192:) which infest birds. Sarcoptic mites as adults are microscopic, nearly circular in outline, and their legs are short, adapted for burrowing. The females, after mating with males on the surface of their host's skin, burrow into the living layers of the epidermis (mainly the stratum spinosum). They make long tunnels horizontal to the surface of the skin. Eggs are laid in the tunnels and development of larvae and nymphs occurs in such tunnels. The feeding of the mites and their excretory products irritates and inflames the skin, causing intense pruritus. Dermal hypersensitivity reactions will develop in the host. Chronic infestations lead to thickening of the skin by overproduction of epidermal cells (acanthosis), resulting in a characteristic depilated and scaly appearance. Stress caused by the pruritus can be severe, and will result in lost productivity of most species of livestock animals. Camels are prone to severe infestation and wild animals such as foxes may die from sarcoptes infestation.
99:. The nymph is similar to the larva but has four pairs of legs. Then the nymph feeds and molts. This molt is either to the first of several more nymph stages, or to an adult. The adult is defined as a sexually mature female or male, and has four pairs of legs. These similar stages (or instars) are in a sequence known as an incomplete metamorphosis. The potential reproductive capacity of a female mite is low compared to ticks because the eggs are large relative to the small female. However, the survival of larvae laid on their hosts or in nests of their hosts is high, and the life-cycle is short, so mite populations can expand rapidly under favorable conditions. Ectoparasitic mites typically transfer by crawling between hosts in close contact (see also section on control). The unusual life-cycle of trombiculid mites is described in the section on blood-sucking mites.
157:
250:
196:
452:
333:
841:
103:
404:
294:
207:
56:
369:
242:
Puppies are more susceptible to infestation at this age because their immune systems are immature. All dogs will become infested in this way but usually only low levels of infestation persist, without pruritus or other signs of clinical disease. Some dogs become heavily infested, likely because of an immune dysfunction. This results in severe inflammation of the epidermis with acanthosis. The skin may become so thickened that folds form, and bacterial infection of excessive sebaceous secretions (
72:
388:, the cat fur mite is typical. These mites live within the fur of cats and dogs, feeding on sloughed scales of skin. Often this causes little reaction in the host, but pruritus, seborrhea and pustules in the skin may develop as an allergic reaction to the mites. The adult mites are visible crawling in the fur and may cause similar skin reactions in the pet's owner. Other genera of mites that cause similar problems in colonies of rodents are
290:, the harvest mite, causes severe pruritus to its host after it has detached. Feeding by the larvae involves secretion of a feeding tube, the stylostome, into the host's skin. This remains when the larva detaches and proteins in the secretion induce inflammatory and dermal hypersensitivity reactions, with intense pruritus. Domestic birds, dogs and humans are among the other hosts afflicted by this temporary infestation.
540:
special attention because they act as strong sources of infestation to other animals in the same population. Close attention to domestic animals is necessary, including regular hand grooming of companion animals. This enables early signs of infestation to be detected and treatment applied when it likely to have highest effect. Hygiene measures must be appropriate to the type of infestation.
47:. Mites are highly varied and their classification is complex; a simple grouping is used in this introductory article. Vernacular terms to describe diseases caused by mites include scab, mange, and scabies. Mites and ticks have substantially different biology from, and are classed separately from, insects (the class Insecta).
270:, the red chicken mite is typical. Dense infestations of a poultry house cause much biting stress and loss of production to the birds, and human workers in the houses are bitten. Originally a parasite centered on the nest of its host, this species has become a major pest in commercial poultry houses. A similar genus is
549:
mites infest all individuals of their natural host species, but it is only those individuals who cannot control the infestations by natural immune defenses that are treated, including not breeding from them. Mites causing asthma and similar conditions are controlled substantially by thorough cleaning
285:
Trombiculid mites (chiggers) also feed on blood, but only in the larval stage. The life-cycle starts with eggs laid in the environment of the normal hosts of the larvae, typically rodents and other small mammals. After the engorged larva molts to a nymph the remaining life-cycle comprises stages that
230:
of its hosts. Most species of mammal, including humans, are readily infested with these minute mites, but typically the infestation level is very low. The individual mites remain external to the epidermis within the follicle, but appear to be within the skin because they are below the general outer
128:
infests the superficial layers of the skin among the dead cells of the stratum corneum. Irritation of the outer skin by the mite's mouthparts and saliva results in cutaneous hypersensitivity and inflammatory exudation of serum and fresh cells. The mites feed on this exudate. The skin loses its hair
539:
as dust formulations are also used in this context; the dust abrades the waterproof cuticle of the mites which then die of dehydration. The intense infestations with psoroptic, sarcoptic and demodectic mites that build up in some individual animals (often because of reduced immune competence) need
544:
mites can live off the host on fomites such as scraps of sheep's wool for several weeks and act as a source of infestation. Close contact between hosts when confined in pens aids spread of these highly contagious mites. Sarcoptic mites are contagious by very close contact and infested animals are
348:
These can be caused indirectly by free living mites within the fabric of building and on stored foods such as grain and hay. They are most commonly seen as asthma and dermatitis in humans living in the housing or handling the materials but domestic animals such as dogs and horses can also develop
241:
in dogs. Demodex mites are microscopic, cigar-shaped and have very short legs. These mites seem to feed on epidermal cells. They can crawl out on the surface of the skin, aided by secretions from the skin's sebaceous glands. Puppies become infected by close contact with the bitch during suckling.
