144:" is generally used for a criminal organization and the term "gangster" invariably describes a criminal. Much has been written on the subject of gangs, although there is no clear consensus about what constitutes a gang or what situations lead to gang formation and evolution. There is agreement that the members of a gang have a sense of common identity and belonging and this is typically reinforced through shared activities and through visual identifications such as special clothing, tattoos, colors, or rings. Some preconceptions may be false. For example, the common view that illegal drug distribution in the United States is largely controlled by gangs has been questioned.
383:. The people of the mountainous country of Albania have always had strong traditions of family and clan loyalty, in some ways similar to that of southern Italy. Ethnic Albanian gangs have grown rapidly since 1992 during the prolonged period of instability in the Balkans after the collapse of Yugoslavia. This coincided with large scale migration throughout Europe and to the United States and Canada. Although based in Albania, the gangs often handle international transactions such as trafficking in economic migrants, drugs and other contraband, and weapons. Other criminal organizations that emerged in the Balkans around this time are popularly called the
839:. These films chronicle the quick rise, and equally quick downfall, of three young, violent criminals, and represent the genre in its purest form before moral pressure would force it to change and evolve. Though the gangster in each film would face a violent downfall which was designed to remind the viewers of the consequences of crime, audiences were often able to identify with the charismatic anti-hero. Those suffering from the Depression were able to relate to the gangster character who worked hard to earn his place and success in the world, only to have it all taken away from him.
853:(English: I Am a Criminal) is a 1976 Venezuelan film by director Clemente de la Cerda. The film tells the story of Ramón Antonio Brizuela, a real-life individual, who since childhood has to deal with rampant violence and the drugs, sex and petty thievery of a Caracas slum. Starting with delinquency, Ramón moves on to serious gang activity and robberies. He grows into a tough, self-confident young man who is hardened to violence. His views change when his fiancée's brother is killed in a robbery. The film was a blockbuster hit in Venezuela.
925:(Gambler, 1964). The genre soon became popular, and by the 1970s the Japanese film industry was turning out a hundred mostly low-budget yakuza films each year. The films are descendants of the samurai epics, and are closer to Westerns than to Hollywood gangster movies. The hero is typically torn between compassion for the oppressed and his sense of duty to the gang. The plots are generally highly stylized, starting with the protagonist being released from prison and ending in a gory sword fight in which he dies an honorable death.
201:
126:
3393:
624:
527:
3777:
276:
3767:
767:
726:, mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of 500–2,000 kg, and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami. Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, this route is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile. The arid Bolivia-Chile border is easily crossed by 4x4 vehicles that then head to the seaports of
404:
187:" is associated with gangs and gangsters, but is not synonymous. A small street gang that engages in sporadic low-level crime would not be seen as "organized". An organization that coordinates gangs in different countries involved in the international trade in drugs or prostitutes may not be considered a "gang".
794:
his powers. Although the ending is presented as a moral outcome, it is usually seen as no more than an accidental failure. The gangster is typically articulate, although at times lonely and depressed, and his worldly wisdom and defiance of social norms has a strong appeal, particularly to adolescents.
251:
was abolished, land could no longer be seized to settle debts, and one fifth of the land was to become private property of the peasants. Other similarly large and powerful
Italian criminal organizations, often composed of smaller gangs or "clans" generally operating under a shared criminal subculture
438:
came to power in 1949 in mainland China, law enforcement became stricter and tough governmental crackdown on criminal organizations forced the triads to migrate to Hong Kong, then a
British colony, and other cities around the world. Triads today are highly organized, with departments responsible for
331:
by inmates who remained loyal to the rules of the thieves. In 1988, the Soviet Union legalized private enterprise but did not provide regulations to ensure the security of market economy. Crude markets emerged, the most notorious being the
Rizhsky market where prostitution rings were run next to the
793:
ranks with the
Western as one of the most successful creations of the American movie industry. The "classic" form of gangster movie, rarely produced in recent years, tells of a gangster working his way up through his enterprise and daring, until his organization collapses while he is at the peak of
363:
syndicates in the world, described by the
British government as "one of the most dangerous men in the world". More recently, criminals with stronger ties to big business and the government have displaced the Vory from some of their traditional niches, although the Vory are still strong in gambling
928:
Although some Hong Kong gangster movies are simply vehicles for violent action, the mainstream movies in the genre deal with Triad societies portrayed as quasi-benign organizations. The movie gangster applies the Taoist principles of balance and honor to his conduct. The plots are often similar to
962:
films, dealing with internal conflict between members of a gang or external conflict with other gangs. The gangsters' code of conduct and loyalty are important elements. Starting in the 1970s, strict censorship caused decline in the number and quality of gangster movies, and none were made in the
557:
of the United States
Constitution banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol for consumption. Many gangs sold alcohol illegally for profit, and used acute violence to stake turf and protect their interest. Often, police officers and politicians were paid off or extorted to ensure
682:
in the United States. Sixty five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through
Florida. Cocaine shipments from South America transported through Mexico or Central America are generally moved over land or by air to staging sites in
470:
In the late 1860s, many
Chinese emigrated to the United States, escaping from insecurity and economic hardship at home, at first working on the west coast and later moving east. The new immigrants formed Chinese Benevolent Associations. In some cases these evolved into
593:. Maranzano, the first leader of the American Mafia, established the code of conduct for the organization, set up the "family" divisions and structure, and established procedures for resolving disputes. In an unprecedented move, Maranzano set himself up as
355:, now unemployed but with experience that could prove useful in crime, joined the increasing crime wave. At first, the Vory v Zakone played a key role in arbitrating the gang wars that erupted in the 1990s. By the mid-1990s it was believed that "Don"
479:
who migrated to the United States often joined these tongs. With a new wave of migration in the 1960s, street gangs began to flourish in major cities. The Tongs recruited these gangs to protect their extortion, gambling and narcotics operations.
929:
those of
Hollywood gangster movies, often ending with the fall of the subject of the movie at the hands of another gangster, but such a fall is far less important than a fall from honor. The first movie made by the acclaimed director
439:
functions such as accounting, recruiting, communications, training and welfare in addition to the operational arms. They engage in a variety of crimes including extortion, money laundering, smuggling, trafficking and prostitution.
246:
by mainland Italy in 1860. Under feudalism, the nobility owned most of the land and enforced law and order through their private armies. After 1812, the feudal barons steadily sold off or rented their lands to private citizens.
