1139:
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36:
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1330:'s "Intersection No. 2" (1951) for piano solo, written on coordinate paper. Time units are represented by the squares viewed horizontally, while relative pitch levels of high, middle, and low are indicated by three vertical squares in each row. The performer determines what particular pitches and rhythms to play.
2093:
1914:
Expressionism was a movement in music where composers sought a subjective immediacy of expression, drawn as directly as possible from the human soul. To achieve this, a break with tradition in regards to traditional aesthetics and the previous forms was desired. Stylistically, the changed function of
544:
as, ââŠa desire to find âever more accurate representations of psychological states and processesâ by virtue of its links with the âhistorical crisis of the nineteenth century.ââ From what we can understand with this information, there are two distinguishable concepts emphasizing
Modernism: the first
536:
describes musical modernism as "...a consequence of the fundamental conviction among successive generations of composers since 1900 that the means of musical expression in the 20th century must be adequate to the unique and radical character of the age", which led to a reflection in the arts of the
866:; human voices and unfretted strings can easily produce them by going in between the "normal" notes, however other musical instruments will have more difficulty in achieving the same result. The piano and organ have no way of producing them at all, aside from retuning or from major reconstruction.
576:
writes that: "the concept of
Modernism was bound up in the very construction of the Greater Los Angeles area, at a time when the city was just beginning to come into its own as an international, cultural center",; it appears that the word is used here as an equivalent of the term "modern". Priore
560:
For example, the cultural studies professor Andrew
Goodwin writes that "given the confusion of the terms, the identification of postmodern texts has ranged across an extraordinarily divergent, and incoherent profusion of textual instances ... Secondly, there are debates within popular music about
374:
is an aesthetic stance underlying the period of change and development in musical language that occurred around the turn of the 20th century, a period of diverse reactions in challenging and reinterpreting older categories of music, innovations that led to new ways of organizing and approaching
741:
during their "free atonal" period from 1908 to 1921. One of the main goals of this movement was to avoid "traditional forms of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in their music. In essence, Expressionist music often features a high level of dissonance, extreme contrasts of dynamics, constant
666:
and exotic scales. "The perception of
Debussyâs compositional language as decidedly post-romantic/Impressionisticânuanced, understated, and subtleâis firmly solidified among todayâs musicians and well-informed audiences." Although this isnât the first time composers began pushing the limits of
521:
defines musical modernism directly in terms of "the dissolution of the traditional tonality and transformation of the very foundations of tonal language, searching for new models in atonalism, polytonalism or other forms of altered tonality", which took place around the turn of the century.
528:
proposes a definition of musical modernism as, "a testing of the limits of aesthetic construction" and presents the following modernist techniques or styles: Expressionism, the New
Objectivity, Hyperrealism, Abstractionism, Neoclassicism, Neobarbarism, Futurism, and the Mythic Method.
1341:, this new compositional style did not completely give away its creation and performance to chance but rather the notated events are provided by the composer, but their arrangement is left to the determination of the performer. A prominent example of this style can be seen in
561:
pastiche and authenticity. 'Modernism' means something quite different within each of these two fields ... This confusion is obvious in an early formative attempt to understand rock music in postmodern terms". Goodwin argues that instances of modernism in
2847:
in such works as the Mosaic
Quartet (String Quartet No. 3, 1934), which players are allowed to arrange the music fragments in a number of different possible sequences. During the 1950s, development of this technique reached its apex in the works of
2247:, as well as a "call to order" after the experimental ferment of the first two decades of the twentieth century. The neoclassical impulse found its expression in such features as the use of pared-down performing forces, an emphasis on rhythm and on
745:
Primitivism was a movement that aimed to rescue the most archaic folklore of certain regions with a modern or modernist language. Similar to nationalism in its eagerness to rescue the local traditions, primitivism also incorporated irregular
1806:. In general, these composers strove for an immediacy between the creative impulse and the musical result, which contrasts with the elaborate precompositional planning characteristic of the High Modernists. Some writers argue that
379:
in the arts of the time. The operative word most associated with it is "innovation". Its leading feature is a "linguistic plurality", which is to say that no musical language, or modernist style, ever assumed a dominant position.
1349:(1956) where the nineteen events presented are composed and notated in a traditional way, but the arrangement of these events is determined by the performer spontaneously during the performance. Another example can be seen in
2834:
Indeterminacy in music is a compositional method in which some or all aspects of a musical work are left either to chance or to the performerâs free choice. Its first significant adoption can be attributed to the works of
645:
in music had entered into its late period where great changes were occurring. Amongst the biggest changes were with the traditional tonal system, which was now being regularly stretched to its limits by composers such as
1873:
in the upper voices, and is not subject to the laws of the usual classical-romantic processing (diminution, secession, etc.) but is treated rather associatively. The most noteworthy composers of this movement includes
384:
Inherent within musical modernism is the conviction that music is not a static phenomenon defined by timeless truths and classical principles, but rather something which is intrinsically historical and developmental.
1951:. Form: asymmetrical period structure; rapid succession of contrasting moments; often very short "aphoristic" pieces. The main representatives of this movement are the composers of the Second Viennese School:
2901:. Instead, they would compose and notate several separate paths within their music in which the performer is given the freedom to choose the arrangement. The most prominent composers of this style include
947:
began to return to past Pre-Romantic compositional traditions for inspiration and wrote works that drew elements such as form, harmony, melody, structure from it. This style of music came to be known as
877:
began to integrate
American and European traditions as well as colloquial and church styles, while using innovative techniques in his harmony, rhythm, and form. His techniques included the use of
1674:, which originally arose in France during the early 1970s, had received much of its development and refinement through this institution. The composition of spectral music was often informed by
1682:
analysis of sound spectra, or by mathematically generated spectra. This new style also arose in part as a reaction against and an alternative to the primarily pitch focused aesthetics of the
2962:
are used to generate scores. Stochastic processes can also be used in compositions to create a fixed notation in the piece or alternatively being produced in real time during a performance.
504:
implies a profound historical transformation ... If we were to search for a name to convey the breakaway mood of the 1890s (a mood symbolized musically by the opening bars of
Strauss's
3012:, often involving a long term change with a limited amount of musical material, or transformations of musical events that are already relatively complex in an of themselves. Originating in
2050:
folklore of certain regions in Europe into modernist musical compositions. Similar to nationalism in its eagerness to rescue the local traditions, primitivism also incorporated irregular
514:'s term "modernism" and speak of a stylistically open-ended "modernist music" extending (with some latitude) from 1890 to the beginnings of our own twentieth-century modern music in 1910.
2475:
The New York School was an informal circle of experimental musicians and composers active in the 1950s and 1960s originating from New York City. They often drew inspiration from the
8496:
2243:", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint. As such, neoclassicism was a reaction against the unrestrained emotionalism and perceived formlessness of late
545:
being music mirroring narrative depictions of the mind; and the second being music as a vocabulary that faces the possibility of describing psychological behaviors in language.
706:
Within this newly established
Modernist era, several new parallel movements were founded as a reaction against late romanticism. The most prominent of these movements included
387:
While belief in musical progress or in the principle of innovation is not new or unique to modernism, such values are particularly important within modernist aesthetic stances.
8254:
1242:, beginning Stravinsky's third and final distinct musical period, which lasted from 1954 until his death in 1971. However, some more traditionally based composers such as
171:
2688:, incorporated use of series for aspects such as duration, dynamics, and register as well as pitch. The most prominent composers of this compositional technique include
1277:. This group was far less concerned in working with serialism but rather focused on experimenting with chance. Their compositions influenced the music and events of the
1182:
came to be one of the dominant methods of composition within the art music establishment for the next few decades. Also influenced by other pioneering works of the
1138:
1919:
is particularly striking; they appear on an equal footing with consonances and are no longer resolved â what was also called the "emancipation of dissonance". The
569:
the postmodern thesis of cultural fusion, in its explicit effort to preserve a bourgeois notion of Art in opposition to mainstream, 'commercial' rock and pop".
357:
601:
considered the music "advanced rhythm and blues", but received criticism from his bandmates, who derided the track for being "too Modern" during its making.
2104:
which rejected tradition and introduced experimental sounds inspired by machinery. Much of this new genreâs origins can be traced to painter and composer
8982:
6908:
624:
2436:
1257:
took a somewhat different direction to
Modernism in comparison to their European counterparts in the early post-war era. American composers including
2684:) is used in order or manipulated in particular ways to give a piece unity. In post-WW2 Europe, Integral serialism which was developed mainly by the
1346:
375:
harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music, and changes in aesthetic worldviews in close relation to the larger identifiable period of
1316:, this new composition approach left some aspects of a musical work open to chance or to the interpreter's free choice. This can be seen in Cageâs
10555:
9736:
9357:
2557:
4272:
Joe, Jeongwon, and S. Hoon Song. 2002. "Roland Barthes' 'Text' and Aleatoric Music: Is the Birth of the Reader the Birth of the Listener?".
1198:
where Modernist forms of classical music were taught and promoted. Among the most important composers to emerge from these courses included
2190:
pieces which broke away from European compositional techniques to create a uniquely American style. The primary members of this group were
1814:, had anticipated this reaction through a radical simplification of his style accomplished between 1966 and 1975, which culminated in his
9806:
8298:
4478:
238:
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3000:
thatâs either audible to the audience or deliberately concealed. These processes can involve specific systems of picking and organizing
1590:
were stretched into a long term change with limited transformations of musical events. This new compositional style came to be known as
897:
elements. This new experimental style of composition influenced a number of American composers who came to be collectively known as the
10545:
8586:
8375:
2878:, or in other words left to the determination of the performer(s). The term became known to European composers through the lectures of
2120:
to follow in his footsteps. This new aesthetic also became quickly embraced by the Russian avant-garde creating a parallel movement of
1869:. Layerings of musical levels are typical but also includes: a profound but not intrusive bass, moving middle voices and a significant
350:
1602:
would also come to embrase this approach in the coming decade. Other prominent examples of works that incoporate processes includes;
1104:, were no longer programmed or allowed to be performed. As a result of these new policies, many prominent Modernist composers such as
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musical impressionism tries to represent impressions of moments. The most prominent feature of impressionist music is the timbre and
1686:
and post-serialist compositions that were commonplace for the time. The two most prominent schools in spectral music were the French
432:
Authorities typically regard musical modernism as an historical period or era extending from about 1890 to 1930, and apply the term "
8609:
8739:
699:, Op. 10, with soprano. The last movement of this piece contains no key signature, marking a decisive transition point from
8689:
1741:âs article "Four Facets of the New Complexity", this new style gained traction in continental Europe, particularly through the
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the purest form was over by 1910. However, there are other historians and critics who argue that modernism was revived after
343:
2785:
beginning in the early 1940s. Other prominent composers who used or were influenced by this compositional technique include
8429:
4425:
Myth and Music: A Semiotic Approach to the Aesthetics of Myth in Music, Especially that of Wagner, Sibelius and Stravinsky
4932:
4427:. Acta Musicologica Fennica 11; Religion and Society 51. Helsinki: Suomen Musiikkitieteellinen Seura; The Hague: Mouton.
2997:
2586:
are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note through the use of
4288:. Rutherford, Madison, Teaneck: Farleigh Dickinson University Press; London and Toronto: Associated University Presses.
1578:
began to incorporate processes into his compositions such as in his Piano Sonata and First String Quartet. Essentially
10565:
10231:
8972:
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916:
are sounded as often as one another in a composition while preventing the emphasis of any one note through the use of
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9454:
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7701:
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813:. This genre attempts to recreate everyday sounds and place them within a "Futurist" context. The "Machine Music" of
696:
75:
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9921:
9373:
9336:
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9756:
9626:
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17:
4041:, second edition, revised, Joyce Bourne, associate editor (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
145:
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7922:
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578:
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1357:(1962), where the conductor is asked to decide the order of the events at the very moment of the performance.
