327:(2008) further weaken the case for Lipset's argument by showing that even though there is a strong cross-country correlation between income and democracy, once one controls for country fixed effects and removes the association between income per capita and various measures of democracy, there is "no causal effect of income on democracy." In "Non-Modernization" (2022), they further argue that modernization theory cannot account for various paths of political development "because it posits a link between economics and politics that is not conditional on institutions and culture and that presumes a definite endpoint—for example, an 'end of history'."
456:(1960) progress must pass through five stages, and for underdeveloped world the critical stages were the second one, the transition, the third stage, the takeoff into self-sustaining growth. Rostow argued that American intervention could propel a country from the second to the third stage he expected that once it reached maturity, it would have a large energized middle class that would establish democracy and civil liberties and institutionalize human rights. The result was a comprehensive theory that could be used to challenge Marxist ideologies, and thereby repel communist advances. The model provided the foundation for the
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thus in a similar situation to that of today's developed areas at some time in the past, and that, therefore, the task of helping the underdeveloped areas out of poverty is to accelerate them along this supposed common path of development, by various means such as investment, technology transfers, and closer integration into the world market. Dependency theory rejected this view, arguing that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries, but have unique features and structures of their own; and, importantly, are in the situation of being the weaker members in a world
268:
line in the 2000s, Chinese citizens saw even more opportunities to liberalize and were able to be a part of urbanization and could access higher levels of education. This in turn resulted in the attitudes of the lower and middle classes changing to more liberal ideas, which went against the CCP. Over time, this has led to their active participation in civil society activities and similar adjacent political groups in order to make their voices heard. Consequently, the
Chinese government represses Chinese citizens at a more aggressive rate, all due to modernization theory.
195:. Many studies show that modernization has contributed to democracy in some countries. For example, Seymour Martin Lipset argued that modernization can turn into democracy. There is academic debate over the drivers of democracy because there are theories that support economic growth as both a cause and effect of the institution of democracy. "Lipset's observation that democracy is related to economic development, first advanced in 1959, has generated the largest body of research on any topic in comparative politics,"
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landowners on the other. They believed
America had a duty, as the most modern country in the world, to promulgate this ideal to the poor nations of the Third World. They wanted programs that were altruistic, and benevolent—and also tough, energetic, and determined. It was benevolence with a foreign policy purpose. Michael Latham has identified how this ideology worked out in three major programs the Alliance for Progress, the Peace Corps, and the
213:, argue that economic performance affects the development of democracy in at least three ways. First, they argue that economic growth is more important for democracy than given levels of socioeconomic development. Second, socioeconomic development generates social changes that can potentially facilitate democratization. Third, socioeconomic development promotes other changes, like organization of the middle class, which is conducive to democracy.
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589:(1966). In this classic book, Moore argues there were at least "three routes to the modern world" - the liberal democratic, the fascist, and the communist - each deriving from the timing of industrialization and the social structure at the time of transition. Counter to modernization theory, Moore held that there was not one path to the modern world and that economic development did not always bring about democracy.
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172:(2005). Inglehart and Welzel amended the 1960s version of modernization theory in significant ways. Counter to Lipset, who associated industrial growth with democratization, Inglehart and Welzel did not see an association between industrialization and democratization. Rather, they held that only at a latter stage in the process of economic modernization, which various authors have characterized as
472:(AID). Kennedy proclaimed the 1960s the "Development Decade" and substantially increased the budget for foreign assistance. Modernization theory supplied the design, rationale, and justification for these programs. The goals proved much too ambitious, and the economists in a few years abandoned the European-based modernization model as inappropriate to the cultures they were trying to impact.
264:
democratic growth in some regards, especially in relation to the liberalization of the middle and lower classes. However, active human rights abuses and constant oppression of
Chinese citizens by the government seem to contradict the theory strongly. Interestingly enough, the irony is that increasing restrictions on Chinese citizens are a result of modernization theory.
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retest the modernization hypothesis using new data, new techniques, and a three-way, rather than dichotomous, classification of regimes. Contrary to
Przeworski, this study finds that the modernization hypothesis stands up well. Partial democracies emerge as among the most important and least understood regime types.
