a limited time window before they could launch simply did not seem possible.
9452:
9332:
1327:
and guidance system with better azimuthal coverage, providing military planners with better accuracy and a wider range of targets. Some missiles also carried penetration aids, allowing the higher probability of kill against
4618:
We are checking and balancing everything, but they are basically new missiles except for the shell," said Michael Knipp, ICBM program analyst. "Over the last decade we've done more than $ 7 billion worth of upgrades to 450
9479:
8474:
1861:
Minuteman silos and 100 Minuteman LCCs to ensure Minuteman was disabled. This theory motivated SAC to design a survivable means to launch Minuteman, even if all the ground-based command and control sites were destroyed.
1287:
It's not clear exactly why the W59 was replaced by the W56 after deployment but issues with "... one-point safety" and "performance under aged conditions" were cited in a 1987 congressional report regarding the warhead.
10657:
10359:
9534:
2785:. The North Dakota State Historical Society maintains the Ronald Reagan Minuteman Missile Site, preserving a Missile Alert Facility, Launch Control Center and Launch Facility in the WS-133B "Deuce" configuration, near
9970:
9504:
1789:
In 2014, the Air Force decided to put fifty Minuteman III silos into "warm" unarmed status, taking up half of the 100 slots in America's allowable nuclear reserve. These can be reloaded in the future if necessary.
1833:(ALCS) is an integral part of the Minuteman ICBM command and control system and provides a survivable launch capability for the Minuteman ICBM force if ground-based launch control centers (LCCs) are destroyed.
9726:
9549:
9350:
8496:
1642:
The Minuteman III has a length of 59.9 ft (18.3 m), weighs 79,432 lb (36,030 kg), an operational range of 8,700 mi (14,000 km), and an accuracy of about 800 ft (240 m).
1112:
of the early 1970s eventually emerged with a price tag around $ 200 million (equivalent to $ 600 million in 2023) while the Minuteman IIIs built during the 1970s cost only $ 7 million ($ 30 million in 2023).
4693:
The MGS was installed by the 20th Air Force onto a Minuteman III missile at Minot Air Force Base, N.D in January. Today, the entire force of 450 land-based ICBMs is converted to the modernized MGS, known as
702:, but had always been skeptical of the system. The Navy felt that liquid fuels were too dangerous to use onboard ships, especially submarines. Rapid success in the solids development program, combined with
9696:
966:
Soviet ICBMs upset this equation to a degree. Their accuracy was known to be low, on the order of 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi), but they carried large warheads that would be useful against
11064:
9875:
9816:
6688:
4071:
The United States took a giant step toward pushbutton warfare capability Wednesday when a Minuteman missile streaked 4,000 miles down the Atlantic Range in a spectacularly successful first flight test.
9947:
9721:
8819:
1583:
The Minuteman III missiles use D-37D computers and complete the 1,000 missile deployment of this system. The initial cost of these computers range from about $ 139,000 (D-37C) to $ 250,000 (D-17B).
9544:
10667:
10347:
9539:
9236:
9228:
1519:(MIRV). A single missile was then able to target three separate locations. This was an improvement from the Minuteman I and Minuteman II models, which were able to carry only one large warhead.
928:
and the Boost Glide Reentry Vehicle. These used long and skinny arrow-like shapes that provided aerodynamic lift in the high atmosphere, and could be fitted to existing missiles like Minuteman.
9736:
9462:
9044:
9022:
4149:
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) - A Minuteman missile sprang from a pit Friday and streaked 3,000 miles in a major success which gave the United States a big boost towards pushbutton war capability.
3990:
calls into question the value of 28 the B-52 fleet, while the modernized but very small B-2 force is assuming a niche role. In short, the United States will soon field a de facto nuclear Dyad.
3268:
The Minuteman III was the world's first MIRV'ed ICBM. A MIRV (multiple independent re-entry vehicles) permits each missile to carry multiple warheads, and direct each one at a separate target.
1398:
facilities. This provided decreased reaction time and increased survivability when under nuclear attack. Final changes to the system were performed to increase compatibility with the expected
7648:
1677:
Beginning in 1998 and continuing through 2009, the Propulsion Replacement Program extends the life and maintains the performance by replacing the old solid propellant boosters (downstages).
1124:
concept, which survives into the present. Although this argument was successful, the number of manned bombers has been repeatedly cut and the deterrent role increasingly passed to missiles.
11101:
10232:
10217:
9907:
1837:
potentially had the capability to target and successfully attack the Minuteman force with an increased number of ICBMs that had greater yields and accuracy than were previously available.
10995:
10809:
10063:
9990:
9517:
9492:
5484:
10767:
10379:
9935:
9895:
9855:
9258:
7727:
6128:
4664:
1453:
873:
Earlier ICBMs' custom wired computers, on the other hand, could have attacked only a single target, whose precise trajectory information was hard-coded directly in the system's logic.
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10592:
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options which allowed for greater targeting flexibility, and the most accurate reentry vehicle available, which provided a greater probability of damage to the designated targets.
4744:
3891:
5441:
2394:
Inactivated 1994 when Minuteman II phased out of inventory. All retired between 3 December 1991 and April 1994, with destruction of silos and alert facilities finishing in 1996.
5041:
Marti and Sarigul-Klijn, A Study of Air Launch Methods for RLVs. Doc No. AIAA 2001β4619, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering Dept, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
2537:(ERCS) missiles in addition to Minuteman II ICBMs. The 351st SMW was inactivated under START-I. The first silo was imploded on 8 December 1993 and the last on 15 December 1997.
1550:
A fixed nozzle with a liquid injection thrust vector control system on the new third-stage motor (similar to the second-stage Minuteman II nozzle) additionally increased range.
734:
ICBMs was progressing, and "storable" liquids were being developed that would allow missiles to be left in a ready-to-shoot form for extended periods. These could be placed in
9922:
9761:
9674:
3219:
3175:
1252:
revolutions or 30 ms. During that time all recurring computations were performed. For ground operations, the inertial platform was aligned and gyro correction rates updated.
10787:
10542:
10537:
9380:
8992:
4605:
4463:
Molecular packaging of integrated circuits has been suggested by Microsemiconductor Corp. This would involve the same process the company uses for diodes it supplies to the
10547:
9307:
8761:
1296:
design including the W59 suffered from a critical one-point safety issue and suffered premature tritium aging issues that needed to be corrected after entry into service.
4841:
9375:
9155:
9632:
1634:
The existing Minuteman III missiles have been further improved over the decades in service, with more than $ 7 billion spent in the 2010s to upgrade the 450 missiles.
3970:
5993:
4029:
The Air Force today fires a Minuteman intercontinental missile to a target 4,200 miles down the Atlantic Range in a successful "go for broke" test of the new rocket.
2014:(ERCS). Specially designed rockets called BLUE SCOUT carried radio-transmitting payloads high above the continental United States, to relay messages to units within
1255:
During a flight, filtered command outputs were sent by each minor cycle to the engine nozzles. Unlike modern computers, which use descendants of that technology for
10247:
8576:
8543:
7687:
4500:
Minuteman III/Mk-12 RV warhead; remaining W-62s part of U.S. "enduring stockpile", but will be removed from active service under START II (to be replaced by W-88s)
2528:
2456:
2303:
2389:
2248:
2192:
1541:. This enables it to dispense decoys or β with MIRV β dispense individual RVs to separate targets. For the PSRE it uses the bipropellant Rocketdyne RS-14 engine.
905:, which would be carried aboard aircraft flying far from the Soviet Union, and thus impossible to attack by either ICBM, because they were moving, or long-range
3425:
9499:
1537:
Minuteman III introduced in the post-boost-stage ("bus") an additional liquid-fuel propulsion system rocket engine (PSRE) that is used to slightly adjust the
11161:
11086:
5960:
1363:
with liquid injection thrust vector control on a larger second-stage motor to increase missile range. Additional motor improvements to increase reliability.
5313:
4768:
963:
industrial target in the USSR and was confident that its bombers would survive in sufficient numbers that such a strike would utterly destroy the country.
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7330:
7298:
2752:
2746:
2681:
10314:
9360:
1849:
force β far less than the total number of Minuteman silos. The Soviets could have then used the remaining warheads to strike other targets they chose.
3617:
1516:
566:
8469:
7525:
7520:
4985:
1547:
targeting accuracy. The larger Minuteman III third-stage motor also has thrust termination ports although the final velocity is determined by PSRE.
1035:, and Minuteman's low production cost made its selection a foregone conclusion. Atlas and Titan were soon scrapped, and the storable liquid fueled
11217:
9957:
7405:
7360:
4871:
2011:
584:
By the 1970s, 1,000 Minuteman missiles were deployed. This force has shrunk to 400 Minuteman III missiles as of September 2017, deployed in
5476:
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10422:
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9803:
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instead. These changes would allow the missiles, even with their defective boosters, to reach their intended targets in the case of a launch.
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9487:
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1084:) mapped these with increasing accuracy, feeding that information back into the Minuteman fleet. The Minuteman was initially deployed with a
1785:). All Minuteman I and Minuteman II missiles have been retired. The United States prefers to keep its MIRV deterrents on submarine-launched
763:
his "friction with others" and in 1958 Schriever removed him from the Minuteman project, sending him to the UK to oversee deployment of the
11025:
10672:
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10597:
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9880:
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1810:
in order to validate the effectiveness, readiness, and accuracy of the weapon system, as well as to support the system's primary purpose,
1031:, was tasked with continuing the expansion and modernisation of the US nuclear deterrent while limiting spending. McNamara began to apply
569:(MIRV): three smaller warheads that improved the missile's ability to strike targets defended by ABMs. They were initially armed with the
10970:
10817:
10724:
10712:
10454:
10449:
10429:
10404:
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8320:
3871:
1318:
The guidance system of the Minuteman II was much smaller due to the use of integrated circuits. The inertial platform is in the top bay.
714:, led the Navy to abandon Jupiter and begin development of their own solid-fuel missile. Aerojet's work with Hall was adapted for their
9885:
9032:
5433:
5082:
4487:
2007:
999:
This presented a serious problem for the Air Force. They were still pressing for the development of newer bombers, like the supersonic
4096:
1698:, which do not limit MIRV capability. Minuteman III remains fitted with a single warhead due to the warhead limitations in New START.
1003:, for attacks against military targets, but this role seemed increasingly unlikely in a nuclear war scenario. A February 1960 memo by
10804:
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7672:
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7257:
3204:
2604:
2598:
2592:
680:
351:
3255:
1475:
work on a Minuteman III's multiple independently-targetable re-entry vehicle (MIRV) system. Current missiles carry a single warhead.
936:
warhead, the extra space proved invaluable in the future, as it allowed the missile to be extended and carry more fuel and payload.
11141:
9977:
9467:
7839:
7252:
5979:
5550:
4806:
3160:
2770:
2734:
2728:
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4593:
3191:
The name of the Minuteman missile refers to the ability to launch the missile within minutes after receipt of a valid launch order
7937:
7318:
1081:
9995:
9838:
9774:
9078:
4833:
4652:
Initial deployment in December 1979, replacing W-62s already deployed on Minuteman IIIs. Deployment completed in February 1983.
4570:
2001:
1104:, cost many times more than the Minuteman, and, in spite of great efforts through the 1960s, became increasingly vulnerable to
954:
The Polaris SLBM could ostensibly fill the role of the Minuteman, and was perceived as significantly less vulnerable to attack.
3094:
3072:
2111:
The basic tactical unit of a Minuteman wing is the squadron, consisting of five flights. Each flight consists of ten unmanned
1976:
proposal in which SAMSO (Space & Missile Systems Organization) successfully conducted an Air Mobile Feasibility Test that
1936:
was a program for rail-based ICBMs to help increase survivability and for which the USAF released details on 12 October 1959.
10822:
7874:
7844:
7628:
6679:
5815:
5780:
5711:
5680:
5641:
5598:
4399:
4222:
3804:
3749:
3667:
3525:
2879:
2712:
said: "The Air Force will proceed with an aggressive and effective sole-source negotiation." in reference to Northrop's bid.
2534:
1691:
5060:
4175:
9120:
9071:
7163:
5744:
5506:
4187:
3400:
1567:
The Guidance Replacement Program, initiated in 1993, replaced the disk-based D37D flight computer with a new one that uses
1436:. The Minuteman II flight computer continued to use rotating magnetic disks for primary storage. The Minuteman II included
526:
that required fueling before launch and so might be destroyed in a surprise attack. The missile was named for the colonial
508:
6066:
5252:
5216:
5171:
5122:
2018:. In the event of a nuclear attack, ERCS payloads would relay pre-programmed messages giving the "go-order" to SAC units.