830:
The process of extending musical vocabulary by exploring all available tones was pushed further by the use of
10580:
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8422:
8219:
8184:
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were also frequently used to produce this type of music. The most prominent composers of this style includes
1670:(IRCAM) whose aims included research into acoustics, instrumental design, and the use of computers in music.
2239:, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "
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8345:
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8335:
6944:
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327:
322:
305:
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William Kinderman and Harald Krebs, eds. (1996). The Second Practice of Nineteenth-Century Tonality, p.9.
90:
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calling for the incorporation of noises of every kind into music. This inspired fellow Italian composers
537:
progress of science, technology and industry, mechanization, urbanization, mass culture and nationalism.
2769:
as a compositional resource. The compositional material is commonly modified through the application of
1687:
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Les Six were a group of six composers, five of them French and one Swiss, who primarily worked in the
1742:
1326:, an ancient Chinese book which prescribes methods for arriving at random numbers. Another example is
1187:
684:
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are utilized as raw material. These recorded sounds are often modified through the application of
553:
The term "modernism" (and the term "post-modern") has occasionally been applied to some genres of
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structure. The theoretical basis of this compositional practice was developed by French composer
2770:
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basis of a piece and are subject to change only in specific ways. Serialism began primarily with
1816:
1381:
786:
445:
50:
742:
changing of textures, "distorted" melodies and harmonies, and angular melodies with wide leaps.
510:) but without imposing a fictitious unity of style on the age, we could do worse than revert to
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1706:. Likewise, spectral techniques would soon be adopted by a wider variety of composers such as
1408:, as well as others to try their hands into this new world and develop their own innovations.
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2594:. All 12 notes are thus given more or less equal importance, and the music avoids being in a
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Modern British Music: The Second British Musical RenaissanceâFrom Elgar to P. Maxwell Davies
1392:. Schaefferâs pioneering works attracted and inspired a new generation of composers such as
10366:
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2664:, though some of his contemporaries were also working to establish serialism as a form of
2020:, the music of the Second Viennese School would take over in intellectual circles and the
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8:
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4305:. Music in the Twentieth Century 26. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
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expanded tonality. However their compositional style would evolve to a totally chromatic
1895:
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1304:
One of the most important and influential developments from the Modernist music scene in
1243:
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851:
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The American Five were a group of American experimental composers who often implemented
1776:
had emerged as a reaction against the perceived extreme and unsurpassable complexity of
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written in the early 20th century. Ivesâs ideas were further developed in the 1930s by
2492:
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techniques into their works. Other key influences of the School included the works of
2315:, their music was often seen as a reaction against both the late German Romanticism of
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The 1930s proved to be a difficult time for the Modernist music scene in Europe after
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Goodwin, Andrew (2006). "Popular Music and Postmodern Theory". In John Storey (ed.).
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2495:. They were in particular greatly influenced by the pioneering experimental works of
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Morgan, Robert P. (March 1984). "Secret Languages: The Roots of Musical Modernism".
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2009:. Even later on beginning in the early 1920s, this group would adopt Schoenberg's
1839:
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in steady rhythms, often overlaid with a lyrical melody in long, arching phrases.
1691:
1320:(1951), where the composer selects the duration, tempo, and dynamics by using the
1250:
maintained a tonal style of composition despite the prominent serialist movement.
1171:
457:
448:
notes that, while Modernism "seemed to be a spent force" by the late 1920s, after
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10436:
10431:
10421:
10381:
10361:
10286:
10246:
10241:
10216:
10191:
10166:
10086:
10076:
10036:
9991:
9976:
9971:
9951:
9926:
9876:
9866:
9851:
9821:
9726:
9671:
9641:
9636:
9616:
9606:
9541:
9368:
9316:
9249:
9234:
9162:
9148:
9035:
8869:
8804:
8734:
8200:
8113:
8064:
8050:
8043:
7604:
7507:
7319:
7312:
7214:
7186:
7179:
7151:
7103:
6956:
6875:
6847:
6742:
6666:
6617:
6505:
6470:
6358:
6351:
6295:
6247:
6156:
6044:
5897:
5869:
5669:
5591:
5584:
5563:
5500:
5458:
5368:
5361:
5319:
5263:
5154:
4772:
4670:
4620:
4451:
4381:
4323:
Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture
4252:
4184:
2865:
2758:
2717:
2645:
2619:
2583:
2420:
2355:
2347:
2312:
2260:
2236:
2228:
2179:
2117:
2071:
1994:
1948:
1866:
1854:
1707:
1519:
1480:
1290:
1231:
1109:
1097:
994:
953:
944:
913:
894:
791:
723:
586:
525:
497:
419:
111:
8864:
6749:
6568:
6344:
5848:
5200:
2610:. However its usage would greatly expand after WW2 through its promotion by the
2046:
Primitivism was a movement that aimed to incorporate the most archaic and often
1900:
1162:
and a new generation of composers had to pick up the pieces and reestablish the
663:
10722:
10675:
10643:
10621:
10575:
10496:
10406:
10371:
10351:
10341:
10266:
10226:
10181:
10146:
10126:
10121:
10056:
10011:
9961:
9946:
9931:
9901:
9881:
9846:
9826:
9771:
9696:
9691:
9611:
9306:
9272:
9239:
9177:
9040:
8305:
8244:
8071:
8001:
7994:
7936:
7880:
7850:
7713:
7625:
7555:
7500:
7479:
7402:
7395:
7388:
7249:
7207:
7193:
7172:
7123:
6868:
6861:
6840:
6833:
6784:
6763:
6756:
6519:
6330:
6323:
6302:
6286:
6219:
6205:
6093:
5932:
5911:
5904:
5827:
5813:
5799:
5681:
5549:
5430:
5410:
5389:
5326:
5186:
4956:
4822:
4782:
4767:
4696:
4691:
4600:
4550:
4377:
4246:. Translated by J. Bradford Robinson. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3271:
Waddell, Nathan (2017). "Modernism and Music: A Review of Recent Scholarship".
3053:
3025:
2979:
2967:
2963:
2943:
2935:
2910:
2806:
2766:
2721:
2713:
2615:
2520:
2351:
2327:
2252:
2244:
2195:
2017:
1998:
1875:
1857:
from about 1890 to 1920, whose music focuses on mood and atmosphere. Just like
1799:
1734:
1718:
1711:
1695:
1671:
1653:
1575:
1550:
1530:
1510:
1424:
1401:
1377:
1334:
1327:
1294:
1286:
1262:
1129:
1069:
1022:
998:
859:
814:
790:(1926). Within this movement, the two giants of this movement were the Russian
700:
672:
659:
642:
590:
573:
501:
473:
461:
248:
129:
95:
57:
6680:
6337:
6002:
5612:
5493:
4447:
1084:, and other formerly prominent composers, as well as Jewish composers such as
10760:
10653:
10401:
10206:
10171:
10051:
9986:
9916:
9911:
9811:
9721:
9686:
9400:
9341:
9284:
9254:
9229:
9214:
9187:
9067:
9062:
8914:
8904:
8854:
8834:
8784:
8746:
8729:
8719:
8554:
8274:
8092:
8057:
7950:
7632:
7576:
7562:
7409:
7270:
7165:
7158:
7144:
6854:
6735:
6603:
6498:
6456:
6407:
6240:
6233:
6198:
6163:
6114:
6086:
6009:
5605:
5535:
5507:
5479:
5382:
5298:
5242:
5228:
5221:
5207:
5115:
5095:
5013:
4985:
4802:
4530:
4239:
4204:
3761:
3448:
3017:
3005:
2996:
Process music is a compositional style in which a score is generated using a
2991:
2922:
2902:
2836:
2794:
2778:
2705:
2450:
2446:
2339:
2316:
2256:
2224:
2141:
2105:
2070:
harmony. Within this movement, the most prominent composers were the Russian
2051:
2038:
2002:
1928:
1883:
1870:
1858:
1803:
1773:
1765:
1703:
1663:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1546:
1420:
1405:
1389:
1338:
1305:
1254:
1203:
1199:
1113:
1101:
1010:
898:
870:
806:
747:
731:
647:
562:
554:
533:
493:
453:
437:
423:
196:
6365:
5270:
5033:
4560:
1721:, a lose group of composers began writing scores in an increasingly complex
932:
who refined the system and became a massive influence to the development of
843:
10696:
9437:
9311:
9197:
9103:
9087:
9052:
8962:
8889:
8774:
8581:
8279:
7887:
7725:
7618:
7590:
7525:
7493:
7465:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7381:
7347:
7263:
7221:
7072:
7061:
7051:
6980:
6798:
6770:
6708:
6701:
6687:
6659:
6631:
6596:
6589:
6561:
6547:
6533:
6512:
6421:
6379:
6372:
6212:
6184:
6135:
6121:
5995:
5960:
5855:
5841:
5778:
5705:
5598:
5556:
5354:
5179:
4837:
4792:
4706:
4701:
4580:
4570:
4540:
4525:
4420:
3363:
3001:
2844:
2840:
2827:
2786:
2693:
2607:
2561:
2500:
2496:
2424:
2412:
2335:
2323:
2296:
2248:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2150:
2063:
1990:
1956:
1745:
in the 1980s and 1990s. The most influential figures of this movement were
1738:
1579:
1567:
1562:
1500:
1463:
1450:
1365:
1235:
1227:
1174:, as well as the more recent developments initiated by the French composer
1167:
1155:
1117:
1029:
929:
890:
886:
882:
874:
855:
835:
823:
768:
759:
598:
518:
511:
449:
441:
212:
8169:
6100:
3428:
3373:
3284:
2146:
2124:. Among the most prominent Russian composers from this tradition includes
1756:
During the 1960s and 1970s, a backlash began to emerge against the strict
1166:
scene. Through the rediscovery and promotion of pre-war composers such as
9299:
9108:
9057:
9030:
8957:
8724:
8549:
8534:
8236:
8099:
7980:
7839:
7830:
7646:
7569:
6610:
6575:
6491:
6484:
6226:
6128:
6016:
5946:
5883:
5760:
5626:
5486:
5444:
5396:
5333:
5312:
5305:
5277:
5193:
5136:
4976:
4777:
4762:
3033:
2955:
2947:
2790:
2681:
2673:
2672:
was composed in which a recurring series of ordered elements (normally a
2595:
2591:
2524:
2512:
2480:
2343:
2092:
2033:
1675:
1505:
1488:
1437:
1412:
1350:
1266:
1065:
940:
921:
847:
691:. This break with tonality finally came to a critical point in 1908 when
680:
118:
4113:. " were grouped with Ives, Ruggles, and Cowell as the 'American Five'."
2598:. Schoenbergâs technique would first be adopted by other members of the
1764:
which had essentially taken over the academic musical establishment. In
9244:
9209:
8939:
8894:
8569:
8564:
8503:
8322:
8029:
7583:
7354:
7277:
7256:
7137:
6805:
6791:
6540:
6526:
6463:
6386:
6275:
6142:
6079:
5939:
5769:
5570:
5528:
5465:
5122:
4827:
4817:
4787:
4520:
4361:
3652:
3093:
2951:
2898:
2774:
2709:
2697:
2603:
2454:
2380:
2331:
2240:
2163:
2055:
1986:
1960:
1879:
1640:
1622:
1610:
1514:
1385:
1207:
1081:
1061:
1033:
1014:
878:
751:
465:
278:
4103:
A History of Twentieth-Century Music in a Theoretic-Analytical Context
2942:
Stochastic music is a compositional style pioneered by Greek composer
2931:
2251:
texture, an updated or expanded tonal harmony, and a concentration on
10601:
8924:
8756:
8513:
8214:
8078:
8036:
7901:
7611:
6694:
6449:
6316:
6037:
5988:
5953:
5514:
4941:
4812:
4732:
4615:
3637:
See David Ni of Music and the Visual Arts, Routledge 2001, pp. 17â56.