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have the same standard of living as western societies. Opponents argue that modernity is independent of culture and can be adapted to any society. Japan is cited as an example by both sides. Some see it as proof that a thoroughly modern way of life can exist in a non western society. Others argue that
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Annual trans-border tourist arrivals rose to 456 million by 1990 and almost tripled since, reaching a total of over 1.2 billion in 2016. Communication is another major area that has grown due to modernization. Communication industries have enabled capitalism to spread throughout the world. Telephony,
330:
Sirianne Dahlum and Carl Henrik
Knutsen offer a test of the Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel revised version of modernization theory, which focuses on cultural traits triggered by economic development that are presummed to be conducive to democratization. They find "no empirical support" for the
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and others have challenged Lipset's argument. They say political regimes do not transition to democracy as per capita incomes rise. Rather, democratic transitions occur randomly, but once there, countries with higher levels of gross domestic product per capita remain democratic. Epstein et al. (2006)
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Dependency models arose from a growing association of southern hemisphere nationalists (from Latin
America and Africa) and Marxists. It was their reaction against modernization theory, which held that all societies progress through similar stages of development, that today's underdeveloped areas are
423:, cell phones and satellite television, exist alongside stark poverty. Globalists are globalization modernization theorists and argue that globalization is positive for everyone, as its benefits must eventually extend to all members of society, including vulnerable groups such as women and children.
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explores the relationships among democracy, the rule of law and their relationship to wealth by pointing to examples of Asian countries, such as Taiwan and South Korea, which have successfully democratized only after economic growth reached relatively high levels and to examples of countries such as
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Kennedy and his top advisers were working from implicit ideological assumptions regarding modernization. They firmly believed modernity was not only good for the target populations, but was essential to avoid communism on the one hand or extreme control of traditional rural society by the very rich
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simply refers to the present, and any society still in existence is therefore modern. Proponents of modernization typically view only
Western society as being truly modern and argue that others are primitive or unevolved by comparison. That view sees unmodernized societies as inferior even if they
418:
With the many apparent positive attributes to globalization there are also negative consequences. The dominant, neoliberal model of globalization often increases disparities between a society's rich and its poor. In major cities of developing countries there exist pockets where technologies of the
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contend that the realization of democracy is not based solely on an expressed desire for that form of government, but democracies are born as a result of the admixture of certain social and cultural factors. They argue the ideal social and cultural conditions for the foundation of a democracy are
267:
In the 1990s, the
Chinese government wanted to reform the legal system and emphasized governing the country by law. This led to a legal awakening for citizens as they were becoming more educated on the law, yet more understanding of their inequality in relation to the government. Looking down the
263:
One contemporary problem for modernization theory is the argument of whether modernization implies more human rights for citizens or not. China, one of the most rapidly growing economies in the world, can be observed as an example. The modernization theory implies that this should correlate to
198:
Anderson explains the idea of an elongated diamond in order to describe the concentration of power in the hands of a few at the top during an authoritarian leadership. He develops this by giving an understanding of the shift in power from the elite class to the middle class that occurs when
155:
By the late 1960s opposition to modernization theory developed because the theory was too general and did not fit all societies in quite the same way. Yet, with the end of the Cold War, a few attempts to revive modernization theory were carried out. Francis
Fukuyama argued for the use of
621:(2022), argue that modernization theory cannot account for various paths of political development "because it posits a link between economics and politics that is not conditional on institutions and culture and that presumes a definite endpoint—for example, an 'end of history'."
354:, it was thought worth the price. Critics insist that traditional societies were often destroyed without ever gaining the promised advantages. Others point to improvements in living standards, physical infrastructure, education and economic opportunity to refute such criticisms.
513:
The theory has also been criticised empirically, as modernization theorists ignore external sources of change in societies. The binary between traditional and modern is unhelpful, as the two are linked and often interdependent, and "modernization" does not come as a whole.
87:(democracy is more likely to lead to economic modernization) or that economic modernization helps democracies survive but does not prompt democratization. Other scholars provide supporting evidence, showing that economic development significantly predicts democratization.
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549:. It emerged in the 1950s and argues that the underdevelopment of poor nations in the Third World derived from systematic imperial and neo-colonial exploitation of raw materials. Its proponents argue that resources typically flow from a "periphery" of poor and
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modernization is incorporated. Socioeconomic modernization allows for a democracy to further develop and influences the success of a democracy. Concluded from this, is the idea that as socioeconomic levels are leveled, democracy levels would further increase.