1375:
the survivability of the guidance system in a nuclear environment. The guidance system contained 2,000 microchips made by
9509:
9300:
7879:
7753:
6489:
5016:
2621:
2610:
2321:
2068:
1886:
5924:
1405:
The Minuteman II program was the first mass-produced system to use a computer constructed from integrated circuits (the
1120:
system of some sort, the ICBM and SLBM fleet might be rendered useless, while the bombers would remain. This became the
9567:
2884:
1329:
1024:
489:
57:
1116:
The Air Force countered that having a variety of platforms complicated the defense; if the Soviets built an effective
9604:
9340:
8781:
4802:
4092:
3418:
3370:
3290:
3068:
2757:
1714:
missile were replaced on the Minuteman III force under the Safety Enhanced Reentry Vehicle (SERV) program. The older
565:(ABM) system the Soviets were known to be developing. In 1970, the Minuteman III became the first deployed ICBM with
17:
7915:
6657:
1284:
warheads. Mods 0 to 3 were retired by September 1966 and the Mod 4 version would remain in service until the 1990s.
9684:
9054:
9049:
7799:
7643:
7355:
6036:
3741:
2701:
1564:
instead of rotating magnetic disk for primary storage was developed as a backup for the D37D but was never adopted.
1152:
605:
1929:
Some effort was given to a mobile version of Minuteman to improve its survivability, but this was later cancelled.
9027:
8558:
8313:
8266:
6007:
4946:
4601:
3937:
2614:
2580:
1989:
1890:
1882:
835:
493:
5528:
5321:
4758:
500:(Version 3) is the only land-based ICBM in service in the United States and represents the land leg of the U.S.
11270:
10020:
9749:
9689:
7834:
6377:
4905:
2859:
2572:
2131:
1964:
1951:
1874:
so, EC-135s equipped with the ALCS could fly overhead and launch the remaining Minuteman ICBMs in retaliation.
1870:
1830:
1077:
902:
861:, which were at that time very expensive and not very reliable. Earlier efforts to use computers for guidance,
665:
3203:
Bott, Mitch; Griffin, Chris; Gupta, Shalini; Jeffery, Jared; Schilling, Troy; Suarez, Vivian (6 August 2009).
1159:'s arsenal in 1962. After the first batch of Minuteman I's were fully developed and ready for stationing, the
8411:
7904:
7556:
7541:
2874:
1937:
1842:
1429:
1101:
1040:
1000:
661:
5381:
4665:"Photo Release -- Northrop Grumman/Air Force Complete Guidance Upgrade Installations On Minuteman III ICBMs"
1080:
that pull on the warhead as it passes over them. Through the 1960s, the Defense Mapping Agency (now part of
11245:
10927:
9066:
8851:
8771:
8711:
8282:
7897:
7824:
7819:
7638:
7505:
4122:
4002:
3583:
2778:
2542:
2462:
2418:
2116:
1527:
1248:
924:(MARV), which greatly complicated the problem of shooting down a warhead. Two designs were tested in 1957,
649:
4044:
2912:-launched; the "G" indicates that it is designed to attack ground targets; the "M" indicates that it is a
660:
ICBMs. Solid fuels were already commonly used in short-range rockets. Hall's superiors were interested in
9917:
9845:
9345:
8920:
8887:
7930:
7303:
6543:
3987:
3109:
3107:
2864:
2586:
2563:
1807:
921:
477:
4977:
4863:
1685:
The Single Reentry Vehicle modification enabled the United States ICBM force to abide by the now-voided
1235:
operational range of 5,500 mi (8,900 km) with an accuracy of about 1.5 mi (2.4 km).
9447:
9409:
9312:
8902:
8766:
8731:
8694:
8506:
8349:
8306:
7814:
7598:
7278:
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6548:
6391:
6198:
5955:
5914:
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4012:
2675:
1818:
1750:
1494:
1413:
1063:
883:
531:
418:
3104:
950:
694:
The first to use these developments was the US Navy. It had been involved in a joint program with the
11255:
11151:
9791:
9701:
9644:
9424:
9414:
9218:
8987:
8481:
7465:
7380:
7313:
7143:
6907:
6672:
5351:
2786:
2015:
4707:"ATK Awarded Follow-on Options Worth $ 541 Million for Minuteman III Propulsion Replacement Program"
3359:
3147:
Consequently, liquid propellant missiles require a long fueling process before they can be launched.
3137:
2645:β Vandenberg AFB, California (Missile Maintenance Training and Missile Initial Qualification Course)
1821:
is responsible for planning, preparing, conducting, and assessing all ICBM ground and flight tests.
10264:
9649:
9206:
8699:
8241:
7854:
7789:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6046:
6031:
6021:
5590:
4718:
4597:
4127:
4049:
3651:
1774:
1425:
1293:
799:
646:
589:
4333:
Report to Congress on stockpile reliability, weapon remanufacture, and the role of nuclear testing
820:
that they claimed had been running continually from 1952 to 1957. Autonetics further advanced the
746:
Hall's ultimate plan was to build a number of integrated missile "farms" that included factories,
11091:
10010:
9796:
9295:
9186:
9138:
9037:
8491:
8486:
8354:
8329:
7947:
7293:
6505:
6056:
6041:
2662:
2112:
2099:
2026:
1898:
1433:
1160:
1085:
747:
433:
120:
3659:
3644:
3205:"Discussion of the Unique and Complementary Characteristics of the ICBM and SLBM Weapon Systems"
10897:
8937:
8786:
8726:
8704:
8376:
7923:
7108:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6276:
6271:
4915:. Vol. 25, no. 1. Association of Air Force Missileers. pp. 13β16. Archived from
3859:
3507:
2648:
2642:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2482:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2406:
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2233:
2227:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2127:
2123:
1117:
1105:
913:
897:
The Air Force responded by beginning research into survivable strategic missiles, starting the
562:
4447:
758:
Hall's plan did not go unopposed, especially by the more established names in the ICBM field.
11187:
10364:
10334:
10279:
9711:
9278:
9143:
9115:
9083:
8861:
8344:
8200:
8195:
7663:
7455:
7028:
6932:
6596:
6447:
6412:
6407:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6225:
5889:
Technical Order 21M-LGM30G-2-1-7: Organizational Maintenance Control, Minuteman Weapon System
5772:
5703:
4385:
4214:
3966:
3879:
2782:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2288:
2282:
2239:
2158:
1624:
5. The Post-Boost Vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV) deployment.
1441:
1156:
1032:
968:
5086:
4745:"Minuteman III test launch showcases readiness of US nuclear force's safe, effective deterr"
4479:
4309:
3955:
3735:
3511:
9850:
9754:
9059:
8932:
8925:
8533:
8361:
8287:
7859:
7809:
7717:
7227:
6665:
6580:
6251:
6246:
6051:
6026:
4084:
2410:
1914:
For the subsequent plans for Peacekeeper Rail Garrison and Soviet Scalpel rail basing, see
1762:
1719:
1618:
4. About 180 seconds after launch, 3rd-stage thrust terminates and the Post-Boost Vehicle (
1428:, which had similar weight and ruggedness constraints. The Apollo integrated circuits were
1399:
906:
767:. On his return to the US in 1959, Hall retired from the Air Force. He received his second
597:
574:
523:
146:
4913:
Air Force Missileers - The Quarterly Newsletter of the Association of Air Force Missileers
4387:
The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
958:
During Minuteman's early development, the Air Force maintained the policy that the manned
8:
10259:
9609:
9397:
9273:
8618:
8464:
8298:
8190:
7365:
7205:
7128:
6538:
6363:
6241:
6118:
6095:
5934:
5919:
4714:
4391:
4368:
4144:
4066:
4024:
4007:
3655:
3299:
3247:
3113:
3093:
2869:
2666:
1941:
1739:
1711:
1395:
1109:
518:
Development of the Minuteman began in the mid-1950s when basic research indicated that a
399:
5558:
4794:
4537:
2983:
1878:
successful in such an attack on the Minuteman ICBM force would have been extremely low.
10869:
10354:
10242:
9706:
9579:
9125:
8185:
7440:
7390:
7247:
7215:
6922:
6780:
6646:
6564:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
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6308:
6182:
6082:
5971:
5903:
5759:
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4631:
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3593:
3313:
3281:
3012:
2965:
2490:
2475:
2263:
2053:
1782:
1568:
1561:
857:
Building a computer with the required performance, size and weight demanded the use of
554:
505:
4439:
2951:
1669:
current accuracy performance. The replacement program was completed 25 February 2008.
10922:
9419:
9290:
8751:
8454:
8231:
8095:
7945:
7869:
7849:
7500:
7445:
7400:
7370:
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7158:
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6738:
6687:
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6172:
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5707:
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5676:
5647:
5637:
5612:
5604:
5594:
5466:(21 August 2017) "Pentagon narrows competition for the next big U.S. nuclear missile"
5052:
4446:. Vol. 14, no. 5. American Aviation Publications. 3 February 1964. p.
4413:
4405:
4395:
4336:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4236:
4228:
4218:
3905:
Trident submarines typically are in longterm maintenance and have no SLBMs on board).
3883:
3810:
3800:
3796:
3787:
3755:
3745:
3673:
3663:
3609:
3601:
3588:
3584:"Edward N. Hall, 91; Rocket Pioneer Seen as the Father of Minuteman ICBM (obituary )"
3539:
3531:
3521:
3337:
3329:
3321:
2399:
2350:
2207:
2151:
2049:
1811:
1770:
1758:
1421:
1376:
1256:
1093:
1068:
Minuteman's selection as the primary Air Force ICBM was initially based on the same "
538:
519:
296:
293:
5929:
4562:
4512:
3125:
1742:(MX) ICBM, which was to have replaced the Minuteman, was retired in 2005 as part of
1628:
7. The RVs and chaff re-enter the atmosphere at high speeds and are armed in flight.
10882:
10782:
9731:
8806:
8633:
8568:
8256:
8125:
8004:
7864:
7769:
7485:
7470:
7350:
7345:
7237:
7098:
6852:
6835:
6750:
6090:
5944:
5852:
4672:
4458:
4132:
4054:
3833:
3696:
3303:
3161:"Unique and Complementary Characteristics of the U.S. ICBM and SLBM Weapon Systems"
3060:
3042:
2889:
2064:
1602:
2. About 60 seconds after launch, the 1st stage drops off and the 2nd-stage motor (
1047:
1036:
986:
959:
882:
1961 they would have enough to attack all SAC and ICBM bases in the US in a single
821:
784:
617:
512:
403:
6003:
1947:
1893:(USSTRATCOM). The weapon system is also located on board the United States Navy's
1314:
9779:
9432:
9201:
9191:
9002:
8721:
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8251:
8080:
8075:
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7566:
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6760:
6728:
6713:
6156:
5837:
5655:
5620:
4421:
4381:
4291:
4244:
4169:
3872:"Chapter 4: Deterring Nuclear Attack on the United States and Declaratory Policy"
3847:
3818:
3681:
3547:
2837:
2425:
1786:
1523:
1391:
1264:
1223:
1207:
1028:
1020:
806:
serious problem for the mechanical systems, especially the gyroscopes which used
775:
success, although many of the other concepts of his missile farm were abandoned.
768:
707:
657:
613:
5730:
3918:
2142:
894:" of a few years earlier, but through the late 1950s, it was a serious concern.
726:
The US Air Force saw no pressing need for a solid fuel ICBM. Development of the
10444:
9900:
9860:
9012:
8980:
8967:
8814:
8613:
8175:
8155:
8135:
8130:
7784:
7682:
7608:
7581:
7510:
7375:
7283:
7242:
7210:
7195:
7153:
7048:
7023:
7008:
6972:
6962:
6927:
6902:
6882:
6847:
6800:
6765:
6723:
6616:
6151:
5241:
5205:
5160:
5111:
3923:
2913:
2822:
1164:
993:
945:
715:
711:
699:
684:
642:
578:
558:
395:
5949:
5908:
5007:
4332:
4287:
4211:
The U.S. Nuclear Arsenal: A History of Weapons and Delivery Systems since 1945
3711:
3543:
11239:
10342:
9522:
9213:
8841:
8741:
8686:
8501:
8421:
8205:
8180:
8150:
8085:
8060:
8050:
8030:
8014:
7623:
7588:
7576:
7571:
7460:
7308:
7118:
7058:
7033:
7013:
7003:
6977:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6842:
6825:
6775:
6755:
6733:
6708:
6703:
6146:
6141:
5833:
5790:
5721:
5690:
5616:
4688:
4417:
4240:
4206:
4171:
To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program
3954:
Johnson, Dana J.; Bowie, Christopher J.; Haffa, Robert P. (12 January 2009).