3013:
2879:
2849:
2665:
2635:
2541:
2508:
2400:
2067:
2021:
2010:
2006:
1924:
1795:
1777:
1769:
1757:
1683:
1595:
1313:
1258:
1219:
1191:
1179:
1163:
1049:
933:
763:
619:
411:
376:
4088:
Chase, Gilbert. "American Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present."
2507:. The most prominent composers of this compositional school include
641:
In the final decade leading up to the turn of the 20th century, the
9047:
9009:
8844:
5918:
5785:
5143:
5104:
5088:
5074:
4965:
4353:
4325:, second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
3118:
Musique concrĂšte has been referred to as a sound collage technique.
2677:
2587:
2392:
1978:
1920:
1604:
1218:. Among their primary goals was to reestablish and expand upon the
917:
863:
668:
407:
9294:
4456:
3764:(Athens: The National and Kapodistrian University, 2005), 241â249.
2644:
in which a fixed series of notes, usually the twelve notes of the
2281:
737:
Musical expressionism is closely associated with the music of the
9128:
8849:
8809:
8789:
8491:
7677:
6715:
6177:
5792:
5081:
5065:
5051:
3993:
2959:
2649:
2415:
as the foundation to their compositions. They also often applied
2276:
2059:
1947:
lines with wide leaps; metrically unbound, free rhythm and novel
1908:
1416:
1333:
In Europe, a similar method of composition developed. Coined as "
1322:
1195:
1045:
1037:
987:
755:
3748:
Ilias Chrissochoidis, Stavros Houliaras, and Christos Mitsakis,
3691:
3689:
2078:, although the work of both far exceeds the name "primitivist".
1853:
Impressionism was a movement among various composers in Western
798:, although the work of both far exceeds the name "primitivist".
9123:
8859:
8814:
8779:
8764:
4999:
3009:
2653:
2304:
1944:
1791:
1726:
1587:
1297:
fashioned their own extensions of the twelve-tone serialism of
1278:
1159:
952:
and it came to be the dominent style of composition during the
426:
2235:
Neoclassicism was a movement, especially prevalent during the
1427:, important examples of compositions drawing from concepts in
597:" for the latter's recording, group member and song co-writer
9346:
8977:
8899:
8829:
8698:
3725:
3723:
3686:
3640:
3455:
2300:
2101:
2047:
1667:
1525:
4910:
3327:
3016:, this style also came to be widely adopted later on by the
2856:
where chance becomes adopted by a wide range of composers.
1411:
Building upon aleatoric elements and electronic components,
1214:. Together, this group collectivley came to be known as the
9133:
8919:
5472:
5006:
2897:
did not completely leave the performance of their works to
2746:
2476:
1368:. In the late 1940s, acoustic engineer and radio scientist
1018:
1013:
models and made use of traditional forms as well as stable
924:. This new technique was quickly adopted by members of the
4078:
New York Public Library Guide to the John J. Becker Papers
3720:
3555:
3362:
de Médicis, François; Huebner, Steven, eds. (2018-12-31).
1668:
Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique / Musique
990:
were especially influenced by this compositional method.
540:
Similarly, Eric Pietro defines Modernism in his narrative
4303:
Musical Modernism at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century
3543:
1337:" by Meyer-Eppler and popularized by the French composer
1017:
structures, combined together with modern dissonance and
687:, these practices became far more commonplace within the
8667:
4012:
3767:
2016:. Greatly promoted by critics and musicologists such as
986:. A prominent group of mostly French composers known as
436:" to the period or era after 1930. For the musicologist
4135:
3851:
3849:
3786:
3179:
2870:
Aleatoric music is a compositional style in which some
1009:, this model of composition typically harkened back to
3827:
3512:
3303:
3291:
3240:
3216:
2108:, who in 1913 published his groundbreaking manifesto,
2024:
establishment especially after the conclusion of WW2.
817:(starting with his Second Sonata, "The Airplane") and
10734:
3974:
3593:
3228:
3191:
3167:
3155:
27:
Changes in musical form during the early 20th Century
4154:
3918:
3899:
3846:
3574:
3474:
3315:
3252:
3143:
1993:, as well as close associates in early 20th-century
8983:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
6909:
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
4383:
Smile: The Story of Brian Wilson's Lost Masterpiece
4116:
4052:
3810:
3808:
3612:
3213:, ed. Alison Latham. Oxford University Press, 2002.
1794:also experienced a similar backlash against strict
1647:
1048:. As a result, most Modernist music which featured
862:. Microtones are intervals that are smaller than a
3667:
3131:
2330:. They were also heavily inspired by the music of
2005:without a firm tonal center, often referred to as
1997:. Their music was initially characterized by late-
3493:
3433:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
3361:
997:as a reaction against the sentimentality of late
834:. This can be seen in works of composers such as
593:(1966). Desiring "a taste of Modern, avant-garde
10758:
3937:
3805:
3536:
3534:
3430:The Atonal Music of Arnold Schoenberg, 1908â1923
2259:. The main representatives of this movement are
1388:techniques, and may be assembled into a form of
3734:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcLeodDiCola2011 (
1273:formed an informal circle musicians called the
1025:was the most prominent composer of this style.
766:harmony. Important works of this style include
4271:
3695:
3658:
3646:
2186:, they were noted for their unusual and often
1935:contrasts (from whispering to screaming, from
1120:were forced to compose their works in secret.
8683:
8185:
4926:
4472:
4254:Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader
4004:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAndraschke1981 (
3531:
3523:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurkholder2001 (
3466:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchoenberg1975 (
3020:. Prominent composers of this style includes
1360:Major developments were also taking shape in
904:In the early 1920s, Schoenberg developed the
351:
7848:
7837:
5031:
5020:
4974:
4963:
4189:Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources
3729:
2182:elements within their music. Spearheaded by
542:Listening In: Music, Mind, and the Modernist
8199:
5102:
4146:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhittall2008 (
4092:, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Oct., 1988), pp. 542-545.
3929:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnderson2000 (
3868:
3712:harvp error: no target: CITEREFHolmes2008 (
2483:art movements. Their music often displayed
1977:The Second Viennese School were a group of
1927:. Musical characteristics include: extreme
1423:. Pioneered by the works of Greek composer
8690:
8676:
8192:
8178:
4933:
4919:
4479:
4465:
4448:Written Tape Guides â The Contemporary Era
4063:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRussolo1913 (
3999:
3778:sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdwards1971 (
3604:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhiting2005 (
3518:
3461:
2391:The Darmstadt School refers to a group of
1802:movement spearheaded by composers such as
1372:created a new style of composition called
1056:, and âdisturbing rhythmsâ were deemed as
956:. Important works in this style includes;
557:, but not with any very clear definition.
358:
344:
9332:Music technology (electronic and digital)
4450:, lectures by John Ronsheim (1927â1997),
4226:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3985:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFaltin1979 (
3910:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadiou2009 (
3797:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrandt1974 (
3678:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoulez1957 (
3623:sfn error: no target: CITEREFStraus2001 (
3566:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBandur2001 (
2574:The twelve-tone technique is a method of
2411:, they developed it further to implement
2338:. The primary members of this group were
1966:
1533:to produce his compositions, such as the
1222:philosophies established by the likes of
726:being its most influential composer, and
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
60:so that sources are clearly identifiable.
4238:
4221:
4203:
4191:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4183:
4165:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNyman1974 (
4141:
4127:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIddon2013 (
4023:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGruhn1981 (
3924:
3860:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNyman1974 (
3838:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSabbe1981 (
3585:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite1979 (
3504:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnon.2014 (
3485:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSadie1991 (
3258:
3246:
3222:
3197:
3161:
2930:
2822:
2777:techniques, and can be assembled into a
2745:
2556:
2546:
2445:). The most prominent composers include
2375:
2280:
2223:
2145:
2091:
2037:
1899:
1838:
1823:
1737:, earliest prominent mention being from
1698:and the German Feedback group headed by
1137:
623:
394:
89:
4419:
4280:
4250:
4058:
3948:sfn error: no target: CITEREFToop1988 (
3874:
3819:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGann1987 (
3773:
3599:
3309:
3297:
3270:
3234:
3173:
2493:non-standard use of musical instruments
2100:Futurism was a movement originating in
1923:is largely dissolved and expanded into
1798:as can be seen in the emergence of the
1780:. Instead minimal music focuses on the
912:which ensures that all 12 notes of the
14:
10759:
4400:
4376:
4337:
4300:
3980:
3905:
3792:
3758:International Symposium Iannis Xenakis
3707:
3673:
3618:
3561:
3549:
3333:
3321:
3149:
3137:
1419:concepts were incorporated to produce
484:Carl Dahlhaus describes modernism as:
9511:
8865:Vietnam imperial court musicâNhĂŁ nháșĄc
8671:
8173:
7774:Six Characters in Search of an Author
4914:
4460:
4317:
4160:
4122:
4018:
3855:
3833:
3580:
3499:
3480:
3426:
3185:
2530:
2399:from the 1950s and 1960s centered in
1285:painters. However, composers such as
993:A similar movement also took hold in
3943:
3814:
2054:and accentuations, a greater use of
750:and accentuations, a greater use of
565:are generally not cited because "it
402:Examples include the celebration of
29:
8652:
4486:
3887:from the original on 6 January 2016
2916:
2735:
2668:thinking. Serialism of the pre-WW2
2365:
24:
10546:Classical and art music traditions
8973:History of lute-family instruments
8790:Cambodian ceremonial musicâPinpeat
6969:Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
4403:Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics
4037:Michael Kennedy, "Impressionism",
2859:
2761:; "concrete music"), is a form of
2471:New York School (art) § Music
2464:
1190:began an annual summer program in
734:being one of its main proponents.
609:
25:
10778:
4441:
3875:Nichols, Roger (6 January 2016).
2889:in the early 1950s. Unlike their
2403:, Germany. Greatly influenced by
1123:
452:, "a new generation of composersâ
10744:
10718:
10717:
10704:
10690:
10262:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
9737:Democratic Republic of the Congo
9337:Sound recording and reproduction
8785:Burmese classical musicâMahÄgÄ«ta
8651:
8641:
8632:
8631:
8621:
8156:
8155:
4894:
4885:
4884:
2985:
2812:
2213:
2135:
1889:
1828:
1648:Late Modernism and Postmodernism
492: ... The "breakthrough" of
58:add missing citation information
34:
10566:Jazz and popular music glossary
8622:
4257:. University of Georgia Press.
4095:
4082:
4071:
4031:
3965:
3956:
3742:
3701:
3631:
3420:
3407:
3398:
3355:
3339:
3264:
3112:
2938:at in his Paris studio, c. 1970
2578:developed by Austrian composer
2437:Mode de valeurs et d'intensités
1760:promoted by groups such as the
1529:. Xenakis also frequently used
1234:was also encouraged to explore
1001:and the emotional agitation of
671:as can be seen in the works of
488:an obvious point of historical
9807:Federated States of Micronesia
7923:Grosvenor School of Modern Art
7916:Fourth dimension in literature
4758:Modes of limited transposition
4039:The Oxford Dictionary of Music
3203:
2874:of a composed work is left to
2027:
1281:group, and drew its name from
662:also began experimenting with
548:
479:
13:
1:
8845:Philippine art songsâKundiman
8765:Afghan classical musicâKlasik
4940:
3760:, ed. Anastasia Georgaki and
3404:Millington 1992, p. 301.