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260:, however, concludes that a process of democratization was underway in Imperial Germany, for "during these years Germans developed many of the habits and mores that are now thought by political scientists to augur healthy political development".
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put it, "All the various aspects of economic development—industrialization, urbanization, wealth and education—are so closely interrelated as to form one major factor which has the political correlate of democracy". The argument also appears in
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605:(1973) challenged the thesis, advanced most notably by Seymour Martin Lipset, that industrialization produced democracy. In South America, O'Donnell argued, industrialization generated not democracy, but bureaucratic authoritarianism.
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As Tipps has argued, by conflating modernization with other processes, with which theorists use interchangeably (democratization, liberalization, development), the term becomes imprecise and therefore difficult to disprove.
350:. According to Seymour Martin Lipset, economic conditions are heavily determined by the cultural, social values present in that given society. Furthermore, while modernization might deliver violent, radical change for
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in South
Vietnam. However, Latham argues that the ideology was a non-coercive version of the modernization goals of the imperialistic of Britain, France and other European countries in the 19th century.
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and a Parsonian reading of Weber's ideas about a transition from traditional to modern society. Parsons had translated Weber's works into English in the 1930s and provided his own interpretation.
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and has long been regarded as reaching its most advanced stage in Europe. Anthropologists typically make their criticism one step further and say that the view is ethnocentric and is specific to
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Nonetheless, these efforts to revive modernization theory were criticized by many (see the section on "Criticisms and alternatives" below), and the theory remained a controversial one.
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1695:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005; Dahlum, S., & Knutsen, C., "Democracy by Demand? Reinvestigating the Effect of Self-expression Values on Political Regime Type."
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Inglehart and Welzel thesis and conclude that "self-expression values do not enhance democracy levels or democratization chances, and neither do they stabilize existing democracies."
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497:(1930–2019). In this model, the modernization of a society required the destruction of the indigenous culture and its replacement by a more Westernized one. By one definition,
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can be defined as the integration of economic, political and social cultures. It is argued that globalization is related to the spreading of modernization across borders.
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1678:. Cambridge University Press, 2005; Dahlum, S., & Knutsen, C., "Democracy by Demand? Reinvestigating the Effect of Self-expression Values on Political Regime Type."
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452:", as it was called at the time. They promoted modernization models in order to reorient American aid to Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the Rostow version in his
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241:(1965). In the 1960s, some critics argued that the link between modernization and democracy was based too much on the example of European history and neglected the
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of research on Lipset's argument shows that a majority of studies do not support the thesis that higher levels of economic development leads to more democracy.
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After 1945 the Parsonian version became widely used in sociology and other social sciences. Some of the thinkers associated with modernization theory are
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Samuel P. Huntington and Joan M. Nelson, No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
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held in the 1960s and 1970s that authoritarian regimes yielded greater economic growth than democracies. However, this view had been challenged. In
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Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, "Adam Przeworski: Capitalism, Democracy, and Science," pp. 456-503, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder,
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Smelser, Neil J. 1992. "External and Internal Factors in Theories of Social Change," pp. 369–94, in Hans Haferkamp and Neil J. Smelser (eds.),
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holds that as societies become more economically modernized, wealthier and more educated, their political institutions become increasingly
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television broadcasts, news services and online service providers have played a crucial part in globalization. Former U.S. president
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was a supporter of the modernization theory and believed that television had potential to provide educational tools in development.
64:. Modernization theory was a dominant paradigm in the social sciences in the 1950s and 1960s, and saw a resurgence after 1991, when
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Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, "Non-Modernization: Power–Culture Trajectories and the Dynamics of Political Institutions."
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Knobl, Wolfgang (2003). "Theories That Won't Pass Away: The Never-ending Story". In Delanty, Gerard; Isin, Engin F. (eds.).
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Brown, Richard D. (1972). "Modernization and the Modern Personality in Early America, 1600–1865: A Sketch of a Synthesis".
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Lipset, Seymour Martin (March 1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy".
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1461:"The Alliance for Progress, modernization theory, and the history of management education: The case of CEPAL in Brazil"
1163:
Tipps, Dean C. (1973). "Modernization theory and the comparative study of national societies: A critical perspective".
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Wucherpfennig, Julian, and Franziska Deutsch. 2009. "Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited."