449:
syndicates in Japan. They are notorious for their strict codes of conduct and very organized nature. As of 2009 they had an estimated 80,900 members. Most modern yakuza derive from two classifications which emerged in the
179:
can undertake complex transactions that would be far beyond the capability of one individual, and can provide services such as dispute arbitration and contract enforcement that parallel those of a legitimate government.
601:. Luciano was a former Masseria underling who had switched sides to Maranzano and orchestrated the killing of Masseria. As an alternative to the previous despotic Mafia practice of naming a single Mafia boss as
117:
than an individual criminal could achieve. Gangsters have been active for many years in countries around the world. Gangsters are the subject of many novels, films, television series, and video games.
2270:
887:, released in its home country in 2002 and worldwide in 2003. All the characters existed in reality, and the story is based on real events. It depicts the growth of organized crime in the
151:
gang, which ended with the leader's death in 1882. However, a gang may also be a larger group with a formal organization that survives the death of its leader. For example, each of the
483:
As
American society and culture developed, new immigrants were relocating to the United States. The first major gangs in 19th century New York City were the Irish gangs such as the
323:
emerged, a class of criminals that had to abide by certain rules in the prison system. One such rule was that cooperation with the authorities of any kind was forbidden. During
2175:
2956:
2297:
963:
1980s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s there was a surge of imports of action movies from Hong Kong. The first of the new wave of important home grown gangster movies was
611:
in 1931, where the bosses of the most powerful families would have equal say and vote on important matters and solve disputes between families. This group ruled over the
718:
to transport the drug. The traffickers use a variety of smuggling techniques to transfer their drug to U.S. markets. These include airdrops of 500–700 kg in the
973:(1990). Although this movie followed the earlier tradition, it was followed by a series of sophisticated gangster noirs set in contemporary urban locations, such as
674:
Although Mexican drug cartels, or drug trafficking organizations, have existed for several decades, they have become more powerful since the demise of Colombia's
647:, and smuggled into the United States and Europe, the United States being the world's largest consumer of cocaine. Colombia is the world's leading producer of
554:
2743:
2389:
1847:
758:(1855–1880). The United States has profoundly influenced the genre, but other cultures have contributed distinctive and often excellent gangster movies.
667:, Central America, the United States, as well as Canada and Europe throughout the 1970s and 1980s. It was founded and run by Ochoa Vázquez brothers with
2691:
958:
Gangster films make up one of the most profitable segments of the South Korean film industry. Films made in the 1960s were often influenced by Japanese
515:
that emerged in the United States during the late 19th century, following waves of emigration from Sicily. There were similar offshoots in Canada among
3445:
671:. By 1993, the Colombian government, helped by the US, had successfully dismantled the cartel by imprisoning or hunting and gunning down its members.
597:
and required all families to pay tribute to him. This new role was received negatively, and Maranzano was murdered within six months on the orders of
2259:
945:(2002) is a thriller about a police officer who infiltrates a triad and a triad member who infiltrates the police department. The film was remade by
3335:
3303:
3271:
3175:
3143:
3111:
2992:
2917:
2885:
2645:
2613:
2581:
2517:
2485:
2453:
2421:
2343:
2152:
2088:
2024:
1918:
1886:
327:
some prisoners made a deal with the government to join the armed forces in return for a reduced sentence, but upon their return to prison they were
2764:
2318:
577:
In New York City, by the end of the 1920s, two factions of organized crime had emerged to fight for control of the criminal underworld, one led by
1379:
2768:
1971:
155:
founded in the early 20th century, outlasted its founders and have survived into the 21st century. Large and well structured gangs such as the
1444:
King of the Godfathers: Big Joey Massino and the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family By Anthony M. DeStefano. Kensington Publishing Corp., 2008
3674:
3207:
3058:
2723:
2120:
3239:
3026:
2056:
3358:
3013:
In Search of the Paper Tiger: A Sociological Perspective of Myth, Formula, and the Mystery Genre in the Entertainment Print Mass Medium
1952:
549:
The terms "gangster" and "mobster" are mostly used in the United States to refer to members of criminal organizations associated with
294:, who emerged as the absolute dictator of the Soviet Union had previously founded the Outfit, a criminal gang that were involved with
2168:
895:, between the end of the '60s and the beginning of the '80s, with the closure of the film depicting the war between the drug dealer
3806:
2940:
2243:
542:
1832:
3642:
3233:
3201:
3169:
3084:
2986:
2911:
2831:
2639:
2479:
2146:
2114:
2082:
1946:
1912:
1880:
1714:
1134:
2960:
2549:
1803:
434:, dates to the Lin Shuangwen uprising on Taiwan from 1786 to 1787. The triads evolved into criminal societies. When the
3679:
3076:
Dangerous Men, Dangerous Media: Constructing Ethnicity, Race, and Media's Impact Through the Gangster Image, 1959-2007
2784:
1904:
Kings of Cocaine: Inside the MedellĂn Cartel - An Astonishing True Story of Murder, Money and International Corruption
3669:
3329:
3297:
3265:
3137:
3105:
3052:
3020:
2879:
2858:
2810:
2717:
2673:
2607:
2575:
2543:
2511:
2447:
2415:
2337:
2237:
2050:
2018:
1997:
1762:
1741:
1426:
3721:
3696:
2739:
783:
550:
3637:
3427:
888:
939:. In it the protagonist finds himself torn between his desire for a woman and his loyalty to a fellow gangster.