3211:The Oxford Companion to Music
3209:Paul Griffiths, "Modernism",
3125:
3089:Neoconservative postmodernism
2950:processes often found within
2614:, American composers such as
2565:
2395:who were associated with the
2153:
1985:and his pupils, most notably
1844:
1146:
632:
311:
295:
253:
227:
201:
160:
134:
94:A caricature of the infamous
10711:Record production portal
10556:Cultural and regional genres
8810:Indonesian art musicâGamelan
4405:. New York: Overlook Press.
4224:Boulez, Music and Philosophy
4101:Antokoletz, Elliott (2014).
2629:
2535:
1594:and would become adopted by
1134:Contemporary classical music
920:and the orderings of the 12
809:aided in developing musical
7:
9327:Music technology (electric)
8860:Thai classical musicâPiphat
8815:Japanese court musicâGagaku
8016:List of avant-garde artists
6993:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
4808:Quartal and quintal harmony
4497:List of modernist composers
3046:List of modernist composers
3039:
2648:, are used to generate the
2626:period in the early 1950s.
2081:
1863:Impressionism in literature
1112:were forced to flee to the
10:
10783:
8968:History of the harpsichord
8855:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
7874:Classical Hollywood cinema
4401:Spotts, Frederich (2003).
4301:Metzer, David Joel. 2009.
4176:
2989:
2920:
2863:
2816:
2753:presenting the Acousmonium
2739:
2633:
2582:where all 12 notes of the
2550:
2539:
2489:electroacoustic properties
2468:
2387:at Darmstadt, summer 1957.
2369:
2274:
2270:
2217:
2139:
2114:Francesco Balilla Pratella
2085:
2031:
1970:
1893:
1832:
1651:
1461:of points onto a plane in
1127:
983:Symphony: Mathis der Maler
803:Francesco Balilla Pratella
801:Italian composers such as
718:being its main promoters,
613:
604:
579:River Deep â Mountain High
10684:
10589:
10518:
9518:
9504:
9355:
9265:
9147:
9083:
9005:
8948:
8878:
8795:Chinese traditional music
8755:
8705:
8697:
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8522:
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8265:
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7113:
7102:
6945:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
6899:
6725:
6285:
5768:
5759:
5636:
5420:
5162:
5153:
4948:
4872:
4851:
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4681:
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4503:
4494:
2640:Serialism is a method of
2622:after phasing out of his
1859:Impressionism in painting
1662:In 1977, French composer
1431:includes; the use of the
1364:shortly after the end of
1238:and the composers of the
1060:and banned. The music of
977:El retablo de maese Pedro
146:Transition to Renaissance
9682:Central African Republic
9225:Computational musicology
8770:Andalusi classical music
8497:Unruly audience response
5730:The Master and Margarita
4244:Nineteenth-Century Music
4222:Campbell, Edward. 2010.
3877:"Pierre Boulez obituary"
3750:"Set theory in Xenakis'
3730:McLeod & DiCola 2011
3427:Simms, Bryan R. (2000).
3105:
2972:Gottfried Michael Koenig
1605:Nr. 5, met zuivere tonen
1459:statistical distribution
1186:, starting in 1946, the
827:) developed from this.
650:who began incorporating
10571:Music genres and styles
8870:Western classical music
8840:Persian classical music
8201:Western classical music
8023:List of modernist poets
7909:Fourth dimension in art
7085:Meshes of the Afternoon
4215:(subscription required)
4002:, pp. 126, 137â41.
2927:Algorithmic composition
2923:Stochastic § Music
2887:DarmstÀdter Ferienkurse
2771:audio signal processing
2442:Quatre Ă©tudes de rythme
2397:DarmstÀdter Ferienkurse
2255:as opposed to Romantic
1743:DarmstÀdter Ferienkurse
1729:, highly abstract, and
1382:audio signal processing
1188:DarmstÀdter Ferienkurse
787:The Miraculous Mandarin
685:Bagatelle sans tonalité
265:Transition to Modernism
213:Transition to Classical
112:Western classical music
10551:Classical music genres
9627:Bosnia and Herzegovina
9168:Doctor of Musical Arts
8988:History of the trumpet
8800:Indian classical music
8299:Transition to Romantic
8229:Major periods and eras
8107:Second Viennese School
7849:
7838:
5742:The Sound and the Fury
5646:In Search of Lost Time
5103:
5032:
5021:
4975:
4964:
4859:Second Viennese School
4852:Schools of composition
4213:edited by Laura Macy.
3336:, pp. 16, 20, 48.
2939:
2831:
2754:
2670:Second Viennese School
2618:, and its adoption by
2600:Second Viennese School
2590:, orderings of the 12
2571:
2388:
2292:
2232:
2159:
2097:
2043:
1973:Second Viennese School
1967:Second Viennese School
1911:
1850:
1835:Impressionism in music
1574:Starting around 1944,
1310:indeterminacy in music
1283:Abstract Expressionist
1240:Second Viennese School
1184:Second Viennese School
1152:
971:Le Tombeau de Couperin
926:Second Viennese School
821:(most notoriously his
739:Second Viennese School
716:Second Viennese School
638:
532:Conductor and scholar
516:
476:" revived modernism".
400:
239:Transition to Romantic
186:Common practice period
103:
10377:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
10252:Saint Kitts and Nevis
10232:Republic of the Congo
8993:History of the violin
8255:Transition to Baroque
8086:Reactionary modernism
8009:List of art movements
4843:Twelve-tone technique
4386:. London: Sanctuary.
3374:10.1017/9781787442528
3285:10.3366/mod.2017.0173
3022:Karlheinz Stockhausen
2934:
2907:Karlheinz Stockhausen
2891:American counterparts
2826:
2819:Indeterminacy (music)
2799:Karlheinz Stockhausen
2763:electroacoustic music
2749:
2702:Karlheinz Stockhausen
2662:twelve-tone technique
2560:
2553:Twelve-tone technique
2547:Twelve-tone technique
2459:Karlheinz Stockhausen
2409:twelve-tone technique
2385:Karlheinz Stockhausen
2379:
2290:Jacques-Ămile Blanche
2284:
2227:
2220:Neoclassicism (music)
2149:
2096:Luigi Russolo c. 1916
2095:
2041:
2014:twelve-tone technique
1903:
1842:
1824:Movements and schools
1812:Karlheinz Stockhausen
1688:Ensemble l'Itinéraire
1433:statistical mechanics
1398:Karlheinz Stockhausen
1343:Karlheinz Stockhausen
1212:Karlheinz Stockhausen
1143:Karlheinz Stockhausen
1141:
1116:while others such as
906:Twelve-tone technique
697:second string quartet
654:into his pieces. The
627:
583:Ike & Tina Turner
486:
382:
172:Transition to Baroque
93:
10447:United Arab Emirates
9512:
9220:Cognitive musicology
8587:Worldwide traditions
8540:Classical music blog
7930:Hanshinkan Modernism
7786:The Threepenny Opera
7702:Pelléas et Mélisande
4105:, p.166. Routledge.
3564:, pp. 5, 10â11.
2360:Germaine Tailleferre
2288:, 1922, painting by
1733:in sound. Coined as
1678:representations and
1158:was devastating for
689:late romantic period
679:and in the works of
652:progressive tonality
45:needs more complete
10597:Aesthetics of music
10412:Trinidad and Tobago
9547:Antigua and Barbuda
9026:Band (rock and pop)
8950:Musical instruments
8825:Lao classical music
8439:Students by teacher
7988:International Style
7738:Afternoon of a Faun
7017:Battleship Potemkin
6921:Mont Sainte-Victoir
4090:Music & Letters
4021:, pp. 185â186.
3696:Joe & Song 2002
3647:Joe & Song 2002
3552:, pp. 268â270.
3365:Debussy's Resonance
3188:, pp. 331â332.
3099:Philosophy of music
3014:serial compositions
2883:Werner Meyer-Eppler
2576:musical composition
2307:. Composing in the
2200:Wallingford Riegger
2042:BĂ©la BartĂłk in 1927
1896:Expressionist music
1784:of slowly changing
1559:generative grammars
1469:normal distribution
1308:was the concept of
1244:Dmitri Shostakovich
1021:-inspired rhythms.
910:musical composition
852:Ivan Wyschnegradsky
326: •
321: •
10659:Musical instrument
10627:Music and politics
9757:Dominican Republic
9505:By sovereign state
8820:Korean court music
8780:Azerbaijani Mugham
7867:Buddhist modernism
7824:American modernism
7750:The Rite of Spring
5718:The Sun Also Rises
5694:The Magic Mountain
4210:Grove Music Online
3962:Gann 1997, 184â85.
3273:Modernist Cultures
3064:Experimental music
2976:Jean-Claude Risset
2940:
2895:European composers
2832:
2757:Musique concrĂšte (
2755:
2572:
2531:Methods and genres
2413:Integral Serialism
2389:
2334:and the poetry of
2293:
2233:
2231:in the early 1920s
2160:
2098:
2074:and the Hungarian
2044:
1912:
1851:
1598:during the 1960s.
1549:composers such as
1355:Available forms II
1153:
965:Classical Symphony
794:and the Hungarian
781:The Rite of Spring
677:Tristan und Isolde
664:ambiguous tonality
639:
422:'s move away from
104:
10767:Modernism (music)
10732:
10731:
10617:Music and fashion
10612:Music and emotion
10514:
10513:
9782:Equatorial Guinea
9278:A-side and B-side
9183:Music archaeology
9158:Bachelor of Music
9001:
9000:
8935:Psychedelic music
8930:Progressive music
8850:Scottish CeĂČl MĂłr
8665:
8664:
8560:Progressive music
8354:
8353:
8167:
8166:
7895:Experimental film
7811:
7810:
7798:Waiting for Godot
7098:
7097:
5755:
5754:
5658:The Metamorphosis
4908:
4907:
4717:
4716:
4433:978-90-279-7918-6
4319:Meyer, Leonard B.
4311:978-0-521-51779-9
4264:978-0-8203-2849-2
4232:978-0-521-86242-4
4047:978-0-19-861459-3
3971:Rodda, 2 & 4.
3440:978-0-19-535185-9
3383:978-1-78744-252-8
3351:978-0-8032-2724-8
3059:Avant-garde music
2690:Arnold Schoenberg
2658:Arnold Schoenberg
2580:Arnold Schoenberg
2479:and contemporary
2405:Arnold Schoenberg
2286:Le Groupe des six
2130:Nikolai Roslavets
2126:Mikhail Matyushin
2122:Russian Futurists
2110:The Art of Noises
1983:Arnold Schoenberg
1953:Arnold Schoenberg
1905:Arnold Schoenberg
1747:Brian Ferneyhough
1537:series including
1312:. Spearheaded by
1224:Arnold Schoenberg
1106:Arnold Schoenberg
1094:Jacques Offenbach
1090:Giacomo Meyerbeer
1086:Felix Mendelssohn
1074:Arnold Schoenberg
939:After the end of
819:Alexander Mosolov
712:Arnold Schoenberg
693:Arnold Schoenberg
629:Arnold Schoenberg
404:Arnold Schoenberg
368:
367:
335:
334:
273:
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180:
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102:on 31 March 1913.