265:
The dermanyssid mites are visible to the naked eye and have long powerful legs that they use to seek their hosts. These mites live in the nest of their hosts or within the fabric of poultry houses. They infest their hosts whilst feeding for short periods. Their mouthparts are long complex organs
419:
Compared to ticks and insects of domestic animals, the parasitic mites are of limited importance as transmitters (vectors) of pathogenic organisms to domestic animals. Some mites are the intermediate host of parasitic worms, but not defined as vectors because they do not parasitize a host. For
51:
cause important types of skin disease, and some mites infest other organs. Diagnosis of mite infestations can be difficult because of the small size of most mites, but understanding how mites are adapted to feed within the structure of the skin is useful.
246:) may occur, producing an offensive smell. Demodicosis in cattle can occur as dense localized infestations. These create pustular folliculitis and indurated plaques within the dermis. This diminishes the commercial value of the animal's hide.
129:
at the sites of infestation and large flakes of dried serum and cells accumulate. The mites cause intense pruritus (itching) and the host will groom compulsively and may become severely distressed. Depilation (hair loss) may be substantial.
1107:
Carp, Richard I.; Meekerl, Harry C.; Rubenstein, Richard; Sigurdarson, Sigurdur; Papini, Michael; Kascsak, Richard J.; Kozlowski, Piotr B.; Wisniewski, Henryk M. (January 2000). "Characteristics of scrapie isolates derived from hay mites".
518:
is a chemical that is effective as a topical treatment for sarcoptic mange. Alternatively, acaricides that act systemically can penetrate to where the mites are feeding when they are delivered by injection. Macrocyclic lactones such as
526:
Dermanyssid mites in the fabric of poultry houses are controlled using equipment that delivers scalding water at high pressure to clean the materials, or by spraying on acaricide in a water based emulsion. Synthetic pyrethroids, or a
315:
is a typical species of this type. It infests poultry in North
America and South Africa and may cause reduction in productivity of the birds. Another genus of similar bird infesting mites is
1436:"Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) control evaluations using liquid formulations of diatomaceous earth, kaolin, sulfur, azadirachtin, and Beauveria bassiana on caged laying hens"
286:
are not parasitic, but free-living. There are several nymphal stages. The adults can be found crawling on vegetation, conspicuous with a dense covering of red setae (similar to hairs).
1278:
Abdel-Ghaffar, F (2008). "Field study on the efficacy of an extract of neem seed (Mite-Stop (R)) against the red mite
Dermanyssus gallinae naturally infecting poultry in Egypt".
471:(chemicals to kill mites and ticks applied to the skin). Numerous commercial formulations are available, representing several different chemical groups. Examples are: synthetic
1494:
323:
has species that infest the lungs of some monkey and rodent species. These mites aggregate in nodules within the lung but signs of clinical disease are not obvious.
1153:"St.Louis encephalitis: transmission of virus to chickens by infected mites Dermanyssus gallinae and resulting viremia as source of virus for infection of mites"
1529:
325:
1524:
746:
1356:
Nisbet, A. J. (2006). "Progress and opportunities in the development of vaccines against mites, fleas and myiasis-causing flies of veterinary importance".
661:
Sargison, N (1995). "Effect of an outbreak of sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis infestation) during mid-pregnancy on ewe body condition and lamb birth weight".
583:
Van den Broek, A (2000). "Cutaneous and systemic responses during primary and challenge infestations of sheep with the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis".