1249:; "Should Modernization Theory Survive?", a special issue of The Annals of Comparative Democratization 16, 3 (2018)
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Rodgers, Daniel T. (1977). "Tradition, Modernity, and the American Industrial Worker: Reflections and Critique".
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Garon, Sheldon. "Rethinking Modernization and Modernity in Japanese History: A Focus on State-Society Relations"
96:
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557:, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theorists such as
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176:, did values conducive to democratization – which Inglehart and Welzel call "self-expression values" – emerge.
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Tipps, Dean C. (1973). "Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A Critical Perspective".
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1978:
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Parekh, Serena; Wilcox, Shelley (2014). "Feminist Perspectives on Globalization". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
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Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,"
792:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986, pp. 44-64; Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. "Modernity and Modernization."
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that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the "
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born of significant modernization and economic development that result in mass political participation.
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1976:
Skocpol, Theda (1977). "Wallerstein's world capitalist system: a theoretical and historical critique".
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Daron Acemoglu, Suresh Naidu, Pascual Restrepo, and James A. Robinson, "Democracy Does Cause Growth."
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Leroy, Peter; van Tatenhove, Jan (2000). "Political modernization theory and environmental politics".
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Jensen, Richard (1980). "On Modernizing Frederick Jackson Turner: The Historiography of Regionalism".
44:. The "classical" theories of modernization of the 1950s and 1960s, most influentially articulated by
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2508:"Getting back in the DeLorean: modernization vs. anti-modernization in contemporary British politics"
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Smith, Tony (1979). "The underdevelopment of development literature: the case of dependency theory".
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Political Civilization And Modernization in China: The Political Context of China's Transformation
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1809:"Sustained growth in international tourism despite challenges | World Tourism Organization UNWTO"
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Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World
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argued that "democracies perform as well economically as do authoritarian regimes." A study by
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Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, and Pierre Yared, "Income and Democracy."
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Bernstein, Henry (1971). "Modernization theory and the sociological study of development".
1945:
Modernization as Ideology. American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the Kennedy Era
1925:
Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the Kennedy Era
796:. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, Israel (2000): 1–15.
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740:"Non-Modernization: Power–Culture Trajectories and the Dynamics of Political Institutions"
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Global trade has grown continuously since the European discovery of new continents in the
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The theory is subject of much debate among scholars. Critics have highlighted cases where
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From the 1970s, modernization theory has been criticized by numerous scholars, including
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Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990
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Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990
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Adam Przeworski, with Michael E. Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi,
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2026:
2007:
1928:
1729:
1709:
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1967). "Chapter 1: Values, Education, and Entrepreneurship".
1630:
1612:
1601:
will grant democratic rights when it is as modern and as rich as the West per capita.
1541:
1529:
1494:
1482:
1445:
1402:
1351:
1184:
1123:
1098:
1060:
1021:
974:
935:
852:
771:
646:
554:
546:
526:
412:
137:
84:
72:
41:
2118:
1290:
1239:
Knöbl, Wolfgang (2003). "Theories That Won't Pass Away: The Never-ending Story". In
895:
Knöbl, Wolfgang (2003). "Theories That Won't Pass Away: The Never-ending Story". In
206:
8149:
8129:
8044:
7969:
7798:
7669:
7568:
7352:
7059:
6882:
6858:
6819:
6399:
5556:
4946:
4805:
4793:
4085:
4045:
4040:
3865:
3752:
3687:
3514:
3509:
3491:
3349:
3150:
3103:
2933:
2928:
2748:
2699:
2673:
Munck, Gerardo L. "Modernization Theory as a Case of Failed Knowledge Production."
2583:
2522:
2486:
2440:
2348:
2286:
Capitalism and Democracy in the Third World: The Doctrine for Political Development
2246:
2190:
2098:
2062:
2058:
1987:
1850:
1626:
1559:
1555:
1521:
1472:
1433:
1326:
1270:
1195:
Capitalism and Democracy in the Third World: The Doctrine for Political Development
1172:
1052:
1013:
966:
927:
842:
761:
751:
671:
636:
335:
310:, which sought to democratize at lower levels of wealth but have not done as well.
275:
271:
165:
161:
141:
65:
4674:
2721:
Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency and World-System Theories
2526:
2076:
Andre Gunder Frank and global development: visions, remembrances, and explorations
1525:
872:
Gerardo L.Munck, "Modernization Theory as a Case of Failed Knowledge Production."