100:Arnold Schoenberg
86:
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16:(Redirected from
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10697:Music portal
10695:
10694:
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10649:Music technology
10637:Environmentalism
10590:Related articles
10197:Papua New Guinea
10062:Marshall Islands
9509:
9508:
9455:Central American
9193:Music psychology
9073:Backing vocalist
8910:Electronic music
8753:
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8707:History of music
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8610:Composers by era
8575:Video game music
8509:Musical ensemble
8311:Post-romanticism
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3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3119:
3116:
3079:History of music
3030:Karel Goeyvaerts
2917:Stochastic music
2783:Pierre Schaeffer
2751:Pierre Schaeffer
2742:Musique concrĂšte
2736:Musique concrĂšte
2726:Charles Wuorinen
2686:Darmstadt School
2612:Darmstadt School
2570:
2567:
2433:Olivier Messiaen
2372:Darmstadt School
2366:Darmstadt School
2265:Sergei Prokofiev
2158:
2157: June 1898
2155:
2088:Futurism (music)
1849:
1846:
1843:Claude Debussy,
1808:Darmstadt School
1768:, a new form of
1762:Darmstadt School
1751:Michael Finnissy
1723:musical notation
1658:Postmodern music
1555:Leonard Issacson
1539:Morsima-Amorsima
1429:physical science
1421:Stochastic music
1394:Olivier Messiaen
1374:Musique concrĂšte
1370:Pierre Schaeffer
1362:Electronic music
1318:Music of Changes
1248:Benjamin Britten
1216:Darmstadt School
1176:Olivier Messiaen
1151:
1148:
1078:Anton von Webern
1058:degenerate music
995:Post-War Germany
703:into Modernism.
637:
634:
616:Post-romanticism
406:'s rejection of
398:
360:
353:
346:
316:
313:
300:
297:
286:
285:
267:
258:
257: 1800â1910
255:
241:
232:
231: 1730â1820
229:
215:
206:
205: 1600â1750
203:
193:
192:
174:
165:
164: 1400â1600
162:
148:
139:
136:
126:
125:
106:
105:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
38:
37:
30:
21:
10782:
10781:
10777:
10776:
10775:
10773:
10772:
10771:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10751:Classical music
10745:
10743:
10735:
10733:
10728:
10705:
10703:
10691:
10689:
10680:
10607:Fictional music
10585:
10510:
10317:Solomon Islands
10162:North Macedonia
9514:
9500:
9362:
9360:regional genres
9359:
9351:
9317:Record producer
9261:
9250:Sociomusicology
9235:Ethnomusicology
9163:Master of Music
9143:
9097:
9079:
9036:All-female band
9019:
8997:
8944:
8881:
8874:
8830:Mandé art music
8805:Byzantine music
8751:
8701:
8696:
8666:
8661:
8591:
8518:
8480:
8434:
8350:
8317:
8267:Common practice
8261:
8224:
8203:
8198:
8168:
8163:
8154:
8146:
8133:
8126:
8119:
8114:Structural film
8112:
8105:
8098:
8091:
8084:
8077:
8070:
8065:New Objectivity
8063:
8056:
8051:Neo-romanticism
8049:
8044:Neo-primitivism
8042:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7986:
7979:
7970:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7900:
7893:
7886:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7847:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7690:VerklÀrte Nacht
7687:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7663:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7105:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5536:Lowell (Robert)
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5041:
5030:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4973:
4962:
4955:
4944:
4939:
4909:
4904:
4881:
4868:
4847:
4773:New Objectivity
4726:
4724:
4713:
4677:
4499:
4490:
4488:Modernist music
4485:
4452:Antioch College
4444:
4439:
4413:
4394:
4378:Priore, Domenic
4265:
4214:
4207:. "Modernism".
4179:
4174:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4000:Andraschke 1981
3998:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3728:
3721:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3687:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3522:
3519:Burkholder 2001
3517:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3462:Schoenberg 1975
3460:
3456:
3441:
3425:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3384:
3360:
3356:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3042:
2994:
2988:
2929:
2921:Main articles:
2919:
2868:
2866:Aleatoric music
2862:
2860:Aleatoric music
2854:New York School
2821:
2815:
2767:recorded sounds
2744:
2738:
2718:Igor Stravinsky
2680:âof pitches or
2646:chromatic scale
2638:
2632:
2620:Igor Stravinsky
2602:, most notably
2584:chromatic scale
2568:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2517:Christian Wolff
2473:
2467:
2465:New York School
2417:electroacoustic
2374:
2368:
2356:Francis Poulenc
2348:Arthur Honegger
2321:Impressionistic
2313:Igor Stravinsky
2279:
2273:
2261:Igor Stravinsky
2237:interwar period
2229:Igor Stravinsky
2222:
2216:
2156:
2144:
2138:
2118:Franco Casavola
2090:
2084:
2072:Igor Stravinsky
2036:
2030:
1975:
1969:
1949:instrumentation
1898:
1892:
1867:instrumentation
1855:classical music
1847:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1810:representative
1725:that was often
1708:Magnus Lindberg
1660:
1650:
1629:It's Gonna Rain
1481:Brownian motion
1378:recorded sounds
1347:KlavierstĂŒck XI
1291:George Rochberg
1275:New York School
1271:Christian Wolff
1232:Igor Stravinsky
1149:
1136:
1126:
1110:Igor Stravinsky
1098:George Gershwin
1007:New Objectivity
954:Interwar period
945:Igor Stravinsky
914:chromatic scale
840:JuliĂĄn Carrillo
792:Igor Stravinsky
724:Igor Stravinsky
635:
622:
612:
610:Early Modernism
607:
587:Good Vibrations
551:
526:Daniel Albright
482:
444:. For example,
420:Igor Stravinsky
399:
392:
364:
325:
314:
298:
263:
256:
237:
230:
211:
204:
170:
163:
144:
138: 500â1400
137:
110:
98:, conducted by
96:Scandal Concert
82:
71:
65:
62:
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Modernist music
15:
12:
11:
5:
10780:
10770:
10769:
10754:
10753:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10726:
10714:
10700:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10678:
10676:Women in music
10673:
10672:
10671:
10666:
10664:Classification
10656:
10651:
10646:
10644:Music festival
10641:
10640:
10639:
10634:
10624:
10622:Music industry
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10593:
10591:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10522:
10520:
10516:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10492:Western Sahara
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10452:United Kingdom
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9732:Czech Republic
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9506:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9476:
9475:
9474:
9467:North American
9464:
9463:
9462:
9460:South American
9457:
9450:Latin American
9447:
9446:
9445:
9440:
9430:
9429:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9416:Middle Eastern
9413:
9408:
9398:
9397:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9365:
9363:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9307:Audio engineer
9304:
9303:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9240:New musicology
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9207:
9206:
9205:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9154:
9152:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9041:Rhythm section
9038:
9033:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9012:
9006:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8954:
8952:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8886:
8884:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8761:
8759:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8743:
8742:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8711:
8709:
8703:
8702:
8695:
8694:
8687:
8680:
8672:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8649:
8639:
8629:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8526:
8524:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8488:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8418:United Kingdom
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8368:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8286:Empfindsamkeit
8282:
8271:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8247:
8241:
8239:
8230:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8211:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8197:
8196:
8189:
8182:
8174:
8165:
8164:
8147:
8139:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8072:Poetic realism
8068:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8005:
8002:Late modernity
7998:
7995:Late modernism
7991:
7984:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7968:
7961:
7947:
7940:
7937:High modernism
7933:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7881:Degenerate art
7877:
7870:
7863:
7856:
7851:Ballets Russes
7845:
7834:
7827:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7793:
7781:
7769:
7757:
7745:
7733:
7721:
7709:
7697:
7685:
7673:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7643:
7636:
7629:
7622:
7615:
7608:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7580:
7573:
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7559:
7552:
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7522:
7521:
7519:
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7504:
7497:
7490:
7483:
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7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7441:
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7413:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7370:
7368:
7362:
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7358:
7351:
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7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7119:
7117:
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7058:
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6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6597:Ray (Satyajit)
6593:
6590:Ray (Nicholas)
6586:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
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6488:
6481:
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6404:
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6369:
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5803:
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5789:
5782:
5774:
5772:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5737:
5725:
5713:
5701:
5689:
5682:The Waste Land
5677:
5665:
5653:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
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5574:
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5560:
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5546:
5539:
5532:
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5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
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5418:
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5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
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5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
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5295:
5288:
5281:
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5267:
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5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5166:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5055:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5028:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4993:Constructivism
4989:
4982:
4971:
4960:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4878:Romantic music
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4783:Pandiatonicism
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:New Complexity
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:United States
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4514:
4512:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4443:
4442:External links
4440:
4438:
4437:
4417:
4411:
4398:
4392:
4374:
4354:10.1086/448257
4348:(3): 442â461.
4335:
4315:
4298:
4278:
4269:
4263:
4248:
4240:Dahlhaus, Carl
4236:
4219:
4205:Botstein, Leon
4201:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4153:
4144:, p. 273.
4134:
4115:
4094:
4081:
4070:
4051:
4030:
4011:
3992:
3983:, p. 192.
3973:
3964:
3955:
3936:
3917:
3898:
3867:
3845:
3826:
3804:
3785:
3766:
3741:
3719:
3700:
3698:, p. 269.
3685:
3666:
3664:, p. 269.
3651:
3649:, p. 268.
3639:
3630:
3611:
3592:
3583:, p. 133.
3573:
3554:
3542:
3540:Perle 1977, 2.
3530:
3511:
3492:
3473:
3454:
3439:
3419:
3406:
3397:
3382:
3354:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3312:, p. 446.
3302:
3300:, p. 441.
3290:
3279:(2): 316â330.
3263:
3251:
3239:
3237:, p. 272.
3227:
3225:, p. 334.
3215:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3176:, p. 135.
3166:
3154:
3152:, p. 443.