2381:
1851:
2289:
900:
3654:
2683:
2202:
2229:
1124:
3706:
3659:
3615:
876:
750:
1387:
339:
headed for collapse many former government workers turned to crime, while others moved overseas. Former
3701:
3632:
570:. Capone would rise to control a major portion of illicit activity such as gambling, prostitution, and
2358:
748:
Gangs have long been the subject of movies. In fact, the first feature-length movie ever produced was
42:
3664:
1967:
1038:
63:
38:
3747:
3686:
3620:
3595:
1019:
612:
215:
3691:
857:
476:
435:
419:
164:
17:
3770:
3569:
2850:
608:
508:
176:
3191:
3042:
2707:
2194:
2104:
234:. It is a loose association of criminal groups that share common organizational structure and
3731:
3223:
3008:
2040:
1772:
1752:
1733:
935:
702:
Cocaine traffickers from Colombia, and recently Mexico, have also established a labyrinth of
683:
northern Mexico. The cocaine is then broken down into smaller loads for smuggling across the
541:, Capone was a protégé and successor of Torrio, later convicted of income tax evasion by the
344:
147:
A gang may be a relatively small group of people who cooperate in criminal acts, as with the
1934:
379:(EU) countries, participating in a diverse range of criminal enterprises including drug and
3610:
3502:
2823:
The Ultimate Book of Gangster Movies: Featuring the 100 Greatest Gangster Films of All Time
1728:
Gangsters, Swindlers, Killers, and Thieves: The Lives and Crimes of Fifty American Villains
1014:
827:
803:
520:
74:
3776:
8:
3420:
3350:
3129:
Public Enemies, Public Heroes: Screening the Gangster from Little Caesar to Touch of Evil
862:
586:
582:
472:
3097:
Bullets Over Hollywood: The American Gangster Picture From The Silents To "The Sopranos"
2932:
113:. Gangs provide a level of organization and resources that support much larger and more
3801:
3625:
3590:
3554:
2843:
2221:
975:
880:
849:
814:
771:
715:
603:
594:
504:
352:
227:
132:, or Japanese mafia, are not allowed to show their tattoos in public except during the
1418:
652:
430:, which were given the triangle as their emblem. The first record of a triad society,
62:
This article is about members of a gang or criminal organization. For other uses, see
3325:
3293:
3261:
3229:
3197:
3165:
3133:
3101:
3080:
3048:
3016:
2982:
2907:
2875:
2854:
2827:
2806:
2800:
2758:
2713:
2669:
2635:
2603:
2571:
2539:
2507:
2475:
2443:
2411:
2333:
2312:
2233:
2142:
2110:
2078:
2046:
2014:
1993:
1987:
1942:
1908:
1876:
1822:
1758:
1737:
1726:
1710:
1422:
1130:
778:
The stereotypical image and myth of the American gangster is closely associated with
655:
was an organized network of drug suppliers and smugglers originating in the city of
516:
356:
348:
589:, which led to Masseria's murder in 1931. Maranzano then divided New York City into
3649:
3605:
1703:
969:
941:
870:
809:
696:
684:
678:
and MedellĂn cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels now dominate the wholesale
492:
380:
3374:
204:
Sketch of the 1901 maxi trial of suspected mafiosi in Palermo. From the newspaper
3711:
3600:
3564:
3466:
3461:
3319:
3287:
3255:
3159:
3127:
3095:
3074:
2976:
2901:
2869:
2821:
2629:
2597:
2565:
2533:
2501:
2469:
2437:
2405:
2327:
2217:
2136:
2072:
2010:
Godfather of the Kremlin: The Decline of Russia in the Age of Gangster Capitalism
2008:
1902:
1870:
999:
946:
779:
446:
392:
287:
200:
184:
114:
100:
91:
70:
714:
Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the
125:
3413:
2407:
Tokyo Underworld: The Fast Times and Hard Life of an American Gangster in Japan
904:
892:
790:
719:
688:
567:
563:
538:
512:
376:
368:
328:
303:
219:
1411:
3795:
3716:
2687:
2662:
822:
743:
699:
as gangs fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States.
668:
628:
598:
590:
423:
388:
384:
360:
291:
248:
231:
152:
133:
896:
884:
3726:
2776:
1866:
1009:
964:
951:
930:
818:
798:
679:
578:
500:
496:
488:
427:
336:
324:
319:
314:
299:
295:
2599:
From Wiseguys to Wise Men: the Gangster and Italian American Masculinities
1792:
651:, and also produces heroin that is mostly destined for the US market. The
3574:
3549:
3476:
3471:
1827:
731:
723:
692:
675:
623:
571:
407:
160:
148:
3397:
3392:
1823:"Ex-Tokyo cop speaks out on a life fighting gangs — and what you can do"
656:
3497:
3481:
3289:
Inventing the Public Enemy: The Gangster in American Culture, 1918-1934
2903:
The South Korean Film Renaissance: Local Hitmakers, Global Provocateurs
873:
475:, or criminal organizations primarily involved in gambling. Members of
451:
411:
265:
243:
1056:
635:
Most cocaine is grown and processed in South America, particularly in
615:
and brought in an era of peace and prosperity for the American Mafia.
109:
3524:
836:
832:
755:
707:
703:
559:
534:
526:
239:
3780:
2329:
The Ritual and Mythology of the Chinese Triads: Creating an Identity
1129:. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. pp. xii, xxix, 10, 151–153.
1068:
766:
754:(1906), an Australian production that traced the life of the outlaw
3544:
3519:
3514:
3354:
1459:
1004:
847:
Latin American gangster movies are known for their gritty realism.
636:
530:
458:, those who primarily peddled illicit, stolen or shoddy goods; and
279:
269:
261:
206:
994:
835:, which offered a dark psychological analysis of a fictionalized
727:
660:
648:
640:
372:
307:
275:
253:
1417:(1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp.
1209:
238:. The origins lie in the upheaval of Sicily's transition out of
3752:
2871:
Gangster Priest: the Italian American Cinema of Martin Scorsese
1160:
1158:
959:
921:
916:
711:
459:
455:
442:
403:
257:
235:
172:
129:
105:
2535:
Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster
2169:"Economic Origins of the Mafia and Patronage System in Sicily"
1615:
1507:
1293:
797:
The years 1931 and 1932 saw the genre produce three classics:
3559:
484:
168:
156:
2802:
History by Hollywood: The Use and Abuse of the American Past
2366:
1471:
1281:
1221:
1155:
3436:
3161:
Dying to Belong: Gangster Movies in Hollywood and Hong Kong
2195:"Vory v Zakone has hallowed place in Russian criminal lore"
1092:
989:
664:
644:
422:
trace their roots to resistance or rebel groups opposed to
141:
87:
1632:
1630:
1579:
462:, those who were involved in or participated in gambling.
1872:
McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld
1543:
627:
Members of Colonel Martinez's Search Bloc celebrate over
340:
3405:
2039:
Kontos, Louis; Brotherton, David; Barrios, Luis (2003).
1642:
1495:
1447:
1257:
286:
Organized crime has existed in Russia since the days of
2038:
1968:"High U.S. cocaine cost shows drug war working: Mexico"
1771:
1627:
1465:
1353:
1341:
1175:
1173:
1074:
1062:
3321:
Dreams and Dead Ends: The American Gangster/Crime Film
2820:
Anastasia, George; Macnow, Glen; Pistone, Joe (2011).