311:
1519:
710:
480:
1514:
1504:
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tapeworm of sheep; the sheep then ingest the mites whilst grazing. As another example, free-living hay mites are a suspected reservoir for
1235:
Sargison, N.D. (1995). "Treatment of naturally occurring sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis infestation) in the United
Kingdom with ivermectin".
1489:
1399:
Curtis, C. F. (2004). "Current trends in the treatment of
Sarcoptes, Cheyletiella and Otodectes mite infestations in dogs and cats".
1670:
1625:
1565:
940:
1200:
Lerdthusnee, K (2002). "Efficiency of
Leptotrombidium Chiggers at transmitting Orientia tsutsugamushi to laboratory mice".
384:
A variety of mites cause mild dermatitis in their hosts and biting nuisance and disgust to the owners of domestic animals.
133:
infests sheep worldwide and can be a serious welfare and animal production problem, mainly for sheep, but also cattle.
889:
Chanie, M (2010). "Ectoparasites are the major causes of various types of skin lesions in small ruminants in
Ethiopia".
353:, the house-dust mite is the best known species causing such problems. Mites causing similar problems are in the genera
349:
similar diseases. The allergic reactions develop in response to foreign proteins within the fecal pellets of the mites.
1655:
1640:
1610:
1595:
1580:
1550:
1037:
Nuttall, T. J. (2001). "Characterisation of major and minor
Dermatophagoides allergens in canine atopic dermatitis".
570:
1686:
178:
is an example: it infests many species of mammals, including humans. Other common sarcoptic mites are in the genus
91:
that are laid on the vertebrate animal host or within the nest or environment of the host. From the egg hatches a
789:
1321:
Abolins, S (2007). "Control of the sheep scab mite
Psoroptes ovis in vivo and in vitro using fungal pathogens".
514:
Mites infesting their hosts deeper within the skin are difficult to control using acaricides applied topically.
507:, are another potential alternative to chemical acaricides. Good potential for vaccination of sheep to control
467:
Mites infesting their hosts at the outer surface of the skin are removed by treatment with topically applied
156:
953:
Jones, B. M. (1950). "The penetration of the host tissue by the harvest mite, Trombicula autumnalis Shaw".
565:
Wall, R. (2001) Veterinary
Ectoparasites: biology, pathology & control. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
141:
infestations are found on cattle, sheep and horses but do not cause the severe reactions associated with
309:
Some genera of mites have adapted to infesting the lungs and air-sacs of birds or the lungs of mammals.
62:(Hering), adult male psoroptic mite. Phylum Arthropoda, Class Arachnida, Order Acari, Family Psoroptidae
1469:
840:
249:
195:
1484:
1072:
Cohen, S. R. (1980). "Cheyletiella dermatitis: a mite infestation of rabbit, cat, dog, and man".
854:
Ravera, I (2013). "Small
Demodex populations colonize most parts of the skin of healthy dogs".
243:
1509:
1499:
626:
Fisher, W. F. (1981). "Effects of the sheep scab mite on cumulative weight gains in cattle".
433:
451:
332:
95:, characterized by having three pairs of legs. The larva feeds on the host and molts to a
8:
1085:
444:, the causative agent of scrub-typhus, a notorious disease of humans in South East Asia.
769:
704:
Arlian, LG; Runyan, RA; Sorlie, LB; Estes, SA (October 1984). "Host-seeking behavior of
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1543:
Mites and Ticks of Domestic Animals: an identification guide and information source
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96:
20:
1633:
Arthropods of Humans and Domestic Animals: a guide to preliminary identification
1479:
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is the most important of several species of mite transmitting this bacterium.
368:
1291:
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233:
227:
184:
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55:
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virus between chickens. (the main transmitters of this virus to humans are
28:
1256:
1248:
1093:
777:
731:
682:
674:
647:
503:
tree. Aqueous suspensions of fungi naturally pathogenic to mites, such as
71:
1168:
238:
440:
mosquitoes). Various species of trombiculid mite transmit the bacterium
520:
476:
472:
420:
example, free-living mites of the family Oribatidae ingest the eggs of
44:
1495:
Psoroptic mites – Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, UK
1474:
120:
Infestation of the outer skin is typically caused by psoroptic mites.
528:
468:
282:
the northern fowl mite cause similar problems in poultry production.
812:
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
532:
492:
106:
Sites of infestation by mites in skin (mites not at correct scales)
32:
484:
425:
1106:
545:
kept separate from uninfested ones until treatment is complete.