3142:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3054:Abstractionism
3050:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3026:Elliott Carter
2990:Main article:
2987:
2984:
2980:Lejaren Hiller
2968:Iannis Xenakis
2944:Iannis Xenakis
2936:Iannis Xenakis
2918:
2915:
2911:Iannis Xenakis
2893:however, many
2864:Main article:
2861:
2858:
2817:Main article:
2814:
2811:
2807:Iannis Xenakis
2765:that utilises
2740:Main article:
2737:
2734:
2722:Henri Pousseur
2714:Milton Babbitt
2634:Main article:
2631:
2628:
2616:Milton Babbitt
2551:Main article:
2548:
2545:
2540:Main article:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2521:Morton Feldman
2469:Main article:
2466:
2463:
2370:Main article:
2367:
2364:
2352:Darius Milhaud
2328:Claude Debussy
2275:Main article:
2272:
2269:
2253:absolute music
2218:Main article:
2215:
2212:
2196:John J. Becker
2140:Main article:
2137:
2134:
2086:Main article:
2083:
2080:
2032:Main article:
2029:
2026:
2018:Theodor Adorno
1981:consisting of
1971:Main article:
1968:
1965:
1894:Main article:
1891:
1888:
1876:Claude Debussy
1833:Main article:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1800:New Simplicity
1735:New Complexity
1719:United Kingdom
1712:Kaija Saariaho
1696:Tristan Murail
1654:Late modernism
1649:
1646:
1576:Elliott Carter
1565:in their 1957
1551:Lejaren Hiller
1511:Siegfried Palm
1467:, the use of
1425:Iannis Xenakis
1402:Iannis Xenakis
1335:aleatory music
1328:Morton Feldman
1295:Roger Sessions
1287:Milton Babbitt
1263:Morton Feldman
1130:High modernism
1125:
1124:High Modernism
1122:
1070:Paul Hindemith
1044:took power in
1042:Austrofascists
1036:took power in
1023:Paul Hindemith
908:, a method of
860:Mildred Couper
815:George Antheil
673:Richard Wagner
660:Claude Debussy
656:Impressionists
611:
608:
606:
603:
591:the Beach Boys
574:Domenic Priore
550:
547:
481:
478:
446:Paul Griffiths
397:, p. 37)
395:Campbell (2010
390:
388:
366:
365:
363:
362:
355:
348:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
330:
318:
317:
308:
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132:
122:
121:
115:
114:
84:
83:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10779:
10768:
10765:
10764:
10762:
10752:
10742:
10741:
10738:
10725:
10724:
10715:
10713:
10712:
10701:
10699:
10698:
10687:
10686:
10683:
10677:
10674:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10661:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10654:Music therapy
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10628:
10625:
10623:
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10608:
10605:
10603:
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10595:
10594:
10592:
10588:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
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10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
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10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
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10527:
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10523:
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10517:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10457:United States
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
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10398:
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10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
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10315:
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10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
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10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10017:Liechtenstein
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
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10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
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9988:
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9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9872:Guinea-Bissau
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
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9808:
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9803:
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9793:
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9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
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9763:
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9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
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9708:
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9703:
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9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
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9668:
9665:
9663:
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9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
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9625:
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9608:
9605:
9603:
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9598:
9595:
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9510:
9507:
9503:
9495:
9492:
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9487:
9485:
9482:
9481:
9480:
9477:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9465:
9461:
9458:
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9453:
9452:
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9448:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9434:
9431:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9402:
9399:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9367:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9358:Cultural and
9354:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9285:Extended play
9283:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9264:
9256:
9255:Zoomusicology
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9230:Ecomusicology
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9215:Biomusicology
9213:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9188:Music history
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9119:Improvisation
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9082:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9068:Lead vocalist
9066:
9065:
9064:
9063:Military band
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9004:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8947:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8915:Hip hop music
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8905:Country music
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8877:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8835:Ottoman music
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8758:
8754:
8748:
8745:
8741:
8738:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8693:
8688:
8686:
8681:
8679:
8674:
8673:
8670:
8658:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8638:
8630:
8628:
8620:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8555:New-age music
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8431:
8430:United States
8428:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8295:
8292:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8268:
8264:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8231:
8227:
8221:
8220:Dates of eras
8218:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8195:
8190:
8188:
8183:
8181:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8162:
8152:
8151:
8150:Postmodernism
8145:
8144:
8136:
8129:
8125:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8111:
8108:
8104:
8101:
8097:
8094:
8093:Metamodernism
8090:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8069:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8058:New Hollywood
8055:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8041:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7992:
7989:
7985:
7982:
7978:
7973:
7969:
7966:
7962:
7959:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7951:Impressionism
7948:
7945:
7941:
7938:
7934:
7931:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7917:
7913:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7885:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7864:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7852:
7846:
7842:
7841:
7835:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7595:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7560:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7505:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7101:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6778:Hundertwasser
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:Literary arts
5152:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:Neoplasticism
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:Functionalism
5056:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:Expressionism
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:Ashcan School
4983:
4979:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4924:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Expressionism
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4720:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4421:Tarasti, Eero
4418:
4414:
4412:1-58567-345-5
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4393:1-86074-627-6
4389:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4331:0-226-52143-5
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4294:0-8386-3532-6
4291:
4287:
4283:
4282:KĂĄrolyi, OttĂł
4279:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4197:0-226-01267-0
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4168:
4162:
4157:
4149:
4143:
4142:Whittall 2008
4138:
4130:
4125:, p. 40.
4124:
4119:
4112:
4111:9781135037307
4108:
4104:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4015:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3951:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3926:
3925:Anderson 2000
3921:
3913:
3907:
3902:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3830:
3822:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3794:
3789:
3781:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3762:Makis Solomos
3759:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3732:, p. 38.
3731:
3726:
3724:
3715:
3709:
3708:Holmes (2008)
3704:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3634:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:, p. 40.
3601:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3324:, p. 16.
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3259:Botstein 2001
3255:
3249:, p. 11.
3248:
3247:Albright 2004
3243:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3223:Dahlhaus 1989
3219:
3212:
3206:
3200:, p. 13.
3199:
3198:Albright 2004
3194:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3164:, p. 37.
3163:
3162:Campbell 2010
3158:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3115:
3111:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Neoclassicism
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Expressionism
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2992:Process music
2986:Process music
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:Pierre Boulez
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:indeterminacy
2873:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2813:Indeterminacy
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:Edgard VarĂšse
2800:
2796:
2795:Pierre Boulez
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:sound collage
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2730:Jean Barraqué
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:Pierre Boulez
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:pitch classes
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:pitch classes
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2543:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:Edgard VarĂšse
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:indeterminacy
2482:
2478:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:Bruno Maderna
2448:
2447:Pierre Boulez
2444:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:Edgard VarĂšse
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:Georges Auric
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2317:Gustav Mahler
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:program music
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2214:Neoclassicism
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:quarter tones
2173:
2172:tone clusters
2169:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2142:American Five
2136:American Five
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Luigi Russolo
2103:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:expressionism
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1890:Expressionism
1887:
1885:
1884:Maurice Ravel
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1841:
1836:
1829:Impressionism
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Wolfgang Rihm
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1786:common chords
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:Minimal music
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:Claude Vivier
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:GĂ©rard Grisey
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:Pierre Boulez
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:(1966), and
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:Process music
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:Markov chains
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Markov chains
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1406:Pierre Boulez
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:sound collage
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Pierre Boulez
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:United States
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Bruno Maderna
1201:
1200:Pierre Boulez
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:Edgard VarĂšse
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:United States
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Irving Berlin
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:expressionism
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
984:
979:
978:
973:
972:
967:
966:
961:
960:
955:
951:
950:Neoclassicism
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:pitch classes
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
899:American Five
896:
892:
891:quarter tones
888:
887:tone clusters
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:United States
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:Luigi Russolo
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
788:
783:
782:
777:
776:
771:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
743:
740:
735:
733:
732:Luigi Russolo
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Expressionism
704:
702:
698:
695:composed the
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:Gustav Mahler
644:
630:
626:
621:
617:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
570:
568:
564:
563:popular music
558:
556:
555:popular music
546:
543:
538:
535:
534:Leon Botstein
530:
527:
523:
520:
515:
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:discontinuity
485:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Carl Dahlhaus
435:
434:postmodernism
430:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:in chromatic
409:
405:
396:
389:
386:
381:
378:
373:
361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
342:
341:
339:
338:
331:
329:
324:
320:
319:
309:
307:
304:
303:
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
276:
269:
266:
262:
261:
252:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
236:
235:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
210:
209:
200:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
183:
176:
173:
169:
168:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
143:
142:
133:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:Major eras of
108:
107:
101:
97:
92:
88:
80:
77:
69:
59:
53:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
10716:
10702:
10688:
10477:Vatican City
10427:Turkmenistan
10327:South Africa
10297:Sierra Leone
10277:Saudi Arabia
9652:Burkina Faso
9312:Record label
9198:Music school
9053:Concert band
8963:Angular harp
8890:Circus music
8775:Arabic music
8582:Third stream
8545:Experimental
8376:Porto Alegre
8346:21st-century
8341:20th-century
8336:Contemporary
8330:
8284:
8148:
8141:
7888:Ecomodernism
7796:
7784:
7772:
7760:
7748:
7736:
7726:The Firebird
7724:
7712:
7700:
7688:
7676:
7664:
7114:
7083:
7073:Citizen Kane
7071:
7062:Fallingwater
7052:Villa Savoye
7039:
7027:
7015:
7003:
6991:
6981:Black Square
6979:
6967:
6955:
6943:
6931:
6919:
6907:
6799:Le Corbusier
6727:Architecture
5740:
5728:
5716:
5706:Mrs Dalloway
5704:
5692:
5680:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5529:Lowell (Amy)
4876:
4838:Tone cluster
4793:Polytonality
4738:Experimental
4487:
4424:
4402:
4382:
4345:
4339:
4322:
4302:
4285:
4274:Muzikologija
4273:
4253:
4243:
4223:
4208:
4188:
4156:
4137:
4118:
4102:
4097:
4089:
4084:
4073:
4059:Russolo 1913
4054:
4038:
4033:
4014:
3995:
3976:
3967:
3958:
3939:
3920:
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3881:The Guardian
3880:
3870:
3829:
3788:
3774:Edwards 1971
3769:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3710:, p. 45
3703:
3669:
3660:
3659:Joe & So
3654:
3642:
3633:
3621:, p. 4.
3614:
3600:Whiting 2005
3595:
3576:
3557:
3545:
3514:
3495:
3476:
3457:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3400:
3364:
3357:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3310:Goodwin 2006
3305:
3298:Goodwin 2006
3293:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3235:Tarasti 1979
3230:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3174:KĂĄrolyi 1994
3169:
3157:
3145:
3140:, p. 3.