2819:
1245:
1233:
1317:
1305:
1197:
1080:
2357:
1654:
1531:
1519:
1215:
1185:
1170:
2978:
American Cinema of the 1930s: Themes and Variations
2567:
The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America
1603:
1329:
1269:
1143:
687:. Arrests of key gang leaders, particularly in the
3446:List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates
2842:
2775:
2661:
1966:
1725:
1702:
1678:
1666:
1567:
1555:
1513:
1410:
1299:
1104:
1750:
1591:
1483:
1386:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from
1044:
3793:
2380:
1164:
1122:
562:was one of these notorious gangsters during the
414:supporter who spent much of his life in Shanghai
2684:"Mob Life: Gangster Kings of Crime — slideshow"
3349:
2738:Thrasher, Frederic Milton, 1892-1962. (1936).
2503:Tough Jews: Fathers, Sons, and Gangster Dreams
2074:Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control
1585:
410:(1888–1951), a Chinese gangster and important
230:that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century in
3421:
2138:Lucky Luciano: The Real and the Fake Gangster
1900:
1477:
69:"Mobsters" redirects here. For the film, see
2763:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2317:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1941:. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 517–522.
1848:"Field Listing – Illicit drugs (by country)"
1846:
1453:
774:starred in several American gangster movies.
359:had become the "boss of all bosses" of most
3040:
3006:
2071:Lyman, Michael D.; Potter, Gary W. (2010).
2070:
2042:Gangs and society: Alternative Perspectives
1621:
1287:
1098:
659:, Colombia. The gang operated in Colombia,
607:, or "boss of all bosses," Luciano created
465:
23:
3428:
3414:
2767:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1751:Borrell, Clive; Cashinella, Brian (1975).
574:in Chicago during the early 20th century.
90:. Most gangs are considered to be part of
24:
3189:
3157:
2705:
2257:
2006:
1700:
1648:
1636:
1227:
1203:
1086:
282:file and mugshot of Joseph Stalin in 1910
3317:
2742:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2737:
2709:The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide
2595:
2382:"The rise and rise of the Russian mafia"
2325:
2260:"Organized Crime in the Western Balkans"
2216:
2192:
1985:
1932:
1501:
1251:
1239:
1179:
1149:
765:
622:
525:
402:
274:
199:
124:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
3093:
2931:
2867:
2682:
2659:
2627:
2531:
2403:
2166:
2102:
1820:
1609:
1537:
1359:
1347:
1323:
1311:
1275:
1263:
1110:
14:
3794:
3372:
3221:
3041:Kaplan, David E.; Dubro, Alec (2003).
2840:
2805:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois.
2798:
2435:
2287:
2134:
1865:
1660:
1549:
1525:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1191:
1050:
290:in the form of banditry and thievery.
3409:
3257:Jewish Gangsters of Modern Literature
3253:
3125:
3072:
2954:
2849:. Channel View Publications. p.
2563:
2499:
2467:
1723:
1597:
1408:
1402:
1335:
1075:Kontos, Brotherton & Barrios 2003
1063:Kontos, Brotherton & Barrios 2003
737:
503:" anti-immigration gangs such as the
495:and later a Jewish gang known as the
491:. These were followed by the Italian
3766:
3285:
3079:. The George Washington University.
2974:
2899:
1790:
1684:
1672:
1573:
1561:
1489:
190:
3490:
3044:Yakuza: Japan's Criminal Underworld
2959:. Chicago Sun Times. Archived from
2288:Taylor, Terrance, J. (2009-12-14).
2193:Schwirtz, Michael (July 29, 2008).
1901:Gugliotta, Guy; Leen, Jeff (2011).
1732:. Oxford University Press. p.
1365:
332:Rizhsky Railway Station in Moscow.
86:is a criminal who is a member of a
56:
3047:. University of California Press.
2474:. Texas A&M University Press.
1802:. Congressional Research Service.
919:(gangster) film made in Japan was
842:
57:
3818:
3385:
3379:. University of California Press.
2955:Ebert, Roger (January 24, 2003).
2109:. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
1821:Corkill, Edan (6 November 2011).
1773:"Colombia - Transnational Issues"
813:, which made screen icons out of
3775:
3765:
3391:
3260:. University of Illinois Press.
2290:"Gangs, Peers, and Co-Offending"
1989:Illegal Drugs: America's Anguish
1123:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2007).
761:
695:cartels, have led to increasing
618:
3807:Organized crime members by role
3361:from the original on 2020-09-10
3338:from the original on 2016-05-01
3306:from the original on 2016-05-19
3292:. University of Chicago Press.
3274:from the original on 2016-06-17
3242:from the original on 2016-04-30
3210:from the original on 2016-06-23
3178:from the original on 2016-05-27
3146:from the original on 2016-05-29
3132:. University of Chicago Press.
3114:from the original on 2016-04-23
3061:from the original on 2016-04-25
3029:from the original on 2016-06-03
2995:from the original on 2016-06-03
2943:from the original on 2017-10-18
2920:from the original on 2016-05-03
2888:from the original on 2016-06-10
2874:. University of Toronto Press.
2787:from the original on 2011-07-14
2746:from the original on 2012-11-05
2726:from the original on 2016-05-01
2694:from the original on 2011-11-19
2648:from the original on 2016-05-08
2616:from the original on 2016-05-15
2584:from the original on 2016-05-17
2552:from the original on 2016-05-18
2520:from the original on 2016-05-12
2488:from the original on 2016-05-09
2456:from the original on 2016-05-27
2424:from the original on 2016-04-30
2392:from the original on 2009-02-15
2346:from the original on 2016-06-03
2300:from the original on 2020-09-10
2276:from the original on 2012-03-19
2246:from the original on 2011-07-18
2205:from the original on 2020-09-10
2181:from the original on 2011-07-20
2155:from the original on 2016-06-03
2123:from the original on 2016-05-13
2091:from the original on 2016-05-02
2059:from the original on 2016-05-22
2027:from the original on 2016-06-04
1974:from the original on 2008-12-04
1970:. Reuters. September 14, 2007.
1955:from the original on 2007-03-14
1921:from the original on 2016-04-25
1889:from the original on 2016-06-17
1835:from the original on 2011-11-23
1809:from the original on 2009-05-11
1438:
216:organized crime groups in Italy
3193:World on Film: An Introduction
2740:"Chicago's Gangland 1923-1926"
2712:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2668:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2634:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1116:
1032:
537:. Although never convicted of
13:
1:
3396:The dictionary definition of
3190:Nochimson, Martha P. (2011).