92:
40:
36:
1530:
Mites in wildlife – Alberta Sustainable Resource Development
500:
343:
84:
24:
1648:
Veterinary Ectoparasites: biology, pathology & control
1525:
Sarcoptic mites in dogs and cats – Merck Veterinary Manual
266:
adapted for piercing their host's skin and sucking blood.
88:
1515:
Dog nasal mites - Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA
1510:
Notoedric mites - Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA
1500:
Sarcoptic mites – Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA
153:
infestations in the ears of dogs are a common problem.
703:
1520:
Dog ear mites - Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA
1505:
Demodex mites - Companion Animal Parasite Council, USA
145:
mites. Other common psoroptic mites are in the genera
400:
has species found on the feathers of poultry birds.
304:
1573:Diagnostic Parasitology for Veterinary Technicians
1678:
339:larva, with stylostome extending from mouthparts
1470:Mite images from Natural History Museum, London
805:
550:and vacuuming of the fabric of affected areas.
747:"Biology, host relations, and epidemiology of
711:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1485:Sheep psoroptic mites – Iowa State University
1277:
582:
432:has been shown to transmit the virus causing
172:This is typically caused by sarcoptic mites.
31:, most of which are free living but some are
1590:. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers,
414:
167:
137:infests rabbits, mainly on their outer ear.
1199:
1603:Manual of Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat
495:. Botanical acaricides are represented by
1451:
1176:
1013:
998:"Cytodites nudus infestation of chickens"
823:
1571:Hendrix, C.M. & Robinson, E. (2011)
1234:
806:Pence, DB; Ueckermann, E (August 2002).
660:
450:
402:
367:
344:Allergies in respiratory system and skin
331:
292:
248:
205:
194:
155:
101:
70:
54:
1558:Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians
1433:
1320:
1036:
995:
202:mites (white dots) infesting sheep skin
163:(arrowed) on skin, histological section
124:for example, infests sheep and cattle.
1679:
1398:
1355:
888:
853:
744:
625:
260:
23:cause disease and loss of production.
1150:
1071:
952:
891:Tropical Animal Health and Production
1661:Zajac, A. & Conboy, G.A. (2012)
1086:10.1001/archderm.1980.01640280071023
16:Type of parasite of domestic animals
1440:Journal of Applied Poultry Research
770:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001035
511:infestation has been demonstrated.
329:infests the nasal sinuses of dogs.
13:
1646:Wall, R. & Shearer, D. (2001)
1560:. St. Louis: Saunders / Elsevier,
1535:
14:
1698:
1665:. Chichester: Wiley – Blackwell,
1650:. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd,
1545:. London: The Stationery Office,
1463:
523:are the best known of this type.
379:
19:Mites that infest and parasitize
1663:Veterinary Clinical Parasitology
1620:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,
1605:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,
1413:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2004.00362.x
1370:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00803.x
1157:Journal of Experimental Medicine
935:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
868:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01099.x
839:
597:10.1046/j.1365-3024.2000.00318.x
535:are typical for this treatment.
305:Infestation of respiratory tract
217:
1588:How to Know the Mites and Ticks
1575:. St. Louis: Mosby / Elsevier,
1427:
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1349:
1314:
1271:
1228:
1193:
1144:
1100:
1065:
1030:
989:
946:
925:
226:, has adapted to infesting the
1635:. London: Chapman & Hall,
1039:Research in Veterinary Science
882:
847:
808:"Sarcoptic manage in wildlife"
799:
738:
697:
654:
628:Journal of Economic Entomology
619:
576:
559:
351:Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
278:, the tropical fowl mite, and
231:surface of the host. The mite
66:
1:
1202:Journal of Medical Entomology
724:10.1016/S0190-9622(84)70212-X
553:
428:, a prion disease of sheep.
115:
1335:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.008
151:Otodectes. Otodectes cynotis
39:and both comprise the order
7:
1490:Sheep mites – Parasitipedia
758:Annual Review of Entomology
110:
10:
1703:
1214:10.1603/0022-2585-39.3.521
462:
456:Cheyletiella parasitivorax
446:Leptotrombidium deliniense
1292:10.1007/s00436-008-0965-9
1122:10.3109/13550280009013157
1015:10.1080/03079458308436158
967:10.1017/s0031182000018096
903:10.1007/s11250-010-9531-4
745:Arlian, Larry G. (1989).
415:Transmission of pathogens
168:Living layer of epidermis
49:Mites of domestic animals
1480:Demodectic mites in dogs
1110:Journal of Neurovirology
1687:Veterinary parasitology
1618:Veterinary Parasitology
1475:Sarcoptic mites in dogs
1453:10.3382/japr.2011-00402
1434:Mullens, B. A. (2012).