3887:
3814:
3759:
3677:
3639:
3605:
3597:
3341:
3325:
3317:
2740:
2358:
2269:
1985:
1865:
1798:
1596:
1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its 1st-stage boost motor (
1571:
1508:
Mk-12 warheads, having a yield of only 170 kilotons TNT, instead of previous
1191:
1173:
1121:
1069:
847:
751:
703:
546:
501:
5651:
5624:
4425:
4248:
3822:
3712:"Of myths and missiles: the truth about John F. Kennedy and the Missile Gap"
2485:(Inactivated 2008, WS-133B system retired, missiles recycled into inventory)
11207:
10212:
9574:
9474:
9392:
8897:
8801:
8528:
8523:
8513:
8371:
8261:
8105:
8100:
8065:
8009:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7748:
7732:
7712:
7702:
7692:
7653:
7603:
7593:
7546:
7480:
7450:
7410:
7395:
7232:
7185:
7138:
7113:
7078:
6998:
6887:
6805:
6718:
6136:
5965:
5841:
5807:
5659:
3863:
3855:
3685:
3613:
3551:
2909:
2802:
2790:
2774:
2722:
2553:
2497:
2429:
2362:
2218:
2090:
1894:
1766:
1560:
A Honeywell HDC-701 flight computer which employed non-destructive readout
1324:
1289:
1215:
1203:
1195:
1059:
1046:
Minuteman's low cost had spin-off effects on non-ICBM programs. The Army's
1008:
980:
866:
807:
735:
601:
585:
550:
542:
522:
motor could stand ready to launch for long periods of time, in contrast to
457:
4295:
1586:
1500:
Minuteman III originally contained the following distinguishing features:
1402:. These newer missiles were later deployed into modified Minuteman silos.
1279:
At its introduction into service in 1962, Minuteman I was fitted with the
10912:
10907:
10902:
10847:
10792:
10497:
10269:
9196:
8975:
8942:
8791:
8663:
8623:
8394:
8389:
8366:
8221:
8145:
8120:
8115:
8090:
8070:
8055:
7969:
7420:
7190:
7180:
7083:
6871:
6820:
6790:
6785:
6770:
6745:
6636:
6621:
4710:
2817:
1925:
1897:. The ALCS crews are integrated into the battle staff of the USSTRATCOM "
1417:
933:
925:
917:
887:
817:
764:
731:
727:
671:
To achieve the required energy, that year Hall began funding research at
653:
389:
4085:"Ch. III Β§8: The 6555th's Role in the Development of Ballistic Missiles"
3100:(Report). Sandia National Labs. September 1990. p. 65. SAND90-1238.
2021:
BLUE SCOUT launch sites were located at Wisner, West Point and Tekamah,
1630:
8. The nuclear warheads initiate, either as air bursts or ground bursts.
1460:
1332:. The payload consisted of a single Mk-11C reentry vehicle containing a
645:, who in 1956 was given charge of the solid-fuel-propulsion division of
553:
counterattack if the U.S. was attacked. However, the development of the
10604:
10417:
9833:
9811:
9557:
8658:
8653:
8246:
8236:
8226:
8170:
8165:
7222:
7123:
7093:
6631:
4271:
2827:
2685:
2652:
2327:
1981:
1626:
6. The RVs, as well as decoys and chaff, are deployed during back away.
1538:
1406:
1371:
1169:
891:
858:
813:
4340:
3513:
Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance
3308:
3285:
1247:
used a rotating air bearing magnetic disk holding 2,560 "cold-stored"
43:
10507:
10459:
10227:
8831:
7804:
7018:
6967:
5520:
5477:"Boeing, Northrop Grumman receive development contracts for new ICBM"
3517:
2549:
2214:
1695:
1452:
1386:
A larger warhead in the reentry vehicle to increase kill probability.
1337:
1268:
1260:
1199:
851:
830:
527:
5939:
5507:"Northrop Grumman wins competition to build future ICBM, by default"
4916:
3401:"Northrop Grumman wins competition to build future ICBM, by default"
1856:
An Airborne Missileer operating Common ALCS on board an EC-135A ALCC
1468:
7667:
5880:
Technical Order 21M-LGM30G-1-22: Minuteman Weapon System Operations
5871:
Technical Order 21M-LGM30G-1-1: Minuteman Weapon System Description
5741:
4783:
4632:"The W-78 Warhead - Intermediate Yield Strategic ICBM MIRV Warhead"
3876:
U.S. Nuclear and Extended Deterrence: Considerations and Challenges
2689:
2501:
2331:
2030:
2022:
1915:
1743:
1718:
did not have many of the safety features of the newer W87, such as
1686:
1219:
802:, set the initial position, and program in the target coordinates.
759:
8288:
United States tri-service missile and drone designations post-1962
5961:
60 Minutes shocked to find 8-inch floppies drive nuclear deterrent
5634:
Cold War Legacy: A Tribute to the Strategic Air Command: 1946β1992
5608:
4409:
4232:
789:
11005:
11000:
10552:
10025:
8160:
7551:
7425:
7415:
7340:
7273:
5672:
4279:
3956:"TRIAD, DYAD, MONAD? SHAPING THE US NUCLEAR FORCE FOR THE FUTURE"
2847:
2842:
2273:
2162:
1977:
1973:
1778:
1754:
1211:
1177:
695:
676:
609:
593:
331:
327:
317:
307:
5825:
4795:"Obama Administration Decision Weakens New START Implementation"
3793:
Daydream Believers: How a Few Grand Ideas Wrecked American Power
3535:
3360:"New START Treaty Aggregate Numbers of Strategic Offensive Arms"
3333:
1995:
1424:. The other major customer of early integrated circuits was the
10178:
8648:
8538:
8110:
7633:
7613:
7475:
7435:
7335:
7200:
7175:
7148:
7053:
5404:"Boeing Ready to Design Next Generation of US Nuclear Missiles"
5373:
2656:
1806:
Minuteman III missiles are regularly tested with launches from
1491:
1472:
1360:
1271:) that permitted simple instruction execution every word time.
1039:
deployment was severely curtailed. McNamara also cancelled the
898:
672:
135:
5587:
The Missile Next Door: The Minuteman in the American Heartland
3235:
Missiles can be launched within minutes after receipt of order
750:, transport and recycling. He was aware that new computerized
628:
612:. The Minuteman III will be progressively replaced by the new
10887:
9624:
7829:
7779:
7774:
6877:
6815:
6810:
5314:"625th Strategic Operations Squadron Activated at Offutt AFB"
4444:
missiles and rockets - The Weekly of Space System Engineering
4369:
Sandia Weapon Review: Nuclear Weapon Characteristics Handbook
3114:
Sandia Weapon Review: Nuclear Weapon Characteristics Handbook
3095:
Sandia Weapon Review: Nuclear Weapon Characteristics Handbook
2812:
2781:(D-01) and a launch facility (D-09) under the control of the
1919:
1531:
1437:
1409:
1367:
1244:
1172:
as planned. The decision was made to station the missiles at
1168:
missiles to fall short of their targets if launched over the
862:
843:
793:
Autonetics D-17 guidance computer from a Minuteman I missile.
4563:"Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs)"
4440:"Integrated Circuits Improving In Quality, Dropping in Cost"
3646:
Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics
2760:
at Cheyenne, Wyoming (modified for Peacekeeper ICBM in 1986)
2700:
A request for proposal for development and maintenance of a
10892:
5434:"US Air Force set to replace intercontinental nuke arsenal"
5194:
5192:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5009:
99 β Special Message to the Congress on the Defense Budget.
2832:
2807:
2670:
1723:
1657:
1591:
1554:
1127:
1004:
384:
8328:
3043:"LGM-30 Minuteman III ICBM - United States Nuclear Forces"
2419:
321st Strategic Missile (later Missile) Wing (later Group)
2036:
The Minuteman ERCS may have been assigned the designation
1660:(the Mark 12 RV weighed slightly less than the Mark 12A).
1323:
and completed in 1967. It had an increased range, greater
641:
Minuteman owes its existence largely to Air Force Colonel
5343:
4168:
Lonnquest, John C.; Winkler, David F. (1 November 1996).
1852:
1715:
1707:
1652:
1574:
1522:
An RS capable of deploying, in addition to the warheads,
1509:
1505:
1482:
1333:
1307:
1280:
1135:
570:
262:
258:
254:
247:
240:
11261:
Intercontinental ballistic missiles of the United States
6001:
5636:(1st ed.). Pictorial Histories Publishing Company.
5189:
5140:
4834:"U.S. continues to test Cold War-era Minuteman missiles"
4789:
2529:
351st Missile Wing LGM-30 Minuteman Missile Launch Sites
2457:
321st Missile Wing LGM-30 Minuteman Missile Launch Sites
1824:
1612:
3. About 120 seconds after launch, the 3rd-stage motor (
7899:
United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963
2390:
44th Missile Wing LGM-30 Minuteman Missile Launch Sites
2122:
Control does not extend outside the squadron (thus the
2063:
used to power the Minotaur line of rockets produced by
1940:
were first exercised from 20 June to 27 August 1960 at
1336:
nuclear warhead with a yield of 1.2 megatons of TNT (5
339:
First stage 202,600 lb (91,900 kg) (Minuteman
5669:
Achieving Accuracy: A Legacy of Computers and Missiles
2908:
The letter "L" in "LGM" indicates that the missile is
1356:
An improved first-stage motor to increase reliability.
1352:
The major new features provided by Minuteman II were:
4906:"ALCS 50th Anniversary: Celebrating a Proud Heritage"
1984:
aircraft from 20,000 ft (6,100 m) over the
1881:
The ALCS is operated by airborne missileers from the
1163:(USAF) had originally decided to put the missiles at
2678:β Vandenberg Air Force Base, California β "Top Hand"
203:
55 ft 11 in (17.04 m) (Minuteman I/B)
6689:
1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations
5925:
Strategic-Air-Command.com Minuteman Missile History
5769:
Ace in the Hole: The Story of the Minuteman Missile
5700:
Ace in the Hole: The Story of the Minuteman Missile
5543:
4123:"Minuteman Fired From Pit in Major Missile Success"
4089:
The 6555th: Missile and Space Launches Through 1970
3737:
Lightning Bolts: First Maneuvering Reentry Vehicles
2753:
Ronald Reagan Minuteman Missile State Historic Site
2747:
Ronald Reagan Minuteman Missile State Historic Site
1557:) with larger disk memory and enhanced capability.
5799:
3916:
3786:
3643:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
1701:
1517:multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles
916:system which was known to be under development at
567:multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles
5731:"Minuteman Weapon System History and Description"
4978:"Minuteman: The West's Biggest Missile Programme"
4751:
4330:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3126:https://nuke.fas.org/cochran/nuc_84000001c_01.pdf
2739:Minuteman II missile Training Launch Facility at
2715:
2624:in 2007, where ALCS mission continues to this day
2413:in 1987. Inactivated 2005. Peacekeepers retired.)
1672:
511:(SLBM) and nuclear weapons carried by long-range
365:About 5,500 mi (8,900 km) (Minuteman I)
11237:
4331:Miller, G.H.; Brown, P.S.; Alonso, C.T. (1987).
4266:(1st ed.). Perastadion Press. p. 346.
2115:(LFs) which are remotely controlled by a manned
2074:
1749:A total of 450 LGM-30G missiles are emplaced at
985:have been hit. This suggested that there was a "
171:About 73,000 lb (33,000 kg) (Minuteman
164:About 65,000 lb (29,000 kg) (Minuteman
5930:Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles
5106:
5104:
5057:Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles
3917:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
3910:
2925:A third gyro was later added for other reasons.
1663:
534:, who could be ready to fight on short notice.
5667:McMurran, Marshal William (11 December 2008).
4432:
4201:
4199:
4197:
3840:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3443:
3216:Center for Strategic and International Studies
3172:Center for Strategic and International Studies
3054:
3052:
3021:Center for Strategic and International Studies
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
636:
439:Minuteman II: 0.26 nmi (0.48 km) CEP
436:initially, then 0.6 nmi (1.1 km) CEP
379:700 mi (3,700,000 ft; 1,100 km)
371:14,000 km (8,700 mi) (Minuteman III)
206:57 ft 7 in (17.55 m) (Minuteman
196:53 ft 8 in (16.36 m) (Minuteman
8314:
7931:
6673:
5987:
5729:ICBM Prime Team - TRW Systems (1 July 2001).
5513:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4374:
3352:
2094:The connectivity of the 91st MW Missile Field
1996:Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS)
1412:). The Minuteman II integrated circuits were
368:10,200 km (6,300 mi) (Minuteman II)
334:SR73-AJ/TC-1 (34,170 lbf, 152.0 kN)
310:TU-122 (M-55) (178,000 lbf, 790 kN)
228:5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) (1st stage)
5101:
4870:. Los Angeles, California. 6 February 1985.
4864:"Minuteman Test Firing Aborted Over Pacific"
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
3398:
2491:351st Strategic Missile (later Missile) Wing
320:SR-19-AJ-1 (60,181 lbf, 267.70 kN)
5868:
5112:"A History of PACCS, ACCS and ALCS, page 1"
4624:
4480:"Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons"
4472:
4310:"Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons"
4264:The Handbook of Rockets and Guided Missiles
4255:
4194:
3778:
3722:
3273:
3240:
3138:"Missiles & Other WMD Delivery Systems"
3049:
2990:
2351:44th Strategic Missile (later Missile) Wing
2043:
1864:After thorough testing and modification of
1616:) ignites and separates from the 2nd stage.