2906:. Wesleyan University Press.
2631:Bonnie and Clyde: A Biography
2570:. Columbia University Press.
2506:. Random House Digital, Inc.
2410:. Random House Digital, Inc.
2365:(in Albanian). Archived from
2106:Understanding Organized Crime
2045:. Columbia University Press.
2013:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1875:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1693:
375:, the United States, and the
306:, arms procurement and child
115:complex criminal transactions
2981:. Rutgers University Press.
2706:Theoharis, Athan G. (1999).
2660:Iorizzo, Luciano J. (2003).
2294:Oxford Bibliographies Online
2230:Khudozhestvennaya Literatura
2103:Mallory, Stephen L. (2007).
1026:
910:
786:era of the 1920s and 1930s.
631:'s body on December 2, 1993.
94:. Gangsters are also called
7:
3324:. Oxford University Press.
2442:. Taylor & Francis US.
982:
751:The Story of the Kelly Gang
445:are members of traditional
343:agents and veterans of the
140:In modern usage, the term "
10:
3823:
3158:Nochimson, Martha (2007).
3073:Kenna, Laura Cook (2007).
3007:Hoppenstand, Gary (1987).
2799:Toplin, Robert B. (1996).
2596:Gardaphé, Fred L. (2006).
2468:Baker, T. Lindsay (2011).
2359:"UltraGangsteret Shqiptar"
2228:(in Russian). Vagrius and
1701:Abadinsky, Howard (2009).
1466:Colombia - Transnational..
741:
432:Heaven and Earth Gathering
68:
61:
3761:
3740:
3583:
3537:
3452:
3443:
3435:
3228:. John Wiley & Sons.
3196:. John Wiley & Sons.
1986:Jacobson, Robert (2005).
1939:Encyclopedia of Community
1791:Cook, Colleen W. (2007).
1478:Gugliotta & Leen 2011
1380:"Italian Organized Crime"
1039:Oxford English Dictionary
903:. The film received four
195:
73:. For the TV series, see
64:Gangster (disambiguation)
59:Member of a criminal gang
3748:Cryptocurrency and crime
3126:Munby, Jonathan (1999).
2868:Casillo, Robert (2006).
2777:"Tongs and Street Gangs"
2404:Whiting, Robert (2000).
2326:Ter Haar, B. J. (2000).
2258:Stojarová, Věra (2007).
2226:Essays on Criminal World
2007:Klebnikov, Paul (2001).
1907:. Garrett County Press.
1724:Block, Lawrence (2004).
1216:UltraGangsteret Shqiptar
1020:List of mobsters by city
613:National Crime Syndicate
511:arose from offshoots of
466:United States and Canada
120:
39:latest accepted revision
3373:Talbot, Daniel (1975).
3318:Shadoian, Jack (2003).
3286:Ruth, David E. (1996).
2532:English, T. J. (2006).
2167:Sardell, Jason (2009).
1933:Hagedorn, John (2003).
1800:CRS Report for Congress
1793:"Mexico's Drug Cartels"
1622:Kaplan & Dubro 2003
1288:Kaplan & Dubro 2003
1099:Lyman & Potter 2010
599:Charles "Lucky" Luciano
436:Chinese Communist Party
398:
177:outlaw motorcycle gangs
3570:Outlaw motorcycle club
3254:Rubin, Rachel (2000).
3094:McCarty, John (2004).
2975:Hark, Ina Rae (2007).
2664:Al Capone: A Biography
2628:Hendley, Nate (2007).
2564:Fried, Albert (1980).
2471:Gangster Tour of Texas
1754:Crime in Britain Today
1514:High U.S. cocaine cost
1300:Tongs and Street Gangs
933:was a gangster movie,
866:
775:
706:routes throughout the
632:
546:
509:Italian-American Mafia
415:
364:and the retail trade.
283:
242:in 1812 and its later
211:
137:
98:, a term derived from
3222:Reiber, Beth (2011).
2900:Choi, Jinhee (2010).
2436:Wright, Alan (2006).
1850:. CIA. Archived from
907:nominations in 2004.
769:
742:Further information:
626:
558:continued operation.
529:
406:
278:
252:or code, include the
203:
128:
3741:Financial regulation
3351:"Soy un Delincuente"
2845:Film-induced tourism
2841:Beeton, Sue (2005).
2500:Cohen, Rich (1999).
2388:. 21 November 1998.
2135:Newark, Tim (2010).
1935:"Gangs (references)"
1709:. Cengage Learning.
1409:Cohen, Rich (1999).
1015:List of crime bosses
722:or off the coast of
555:Eighteenth Amendment
521:Rizzuto crime family
75:Mobsters (TV series)
3225:Frommer's Hong Kong
3164:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1624:, pp. 141–142.
1433:Genovese maranzano.
1390:on October 10, 2010
1230:, pp. 154–155.
1165:The Rise and rise..
883:and co-directed by
680:illicit drug market
587:Castellammarese War
583:Salvatore Maranzano
499:. There were also "
353:Second Chechen Wars
329:attacked and killed
29:Page version status
3555:Front organization
3376:Film: an anthology
3009:"Gangster Formula"
2199:The New York Times
1777:CIA World Factbook
1586:Soy un Delincuente
1552:, p. 148-149.
976:A Bittersweet Life
881:Fernando Meirelles
850:Soy un delincuente
815:Edward G. Robinson
776:
772:Edward G. Robinson
738:In popular culture
716:Dominican Republic
685:U.S.–Mexico border
633:
604:capo di tutti capi
595:boss of all bosses
585:. This caused the
547:
543:federal government
416:
284:
228:criminal syndicate
214:There are several
212:
138:
35:
3789:
3788:
3533:
3532:
3235:978-0-470-87633-6
3203:978-1-4443-5833-9
3171:978-1-4051-6371-2
3100:. Da Capo Press.
3086:978-0-549-32685-4
3015:. Popular Press.
2988:978-0-8135-4082-5
2913:978-0-8195-6940-0
2833:978-0-7624-4154-9
2826:. Running Press.
2641:978-0-313-33871-7
2538:. HarperCollins.