1323:Veterinary Parasitology
1074:Archives of Dermatology
933:Veterinary Parasitology
35:. Mites are similar to
1401:Veterinary Dermatology
1051:10.1053/rvsc.2001.0485
856:Veterinary Dermatology
825:10.20506/rst.21.2.1335
505:Metarhizium anisopliae
459:
442:Orientia tsutsugamushi
411:
376:
340:
301:
257:
214:
203:
164:
107:
80:
63:
1280:Parasitology Research
1249:10.1136/vr.136.10.236
1151:Smith, M. G. (1947).
675:10.1136/vr.136.12.287
454:
434:St Louis encephalitis
406:
371:
335:
296:
288:Trombicula autumnalis
252:
237:is a common cause of
209:
198:
159:
105:
74:
58:
1631:Walker, A.R. (1994)
1616:Taylor, M.A.,(2007)
1601:Paterson, S. (2008)
1586:McDaniel, B. (1979)
1556:Bowman, D.D. (2009)
1169:10.1084/jem.86.3.229
640:10.1093/jee/74.2.234
499:, an extract of the
430:Dermanyssus gallinae
410:allergy causing mite
326:Pneumonyssus caninum
268:Dermanyssus gallinae
222:One genus of mites,
213:adult burrowing mite
1358:Parasite Immunology
996:McOrist, S (1983).
931:Taylor, M.A.(2007)
585:Parasite Immunology
537:Diatomaceous earths
386:Cheyletiella blakei
261:Blood-sucking mites
256:adult follicle mite
1541:Baker, A.S.(1999)
460:
458:adult cat-fur mite
412:
377:
341:
302:
258:
215:
204:
165:
135:Psoroptes cuniculi
108:
83:The life-cycle of
81:
64:
1671:978-0-8138-2053-8
1626:978-1-4051-1964-1
1566:978-1-4160-4412-3
1237:Veterinary Record
941:978-1-4051-1964-1
749:Sarcoptes scabiei
718:(4 Pt 1): 594–8.
706:Sarcoptes scabiei
663:Veterinary Record
531:chemical such as
211:Sarcoptes scabiei
175:Sarcoptes scabiei
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1329:(3–4): 310–317.
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961:(3–4): 247–260.
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897:(6): 1103–1109.
886:
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788:. Archived from
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695:
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658:
652:
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623:
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580:
574:
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422:Moniezia expansa
375:respiratory mite
182:, and the genus
139:Chorioptes bovis
60:Chorioptes bovis
21:domestic animals
1702:
1701:
1697:
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1536:Further reading
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669:(12): 287–289.
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516:Benzyl benzoate
489:phenylpyrazoles
465:
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382:
373:Cytodites nudus
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312:Cytodites nudus
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122:Psoroptes ovis,
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1446:: 111–116.
473:pyrethroids
408:Glycyphagus
359:Glycyphagus
298:Dermanyssus
280:O.sylvarium
239:demodicosis
67:Life-cycles
764:: 139–61.
554:References
521:ivermectin
477:flumethrin
469:acaricides
363:Tyrophagus
337:Trombicula
300:adult mite
147:Chorioptes
116:Outer skin
45:Arthropoda
27:are small
542:Psoroptes
529:carbamate
394:Myocoptes
244:seborrhea
180:Notoedres
143:Psoroptes
77:Psoroptes
33:parasitic
1681:Category
1421:15030559
1386:32988131
1378:16542318
1343:17624674
1308:11765827
1300:18481087
1222:12061450
1187:19871673
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1130:10822327
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1024:18766772
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911:20195754
876:23331694
834:11974622
786:35920184
691:23068831
613:41549010
605:10972847
533:carbaryl
493:fipronil
491:such as
483:such as
475:such as
398:Megninia
111:Diseases
1257:7785177
1178:2135727
1094:7369774
983:6473306
778:2494934
732:6436342
683:7793034
648:7320316
547:Demodex
485:amitraz
463:Control
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355:Acarus
1382:S2CID
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1134:S2CID
979:S2CID
915:S2CID
793:(PDF)
782:S2CID
754:(PDF)
687:S2CID
609:S2CID
438:Culex
97:nymph
93:larva
85:mites
41:Acari
37:ticks
25:Mites
1667:ISBN
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1417:PMID
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937:ISBN
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644:PMID
601:PMID
567:ISBN
501:neem
392:and
188:(or
149:and
89:eggs
79:mite
1448:doi
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1288:doi
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