8281:
8232:
8164:
8139:
8104:
8019:
7890:
7808:
7726:
7635:
7563:
7516:
6777:
6384:
5958:
5634:
4998:
4820:
4605:
4369:
4195:
3840:
3155:
2970:
2684:
2139:
1564:
1422:(2001). "Modernization in Historical Perspective: The Case of Imperial Germany".
883:
701:
534:
437:
366:
313:
188:
76:
61:
4878:
2728:
1509:
8134:
7999:
7974:
7845:
7691:
7630:
7485:
7158:
6849:
6268:
5896:
5892:
5543:
5161:
5100:
4940:
4411:
4245:
4033:
4021:
3707:
3592:
3268:
3253:
3243:
3145:
3047:
2990:
2943:
2918:
2431:
1963:
Theory and methodology of world development: The writings of Andre Gunder Frank
1424:
1240:
1040:
896:
614:
570:
465:
370:
320:
113:
53:
7098:
2752:
2729:
Democracy and Economic Growth: Theoretical Debates and Empirical Contributions
2194:
1855:
1838:
1176:
1094:
Modernization and the Crisis of Development in Africa: The Nigerian Experience
1056:
68:
wrote about the end of the Cold War as confirmation on modernization theory.
8296:
8247:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8169:
8079:
8049:
8009:
7917:
7684:
7558:
7459:
7238:
7190:
6632:
6258:
4421:
3745:
3726:
3670:
3624:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3456:
3451:
3328:
3321:
2985:
2980:
2852:
2587:
2534:
2040:
1533:
1486:
1477:
1460:
1064:
1025:
978:
939:
856:
775:
711:
706:
661:
389:
249:
202:
2404:
Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence
2025:. Plummer, Kenneth. (4th ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Prentice Hall.
8227:
8154:
8124:
8069:
7979:
7751:
5356:
5003:
4825:
4668:
4524:
3973:
3931:
3860:
3597:
3482:
3436:
3424:
3367:
3333:
2965:
2960:
1907:
Amanda Kay McVety, "JFK and Modernization Theory," in Andrew Hoberek, ed.,
1419:
1331:
676:
562:
518:
374:
257:
149:
145:
133:
1001:
8237:
8119:
8074:
8064:
8014:
8004:
7954:
7761:
7357:
5639:
5281:
5257:
4627:
4615:
4537:
4113:
3926:
3730:
3466:
3414:
3389:
3372:
3311:
3007:
2948:
2388:
1437:
1017:
970:
766:
641:
461:
449:
441:
287:
242:
234:
129:
121:
83:
in economically advanced parts of Latin America. Other critics argue the
6529:
2863:
2819:
Modernity as Experience and Interpretation: A New Sociology of Modernity
1864:
1788:
1577:
986:
954:
592:
581:
Another line of critique of modernization theory was due to sociologist
8179:
8174:
8039:
7964:
7823:
7741:
7721:
7195:
6202:
5845:
5415:
4077:
3665:
3419:
3377:
3363:
3231:
3216:
2800:
Theorizing Modernity. Inescapability and Attainability in Social Theory
2452:
2328:
2110:
1999:
1282:
1120:
Talcott Parsons on institutions and social evolution: selected writings
576:
291:
125:
2876:
2760:
2711:
2498:
2258:
1884:(Winter 2014 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
252:
whose economic modernization in the 19th century came long before the
7850:
7674:
7573:
6122:
5246:
5123:
4953:
4436:
3767:
3446:
3441:
3404:
3399:
3263:
3206:
3191:
3060:
2423:
Politics and Paradigms: Changing Theories of Change in Social Science
1315:"The Odd Couple: Modernization and Democratization in Southeast Asia"
1191:
Politics and Paradigms: Changing Theories of Change in Social Science
1146:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986, pp. 44-64; Nils Gilman,
1144:
Politics and Paradigms: Changing Theories of Change in Social Science
790:
Politics and Paradigms: Changing Theories of Change in Social Science
686:
506:
has become distinctly more Western as a result of its modernization.