2481:978-1-60344-258-9
2148:978-0-312-60182-9
2116:978-0-7637-4108-2
2084:978-1-4377-4450-7
1948:978-0-7619-2598-9
1914:978-1-891053-34-4
1882:978-1-4000-9512-4
1716:978-0-495-59966-1
1290:, pp. 18–21.
1136:978-1-4000-4465-8
1101:, pp. 213ff.
581:and the other by
517:Italian Canadians
357:Semion Mogilevich
313:In the period of
191:Regional variants
26:
16:(Redirected from
3814:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3727:Papua New Guinea
3488:
3487:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3395:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3090:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2864:
2848:
2837:
2816:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2772:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2679:
2667:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2218:Shalamov, Varlam
2213:
2211:
2210:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2003:
1992:. Thomson Gale.
1982:
1980:
1979:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1768:
1747:
1731:
1720:
1708:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1376:
1363:
1362:, pp. 23ff.
1357:
1351:
1350:, pp. 15ff.
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1266:, p. 136ff.
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1065:, pp. xiff.
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1041:(online edition)
1036:
942:Infernal Affairs
810:The Public Enemy
493:Five Points Gang
426:rule during the
381:arms trafficking
47:3 September 2024
21:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3757:
3736:
3579:
3565:Organized crime
3529:
3486:
3454:
3448:
3439:
3434:
3388:
3383:
3364:
3362:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3309:
3307:
3300:
3277:
3275:
3268:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3149:
3147:
3140:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3087:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3032:
3030:
3023:
2998:
2996:
2989:
2966:
2964:
2946:
2944:
2937:Box Office Mojo
2923:
2921:
2914:
2891:
2889:
2882:
2861:
2834:
2813:
2790:
2788:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2697:
2695:
2676:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2619:
2617:
2610:
2587:
2585:
2578:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2459:
2457:
2450:
2439:Organised Crime
2427:
2425:
2418:
2395:
2393:
2372:
2370:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2249:
2247:
2240:
2208:
2206:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2158:
2156:
2149:
2126:
2124:
2117:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2000:
1977:
1975:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1857:
1855:
1838:
1836:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1795:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1744:
1717:
1705:Organized Crime
1696:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1504:, p. 40ff.
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1454:Field Listing..
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1384:Organized Crime
1378:
1377:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1000:Organized crime
985:
947:Martin Scorsese
913:
845:
780:organized crime
764:
746:
740:
653:MedellĂn Cartel
621:
553:. In 1920, the
468:
447:organized crime
401:
393:Bulgarian Mafia
296:armed robberies
288:Imperial Russia
236:code of conduct
218:. Notably, the
198:
193:
185:organized crime
123:
92:organized crime
78:
71:Mobsters (film)
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3820:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3616:United Kingdom
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3494:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3387:
3386:External links
3384:
3382:
3381:
3370:
3347:
3330:
3315:
3298:
3283:
3266:
3251:
3234:
3219:
3202:
3187:
3170:
3155:
3138:
3123:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3070:
3053:
3038:
3021:
3004:
2987:
2972:
2952:
2929:
2912:
2897:
2880:
2865:
2859:
2838:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2796:
2773:
2735:
2718:
2703:
2680:
2674:
2657:
2640:
2625:
2608:
2593:
2576:
2561:
2544:
2529:
2512:
2497:
2480:
2465:
2448:
2433:
2416:
2401:
2378:
2355:
2338:
2323:
2285:
2267:HUMSEC Journal
2255:
2238:
2214:
2190:
2164:
2147:
2132:
2115:
2100:
2083:
2068:
2051:
2036:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1983:
1964:
1947:
1930:
1913:
1898:
1881:
1863:
1844:
1818:
1788:
1769:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1721:
1715:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1651:, p. 306.
1649:Nochimson 2011
1641:
1637:Nochimson 2007
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1480:, p. 1ff.
1470:
1458:
1446:
1437:
1427:
1401:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1254:, pp. 19.
1244:
1242:, pp. 18.
1232:
1228:Abadinsky 2009
1220:
1208:
1204:Stojarová 2007
1196:
1184:
1169:
1154:
1142:
1135:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1087:Abadinsky 2009
1079:
1077:, pp. 42.
1067:
1055:
1043:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
984:
981:
936:As Tears Go By
912:
909:
893:Rio de Janeiro
889:Cidade de Deus
867:Cidade de Deus
844:
841:
791:gangster movie
763:
760:
739:
736:
720:Bahama Islands
620:
617:
609:The Commission
568:Chicago Outfit
564:Depression era
519:, such as the
467:
464:
400:
397:
377:European Union
369:Albanian Mafia
304:assassinations
220:Sicilian Mafia
197:
194:
192:
189:
122:
119:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3819:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:U.S. military
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:United States
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3402:at Wiktionary
3401:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3331:0-19-514292-6
3327:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3305:
3301:
3299:0-226-73218-5
3295:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3267:0-252-02539-3
3263:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3145:
3141:
3139:0-226-55033-8
3135:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3113:
3109:
3107:0-306-81301-7
3103:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3060:
3056:
3054:0-520-21562-1
3050:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3028:
3024:
3022:0-87972-356-4
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2963:on 2012-10-08
2962:
2958:
2957:"City of God"
2953:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2933:"City of God"
2930:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2887:
2883:
2881:0-8020-9403-1
2877:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2860:1-84541-014-9
2856:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2812:0-252-06536-0
2808:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2725:
2721:
2719:0-89774-991-X
2715:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2693:
2689:
2688:Life magazine
2685:
2681:
2677:
2675:0-313-32317-8
2671:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2615:
2611:
2609:0-415-94648-4
2605:
2602:. CRC Press.
2601:
2600:
2594:
2583:
2579:
2577:0-231-09683-6
2573:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2545:0-06-059003-3
2541:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2519:
2515:
2513:0-375-70547-3
2509:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2455:
2451:
2449:1-84392-140-5
2445:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2423:
2419:
2417:0-375-72489-3
2413:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2369:on 2012-06-15
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2345:
2341:
2339:90-04-11944-2
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2272:
2269:(1): 91–119.
2268:
2261:
2256:
2245:
2241:
2239:5-280-03163-1
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:. Macmillan.
2140:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2058:
2054:
2052:0-231-12141-5
2048:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2020:0-15-601330-4
2016:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1999:1-4144-0419-0
1995:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:Glenny, Misha
1864:
1854:on 2010-12-29
1853:
1849:
1845:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:0-7100-8232-0
1760:
1757:. Routledge.