3133:
3114:
2995:
2948:mathematical
2941:
2869:
2845:Henry Cowell
2841:Charles Ives
2833:
2828:Henry Cowell
2787:Pierre Henry
2756:
2694:Anton Webern
2639:
2624:Neoclassical
2608:Anton Webern
2573:
2562:Anton Webern
2501:Henry Cowell
2497:Charles Ives
2474:
2440:
2439:" (from the
2425:Anton Webern
2390:
2336:Jean Cocteau
2324:chromaticism
2309:neoclassical
2297:Montparnasse
2294:
2285:
2249:contrapuntal
2234:
2208:Carl Ruggles
2204:Henry Cowell
2192:Charles Ives
2184:Charles Ives
2168:polytonality
2161:
2151:Charles Ives
2099:
2064:modal scales
2045:
1991:Anton Webern
1976:
1957:Anton Webern
1940:
1936:
1921:tonal system
1913:
1852:
1815:
1790:
1755:
1739:Richard Toop
1716:
1700:Péter Eötvös
1680:mathematical
1666:founded the
1661:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1573:
1568:Illiac Suite
1566:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1504:
1501:group theory
1496:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:Diamorphoses
1462:
1454:
1446:
1436:
1435:of gases in
1410:
1366:World War II
1359:
1354:
1332:
1321:
1303:
1252:
1236:serial music
1228:Anton Webern
1168:Anton Webern
1156:World War II
1154:
1118:Anton Webern
1030:Adolf Hitler
1027:
992:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
938:
930:Anton Webern
903:
883:polytonality
875:Charles Ives
868:
856:Harry Partch
836:Charles Ives
829:
824:Iron Foundry
822:
800:
785:
784:(1913), and
779:
773:
769:The Firebird
767:
760:modal scales
744:
736:
705:
643:Romantic era
640:
599:Brian Wilson
585:(1966) and "
571:
566:
559:
552:
541:
539:
531:
524:
519:Eero Tarasti
517:
512:Hermann Bahr
505:
487:
483:
450:World War II
442:World War II
431:
401:
383:
371:
369:
328:21st-century
323:20th-century
306:Contemporary
289:
87:
72:
63:
56:Please help
51:verification
44:
10581:Terminology
10561:Instruments
10367:Switzerland
10337:South Sudan
10332:South Korea
10257:Saint Lucia
10212:Philippines
10157:North Korea
10137:New Zealand
10132:Netherlands
9937:Ivory Coast
9777:El Salvador
9522:Afghanistan
9489:Micronesian
9290:Compilation
9203:Composition
9093:Composition
9058:Disc jockey
9031:Backup band
8958:Arched Harp
8715:Prehistoric
8657:WikiProject
8550:Light music
8535:Baroque pop
8530:Avant-garde
8485:Performance
8250:Renaissance
8237:Early music
8143:Romanticism
8100:Remodernism
7981:Incoherents
7840:Avant-garde
7831:Armory Show
7438:Maeterlinck
7341:Villa-Lobos
7327:Szymanowski
7306:Stockhausen
7243:LutosĆawski
6961:(1909â1910)
5761:Visual arts
5734:(1928â1940)
5650:(1913â1927)
5173:Apollinaire
5137:Synchromism
4977:Art Nouveau
4788:Polyrhythms
4763:Neotonality
4651:Szymanowski
3981:Faltin 1979
3906:Badiou 2009
3793:Brandt 1974
3674:Boulez 1957
3619:Straus 2001
3562:Bandur 2001
3550:Spotts 2003
3334:Priore 2005
3322:Priore 2005
3150:Morgan 1984
3138:Metzer 2009
3034:Steve Reich
3018:minimalists
2956:probability
2880:acoustician
2791:Luc Ferrari
2642:composition
2569: 1927
2525:David Tudor
2513:Earle Brown
2481:avant-garde
2344:Louis Durey
2245:Romanticism
2076:BĂ©la BartĂłk
2034:Primitivism
2028:Primitivism
1917:dissonances
1907:, 1927, by
1848: 1900
1676:sonographic
1672:Spectralism
1600:Minimalists
1506:Nomos Alpha
1489:game theory
1455:Analogiques
1447:Achorripsis
1443:constraints
1438:Pithoprakta
1413:mathematics
1351:Earle Brown
1267:Earle Brown
1150: 1969
1066:Hans Eisler
1011:baroque era
1005:. Known as
999:Romanticism
941:World War I
848:John Foulds
796:BĂ©la BartĂłk
720:Primitivism
701:Romanticism
681:Franz Liszt
636: 1930
549:Other usage
480:Definitions
470:Stockhausen
424:symmetrical
416:twelve-tone
315: 1945
299: 1890
156:Renaissance
119:Early music
10467:Uzbekistan
10387:Tajikistan
10292:Seychelles
10272:San Marino
10107:Mozambique
10097:Montenegro
10067:Mauritania
10032:Madagascar
10027:Luxembourg
9982:Kyrgyzstan
9957:Kazakhstan
9762:East Timor
9712:Costa Rica
9677:Cape Verde
9587:Bangladesh
9572:Azerbaijan
9494:Polynesian
9484:Melanesian
9266:Production
9245:Organology
9210:Musicology
8940:Soul music
8895:Folk music
8880:Vernacular
8570:Film score
8565:Soundtrack
8504:Conducting
8423:Birmingham
8359:By country
8208:Definition
8030:Maximalism
7965:Literature
7640:Wiesenthal
7542:Cunningham
7535:Balanchine
7515:Witkiewicz
7487:Strindberg
7473:Pirandello
7445:Mayakovsky
7320:Stravinsky
7292:Schoenberg
7104:Performing
7029:Metropolis
6820:Mendelsohn
6625:Rossellini
6618:Richardson
6429:Fassbinder
6415:Eisenstein
6352:Cassavetes
6108:Modigliani
5982:Goncharova
5968:Giacometti
5362:Dos Passos
5164:Literature
5123:Surrealism
5034:Die BrĂŒcke
4833:Surrealism
4828:Stochastic
4818:Sound mass
4753:Microtonal
4725:techniques
4723:Genres and
4671:Stravinsky
4631:Skalkottas
4536:Schoenberg
4276:2:263â281.
4161:Nyman 1974
4123:Iddon 2013
4019:Gruhn 1981
3856:Nyman 1974
3834:Sabbe 1981
3581:White 1979
3500:Anon. 2014
3481:Sadie 1991
3464:, 207â208.
3186:Meyer 1994
3126:References
3094:Neue Musik
2952:statistics
2775:tape music
2710:Luigi Nono
2698:Alban Berg
2666:post-tonal
2604:Alban Berg
2455:Luigi Nono
2381:Luigi Nono
2332:Erik Satie
2299:region of
2241:classicism
2164:polyrhythm
2058:and other
2056:percussion
1987:Alban Berg
1961:Alban Berg
1943:), jagged
1931:, extreme
1880:Erik Satie
1820:melodies.
1782:repetition
1690:headed by
1652:See also:
1641:Reed Phase
1623:Prozession
1617:Plus-Minus
1611:Kreuzspiel
1596:serialists
1557:also used
1515:set theory
1441:, minimal
1417:scientific
1386:tape music
1299:Schoenberg
1208:Luigi Nono
1128:See also:
1082:Kurt Weill
1062:Alban Berg
1054:dissonance
1034:Nazi Party
1015:polyphonic
959:Pulcinella
879:polyrhythm
844:Alois HĂĄba
832:Microtones
754:and other
752:percussion
614:See also:
567:undermines
418:works and
412:post-tonal
370:In music,
66:March 2024
10602:Album era
10482:Venezuela
10347:Sri Lanka
10302:Singapore
10187:Palestine
10142:Nicaragua
10072:Mauritius
10022:Lithuania
9907:Indonesia
9862:Guatemala
9562:Australia
9552:Argentina
9472:Caribbean
9426:Southeast
9151:and study
9149:Education
9139:Technique
9015:Ensembles
8925:Pop music
8757:Art music
8735:Religious
8615:Festivals
8514:Orchestra
8366:Australia
8331:Modernism
8323:New music
8294:Classical
8215:Art music
8079:Pulp noir
8037:Modernity
7902:Film noir
7626:St. Denis
7549:Diaghilev
7285:Schaeffer
7208:Hindemith
7180:Dutilleux
7152:Boulanger
6957:The Dance
6653:Tarkovsky
6646:Sternberg
6478:Hitchcock
6394:Dovzhenko
6310:Antonioni
6255:Stieglitz
6094:Metzinger
6045:Kokoschka
6024:Kandinsky
5438:Aldington
5431:Akhmatova
5348:Marinetti
5341:Mansfield
5292:Hemingway
5130:Symbolism
4949:Movements
4942:Modernism
4813:Serialism
4733:Atonality
4661:Prokofiev
4504:Composers
4370:161937907
3944:Toop 1988
3891:6 January
3815:Gann 1987
3449:252600219
3417:11:11:39.
3415:New Grove
3392:239438810
2964:Computers
2946:in which
2850:John Cage
2839:composer
2636:Serialism
2630:Serialism
2588:tone rows
2542:Atonality
2536:Atonality
2509:John Cage
2421:aleatoric
2401:Darmstadt
2393:composers
2311:style of
2188:dissonant
2180:aleatoric
2068:polytonal
2022:art music
2007:atonality
1979:composers
1925:atonality
1817:Tierkreis
1796:serialism
1778:serialism
1770:art music
1758:serialism
1731:dissonant
1684:serialist
1632:(1965),
1531:computers
1497:Stratégie
1314:John Cage
1259:John Cage
1220:serialist
1192:Darmstadt
1180:Serialism
1164:art music
1096:and even
1050:atonality
934:Serialism
928:, namely
918:tone rows
895:aleatoric
775:Petrushka
764:polytonal
620:Modernism
377:modernism
372:modernism
290:Modernism
279:New music
223:Classical
47:citations
10761:Category
10723:Category
10536:Timeline
10507:Zimbabwe
10397:Thailand
10392:Tanzania
10357:Suriname
10312:Slovenia
10307:Slovakia
10222:Portugal
10202:Paraguay
10177:Pakistan
10092:Mongolia
10047:Maldives
10042:Malaysia
9967:Kiribati
9887:Honduras
9802:Ethiopia
9797:Eswatini
9752:Dominica
9747:Djibouti
9702:Colombia
9667:Cameroon
9662:Cambodia
9647:Bulgaria
9632:Botswana
9592:Barbados
9479:Oceanian
9433:European
9389:Southern
9322:Sampling
9114:Notation
9048:Big band
9010:Musician
8740:Biblical
8637:Category
8306:Romantic
8245:Medieval
8161:Category
7762:Fountain
7666:Don Juan
7605:Nijinsky
7501:Wedekind
7480:Piscator
7375:Anderson
7299:Scriabin
7215:Honegger
6869:Sullivan
6855:Saarinen
6848:Rietveld
6841:Niemeyer
6813:Melnikov
6743:Bunshaft
6674:Truffaut
6639:Sjöström
6583:Pudovkin
6555:Minnelli
6520:Kurosawa
6513:Kuleshov
6443:Flaherty
6269:Vuillard
6248:Steichen
6206:Rousseau
6171:Pissarro
6150:O'Keeffe
6115:Mondrian
6066:Malevich
6059:Magritte
6031:Kirchner
5975:van Gogh
5926:Doesburg
5905:Delaunay
5898:Delaunay
5821:BrĂąncuÈi
5807:Boccioni
5770:Painting
5620:Williams
5543:Mallarmé
5459:Cendrars
5369:Platonov
5327:Lawrence
5320:Koestler
5257:Flaubert
5250:Faulkner
5215:Bulgakov
5144:Tonalism
5105:De Stijl
5089:Lettrism
5075:Futurism
4966:Art Deco
4890:Category
4823:Spectral
4748:Futurism
4682:Americas
4666:Scriabin
4637:Hungary
4612:Germany
4596:Messiaen
4591:Koechlin
4567:Finland
4557:Czechia
4551:Pousseur
4547:Belgium
4517:Austria
4423:. 1979.
4380:(2005).
4284:. 1994.
4242:. 1989.
4187:. 2004.
3885:Archived
3836:, 18â21.
3795:, 27â28.
3776:, 90â91.
3413:Searle,
3074:Futurism
3040:See also
3004:through
2852:and the
2837:American
2650:harmonic
2319:and the
2082:Futurism
1999:Romantic
1644:(1966).