420:
303:
57:
49:
31:
2444:
2102:
1510:"Does China's Case Falsify Modernization Theory? Interim Assessment"
1274:
608:
160:. A more academic effort to revise modernization theory was that of
79:, such as Japan, Germany, and the Soviet Union, as well as cases of
6797:
5540:
3461:
3409:
2703:
2490:
2250:
1991:
1193:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986; Paul Anthony Cammack,
914:
Acemoglu, Daron; Gallego, Francisco A.; Robinson, James A. (2014).
299:
295:
2473:, modernizers, traditionalists and post-moderns make state history
831:"Economic Development and Democracy: Predispositions and Triggers"
806:
804:
3248:
3226:
3176:
3080:
3002:
2336:
Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America
1949:
Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America
1148:
Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America
7428:
1839:"Educational Television in El Salvador and Modernisation Theory"
1774:
Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, p 457.
381:
shows that "democracy has a positive effect on GDP per capita."
8276:
3681:
3258:
3171:
1610:
1346:
Putnam, Robert (1992). "Explaining Institutional Performance".
801:
448:
for ideas on how to promote rapid economic development in the "
2665:
Misa, Thomas J.; Brey, Philip; Feenberg, Andrew, eds. (2004).
4316:
4213:
4074:
3196:
2506:
Kerr, Peter; Foster, Emma; Oaten, Alex; Begum, Neema (2018).
2228:
Modernization: The Transformation of American Life, 1600–1865
2206:
The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History
1598:
1221:
1219:
503:
346:
Modernization theorists often saw traditions as obstacles to
307:
27:
Explanation for the process of modernization within societies
2429:
Jaquette, Jane S. (1982). "Women and Modernization Theory".
90:
3201:
2053:
Abhijeet Paul, "Dependency theory." in John Mackenzie, ed.
1593:
China Modernizes: Threat to the West or Model for the Rest?
1081:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 370-81.
2315:
The Protestant Ethic and Modernization: A Comparative View
1216:
248:
One historical problem with that argument has always been
431:
341:
5664:
2166:
State Formation, Regime Change, and Economic Development
1205:
1203:
187:
The relationship between modernization and democracy or
101:
The modernization theory of the 1950s and 1960s drew on
6958:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
1348:
Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
913:
2643:
Marshall, T. H.; Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds. (1965).
1896:
Butter and guns: America's Cold War economic diplomacy
1041:"Democracy, Development, and the International System"
7250:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
2345:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
1200:
593:
Guillermo O'Donnell and bureaucratic authoritarianism
6098:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
2505:
1655:
1653:
814:. New York: The Free Press, 1992, pp. 68-69, 133-34.
577:
Barrington Moore and comparative historical analysis
517:
Modernization theory has also been accused of being
1772:
Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics.
6058:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
5916:
3698:
2644:
2577:
2402:Inglehart, Ronald & Welzel, Christian (2005).
2312:
2225:
2203:
1401:
384:
6716:
2020:
1650:
1459:Wanderley, Sergio; Barros, Amon (February 2020).
1213:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
952:
609:Acemoglu and Robinson and institutional economics
8294:
2781:A Sociology of Modernity: Liberty and Discipline
2664:
2343:Goorha, Prateek (2010). "Modernization Theory".
2074:Manning, Patrick; Gills, Barry K., eds. (2013).
1372:Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America
737:
211:Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America
7282:
3525:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
2614:
2401:
1713:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
1554:
1458:
603:Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism
399:; it increased particularly as a result of the
2642:
1960:
1761:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
1562:(2009). "How Development Leads to Democracy".
916:"Institutions, Human Capital, and Development"
484:
182:
7444:
7106:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
6976:Western European colonialism and colonization
5525:
3032:
2892:
2265:
1836:
1693:Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
1676:Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
1404:Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution
1211:Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
1150:. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, p. 2.
521:, as modernization began in Europe, with the
170:Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
5436:
2073:
1877:
1158:
1156:
953:Przeworski, Adam; Limongi, Fernando (1997).
587:Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
5539:
2389:Political Modernization: America vs. Europe
1197:. London: Leicester University Press, 1997.
7451:
7437:
5532:
5518:
3039:
3025:
2899:
2885:
2741:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2647:Class, Citizenship, and Social Development
2310:
2288:. London: Leicester University Press, 1997
1961:Chew, Sing; Lauderdale, Pat, eds. (2010).