1756:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1743:0-19-516952-2
1739:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1687:, p. 61.
1686:
1681:
1675:, p. 60.
1674:
1669:
1663:, p. 31.
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1639:, p. 70.
1638:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1576:, p. 13.
1575:
1570:
1564:, p. 12.
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1528:, p. 62.
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1502:Jacobson 2005
1498:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1428:0-375-70547-3
1424:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1338:, p. 27.
1337:
1332:
1326:, p. 14.
1325:
1320:
1314:, p. 13.
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1252:Ter Haar 2000
1248:
1241:
1240:Ter Haar 2000
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1194:, p. 75.
1193:
1188:
1181:
1180:Schwirtz 2008
1176:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1150:Shalamov 1998
1146:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
980:
978:
977:
972:
971:
970:General's Son
966:
961:
956:
954:
953:
948:
944:
943:
938:
937:
932:
926:
924:
923:
918:
908:
906:
905:Academy Award
902:
899:and criminal
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:
854:
852:
851:
843:Latin America
840:
838:
834:
830:
829:
824:
823:Howard Hughes
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
805:
804:Little Caesar
800:
795:
792:
787:
785:
781:
773:
768:
762:United States
759:
757:
753:
752:
745:
744:Gangster film
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
697:drug violence
694:
690:
686:
681:
677:
672:
670:
669:Pablo Escobar
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
630:
629:Pablo Escobar
625:
619:Latin America
616:
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
596:
592:
591:five families
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
552:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
474:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
409:
405:
396:
395:, and so on.
394:
390:
389:Bosnian Mafia
386:
385:Serbian Mafia
382:
378:
374:
371:is active in
370:
365:
362:
361:Russian Mafia
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
330:
326:
322:
321:
320:Vory v Zakone
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:Joseph Stalin
289:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
249:Primogeniture
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Sicily, Italy
229:
225:
221:
217:
209:
208:
202:
188:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:Five Families
150:
145:
143:
135:
134:Sanja Matsuri
131:
127:
118:
116:
112:
111:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
76:
72:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
3732:South Africa
3670:Prison gangs
3509:
3398:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3340:. Retrieved
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3096:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3012:
2997:. Retrieved
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2961:the original
2945:. Retrieved
2936:
2922:. Retrieved
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2870:
2844:
2822:
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2780:
2748:. Retrieved
2728:. Retrieved
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2663:
2650:. Retrieved
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2385:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:the original
2362:
2348:. Retrieved
2328:
2302:. Retrieved
2293:
2278:. Retrieved
2266:
2248:. Retrieved
2225:
2207:. Retrieved
2198:
2183:. Retrieved
2157:. Retrieved
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2077:. Elsevier.
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2009:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1957:. Retrieved
1938:
1923:. Retrieved
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1871:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1837:. Retrieved
1826:
1811:. Retrieved
1799:
1781:. Retrieved
1776:
1753:
1727:
1704:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1540:, p. 5.
1538:McCarty 2004
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1492:, p. 7.
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1440:
1432:
1412:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1383:
1360:Iorizzo 2003
1355:
1348:Iorizzo 2003
1343:
1331:
1324:Iorizzo 2003
1319:
1312:English 2006
1307:
1295:
1283:
1276:Corkill 2011
1271:
1264:Mallory 2007
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1145:
1126:Young Stalin
1125:
1118:
1111:Sardell 2009
1106:
1094:
1089:, p. 1.
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1010:Racketeering
974:
968:
965:Im Kwon-taek
957:
952:The Departed
950:
940:
934:
931:Wong Kar-wai
927:
920:
914:
901:Knockout Ned
879:directed by
869:) is a 2002
856:
855:
848:
846:
826:
819:James Cagney
808:
802:
799:Warner Bros.
796:
789:The classic
788:
777:
749:
747:
701:
673:
634:
602:
579:Joe Masseria
576:
548:
539:racketeering
497:Eastman Gang
489:Dead Rabbits
482:
469:
441:
431:
428:Qing dynasty
417:
366:
337:Soviet Union
334:
325:World War II
318:
315:Soviet Union
312:
300:racketeering
285:
223:
213:
205:
182:
161:drug cartels
146:
139:
108:
99:
95:
83:
81:
79:
46:
37:This is the
31:
3722:Philippines
3697:Netherlands
3665:New Orleans
3643:Los Angeles
3611:New Zealand
3584:By location
3575:Prison gang
3550:Drug cartel
3453:Aspects and
2222:"Bitch War"
1828:Japan Times
1661:Reiber 2011
1610:City of God
1550:Talbot 1975
1526:Beeton 2005
1192:Glenny 2008
1051:Taylor 2009
858:City of God
784:Prohibition
782:during the
732:Antofagasta
724:Puerto Rico
572:bootlegging
551:Prohibition
505:Bowery Boys
408:Du Yuesheng
224:Cosa Nostra
210:, May 1901.
149:Jesse James
3796:Categories
3781:Wiktionary
3638:California
3596:Bangladesh
3462:Population
3455:components
3365:2011-11-25
3342:2015-11-20
3310:2015-11-20
3278:2015-11-20
3246:2015-11-20
3214:2015-11-20
3182:2015-11-20
3150:2015-11-20
3118:2015-11-20
3065:2015-11-20
3033:2015-11-20
2999:2015-11-20
2967:2011-11-25
2947:2011-11-25
2924:2015-11-20
2892:2015-11-20
2791:2011-11-24
2750:2011-11-24
2730:2015-11-20
2698:2011-11-24
2652:2015-11-20
2620:2015-11-20
2588:2015-11-20
2556:2015-11-20
2524:2015-11-20
2492:2015-11-20
2460:2015-11-20
2428:2015-11-20
2396:2011-11-26
2373:2011-11-24
2350:2015-11-20
2304:2011-11-26
2280:2011-11-24
2250:2011-11-26
2209:2011-11-26
2185:2011-11-24
2159:2015-11-20
2127:2015-11-20
2095:2015-11-20
2063:2015-11-20
2031:2015-11-20
1978:2009-04-01
1959:2008-12-15
1925:2015-11-20
1893:2015-11-20
1858:2011-11-24
1839:2011-11-26
1813:2009-08-09
1783:2011-11-24
1694:References
1598:Ebert 2003
1413:Tough Jews
1336:Fried 1980
915:The first
891:suburb of
885:Kátia Lund
877:drama film
863:Portuguese
770:The actor
452:Edo period
418:In China,
412:Kuomintang
308:couriering
266:Ndrangheta
244:annexation
183:The term "
175:, or even
3802:Gangsters
3626:Liverpool
3591:Australia
3525:Informant
2332:. BRILL.