1151:was first test-fired on 1 February 1961 at
537:The Minuteman entered service in 1962 as a
442:Minuteman III: 200 m (660 ft) CEP
11276:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
8321:
8307:
7938:
7924:
6680:
6666:
5994:
5980:
5886:
5083:"Factsheets: 320 Missile Squadron (AFGCS)"
4934:
4886:
4737:
4657:
4585:
4324:
4039:
4037:
3947:
3632:
1447:
178:79,432 lb (36,030 kg) (Minuteman
42:
5877:
4594:"Life Extension Programs modernize ICBMs"
4154:
3307:
3196:
2605:7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron
2599:2nd Airborne Command and Control Squadron
2593:4th Airborne Command and Control Squadron
2146:Active LGM-30 Minuteman deployments, 2010
1680:
1656:the south-central Asian republics of the
1390:System modernization was concentrated on
1299:
681:ammonium perchlorate composite propellant
352:Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant
5940:Minuteman Missile National Historic Site
5728:
4699:
4302:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3152:
2771:Minuteman Missile National Historic Site
2735:Minuteman Missile National Historic Site
2729:Minuteman Missile National Historic Site
2141:
2089:
2010:communication relay system included the
1946:
1924:
1851:
1797:
1585:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1313:
1128:Minuteman I (LGM-30A/B or SM-80/HSM-80A)
949:
788:
627:
464:
432:Minuteman I: 1.1 nmi (2.0 km)
5585:Heefner, Gretchen (12 September 2012).
4555:
4353:
4034:
4003:"U.S. scores third major space success"
3582:Maugh II, Thomas H. (18 January 2006).
3087:
1515:It was the first missile equipped with
1082:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1019:Minuteman's final tests coincided with
886:. It was later demonstrated that this "
721:
14:
11238:
5551:"Ronald Reagan Minuteman Missile Site"
5444:from the original on 28 September 2016
5050:
5019:from the original on 21 September 2013
4573:from the original on 15 September 2019
4358:. Vol. VI. Chukelea Publications.
4347:
4115:
4076:
4045:"Minuteman Missile Fired Successfully"
3995:
2796:
2002:Emergency Rocket Communications System
1330:Moscow's anti-ballistic missile system
912:Adding to their concerns was a Soviet
683:. Adapting a concept developed in the
11251:Cold War weapons of the United States
8302:
7919:
6661:
5975:
5374:"Vandenberg Air Force Base > Home"
5354:from the original on 26 February 2015
5284:"625th Strategic Operations Squadron"
5063:from the original on 15 December 2010
4988:from the original on 18 February 2015
4831:
4771:from the original on 13 November 2019
4490:from the original on 11 November 2019
3766:from the original on 22 November 2019
3703:
3642:; Shoolery, Judith (1 October 2001).
3620:from the original on 23 November 2019
3570:
3558:from the original on 22 November 2019
3431:from the original on 31 December 2019
3225:from the original on 22 November 2019
3181:from the original on 22 November 2019
3075:from the original on 28 December 2018
2880:Nuclear weapons and the United States
2535:Emergency Rocket Communication System
2504:(1 February 1963 β 31 July 1995)
2012:Emergency Rocket Communication System
1825:Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS)
1292:alleged that all weapons sharing the
771:in 1960 for his work on solid fuels.
652:, created to lead development of the
213:59.9 ft (18.3 m) (Minuteman
11266:Nuclear weapons of the United States
5951:"Primed for Defense β The Minuteman"
5910:"Minuteman: From Launch To Delivery"
4942:"E-6B Airborne Command Post (ABNCP)"
4679:from the original on 2 November 2019
4513:"Minuteman Missile Nuclear Warheads"
4188:Defense Technical Information Center
4099:from the original on 7 November 2017
3976:from the original on 19 October 2016
2432:(14 August 1964 β 30 September 1998)
2344:
2106:
1958:
1952:Air Mobile Feasibility Demonstration
901:program. Initially, this focused on
509:submarine-launched ballistic missile
5904:CSIS Missile Threat β Minuteman III
5797:
5632:Lloyd, Alwyn T. (15 January 2000).
5487:from the original on 23 August 2017
5294:from the original on 11 August 2017
5258:from the original on 15 August 2016
5222:from the original on 13 August 2016
5177:from the original on 14 August 2016
5128:from the original on 13 August 2016
4874:from the original on 27 August 2016
4844:from the original on 25 August 2016
4809:from the original on 7 October 2017
4438:
4209:; Norris, Robert S. (1 July 2009).
3894:from the original on 14 August 2019
3846:
3788:"Chapter 3: Chasing Silver Bullets"
3709:
3506:
3258:from the original on 14 August 2019
3130:
2751:November 33 Silo (topside only) at
2682:625th Strategic Operations Squadron
2622:625th Strategic Operations Squadron
2322:625th Strategic Operations Squadron
2314:LGM-30G Minuteman III, 1975βpresent
2256:LGM-30G Minuteman III, 1972βpresent
2200:LGM-30G Minuteman III, 1973βpresent
2069:Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems
1909:
1887:625th Strategic Operations Squadron
1802:A Minuteman III missile in its silo
1637:
1343:
992:Into this argument came the Navy's
920:. WS-199 was expanded to develop a
24:
5861:
5750:from the original on 5 August 2019
5666:
5414:from the original on 6 August 2016
5344:"Home page of Hill Air Force Base"
4832:Burns, Robert (26 February 2016).
4717:. 27 February 2006. Archived from
4642:from the original on 1 August 2019
4380:
4178:from the original on 17 April 2019
3380:from the original on 5 August 2019
3358:
2885:Single Integrated Operational Plan
1651:In December 1979 the higher-yield
1023:entering the White House. His new
778:
490:intercontinental ballistic missile
58:Intercontinental ballistic missile
25:
11287:
8283:USAF missile designations 1947β51
7905:Drones designated in UAV sequence
5945:Federation of American Scientists
5897:
5798:Zuckerman, Edward (4 June 1984).
5384:from the original on 10 June 2019
4803:Federation of American Scientists
4608:from the original on 10 July 2019
4093:Federation of American Scientists
3742:Tate Publishing & Enterprises
3399:Sandra Erwin (14 December 2019).
3371:United States Department of State
3291:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3159:Bott, Mitch (21 September 2009).
3069:Federation of American Scientists
3058:
3011:
2758:Quebec-One Missile Alert Facility
1366:An improved guidance system (the
1229:
816:had an experimental design using
480:in California on 9 February 2023.
6065:
6002:
4630:
4592:Pampe, Carla (25 October 2012).
4478:
4261:
4205:
3785:Kaplan, Fred (1 December 2008).
3784:
3734:Yengst, William (6 April 2010).
3733:
3279:
3246:
2702:Ground Based Strategic Deterrent
2659:(ICBM Weapons Instructor Course)
2365:(24 November 1961 β 5 July 1994)
2126:'s five LCCs cannot control the
890:" was just as fictional as the "
113:
8267:Supersonic Low Altitude Missile
7950:rocket and missile designations
7314:BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109
6008:Air Force Global Strike Command
5887:The Boeing Corporation (1994).
5878:The Boeing Corporation (1973).
5869:The Boeing Corporation (1973).
5631:
5531:from the original on 4 May 2016
5499:
5469:
5456:
5426:
5396:
5366:
5336:
5306:
5276:
5270:
5234:
5198:
5153:
5075:
5044:
5035:
5000:
4970:
4950:. 14 March 2017. Archived from
4947:United States Strategic Command
4940:
4903:
4856:
4825:
4663:
4602:Air Force Public Affairs Agency
4591:
4530:
4505:
3953:
3938:Gross Domestic Product deflator
3638:
3411:
3392:
2919:
2902:
2764:
2611:625th Missile Operations Flight
2581:68th Strategic Missile Squadron
1990:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
1891:United States Strategic Command
1883:Air Force Global Strike Command
1729:
1702:Safety Enhanced Reentry Vehicle
1606:) ignites. The missile shroud (
1464:Side view of Minuteman III ICBM
1053:
903:air-launched ballistic missiles
494:Air Force Global Strike Command
5085:. 3 March 2016. Archived from
5053:"Boeing LEM-70 Minuteman ERCS"
4167:
3202:
3119:
3035:
2976:
2958:
2944:
2860:Airborne Launch Control Center
2716:Surviving decommissioned sites
2708:and remain active until 2075.
2695:
2595:(Ellsworth AFB, SD: 1970β1992)
2583:(Ellsworth AFB, SD: 1967β1970)
2573:Airborne Launch Control System
2438:LGM-30G Minuteman III, 1972β98
2165:, (1 July 1963 β present)
2132:Airborne Launch Control System
1965:Air-launched ballistic missile
1938:Minuteman Mobility Test Trains
1904:
1831:Airborne Launch Control System
1673:Propulsion Replacement Program
1646:
1553:A flight computer (Autonetics
876:
825:instead of the typical three.
280:Air-burst or contact (surface)
13:
1:
5766:
5697:
5555:North Dakota State Government
4705:
4110:flight of an R&D program.
4011:. Vol. 58, no. 49.
3919:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
3710:Day, Dwane (3 January 2006).
3158:
2932:
2875:Missile launch control center
2745:Oscar Zero Alert Facility at
2556:(28 June 1962 β 25 June 1968)
2510:LGM-30F Minuteman II, 1965β95
2435:LGM-30F Minuteman II, 1965β73
2371:LGM-30F Minuteman II, 1971β94
2339:
2311:LGM-30F Minuteman II, 1967β94
2276:(15 July 1961 β present)
2221:(25 June 1968 β present)
2075:Ground and air launch targets
1142:
846:, was built in the form of a
698:to develop the liquid-fueled
5584:
4904:Kuehn, Cory (1 March 2017).
4567:George Washington University
4043:
3419:"W87-1 Modification Program"
2937:
2727:Delta One Alert Facility at
2721:Oscar One Alert Facility at
2559:LGM-30B Minuteman I, 1962β68
2543:455th Strategic Missile Wing
2507:LGM-30B Minuteman I, 1963β65
2368:LGM-30B Minuteman I, 1963β73
2308:LGM-30A Minuteman I, 1962β69
2302:150 Missiles, 15 MAF β
2253:LGM-30B Minuteman I, 1968β72
2247:150 Missiles, 15 MAF β
2197:LGM-30B Minuteman I, 1964β74
2191:150 missiles, 15 MAF β
2083:
2006:From 1963 through 1991, the
1871:ALCS-capable EC-135 aircraft
1664:Guidance Replacement Program
1622:) separates from the rocket.
650:Western Development Division
7:
5802:The Day After World War III
5059:. designation-systems.net.
4121:
4082:
4001:
3797:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3286:"U.S. Nuclear Forces, 2009"
2865:LGM-30 Minuteman chronology
2853:
2617:(Offutt AFB, NE: 1998β2007)
2607:(Offutt AFB, NE: 1994β1998)
2601:(Offutt AFB, NE: 1970β1994)
2587:91st Strategic Missile Wing
2564:91st Strategic Missile Wing
1808:Vandenberg Space Force Base
1720:insensitive high explosives
1243:The Minuteman I Autonetics
1238:
1076:Earth, which contains many
922:maneuvering reentry vehicle
718:starting in December 1956.
706:'s promise of much lighter
647:General Bernard Schriever's
637:Edward Hall and solid fuels
492:(ICBM) in service with the
478:Vandenberg Space Force Base
10:
11292:
5920:Minuteman Information Site
5577:
4262:Bowman, Norman J. (1957).
4013:United Press International
3581:
3059:Pike, John (29 May 1997).
2676:576th Flight Test Squadron
2636:
2589:(Minot AFB, ND: 1967β1969)
2174: β "Screaming Eagles"
2047:
2008:National Command Authority
1999:
1962:
1913:
1819:576th Flight Test Squadron
1793:
1751:F.E. Warren Air Force Base
1495:inertial navigation system
1274:
1263:, the disk was the active
1064:Pre-emptive nuclear strike
1057:
1014:
943:
939:
782:
623:
532:American Revolutionary War
488:is an American land-based
476:Minuteman III launch from
11226:
11175:
11039:
10958:
10197:
10056:
9179:
8880:
8679:
8337:
8275:
8214:
8043:
8023:
7962:
7955:
7888:
7762:
7741:
7534:
7266:
6986:
6696:
6609:
6589:
6573:
6557:
6531:
6522:
6498:
6482:
6456:
6400:
6384:
6372:
6296:
6289:
6234:
6218:
6211:
6191:
6165:
6127:
6111:
6104:
6081:
6074:
6063:
6014:
4984:: 844. 21 December 1961.
4759:"TRIDENT II (D5) MISSILE"
4312:. Nuclear Weapons Archive
4174:. Department of Defense.
2230: β "Vulgar Vultures"
2137:
1843:command and control sites
1710:RVs from the deactivated
1706:Beginning in 2005, Mk-21/
1512:'s yield of 1.2 megatons.
1430:resistorβtransistor logic
449:
425:
410:
383:
375:
357:
347:
289:
284:
272:
232:
224:
189:
157:
152:
141:
131:
126:
108:
76:
71:
64:Place of origin
63:
53:
41:
34:
27:American ICBM, in service
5767:Neal, Roy (9 May 2011).