1635:Come Out
1626:(1967),
1620:(1963),
1614:(1951),
1608:(1953),
1582:through
1547:American
1345:'s work
1040:and the
1032:and the
864:semitone
811:Futurism
778:(1911),
772:(1910),
728:Futurism
714:and the
669:tonality
658:such as
507:Don Juan
458:Barraqué
408:tonality
391:â
249:Romantic
130:Medieval
10632:Warfare
10531:Outline
10487:Vietnam
10472:Vanuatu
10462:Uruguay
10442:Ukraine
10417:Tunisia
10322:Somalia
10282:Senegal
10237:Romania
10152:Nigeria
10117:Namibia
10112:Myanmar
10102:Morocco
10082:Moldova
10007:Liberia
10002:Lesotho
9997:Lebanon
9942:Jamaica
9922:Ireland
9897:Iceland
9892:Hungary
9857:Grenada
9842:Germany
9837:Georgia
9817:Finland
9792:Estonia
9787:Eritrea
9767:Ecuador
9742:Denmark
9717:Croatia
9707:Comoros
9657:Burundi
9622:Bolivia
9602:Belgium
9597:Belarus
9582:Bahrain
9577:Bahamas
9567:Austria
9557:Armenia
9537:Andorra
9532:Algeria
9527:Albania
9406:Central
9374:Central
9369:African
9129:Singing
8747:Secular
8730:Martial
8720:Ancient
8627:Outline
8523:Related
8492:Concert
8398:Ireland
8393:Germany
8275:Baroque
7816:Related
7678:Ubu Roi
7633:Tamiris
7619:Sokolow
7598:Massine
7466:Osborne
7459:O'Neill
7452:O'Casey
7410:Chekhov
7396:Beckett
7382:Anouilh
7366:Theatre
7313:Strauss
7271:Russolo
7250:Milhaud
7229:JanĂĄÄek
7201:GĂłrecki
7194:Feldman
7173:Debussy
7166:Copland
7124:Antheil
6862:Steiner
6785:Johnson
6764:Guimard
6757:Gropius
6604:Resnais
6506:Kubrick
6436:Fellini
6422:Epstein
6408:Edwards
6373:Cocteau
6359:Chaplin
6331:Bresson
6324:Bergman
6303:Aldrich
6296:Akerman
6241:Soutine
6213:Schiele
6164:Picasso
6157:Picabia
6087:Matisse
5961:Gauguin
5933:Duchamp
5891:Kooning
5870:Claudel
5863:Chirico
5856:Chagall
5849:CĂ©zanne
5842:Cassatt
5814:Bonnard
5800:Bellows
5793:Balthus
5670:Ulysses
5592:Stevens
5585:Seferis
5404:Unamuno
5243:Forster
5222:Chekhov
5187:Beckett
5116:Orphism
5082:Imagism
5066:Bauhaus
5052:Fauvism
4957:Acmeism
4875: â
4803:Process
4692:Antheil
4657:Russia
4647:Poland
4627:Greece
4621:Strauss
4601:Milhaud
4586:Jolivet
4577:France
4571:Bergman
4362:1343302
4177:Sources
3661:ng 2002
2998:process
2960:physics
2885:at the
2872:element
2830:in 1924
2654:melodic
2277:Les Six
2271:Les Six
2060:timbres
2052:metrics
1933:dynamic
1929:pitches
1909:Man Ray
1772:called
1766:America
1717:In the
1513:), and
1485:N'Shima
1323:I Ching
1306:America
1196:Germany
1046:Austria
1038:Germany
988:Les Six
869:In the
756:timbres
748:metrics
605:History
595:R&B
577:cites "
572:Author
502:Debussy
498:Strauss
474:Xenakis
462:Babbitt
393:Edward
197:Baroque
10737:Portal
10541:Albums
10502:Zambia
10437:Uganda
10432:Tuvalu
10422:Turkey
10382:Taiwan
10362:Sweden
10287:Serbia
10247:Rwanda
10242:Russia
10217:Poland
10192:Panama
10167:Norway
10087:Monaco
10077:Mexico
10037:Malawi
9992:Latvia
9977:Kuwait
9972:Kosovo
9952:Jordan
9927:Israel
9877:Guyana
9867:Guinea
9852:Greece
9832:Gambia
9822:France
9727:Cyprus
9672:Canada
9642:Brunei
9637:Brazil
9617:Bhutan
9607:Belize
9542:Angola
9513:
9443:Nordic
9438:Balkan
9273:Single
9178:Method
9124:Lyrics
9088:Theory
8647:Portal
8605:Genres
8476:T to Z
8471:R to S
8466:N to G
8461:K to M
8456:G to J
8451:C to F
8446:A to B
8413:Russia
8408:Kosovo
8388:France
8383:Canada
8371:Brazil
8280:Galant
7802:(1953)
7790:(1928)
7778:(1921)
7766:(1917)
7754:(1913)
7742:(1912)
7730:(1910)
7718:(1905)
7714:Salome
7706:(1902)
7694:(1899)
7682:(1896)
7670:(1888)
7647:Wigman
7577:Graham
7570:Fuller
7563:Fokine
7556:Duncan
7508:Wilder
7494:Toller
7431:Kaiser
7403:Brecht
7389:Artaud
7348:Webern
7334:VarĂšse
7264:Partch
7236:Ligeti
7159:Boulez
7131:BartĂłk
7089:(1943)
7077:(1941)
7065:(1936)
7055:(1931)
7045:(1929)
7033:(1927)
7021:(1925)
7009:(1923)
6997:(1920)
6985:(1915)
6973:(1912)
6949:(1907)
6937:(1889)
6925:(1887)
6913:(1886)
6890:Wright
6876:Tatlin
6834:Neutra
6736:Breuer
6702:Welles
6688:Vertov
6611:Renoir
6562:Murnau
6548:Marker
6541:Lupino
6499:Keaton
6485:Hubley
6471:Godard
6457:Fuller
6401:Dreyer
6380:Dassin
6338:Buñuel
6234:Sisley
6227:Signac
6220:Seurat
6192:Renoir
6010:Hopper
5912:Demuth
5835:Calder
5828:Braque
5779:Albers
5746:(1929)
5722:(1926)
5710:(1925)
5698:(1924)
5686:(1922)
5674:(1922)
5662:(1915)
5613:Valéry
5599:Thomas
5564:Pessoa
5508:George
5501:Elytis
5494:Ăluard
5480:Desnos
5452:Cavafy
5422:Poetry
5383:Proust
5376:Porter
5278:Hamsun
5236:Döblin
5229:Conrad
5201:Breton
5180:Barnes
5000:Cubism
4900:Portal
4702:Cowell
4697:Carter
4641:BartĂłk
4606:VarĂšse
4541:Webern
4531:Mahler
4526:Krenek
4511:Europe
4431:
4409:
4390:
4368:
4360:
4329:
4321:1994.
4309:
4292:
4261:
4230:
4195:
4163:, 119.
4109:
4045:
3858:, 134.
3483:, 244.
3447:
3437:
3390:
3380:
3349:
3032:, and
2978:, and
2958:, and
2925:, and
2909:, and
2899:chance
2805:, and
2759:French
2523:, and
2503:, and
2491:, and
2457:, and
2431:, and
2358:, and
2305:France
2206:, and
2178:. and
2066:, and
2011:serial
1995:Vienna
1945:melody
1882:, and
1792:Europe
1727:atonal
1543:Atrées
1499:, the
1477:Atrées
1376:where
1293:, and
1279:Fluxus
1210:, and
1160:Europe
980:, and
893:. and
762:, and
500:, and
494:Mahler
454:Boulez
427:rhythm
10576:Songs
10526:Index
10519:Lists
10497:Yemen
10407:Tonga
10372:Syria
10352:Sudan
10342:Spain
10267:Samoa
10227:Qatar
10182:Palau
10147:Niger
10127:Nepal
10122:Nauru
10057:Malta
10012:Libya
9962:Kenya
9947:Japan
9932:Italy
9902:India
9882:Haiti
9847:Ghana
9827:Gabon
9772:Egypt
9697:China
9692:Chile
9612:Benin
9421:South
9401:Asian
9384:North
9347:Remix
9342:Cover
9300:Remix
9109:Genre
8978:Nafir
8900:Blues
8882:music
8725:Dance
8699:Music
8600:Lists
8403:Italy
7972:Post-
7958:Music
7657:Works
7612:Shawn
7591:Laban
7526:Dance
7424:Jarry
7417:Ibsen
7355:Weill
7278:Satie
7187:Falla
7145:Berio
7115:Music
6900:Works
6827:Nervi
6771:Horta
6750:GaudĂ
6709:Wiene
6681:Varda
6667:Trnka
6576:Pabst
6534:Losey
6492:Jones
6464:Gance
6387:Deren
6366:Clair
6345:Carné
6317:Avery
6199:Rodin
6185:Redon
6143:Nolde
6136:Munch
6129:Moore
6122:Monet
6073:Manet
6052:LĂ©ger
6017:Kahlo
5996:Grosz
5954:Ernst
5947:Ensor
5884:Degas
5637:Works
5627:Yeats
5606:Tzara
5578:Rilke
5571:Pound
5550:Moore
5522:Lorca
5515:Jacob
5487:Eliot
5466:Crane
5445:Auden
5411:Woolf
5397:Svevo
5390:Stein
5355:Musil
5313:Kafka
5306:Joyce
5299:Hesse
5285:HaĆĄek
5208:Broch
5043:Music
4778:Noise
4616:Reger
4581:Henry
4366:S2CID
4358:JSTOR
3908:, 82.
3756:, in
3752:EONTA
3388:S2CID
3106:Notes
3006:pitch
3002:notes
2301:Paris
2102:Italy
2048:pagan
1871:motif
1584:pitch
1580:notes
1526:Eonta
1520:Herma
1509:(for
1473:ST/10
730:with
722:with
710:with
589:" by
581:" by
310:from
294:from
10669:Folk
10402:Togo
10207:Peru
10172:Oman
10052:Mali
9987:Laos
9917:Iraq
9912:Iran
9812:Fiji
9722:Cuba
9687:Chad
9411:East
9394:West
9379:East
9295:Live
9134:Song
9104:Form
8920:Jazz
7584:Holm
7257:Nono
7222:Ives
7138:Berg
7106:arts
6883:Mies
6806:Loos
6792:Kahn
6716:Wood
6695:Vigo
6660:Tati
6632:Sirk
6527:Lang
6450:Ford
6287:Film
6276:Wood
6101:MirĂł
6080:Marc
6038:Klee
6003:Höch
5989:Gris
5940:Dufy
5877:DalĂ
5557:Owen
5473:H.D.
5334:Mann
5271:Gide
5264:Ford
5194:Bely
5007:Dada
4707:Ives
4561:HĂĄba
4521:Berg
4429:ISBN
4407:ISBN
4388:ISBN
4327:ISBN
4307:ISBN
4290:ISBN
4259:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4193:ISBN
4167:help
4148:help
4129:help
4107:ISBN
4065:help
4043:ISBN
4025:help
4006:help
3987:help
3950:help
3931:help
3912:help
3893:2016
3862:help
3840:help
3821:help
3799:help
3780:help
3736:help
3714:help
3680:help
3625:help
3606:help
3587:help
3568:help
3525:help
3506:help
3487:help
3468:help
3445:OCLC
3435:ISBN
3378:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3010:time
3008:and
2773:and
2728:and
2676:âor
2652:and
2606:and
2477:Dada
2435:'s "
2419:and
2383:and
2263:and
2128:and
2116:and
1989:and
1959:and
1941:ffff
1937:pppp
1861:and
1749:and
1710:and
1702:and
1694:and
1656:and
1588:time
1586:and
1561:and
1553:and
1541:and
1523:and
1495:and
1493:Duel
1475:and
1415:and
1384:and
1269:and
1253:The
1246:and
1226:and
1170:and
1132:and
1108:and
1100:and
1019:jazz
858:and
805:and
618:and
466:Nono
414:and
49:for
9173:PhD
6569:Ozu
6178:Ray
5919:Dix
5786:Arp
4350:doi
3370:doi
3281:doi
2678:row
2674:set
2660:'s
2596:key
2407:'s
2326:of
1939:to
1753:.
1517:in
1503:in
1491:in
1483:in
1471:in
1453:in
1445:in
1353:'s
1230:.
683:in
675:in
10763::
8140:â
4364:.
4356:.
4346:10
4344:.
3883:.
3879:.
3848:^
3807:^
3722:^
3688:^
3533:^
3443:.
3386:.
3376:.
3368:.
3277:12
3275:.
3036:.
3028:,
3024:,
2982:.
2974:,
2970:,
2954:,
2913:.
2905:,
2809:.
2801:,
2797:,
2793:,
2789:,
2732:.
2724:,
2720:,
2716:,
2712:,
2708:,
2704:,
2700:,
2696:,
2692:,
2566:c.
2564:,
2527:.
2519:,
2515:,
2511:,
2499:,
2487:,
2461:.
2453:,
2449:,
2427:,
2362:.
2354:,
2350:,
2346:,
2342:,
2303:,
2267:.
2210:.
2202:,
2198:,
2194:,
2174:,
2170:,
2166:,
2154:c.
2132:.
2062:,
1963:.
1955:,
1886:.
1878:,
1845:c.
1714:.
1571:.
1545:.
1535:ST
1487:,
1479:,
1457:,
1449:,
1404:,
1400:,
1396:,
1301:.
1289:,
1265:,
1261:,
1206:,
1202:,
1194:,
1178:,
1147:c.
1145:,
1092:,
1088:,
1080:,
1076:,
1072:,
1068:,
1064:,
1052:,
974:,
968:,
962:,
943:,
936:.
901:.
889:,
885:,
881:,
873:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
842:,
838:,
758:,
633:c.
631:,
496:,
472:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
456:,
429:.
312:c.
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