1909:The Cambridge Companion to John F. Kennedy
1590:
1165:Comparative Studies in Society and History
999:
6161:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2675:The Annals of Comparative Democratization
2180:
1854:
1476:
1330:
1153:
874:The Annals of Comparative Democratization
846:
765:
755:
738:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James (2022).
403:and the mid-20th century adoption of the
191:is one of the most researched studies in
91:The rise and fall of modernization theory
7380:Historical geographic information system
4146:
2633:
2615:Macionis, John J.; Plummer, Ken (2008).
2428:
2406:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2379:Hua, Shiping; Zhong, Yang, eds. (2006).
2378:
1798:(Knowles, 1994: FT, 7 January 1997: V11)
1312:
1122:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
828:
702:Progressive Era (US, early 20th century)
2906:
2689:
2655:
2168:. London: Routledge Press, 2017, Ch. 6.
1975:
1951:. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
1881:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1723:
1691:Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel,
1674:Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel,
1611:Epstein, David L.; et al. (2006).
1209:Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel,
1000:Boix, Carles; Stokes, Susan C. (2003).
932:10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-041119
14:
8295:
7020:English historical school of economics
5072:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
3126:
2816:
2797:
2775:
2604:
2476:
2467:
2353:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.266
2342:
2333:
2294:The modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825
1708:
1418:
1384:
1345:
1260:
1117:
432:United States foreign aid in the 1960s
342:Modernization and economic development
209:, who worked with Lipset in the book,
7432:
7336:
7281:
7216:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
7055:Historical reliability of the Gospels
6913:
6440:
5513:
5502:
4145:
3888:
3652:
3291:
3125:
3020:
2880:
2738:
2568:
2291:
2236:
2223:
2217:The Modernization of Japan and Russia
2214:
2201:
2088:
1618:American Journal of Political Science
1399:
1238:
1162:
1090:
894:
848:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-043546
757:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-103913
7814:New international division of labour
7408:
5503:
5033:More Irish than the Irish themselves
2692:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2605:Lipset, Seymour Martin, ed. (1996).
2549:
2359:
2266:Brugger, Bill; Hannan, Kate (1983).
2239:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1697:British Journal of Political Science
1680:British Journal of Political Science
1319:Cornell International Affairs Review
1038:
868:
866:
824:
822:
820:
812:The End of History and the Last Man
733:
731:
729:
727:
540:
470:Agency for International Development
6103:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
3292:
2619:(4th ed.). Pearson Education.
1507:
955:"Modernization: Theories and Facts"
231:The Stages of Political Development
48:, drew on sociological analyses of
24:
7116:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
5060:Fourth Italian War of Independence
3046:
2718:
2174:
1726:Quand la misère chasse la pauvreté
1661:Annual Review of Political Science
835:Annual Review of Political Science
744:Annual Review of Political Science
692:Modernization theory (Nationalism)
25:
8339:
7458:
2845:
2425:. Stanford University Press, 1986
2338:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1843:Journal of Latin American Studies
1408:. New York, Monthly Review Press.
1263:American Political Science Review
1227:American Political Science Review
1045:American Political Science Review
863:
817:
724:
440:(1961–1963) relied on economists
227:Politics and the Stages of Growth
8275:
8265:
8264:
7475:
7407:
7398:
7397:
6914:
6414:
6413:
6255:Palestinian expulsion and flight
4767:5000-year civilization assertion
4343:Nadir of American race relations
2862:
2851:
2636:Modernity and postmodern culture
2580:Environment and Global Modernity
2571:Handbook of Historical Sociology
2023:Sociology: a global introduction
1631:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00201.x
1245:Handbook of Historical Sociology
901:Handbook of Historical Sociology
697:Outline of organizational theory
357:Modernization theorists such as
7476:
7244:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
6118:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
6053:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
5860:Causes of the Armenian genocide
4169:Pyramid construction techniques
3736:Comparative historical research
3653:
3354:Library and information science
2387:Huntington, Samuel P. (1966). "
2311:Eisenstadt, S. N., ed. (1968).
2158:
2145:
2125:
2082:
2067:
2047:
2014:
1969:
1954:
1937:
1917:
1901:
1888:
1871:
1830:
1801:
1792:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1742:
1728:(in French). Arles: Actes Sud.