5698:Neal, Roy (9 May 2011).
5591:Harvard University Press
5051:Parsch, Andreas (2002).
4636:nuclearweaponarchive.org
4542:nuclearweaponarchive.org
4484:nuclearweaponarchive.org
4356:The Swords of Armageddon
4128:Lewiston Morning Tribune
4050:Lewiston Morning Tribune
3652:Cambridge, Massachusetts
3252:nuclearweaponarchive.org
3248:"The Minuteman III ICBM"
2895:
2154: β "Mighty Ninety"
2044:Satellite launching role
1787:Trident Nuclear Missiles
1775:Malmstrom Air Force Base
1448:Minuteman III (LGM-30G)
1426:Apollo Guidance Computer
1294:"Tsetse" nuclear primary
800:inertial guidance system
11228:Unknown or not assigned
8330:United States Air Force
7948:United States Air Force
4354:Hansen, Chuck (1995a).
3878:. Arms Control Series.
3061:"LGM-30A/B Minuteman I"
2779:Launch Control Facility
2663:526th ICBM Systems Wing
2533:The 510th SMS operated
2236: β "Gravelhaulers"
2100:United States Air Force
2027:Whiteman Air Force Base
1504:Armed with up to three
1434:Fairchild Semiconductor
1383:this and other reasons.
1359:A novel, single, fixed
1161:United States Air Force
1155:, and entered into the
1106:surface-to-air missiles
1086:circular error probable
121:United States Air Force
97:1970βpresent (Minuteman
5935:Nuclear Weapon Archive
2649:315th Weapons Squadron
2643:532d Training Squadron
2524:510th Missile Squadron
2519:509th Missile Squadron
2514:508th Missile Squadron
2483:564th Missile Squadron
2452:448th Missile Squadron
2447:447th Missile Squadron
2442:446th Missile Squadron
2407:400th Missile Squadron
2295:490th Missile Squadron
2234:741st Missile Squadron
2228:740th Missile Squadron
2210: β "Roughriders"
2184:321st Missile Squadron
2178:320th Missile Squadron
2172:319th Missile Squadron
2147:
2128:320th Missile Squadron
2124:319th Missile Squadron
2095:
1980:a Minuteman 1b from a
1955:
1930:
1857:
1803:
1681:Single Reentry Vehicle
1631:
1476:
1465:
1457:
1414:diodeβtransistor logic
1319:
1300:Minuteman II (LGM-30F)
1190:became operational at
1118:anti-ballistic missile
955:
914:anti-ballistic missile
865:and the system on the
854:in place of the drum.
794:
633:
563:anti-ballistic missile
541:weapon that could hit
481:
11271:MIRV capable missiles
7875:M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U
6597:LGM-30G Minuteman III
6096:Twentieth (Strategic)
5525:National Park Service
4838:Portland Press Herald
4215:Naval Institute Press
3967:Air Force Association
3880:Brookings Institution
2783:National Park Service
2385:68th Missile Squadron
2380:67th Missile Squadron
2375:66th Missile Squadron
2353:"Black Hills Bandits"
2289:12th Missile Squadron
2283:10th Missile Squadron
2240:742d Missile Squadron
2159:Francis E. Warren AFB
2145:
2117:launch control center
2093:
1950:
1928:
1855:
1801:
1589:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1442:Microsemi Corporation
1317:
1157:Strategic Air Command
1033:cost/benefit analysis
969:Strategic Air Command
953:
838:for these functions.
792:
631:
620:, beginning in 2030.
616:ICBM, to be built by
606:Francis E. Warren AFB
524:liquid-fueled rockets
475:
404:kilometers per second
7159:AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84
6549:B-52H Stratofortress
6483:Strategic Operations
4840:. Portland, Oregon.
4638:. 1 September 2001.
4517:minutemanmissile.com
4392:Simon & Schuster
3860:O'Hanlon, Michael E.
3510:(13 December 1990).
3300:Taylor & Francis
3284:(27 November 2015).
2411:LGM-118A Peacekeeper
2285: β "First Aces"
2186: β "Greentails"
2059:times of emergency.
1763:Minot Air Force Base
1740:LGM-118A Peacekeeper
1400:LGM-118A Peacekeeper
1368:D-37 flight computer
1245:D-17 flight computer
1025:Secretary of Defense
907:interceptor aircraft
722:Missile farm concept
246:Minuteman I and II:
90:1965β1994 (Minuteman
83:1962β1969 (Minuteman
11246:1974 in spaceflight
7956:Air-to-air missiles
5521:"Minuteman Missile"
5509:. 14 December 2019.
4791:Kristensen, Hans M.
4715:Alliant Techsystems
4669:northropgrumman.com
4486:. 14 October 2006.
4145:Google News Archive
4067:Google News Archive
4025:Google News Archive
3940:figures follow the
3868:Pollack, Kenneth M.
3852:Felbab-Brown, Vanda
3282:Kristensen, Hans M.
3280:Norris, Robert S.;
2870:Missile combat crew
2797:Comparable missiles
2733:Delta Nine Silo at
2667:Hill Air Force Base
2297: β "Farsiders"
2291: β "Red Dawgs"
2242: β "Wolf Pack"
1942:Hill Air Force Base
1569:radiation-resistant
1396:command and control
1149:LGM-30A Minuteman I
1078:mass concentrations
632:Minuteman I missile
400:kilometers per hour
8215:Undesignated types
8024:1961β1963 sequence
7963:1955β1961 sequence
6091:Eighth (Strategic)
5775:(published 1962).
5760:Hans M. Kristensen
5706:(published 1962).
4764:United States Navy
4598:BARKSDALE AFB, La.
4465:Improved Minuteman
4390:(First ed.).
4384:(7 October 2014).
4135:. 18 November 1961
3656:Perseus Publishing
3254:. 7 October 1997.
2476:341st Missile Wing
2264:341st Missile Wing
2148:
2096:
2054:Conestoga (rocket)
1956:
1931:
1858:
1812:nuclear deterrence
1804:
1783:341st Missile Wing
1632:
1562:plated-wire memory
1477:
1466:
1458:
1320:
956:
795:
634:
555:United States Navy
496:. As of 2024, the
482:
406:) (terminal phase)
127:Production history
11233:
11232:
8296:
8295:
8039:
8038:
7913:
7912:
6655:
6654:
6605:
6604:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6285:
6284:
6207:
6206:
5817:978-0-670-25880-2
5782:978-1-258-01362-2
5713:978-1-258-01362-2
5682:978-1-4363-8107-9
5643:978-1-57510-052-4
5600:978-0-674-05911-5
5378:vandenberg.af.mil
4868:Los Angeles Times
4709:(Press release).
4675:. 11 March 2008.
4671:(Press release).
4596:(Press release).
4538:"The W62 Warhead"
4401:978-1-4767-0869-0
4224:978-1-55750-681-8
4057:. 2 February 1961
4015:. 1 February 1961
4008:The Bend Bulletin
3806:978-0-470-12118-4
3751:978-1-61566-547-1
3669:978-0-7382-0532-8
3589:Los Angeles Times
3527:978-0-262-13258-9
3508:MacKenzie, Donald
3309:10.2968/065002008
2633:
2632:
2620:Converted to the
2400:90th Missile Wing
2208:91st Missile Wing
2152:90th Missile Wing
2113:launch facilities
2107:Operational units
2050:Minotaur (rocket)
1970:Air-Launched ICBM
1959:Air-Launched ICBM
1954:β 24 October 1974
1771:91st Missile Wing
1759:90th Missile Wing
1422:Texas Instruments
1392:launch facilities
1377:Texas Instruments
1370:), incorporating
1257:secondary storage
978:Considering this
520:solid-fuel rocket
513:strategic bombers
504:, along with the
473:
463:
462:
297:solid-fuel rocket
36:LGM-30 Minuteman
18:Minuteman missile
16:(Redirected from
11283:
11256:Embedded systems
11214:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11184:
11168:
11158:
11148:
11138:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11098:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11053:
11048:
11032:
11022:
11012:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10967:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10876:
10866:
10836:
10831:
10801:
10776:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10721:
10701:
10691:
10641:
10636:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10581:
10576:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10441:
10436:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10376:
10331:
10321:
10311:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10276:
10190:
10170:
10150:
10140:
10120:
10100:
10090:
10080:
10070:
9944:
9825:
9788:
9671:
9656:
9621:
9616:
9586:
9406:
9389:
9270:
9265:
9255:
9225:
9152:
9132:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9019:
9009:
8999:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8914:
8909:
8894:
8868:
8858:
8848:
8838:
8828:
8798:
8778:
8758:
8748:
8738:
8718:
8640:
8630:
8610:
8605:
8595:
8550:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8418:
8408:
8403:
8383:
8323:
8316:
8309:
8300:
8299:
7960:
7959:
7940:
7933:
7926:
7917:
7916:
7900:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6659:
6658:
6529:
6528:
6294:
6293:
6216:
6215:
6109:
6108:
6079:
6078:
6069:
6006:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5973:
5972:
5952:
5911:
5892:
5883:
5874:
5856:
5853:Internet Archive
5850:
5848:
5805:
5794:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5735:
5725:
5694:
5663:
5628:
5589:(Sew ed.).
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5557:. Archived from
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5320:. Archived from
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5246:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5221:
5210:
5202:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5165:
5157:
5151:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5116:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5014:
5013:(Kennedy speech)
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4954:on 20 April 2017
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4921:
4910:
4901:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4793:(9 April 2014).
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4673:Northrop Grumman
4661:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4459:Internet Archive
4456:
4454:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4382:Isaacson, Walter
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4213:(1st ed.).
4203:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4133:Associated Press
4119:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4083:Cleary, Mark C.
4080:
4074:
4073:
4064:
4062:
4055:Associated Press
4041:
4032:
4031:
4022:
4020:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3960:
3951:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3856:Indyk, Martin S.
3848:Bush, Richard C.
3844:
3838:
3837:
3834:Internet Archive
3831:
3829:
3795:(1st ed.).
3790:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3731:
3720:
3719:
3716:The Space Review
3707:
3701:
3700:
3697:Internet Archive
3694:
3692:
3650:(1st ed.).
3649:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3579:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3516:(1st ed.).
3504:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3373:. 1 March 2019.
3364:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3311:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3165:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3134:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3009:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2906:
2890:List of missiles
2562:Replaced by the
2345:
2180: β "G.N.I."
2065:Orbital Sciences
1934:Mobile Minuteman
1910:Mobile Minuteman
1594:launch sequence:
1524:penetration aids
1043:bomber project.
987:finite deterrent
960:strategic bomber
822:state of the art
785:Missile guidance
708:nuclear warheads
679:into the use of
618:Northrop Grumman
486:LGM-30 Minuteman
474:
386:
342:
216:
209:
199:
181:
174:
167:
119:
117:
116:
100:
93:
86:
46:
37:
32:
31:
21:
11291:
11290:
11286:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11281:
11280:
11236:
11235:
11234:
11229:
11222:
11212:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11182:
11171:
11166:
11156:
11146:
11136:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11096:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11051:
11046:
11035:
11030:
11020:
11010:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10965:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10874:
10864:
10834:
10829:
10799:
10774:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10719:
10699:
10689:
10639:
10634:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10579:
10574:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10439:
10434:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10374:
10329:
10319:
10309:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10274:
10193:
10188:
10168:
10148:
10138:
10118:
10098:
10088:
10078:
10068:
10052:
9942:
9823:
9786:
9669:
9654:
9619:
9614:
9584:
9404:
9387:
9268:
9263:
9253:
9223:
9175:
9150:
9130:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9017:
9007:
8997:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8912:
8907:
8892:
8876:
8866:
8856:
8846:
8836:
8826:
8796:
8776:
8756:
8746:
8736:
8716:
8675:
8638:
8628:
8608:
8603:
8593:
8548:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8416:
8406:
8401:
8381:
8333:
8327:
8297:
8292:
8271:
8210:
8035:
8019:
7951:
7944:
7914:
7909:
7898:
7884:
7758:
7737:
7530:
7401:RUM-125/UUM-125
7381:CQM-121/CGM-121
7262:
6982:
6692:
6686:
6656:
6651:
6601:
6585:
6569:
6553:
6524:
6510:
6494:
6478:
6452:
6396:
6380:
6373:Combat Training
6368:
6281:
6230:
6203:
6192:Nuclear Systems
6187:
6161:
6123:
6100:
6070:
6061:
6010:
6000:
5950:
5909:
5900:
5895:
5864:
5862:Further reading
5859:
5846:
5844:
5818:
5783:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5733:
5714:
5683:
5644:
5601:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5561:on 23 June 2016
5549:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5464:Washington Post
5461:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5355:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5325:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5244:
5242:"2 ACCS Part 2"
5240:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5208:
5206:"2 ACCS Part 1"
5204:
5203:
5199:
5190:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5089:on 3 March 2016
5081:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5022:
5020:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4957:
4955:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4908:
4902:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4830:
4826:
4812:
4810:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4767:. 15 May 2019.