1685:Choi 2010
1673:Choi 2010
1574:Hark 2007
1562:Hark 2007
1490:Cook 2007
1394:August 7,
1027:Citations
911:East Asia
871:Brazilian
837:Al Capone
833:Paul Muni
831:starring
756:Ned Kelly
708:Caribbean
704:smuggling
560:Al Capone
535:Al Capone
513:the Mafia
240:feudalism
136:festival.
3707:Pakistan
3545:Banditry
3520:Henchman
3515:Gun moll
3510:Gangster
3359:Archived
3355:Allmovie
3336:Archived
3304:Archived
3272:Archived
3240:Archived
3208:Archived
3176:Archived
3144:Archived
3112:Archived
3059:Archived
3027:Archived
2993:Archived
2941:Archived
2918:Archived
2886:Archived
2785:Archived
2759:cite web
2744:Archived
2724:Archived
2692:Archived
2646:Archived
2614:Archived
2582:Archived
2550:Archived
2518:Archived
2486:Archived
2454:Archived
2422:Archived
2390:Archived
2386:BBC News
2344:Archived
2313:cite web
2298:Archived
2271:Archived
2244:Archived
2220:(1998).
2203:Archived
2176:Archived
2153:Archived
2121:Archived
2089:Archived
2057:Archived
2025:Archived
1972:Archived
1953:Archived
1919:Archived
1887:Archived
1869:(2008).
1833:Archived
1804:Archived
1005:Banditry
983:See also
979:(2005).
828:Scarface
657:MedellĂn
637:Colombia
566:for the
531:Mug shot
501:Nativist
487:and the
280:Criminal
270:Calabria
264:and the
262:Campania
104:and the
96:mobsters
84:gangster
43:reviewed
3771:Commons
3702:Nigeria
3660:Memphis
3655:Georgia
3650:Chicago
3621:Glasgow
3606:Germany
2781:MafiaNJ
995:Dacoity
897:Li'l ZĂ©
728:Iquique
689:Tijuana
661:Bolivia
649:cocaine
641:Bolivia
373:Albania
335:As the
254:Camorra
18:Mobster
3753:Hawala
3712:Panama
3692:Mexico
3601:Canada
3477:Colors
3467:Tattoo
3328:
3296:
3264:
3232:
3200:
3168:
3136:
3104:
3083:
3051:
3019:
2985:
2910:
2878:
2857:
2830:
2809:
2716:
2672:
2638:
2606:
2574:
2542:
2510:
2478:
2446:
2414:
2363:Lindja
2336:
2236:
2145:
2113:
2081:
2049:
2017:
1996:
1945:
1911:
1879:
1761:
1740:
1713:
1425:
1133:
960:yakuza
922:Bakuto
917:yakuza
821:, and
712:Bahama
710:, the
507:. The
477:Triads
460:bakuto
456:tekiya
443:Yakuza
424:Manchu
420:Triads
345:Afghan
258:Naples
196:Europe
173:Bloods
165:Triads
130:Yakuza
106:suffix
3687:India
3560:Mafia
3538:Types
3482:Patch
3437:Gangs
2274:(PDF)
2263:(PDF)
2179:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
1807:(PDF)
1796:(PDF)
1779:. CIA
1421:–66.
874:crime
485:Whyos
473:Tongs
349:First
226:is a
222:, or
207:L'Ora
169:Crips
157:Mafia
121:Usage
110:-ster
3717:Peru
3680:List
3503:List
3498:Boss
3491:Role
3472:Sign
3326:ISBN
3294:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3102:ISBN
3081:ISBN
3049:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2855:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2769:link
2765:link
2714:ISBN
2670:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2572:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2508:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2319:link
2234:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1396:2011
1131:ISBN
990:Gang
817:and
807:and
730:and
693:Gulf
691:and
676:Cali
665:Peru
645:Peru
450:mid-
399:Asia
367:The
351:and
347:and
260:and
142:gang
88:gang
3399:mob
967:'s
949:as
533:of
341:KGB
268:in
256:in
101:mob
45:on
3798::
3357:.
3353:.
3334:.
3302:.
3270:.
3238:.
3206:.
3174:.
3142:.
3110:.
3057:.
3025:.
3011:.
2991:.
2939:.
2935:.
2916:.
2884:.
2853:.
2851:62
2783:.
2779:.
2761:}}
2757:{{
2722:.
2690:.
2686:.
2644:.
2612:.
2580:.
2548:.
2516:.
2484:.
2452:.
2420:.
2384:.
2361:.
2342:.
2315:}}
2311:{{
2296:.
2292:.
2265:.
2242:.
2232:.
2224:.
2201:.
2197:.
2174:.
2151:.
2119:.
2087:.
2055:.
2023:.
1951:.
1937:.
1917:.
1885:.
1831:.
1825:.
1798:.
1775:.
1736:.
1734:85
1629:^
1431:.
1419:65
1382:.
1367:^
1172:^
1157:^
955:.
865::
825:'
801:'
734:.
663:,
643:,
639:,
523:.
454::
391:,
387:,
317:,
310:.
302:,
298:,
272:.
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
82:A
41:,
3429:e
3422:t
3415:v
3368:.
3345:.
3313:.
3281:.
3249:.
3217:.
3185:.
3153:.
3121:.
3089:.
3068:.
3036:.
3002:.
2970:.
2950:.
2927:.
2895:.
2863:.
2836:.
2815:.
2794:.
2771:)
2753:.
2733:.
2701:.
2678:.
2655:.
2623:.
2591:.
2559:.
2527:.
2495:.
2463:.
2431:.
2399:.
2376:.
2353:.
2321:)
2307:.
2283:.
2253:.
2212:.
2188:.
2162:.
2130:.
2098:.
2066:.
2034:.
2002:.
1981:.
1962:.
1928:.
1896:.
1861:.
1842:.
1816:.
1786:.
1767:.
1746:.
1719:.
1612:.
1600:.
1588:.
1516:.
1468:.
1456:.
1398:.
1302:.
1278:.
1218:.
1206:.
1182:.
1167:.
1152:.
1139:.
1113:.
1053:.
861:(
545:.
77:.
66:.
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