4757:
4756:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4724:
4722:
4704:
4700:
4682:
4680:
4662:
4658:
4645:
4643:
4629:
4625:
4611:
4609:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4493:
4491:
4477:
4473:
4452:
4450:
4437:
4433:
4402:
4394:. p. 181.
4379:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4352:
4348:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4260:
4256:
4225:
4204:
4195:
4181:
4179:
4166:
4155:
4138:
4136:
4120:
4116:
4102:
4100:
4081:
4077:
4060:
4058:
4042:
4035:
4018:
4016:
4000:
3996:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3929:
3927:
3915:
3911:
3897:
3895:
3870:(7 June 2010).
3845:
3841:
3827:
3825:
3807:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3732:
3723:
3708:
3704:
3690:
3688:
3670:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3580:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3528:
3505:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3278:
3274:
3261:
3259:
3245:
3241:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3057:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3013:"Minuteman III"
3010:
2991:
2984:"Minuteman III"
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2856:
2838:RT-2PM2 Topol-M
2799:
2767:
2718:
2698:
2639:
2634:
2469:
2461:Inactivated by
2426:Grand Forks AFB
2342:
2140:
2109:
2086:
2077:
2056:
2046:
2004:
1998:
1967:
1961:
1923:
1912:
1907:
1827:
1796:
1732:
1704:
1683:
1675:
1666:
1649:
1640:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1595:
1450:
1346:
1302:
1277:
1265:computer memory
1241:
1232:
1224:Grand Forks AFB
1208:F.E. Warren AFB
1183:The "improved"
1145:
1130:
1094:Trident missile
1066:
1058:Main articles:
1056:
1029:Robert McNamara
1021:John F. Kennedy
1017:
948:
942:
879:
787:
781:
779:Guidance system
769:Legion of Merit
760:Ramo-Wooldridge
724:
658:HGM-25A Titan I
639:
626:
614:LGM-35 Sentinel
573:warhead with a
465:
454:
452:
445:
415:
413:
393:
369:
366:
362:
360:
340:
338:
337:
318:Aerojet-General
285:
277:
275:
268:
253:Minuteman III:
220:
214:
207:
197:
185:
179:
172:
165:
114:
112:
104:
98:
91:
84:
77:In service
72:Service history
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11289:
11279:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11231:
11230:
11227:
11224:
11223:
11221:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11179:
11177:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11068:
11067:
11062:
11054:
11049:
11043:
11041:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10962:
10960:
10956:
10955:
10953:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10931:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10861:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10826:
10825:
10820:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10796:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10777:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10765:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10710:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10670:
10662:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10601:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10426:
10425:
10420:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10351:
10350:
10345:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10251:
10250:
10245:
10237:
10236:
10235:
10230:
10222:
10221:
10220:
10215:
10207:
10201:
10199:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10159:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10129:
10121:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10109:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10060:
10058:
10054:
10053:
10051:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10030:
10029:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10000:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9980:
9975:
9974:
9973:
9968:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9939:
9938:
9933:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9898:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9870:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9843:
9842:
9841:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9814:
9806:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9789:
9784:
9783:
9782:
9777:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9758:
9757:
9752:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9635:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9601:
9600:
9595:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9571:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9526:
9525:
9520:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9457:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9442:
9441:
9440:
9435:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9401:
9400:
9390:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9378:
9370:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9335:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9281:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9141:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9076:
9075:
9074:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9035:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8884:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8510:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8347:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8334:
8332:system numbers
8326:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8303:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8218:
8216:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7966:
7964:
7957:
7953:
7952:
7943:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7920:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7895:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7785:Common Missile
7782:
7777:
7772:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7250:
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7230:
7225:
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7208:
7203:
7198:
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7156:
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7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
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7056:
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7046:
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6808:
6803:
6798:
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6763:
6758:
6753:
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6741:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:, 1963βpresent
6685:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6662:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
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6611:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6581:UH-1N Iroquois
6577:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6546:
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6533:
6526:
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6509:
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6500:
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6480:
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6477:
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6404:
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6388:
6386:
6382:
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6376:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
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6238:
6236:
6232:
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6180:
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6139:
6133:
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6125:
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6101:
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6039:
6034:
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6024:
6018:
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6012:
6011:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5958:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5906:
5899:
5898:External links
5896:
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5865:
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5816:
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5642:
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5542:
5512:
5498:
5481:spacedaily.com
5468:
5455:
5438:spacedaily.com
5425:
5408:spacedaily.com
5395:
5365:
5335:
5324:on 22 May 2018
5305:
5275:
5269:
5233:
5197:
5188:
5152:
5139:
5100:
5074:
5043:
5034:
4999:
4969:
4933:
4922:on 2 July 2017
4885:
4855:
4824:
4782:
4750:
4747:. 4 June 2024.
4736:
4721:on 27 May 2008
4698:
4689:Prime Newswire
4656:
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4584:
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4529:
4504:
4471:
4431:
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4301:
4254:
4223:
4207:Polmar, Norman
4193:
4153:
4114:
4075:
4033:
3994:
3946:
3942:MeasuringWorth
3936:United States
3924:MeasuringWorth
3909:
3882:. p. 14.
3839:
3805:
3777:
3750:
3721:
3702:
3668:
3640:Teller, Edward
3631:
3569:
3526:
3442:
3424:. March 2019.
3410:
3391:
3351:
3272:
3239:
3195:
3174:. p. 76.
3151:
3129:
3118:
3103:
3086:
3048:
3034:
3023:. 15 June 2018
2989:
2975:
2957:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2914:guided missile
2900:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
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2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2855:
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2810:
2805:
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2749:
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2731:
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2714:
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2679:
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2646:
2638:
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2596:
2590:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2538:
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2526:
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2516:
2511:
2508:
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2466:
2459:
2454:
2449:
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2439:
2436:
2433:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2409:(Converted to
2403:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2387:
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2377:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2355:
2354:
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2277:
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2260:
2259:
2258:
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2237:
2231:
2222:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2139:
2136:
2108:
2105:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2045:
2042:
1997:
1994:
1963:Main article:
1960:
1957:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1826:
1823:
1795:
1792:
1731:
1728:
1703:
1700:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:Specifications
1636:
1590:Minuteman III
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1565:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1513:
1487:
1486:
1449:
1446:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1364:
1357:
1345:
1344:Specifications
1342:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1298:
1276:
1273:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:Specifications
1228:
1165:Vandenberg AFB
1153:Cape Canaveral
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1126:
1096:of the 1980s.
1055:
1052:
1016:
1013:
994:UGM-27 Polaris
946:UGM-27 Polaris
944:Main article:
941:
938:
878:
875:
783:Main article:
780:
777:
752:assembly lines
723:
720:
716:UGM-27 Polaris
712:Project Nobska
700:PGM-19 Jupiter
643:Edward N. Hall
638:
635:
625:
622:
559:UGM-27 Polaris
545:cities with a
461:
460:
455:
450:
447:
446:
444:
443:
440:
437:
429:
427:
423:
422:
416:
411:
408:
407:
396:miles per hour
387:
385:Maximum speed
381:
380:
377:
376:Flight ceiling
373:
372:
363:
358:
355:
354:
349:
345:
344:
336:
335:
321:
311:
300:
291:
287:
286:
282:
281:
278:
273:
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251:
244:
236:
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211:
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201:
193:
191:
187:
186:
184:
183:
176:
169:
161:
159:
155:
154:
153:Specifications
150:
149:
143:
142:Unit cost
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
110:
106:
105:
103:
102:
95:
88:
80:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11288:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
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11249:
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11225:
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11029:
11027:
11024:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10957:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
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10884:
10881:
10880:
10878:
10873:
10871:
10868:
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10859:
10856:
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10849:
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10845:
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10838:
10833:
10828:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10798:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10773:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
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10728:
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10723:
10718:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10705:
10703:
10698:
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10693:
10688:
10686:
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10681:
10678:
10674:
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10669:
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10571:
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10566:
10563:
10561:
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10554:
10551:
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10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
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10519:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
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10446:
10443:
10438:
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10356:
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10349:
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10344:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10196:
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9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
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9911:
9909:
9906:
9902:
9899:
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9830:
9827:
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9127:
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9122:
9119:
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6771:CGM-13/MGM-13
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5743:
5739:
5738:nukestrat.com
5732:
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4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
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4397:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4371:, p. 65.
4370:
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4338:
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4327:
4311:
4305:
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4134:
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4129:
4124:
4118:
4111:
4098:
4094:
4091:(Monograph).
4090:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4068:
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3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3864:Pifer, Steven
3861:
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3406:
3405:spacenews.com
3402:
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3293:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3221:
3218:. p. 5.
3217:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3122:
3116:, p. 74.
3115:
3110:
3108:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2985:
2979:
2971:
2961:
2953:
2952:"Minuteman I"
2947:
2943:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:Ellsworth AFB
2738:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:Ellsworth AFB
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:Malmstrom AFB
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2016:line-of-sight
2013:
2009:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:Pacific Ocean
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1902:
1900:
1899:Looking Glass
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1644:
1635:
1621:
1615:
1610:) is ejected.
1609:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1572:semiconductor
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1456:Minuteman III
1454:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Ellsworth AFB
1189:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1174:Malmstrom AFB
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1122:nuclear triad
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1070:second strike
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
988:
983:
982:
976:
972:
970:
964:
961:
952:
947:
937:
935:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
839:
837:
832:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
808:ball bearings
803:
801:
791:
786:
776:
772:
770:
766:
761:
756:
753:
749:
748:missile silos
744:
740:
737:
736:missile silos
733:
729:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Edward Teller
701:
697:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:
644:
630:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:Malmstrom AFB
587:
586:missile silos
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:second strike
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
507:
503:
502:nuclear triad
499:
495:
491:
487:
479:
459:
456:
448:
441:
438:
435:
431:
430:
428:
424:
420:
417:
409:
405:
401:
397:
391:
388:
382:
378:
374:
370:
364:
356:
353:
350:
346:
333:
329:
325:
322:
319:
315:
312:
309:
305:
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
288:
283:
279:
271:
264:
261:(active), or
260:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
239:Minuteman I:
238:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
212:
205:
202:
195:
194:
192:
188:
177:
170:
163:
162:
160:
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
125:
122:
111:
107:
96:
89:
82:
81:
79:
75:
70:
67:United States
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
10917:
8588:
8279:
8262:Sky Scorcher
8140:
7892:
7763:Undesignated
7088:
6862:
6565:E-6B Mercury
6037:F. E. Warren
5966:Ars Technica
5964:
5888:
5879:
5870:
5851:– via
5845:. Retrieved
5808:Viking Press
5801:
5768:
5758:– via
5752:. Retrieved
5737:
5699:
5668:
5633:
5586:
5563:. Retrieved
5559:the original
5554:
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5524:
5515:
5501:
5489:. Retrieved
5480:
5471:
5463:
5462:Aaron Gregg
5458:
5448:26 September
5446:. Retrieved
5437:
5428:
5416:. Retrieved
5407:
5398:
5386:. Retrieved
5377:
5368:
5356:. Retrieved
5347:
5338:
5326:. Retrieved
5322:the original
5318:Missile News
5317:
5308:
5296:. Retrieved
5287:
5278:
5272:
5260:. Retrieved
5249:sac-acca.org
5248:
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5213:sac-acca.org
5212:
5200:
5179:. Retrieved
5168:sac-acca.org
5167:
5155:
5130:. Retrieved
5119:sac-acca.org
5118:
5091:. Retrieved
5087:the original
5077:
5065:. Retrieved
5056:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5021:, retrieved
5008:
5002:
4990:. Retrieved
4981:
4972:
4963:
4956:. Retrieved
4952:the original
4945:
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4917:the original
4912:
4876:. Retrieved
4867:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4837:
4827:
4818:
4811:. Retrieved
4798:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4762:
4753:
4739:
4730:
4723:. Retrieved
4719:the original
4701:
4692:
4687:– via
4681:. Retrieved
4668:
4659:
4651:
4644:. Retrieved
4635:
4626:
4617:
4610:. Retrieved
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4566:
4557:
4545:. Retrieved
4541:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4516:
4507:
4499:
4492:. Retrieved
4483:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4457:– via
4451:. Retrieved
4443:
4434:
4386:
4376:
4364:
4355:
4349:
4326:
4314:. Retrieved
4304:
4263:
4257:
4210:
4186:– via
4180:. Retrieved
4170:
4148:
4143:– via
4137:. Retrieved
4126:
4117:
4108:
4101:. Retrieved
4088:
4078:
4070:
4065:– via
4059:. Retrieved
4048:
4028:
4023:– via
4017:. Retrieved
4006:
3997:
3985:
3978:. Retrieved
3962:
3949:
3941:
3928:. Retrieved
3922:
3912:
3903:
3896:. Retrieved
3875:
3842:
3832:– via
3826:. Retrieved
3799:p. 81.
3792:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3736:
3715:
3705:
3695:– via
3689:. Retrieved
3645:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3587:
3560:. Retrieved
3512:
3433:. Retrieved
3413:
3404:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3366:
3354:
3345:
3295:
3289:
3275:
3267:
3260:. Retrieved
3251:
3242:
3234:
3227:. Retrieved
3211:
3198:
3190:
3183:. Retrieved
3167:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3121:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3064:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3016:
2978:
2960:
2946:
2921:
2904:
2803:RS-28 Sarmat
2791:North Dakota
2777:preserves a
2775:South Dakota
2768:
2765:Preservation
2723:Whiteman AFB
2710:
2706:
2699:
2627:
2566:in June 1968
2554:North Dakota
2498:Whiteman AFB
2468:
2430:North Dakota
2363:South Dakota
2304:Launch sites
2249:Launch sites
2219:North Dakota
2193:Launch sites
2121:
2110:
2097:
2087:
2078:
2061:
2057:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2005:
1969:
1968:
1933:
1932:
1895:E-6B Mercury
1880:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1816:
1805:
1767:North Dakota
1748:
1737:
1733:
1705:
1684:
1676:
1667:
1650:
1641:
1633:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1582:
1499:
1488:
1480:
1404:
1389:
1351:
1347:
1325:throw weight
1321:
1305:
1290:Chuck Hansen
1286:
1278:
1254:
1242:
1233:
1216:Whiteman AFB
1204:North Dakota
1196:South Dakota
1187:
1184:
1182:
1148:
1146:
1133:
1115:
1098:
1090:
1074:
1067:
1060:Counterforce
1054:Counterforce
1045:
1018:
1011:capability.
1009:counterforce
998:
991:
981:countervalue
979:
977:
973:
965:
957:
930:
911:
896:
884:first strike
880:
871:
867:SM-64 Navaho
856:
848:drum machine
840:
827:
818:air bearings
812:
804:
796:
773:
757:
745:
741:
725:
693:
689:
670:
640:
602:North Dakota
583:
551:countervalue
536:
517:
497:
485:
483:
458:Missile silo
367:
323:
314:Second stage
313:
303:
145:$ 7,000,000
132:Manufacturer
109:Used by
48:Minuteman II
29:
8222:Alpha Draco
8044:Other types
7860:Senior Prom
6898:LGM-35 (II)
6574:Helicopters
6539:B-1B Lancer
6385:Flight test
5847:22 November
5754:22 November
5358:21 February
5348:hill.af.mil
5093:13 December
4992:18 February
4958:11 December
4926:11 December
4813:11 December
4775:11 December
4725:24 November
4711:Minneapolis
4683:22 November
4646:24 November
4612:24 November
4577:24 November
4494:24 November
4453:24 November
4182:24 November
4139:24 November
4103:23 November
4061:23 November
4019:23 November
3980:23 November
3930:30 November
3898:23 November
3828:23 November
3770:22 November
3691:22 November
3658:. pp.
3624:22 November
3562:22 November
3384:22 November
3262:22 November
3229:22 November
3185:22 November
3079:22 November
2818:PGM-17 Thor
2787:Cooperstown
2696:Replacement
2571:Historical
1982:C-5A Galaxy
1905:Other roles
1889:(STOS) and
1885:'s (AFGSC)
1712:Peacekeeper
1647:W78 warhead
1483:W62 warhead
1418:diode logic
1308:W56 warhead
1188:Minuteman I
1136:W56 Warhead
934:boost-glide
926:Alpha Draco
918:Sary Shagan
888:missile gap
877:Missile gap
859:transistors
850:but used a
836:subroutines
732:SM-68 Titan
728:SM-65 Atlas
654:SM-65 Atlas
359:Operational
324:Third stage
304:First stage
294:Three-stage
257:(retired),
11240:Categories
8247:Pye Wacket
8237:High Virgo
8227:Bold Orion
7946:1955β1962
7577:AGM-158A/B
6893:AQM-35 (I)
6610:Leadership
6544:B-2 Spirit
6457:Helicopter
6235:Operations
6219:Helicopter
6083:Air Forces
5609:2012003666
5161:"4th ACCS"
5067:10 January
4410:2014021391
4335:(Report).
4288:1091297332
4272:B0006EUOOW
4233:2008054725
3544:1068009953
2966:"Minuteman
2933:References
2828:RS-24 Yars
2686:Offutt AFB
2653:Nellis AFB
2615:USSTRATCOM
2340:Historical
2328:Offutt AFB
2067:(nowadays
2048:See also:
2000:See also:
1978:airdropped
1730:Deployment
1539:trajectory
1407:Autonetics
1372:microchips
1170:North Pole
1143:Deployment
892:bomber gap
814:Autonetics
539:deterrence
506:Trident II
348:Propellant
274:Detonation
9139:A/B/E/F/N
8280:See also:
7893:See also:
7805:Have Dash
7169:AGM-84H/K
6868:MGM-31A/B
6290:Squadrons
6047:Malmstrom
6032:Ellsworth
6022:Barksdale
5834:869504401
5791:952016433
5773:Doubleday
5722:952016433
5704:Doubleday
5691:302388811
5625:25190410M
5617:872141698
5491:23 August
5328:11 August
5298:11 August
5262:11 August
5226:11 August
5181:11 August
5132:11 August
5030:continue.
5023:22 August
4878:13 August
4848:13 August
4619:missiles.
4426:25643817M
4418:971413864
4280:a57002355
4249:22843826M
4241:602923650
3888:649066155
3823:10279632M
3815:166873182
3760:758343698
3678:879383489
3606:0458-3035
3598:2165-1736
3518:MIT Press
3367:state.gov
3342:470268256
3326:0096-3402
3318:1938-3282
3302:: 59β69.
2938:Citations
2550:Minot AFB
2463:BRAC 1995
2215:Minot AFB
2084:Operators
1696:New START
1492:gimballed
1481:See also
1306:See also
1269:M18 FADAC
1261:hard disk
1200:Minot AFB
1134:See also
1048:Nike Zeus
852:hard disk
834:separate
831:autopilot
765:Thor IRBM
598:Minot AFB
528:minutemen
398:; 28,200
276:mechanism
250:(retired)
243:(retired)
8232:Cherokee
7668:AIM-174B
7582:AGM-158C
7319:BGM-109G
7216:"AIM-92"
6647:Bussiere
6617:Kowalski
6590:Missiles
6499:Training
6112:Air Base
6057:Whiteman
6042:Kirtland
5842:3184958M
5826:83040230
5745:Archived
5742:TRW Inc.
5660:8744142M
5652:44672618
5529:Archived
5485:Archived
5442:Archived
5418:6 August
5412:Archived
5382:Archived
5352:Archived
5292:Archived
5253:Archived
5217:Archived
5172:Archived
5123:Archived
5061:Archived
5017:archived
4986:Archived
4872:Archived
4842:Archived
4807:Archived
4769:Archived
4677:Archived
4640:Archived
4606:Archived
4571:Archived
4488:Archived
4467:program.
4316:12 April
4176:Archived
4097:Archived
3971:Archived
3944:series.
3892:Archived
3764:Archived
3686:7899496M
3618:Archived
3556:Archived
3552:1854178M
3536:90005915
3426:Archived
3375:Archived
3334:48034039
3256:Archived
3220:Archived
3212:csis.org
3176:Archived
3168:csis.org
3073:Archived
3027:26 March
3017:csis.org
2854:See also
2690:Nebraska
2502:Missouri
2332:Nebraska
2031:Missouri
2023:Nebraska
1916:LGM-118A
1744:START II
1687:START II
1526:such as
1432:made by
1420:made by
1239:Guidance
1220:Missouri
1037:Titan II
579:kilotons
453:platform
426:Accuracy
419:Inertial
412:Guidance
394:(17,500
392: 23
265:(active)
225:Diameter
11213:957β967
11183:900β951
11176:900β999
11167:847β899
11157:835β845
11137:824β831
11097:808β816
11040:800β899
11031:755β799
11021:746β753
10966:700β735
10959:700β799
10343:A/B (I)
10198:600β699
10189:593β599
10169:581β589
10149:571β579
10139:561β569
10119:551β559
10099:543β549
10089:531β541
10079:521β529
10069:501β519
10057:500β599
9180:400β499
9151:381β397
9131:338β379
8881:300β399
8867:280β298
8857:240β278
8847:227β238
8680:200β299
8639:143β197
8338:100β199
8257:Skydart
8031:AIM-101
7870:Wagtail
7850:OpFires
7770:Aequare
7754:MIM-401
7749:AIM-260
7733:AGM-187
7728:MQM-186
7723:MQM-185
7718:RGM-184
7713:AGM-183
7708:LGM-182
7703:AGM-181
7698:AGM-180
7693:AGM-179
7688:MQM-178
7683:BQM-177
7678:AGM-176
7673:MQM-175
7664:RIM-174
7659:GQM-173
7654:FGM-172
7649:MQM-171
7644:MQM-170
7639:AGM-169
7634:MGM-168
7629:BQM-167
7624:MGM-166
7619:RGM-165
7614:MGM-164
7609:GQM-163
7604:RIM-162
7599:RIM-161
7594:ADM-160
7589:AGM-159
7572:MGM-157
7567:RIM-156
7562:BQM-155
7557:AGM-154
7552:AGM-153
7547:AIM-152
7542:FQM-151
7535:151β200
7526:PQM-150
7521:PQM-149
7516:FGM-148
7511:BQM-147
7506:MIM-146
7501:BQM-145
7496:ADM-144
7491:MQM-143
7486:AGM-142
7481:ADM-141
7476:MGM-140
7471:RUM-139
7466:CEM-138
7461:AGM-137
7456:AGM-136
7451:ASM-135
7446:MGM-134
7441:UGM-133
7436:AIM-132
7431:AGM-131
7426:AGM-130
7421:AGM-129
7416:AQM-128
7411:AQM-127
7406:BQM-126
7396:AGM-124
7391:AGM-123
7386:AGM-122
7376:AIM-120
7371:AGM-119
7366:LGM-118
7361:FQM-117
7356:RIM-116
7351:MIM-115
7346:AGM-114
7341:RIM-113
7336:AGM-112
7331:BQM-111
7326:BGM-110
7309:BQM-108
7304:MQM-107
7299:BQM-106
7294:MQM-105
7289:MIM-104
7284:AQM-103
7279:PQM-102
7274:RIM-101
7267:101β150
7258:LIM-100
7164:AGM-84E
6968:XLIM-49
6872:MGM-31C
6836:LGM-25C
6831:HGM-25A
6558:Command
6532:Bombers
6525:systems
6401:Missile
6166:Missile
5956:YouTube
5915:YouTube
5673:Xlibris
5578:Sources
5565:12 June
5535:12 June
5388:24 July
4799:fas.org
4732:motors.
4547:21 July
4522:21 July
4341:6032983
4296:212166M
3963:afa.org
3660:420β421
3614:3638237
3435:20 July
3347:Review.
3065:fas.org
2848:Agni-VI
2843:UR-100N
2637:Support
2279:Units:
2274:Montana
2224:Units:
2168:Units:
2163:Wyoming
2038:LEM-70A
1974:STRAT-X
1794:Testing
1779:Montana
1773:), and
1755:Wyoming
1275:Warhead
1212:Wyoming
1185:LGM-30B
1178:Montana
1015:Kennedy
940:Polaris
710:during
696:US Army
677:Thiokol
624:History
610:Wyoming
594:Montana
588:around
577:of 170
530:of the
498:LGM-30G
402:; 7.83
332:Thiokol
328:Aerojet
308:Thiokol
299:engines
233:Warhead
11065:L (II)
10928:S (II)
10658:A (II)
10593:A (II)
10348:B (II)
9971:L (II)
9755:L (II)
9493:G (II)
9351:M (II)
8252:Skokie
8242:Jaguar
8181:SRM-88
8176:GAM-87
8156:GAM-83
8136:GAM-79
8126:GAM-77
8101:GAM-72
8096:GAM-71
8076:GAM-67
8061:GAM-63
8015:GAR-11
7865:Sprint
7253:LIM-99
7248:YQM-98
7243:AIM-97
7238:UGM-96
7233:AIM-95
7228:YQM-94
7223:XQM-93
7211:FIM-92
7206:AQM-91
7201:BQM-90
7196:UGM-89
7191:AGM-88
7186:AGM-87
7181:AGM-86
7176:RIM-85
7154:AGM-83
7149:AIM-82
7144:AQM-81
7139:AGM-80
7134:AGM-79
7129:AGM-78
7124:FGM-77
7119:AGM-76
7114:BGM-75
7109:BQM-74
7104:UGM-73
7099:MIM-72
7094:BGM-71
7089:LEM-70
7084:AGM-69
7079:AIM-68
7074:RIM-67
7069:RIM-66
7064:AGM-65
7059:AGM-64
7054:AGM-63
7049:AGM-62
7044:MQM-61
7039:AQM-60
7034:RGM-59
7029:MQM-58
7024:MQM-57
7019:PQM-56
7014:RIM-55
7009:AIM-54
7004:AGM-53
6999:MGM-52
6994:MGM-51
6987:51β100
6978:RIM-50
6973:LIM-49
6963:AGM-48
6958:AIM-47
6953:MIM-46
6948:AGM-45
6943:UUM-44
6938:FIM-43
6933:MQM-42
6928:AQM-41
6923:MQM-40
6918:MQM-39
6913:AQM-38
6908:AQM-37
6903:MQM-36
6888:AQM-34
6883:MQM-33
6878:MGM-32
6863:LGM-30
6858:MGM-29
6853:AGM-28
6848:UGM-27
6843:AIM-26
6826:RIM-24
6821:MIM-23
6816:AGM-22
6811:MGM-21
6806:ADM-20
6801:PGM-19
6796:MGM-18
6791:PGM-17
6786:CGM-16
6781:RGM-15
6776:MIM-14
6766:AGM-12
6761:PGM-11
6756:CIM-10
6642:Cotton
6627:Wilson
6523:Weapon
6212:Groups
5840:
5832:
5824:
5814:
5789:
5779:
5720:
5710:
5689:
5679:
5658:
5650:
5640:
5623:
5615:
5607:
5597:
5288:af.mil
4982:Flight
4424:
4416:
4408:
4398:
4339:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4221:
3886:
3821:
3813:
3803:
3758:
3748:
3684:
3676:
3666:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3524:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
2968:
2657:Nevada
2628:
2138:Active
1972:was a
1866:EC-135
1724:fuzing
1532:decoys
1473:Airmen
1438:diodes
1361:nozzle
1226:, ND.
1214:, and
1108:. The
899:WS-199
673:Boeing
666:medium
662:short-
604:; and
557:(USN)
543:Soviet
451:Launch
414:system
341:
290:Engine
215:
208:
198:
190:Length
180:
173:
166:
136:Boeing
118:
99:
92:
85:
11060:L (I)
10923:S (I)
10653:A (I)
10588:A (I)
9991:L (I)
9966:L (I)
9750:L (I)
9488:G (I)
9346:M (I)
9192:B/C/N
8206:IM-99
8201:RM-92
8196:RM-91
8191:RM-90
8186:RM-89
8171:RM-86
8166:RM-85
8161:RM-84
8151:RM-82
8146:RM-81
8141:SM-80
8131:SM-78
8121:TM-76
8116:SM-75
8111:SM-74
8106:SM-73
8091:IM-70
8086:IM-69
8081:SM-68
8071:SM-65
8066:SM-64
8056:SM-62
8051:TM-61
8010:GAR-9
8005:GAR-8
8000:GAR-6
7995:GAR-5
7990:GAR-4
7985:GAR-3
7980:GAR-2
7975:GAR-1
7880:GLSDB
7840:NCADE
7830:MA-31
7780:Brazo
7775:ASALM
6751:AIM-9
6746:RIM-8
6739:RIM-7
6734:AIM-7
6729:RGM-6
6724:MGM-5
6719:AIM-4
6714:MIM-3
6709:RIM-2
6704:MGM-1
6622:Klotz
6506:436th
6490:625th
6443:741st
6438:740th
6433:490th
6428:321st
6423:320th
6418:319th
6392:576th
6378:394th
6364:393rd
6277:509th
6272:341st
6199:498th
6183:341st
6157:509th
6119:377th
6105:Wings
6075:Units
6052:Minot
6027:Dyess
6015:Bases
5748:(PDF)
5734:(PDF)
5256:(PDF)
5245:(PDF)
5220:(PDF)
5209:(PDF)
5175:(PDF)
5164:(PDF)
5126:(PDF)
5115:(PDF)
4920:(PDF)
4909:(PDF)
4694:NS50.
3974:(PDF)
3959:(PDF)
3594:eISSN
3429:(PDF)
3422:(PDF)
3378:(PDF)
3363:(PDF)
3314:eISSN
3298:(2).
3223:(PDF)
3208:(PDF)
3179:(PDF)
3164:(PDF)
3098:(PDF)
2896:Notes
2813:DF-41
2575:Units
1920:SS-24
1528:chaff
1410:D-37C
1249:words
1041:XB-70
863:BINAC
844:D-17B
575:yield
421:NS-50
361:range
11056:802
10879:695
10844:691
10814:687
10779:683
10759:681
10704:672
10664:666
10649:665
10584:655
10514:649
10494:648
10414:634
10339:621
10239:603
10224:602
10209:601
10153:580
10123:560
10103:550
10032:499
10002:498
9982:497
9962:495
9927:490
9892:485
9872:484
9808:478
9771:474
9746:471
9629:451
9589:445
9554:441
9514:435
9484:431
9459:428
9444:427
9429:426
9372:418
9337:416
9317:414
9233:405
9160:399
9135:380
8972:315
8917:306
8811:222
8691:201
8573:132
8461:118
8446:117
8386:107
7970:MB-1
7855:PrSM
7845:NLOS
7835:MSDM
7825:LRHW
7820:LREW
7800:HACM
7795:HALO
7742:201β
6697:1β50
6632:Rand
6474:54th
6469:40th
6464:37th
6448:742d
6413:12th
6408:10th
6359:343d
6354:96th
6349:93rd
6344:69th
6339:37th
6334:34th
6329:28th
6324:23rd
6319:20th
6314:13th
6309:11th
6297:Bomb
6267:91st
6262:90th
6257:28th
6226:582d
6178:91st
6173:90th
6152:28th
6129:Bomb
5849:2019
5830:OCLC
5822:LCCN
5812:ISBN
5787:OCLC
5777:ISBN
5756:2019
5718:OCLC
5708:ISBN
5687:OCLC
5677:ISBN
5648:OCLC
5638:ISBN
5613:OCLC
5605:LCCN
5595:ISBN
5567:2016
5537:2016
5493:2017
5450:2016
5420:2016
5390:2019
5360:2015
5330:2017
5300:2017
5264:2017
5228:2017
5183:2017
5134:2017
5095:2022
5069:2011
5025:2013
4994:2015
4960:2019
4928:2019
4880:2016
4850:2016
4815:2019
4777:2019
4727:2019
4685:2019
4648:2019
4614:2019
4579:2019
4549:2020
4524:2020
4496:2019
4455:2019
4414:OCLC
4406:LCCN
4396:ISBN
4337:OSTI
4318:2020
4284:OCLC
4276:LCCN
4268:ASIN
4237:OCLC
4229:LCCN
4219:ISBN
4184:2019
4141:2019
4105:2019
4063:2019
4021:2019
3988:ALCM
3982:2019
3932:2023
3900:2019
3884:OCLC
3830:2019
3811:OCLC
3801:ISBN
3772:2019
3756:OCLC
3746:ISBN
3693:2019
3674:OCLC
3664:ISBN
3626:2019
3610:OCLC
3602:ISSN
3564:2019
3540:OCLC
3532:LCCN
3522:ISBN
3437:2021
3386:2019
3338:OCLC
3330:LCCN
3322:ISSN
3264:2019
3231:2019
3187:2019
3081:2019
3029:2021
2910:silo
2833:RT-2
2823:R-36
2808:DF-5
2769:The
2671:Utah
2098:The
2052:and
1918:and
1829:The
1817:The
1738:The
1694:and
1692:SORT
1658:USSR
1592:MIRV
1555:D37D
1530:and
1416:and
1394:and
1147:The
1102:B-70
1062:and
1005:RAND
1001:B-70
730:and
675:and
664:and
656:and
549:and
484:The
390:Mach
343:III)
217:III)
200:I/A)
182:III)
158:Mass
101:III)
54:Type
11218:968
11208:956
11203:855
11198:854
11193:853
11188:952
11162:846
11152:834
11147:833
11142:832
11132:823
11127:822
11122:821
11117:820
11112:819
11107:818
11102:817
11092:807
11087:806
11082:805
11077:804
11072:803
11052:801
11047:800
11026:754
11016:745
11011:744
11006:743
11001:742
10996:741
10991:740
10986:739
10981:738
10976:737
10971:736
10950:699
10945:698
10940:697
10935:696
10875:694
10870:693
10865:692
10840:690
10835:689
10830:688
10810:686
10805:685
10800:684
10775:682
10755:680
10750:679
10745:678
10740:677
10735:676
10730:675
10725:674
10720:673
10713:M/P
10700:671
10695:670
10690:669
10685:668
10680:667
10673:C/P
10645:664
10640:663
10635:662
10630:661
10625:660
10620:659
10615:658
10610:657
10605:656
10580:654
10575:653
10570:652
10565:651
10560:650
10490:647
10485:646
10480:645
10475:644
10470:643
10465:642
10460:641
10455:640
10450:639
10445:638
10440:637
10435:636
10430:635
10410:633
10405:632
10400:631
10395:630
10390:629
10385:628
10380:627
10375:626
10370:625
10365:624
10360:623
10355:622
10335:620
10330:619
10325:618
10320:617
10315:616
10310:615
10305:614
10300:613
10295:612
10290:611
10285:610
10280:609
10275:608
10270:607
10265:606
10260:605
10255:604
10205:600
10184:592
10179:591
10174:590
10144:570
10094:542
10084:530
10074:520
10064:500
9978:496
9958:494
9953:493
9948:492
9943:491
9923:489
9918:488
9913:487
9908:486
9868:483
9861:M/Z
9846:482
9834:481
9829:480
9824:479
9804:477
9792:476
9787:475
9767:473
9762:472
9742:470
9737:469
9732:468
9727:467
9722:466
9717:465
9712:464
9707:463
9702:462
9697:461
9685:460
9680:459
9675:458
9670:457
9665:456
9660:455
9655:454
9650:453
9645:452
9625:450
9620:449
9615:448
9610:447
9605:446
9585:444
9580:443
9575:442
9550:440
9545:439
9540:438
9535:437
9530:436
9510:434
9505:433
9500:432
9480:430
9475:429
9425:425
9420:424
9415:423
9410:422
9405:421
9398:L/W
9393:420
9388:419
9368:417
9333:415
9313:413
9308:412
9291:411
9274:410
9269:409
9264:408
9259:407
9254:406
9229:404
9224:403
9219:402
9214:401
9202:G/H
9187:400
9156:398
9126:337
9121:336
9116:335
9111:334
9106:333
9101:332
9096:331
9091:330
9079:329
9067:328
9055:327
9050:326
9045:325
9038:M/N
9028:324
9023:323
9018:322
9013:321
9008:320
9003:319
8998:318
8993:317
8988:316
8981:A-2
8976:A-1
8968:314
8963:313
8958:312
8953:311
8948:310
8943:309
8938:308
8933:307
8921:A/L
8913:305
8908:304
8903:303
8898:302
8893:301
8888:300
8872:299
8862:279
8852:239
8842:226
8837:225
8832:224
8827:223
8807:221
8802:220
8797:219
8792:218
8787:217
8782:216
8777:215
8772:214
8767:213
8762:212
8757:211
8752:210
8747:209
8742:208
8737:207
8732:206
8727:205
8722:204
8717:203
8712:202
8700:B/W
8695:A/L
8687:200
8649:199
8644:198
8634:142
8629:141
8624:140
8619:139
8614:138
8609:137
8604:136
8599:135
8594:134
8589:133
8569:131
8564:130
8559:129
8554:128
8549:127
8544:126
8539:125
8534:124
8529:123
8524:122
8519:121
8514:120
8487:C/F
8482:119
8442:116
8437:115
8432:114
8427:113
8422:112
8417:111
8412:110
8407:109
8402:108
8395:A-2
8390:A-1
8382:106
8377:105
8372:104
8367:103
8362:102
8350:101
8345:100
7815:KEI
7810:JSM
7790:GBI
6637:Ray
6304:9th
6252:7th
6247:5th
6147:7th
6142:5th
5954:on
5913:on
3304:doi
3142:NTI
2970:II"
2773:in
2326:at
2268:at
2213:at
2157:at
2071:).
1761:),
1716:W78
1708:W87
1653:W78
1575:RAM
1510:W56
1506:W62
1440:by
1340:).
1334:W56
1281:W59
1259:on
1176:in
1110:B-1
571:W62
434:CEP
263:W87
259:W78
255:W62
248:W56
241:W59
210:II)
175:II)
147:USD
94:II)
11242::
6242:2d
6137:2d
5963:β
5838:OL
5836:.
5828:.
5820:.
5810:.
5806:.
5785:.
5771:.
5740:.
5736:.
5716:.
5702:.
5685:.
5675:.
5671:.
5656:OL
5654:.
5646:.
5621:OL
5619:.
5611:.
5603:.
5593:.
5553:.
5527:.
5523:.
5483:.
5479:.
5440:.
5436:.
5410:.
5406:.
5380:.
5376:.
5350:.
5346:.
5316:.
5290:.
5286:.
5251:.
5247:.
5215:.
5211:.
5191:^
5170:.
5166:.
5142:^
5121:.
5117:.
5103:^
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