1717:
1702:
1685:
1668:
1637:
1604:
1584:
1548:
1501:
1452:
1412:
1393:
1385:Lipset, Seymour Martin (1963).
1378:
1364:
1339:
1306:
1297:
1254:
1232:
1136:
1111:
1084:
1071:
1032:
426:
385:Modernization and globalization
97:History of modernisation theory
8323:Sociocultural evolution theory
7256:Gunpowder and gun transmission
7206:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
7015:Historical school of economics
6952:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
6390:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6264:Zionism as settler colonialism
5269:Limpieza de sangre controversy
4236:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
2658:Conceptualizing Global History
2327:53#2 (1994), pp. 346–366
2296:. Cambridge University Press.
2183:Journal of Development Studies
2063:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe242
1947:(2000). See also Nils Gilman,
1837:Lindo-Fuentes, Héctor (2009).
1350:. Princeton University Press.
993:
946:
907:
888:
782:
85:causal relationship is reverse
13:
1:
7065:Opposition to Papal supremacy
6441:
4253:Indigenous population history
2867:The dictionary definition of
2607:The Encyclopedia of Democracy
2527:10.1080/01442872.2018.1478407
2155:, Beacon Press, Boston, 1966.
1979:American Journal of Sociology
1526:10.1080/10670564.2022.2163586
1514:Journal of Contemporary China
1303:Przeworski and Limongi, 1997.
1229:Vol. 53, Nº 1 (1959): 69–105.
1118:Mayhew, Leon H., ed. (1985).
718:
454:The Stages of Economic Growth
239:The Politics of Modernization
103:classical evolutionary theory
6981:Desacralization of knowledge
5252:Carlism in the Francoist era
5220:Holodomor in modern politics
3889:
2479:Western Historical Quarterly
2268:Modernization and revolution
1787:127(1) 2019: 47-100, p. 47.
1785:Journal of Political Economy
1663:25(1) 2022: 323-339, p. 324.
1591:Peerenboom, Randall (2008).
1400:Frank, Andre Gunder (1969).
1002:"Endogenous Democratization"
7:
7532:Environmental globalization
7507:Anti-globalization movement
7373:Historiographic metafiction
7337:
7283:Organizations, publications
7072:Proto-orthodox Christianity
6022:German resistance to Nazism
5878:Persian famine of 1917–1919
5288:Islamic revolution of Spain
5215:Holodomor genocide question
5091:Revisionism of Risorgimento
5085:Rerum italicarum scriptores
5066:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
4833:Self-Strengthening Movement
3983:decolonization of knowledge
2837:Living Reviews in Democracy
2347:. Oxford University Press.
1699:47(2)(2017): 437-61, p 437.
1508:Cho, Sungmin (2023-01-04).
1313:Anderson, Nicholas (2011).
1097:. Ashgate. pp. 20–22.
1091:Dibua, Jeremiah I. (2006).
1079:Social Change and Modernity
624:
485:Criticisms and alternatives
229:(1971); A. F. K. Organski,
183:Modernization and democracy
10:
8344:
7680:Offshore financial centres
7170:Wissenschaft des Judentums
7147:Criticism of Protestantism
6027:Nazi foreign policy debate
5458:Second colonial occupation
5205:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
4843:Tibetan sovereignty debate
4387:Progressive-era historians
3822:Nationalization of history
3773:Historical-critical method
2727:SImmons, Joel W. (2024). "
2224:Brown, Richard D. (1976).
2055:The Encyclopedia of Empire
2021:Macionis, John J. (2008).
920:Annual Review of Economics
444:on his staff and outsider
254:democratization after 1918
94:
29:
8260:
8218:
8093:
8028:
7945:
7936:
7863:
7700:
7621:
7614:
7494:
7466:
7392:
7343:
7332:
7288:
7277:
7226:
7030:
6989:
6920:
6909:
6765:
6451:
6447:
6436:
6408:
6377:
6341:
6235:
6189:
6175:Second Sino-Japanese War
6153:
6083:
6035:
5997:
5957:
5833:
5655:
5574:
5550:
5509:
5498:
5474:
5372:
5339:
5230:
5154:
5111:
5052:
5017:
4989:
4980:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
4924:
4851:
4757:
4685:
4399:
4328:
4261:
4223:
4156:
4152:
4141:
3966:
3899:
3895:
3884:
3661:
3648:
3475:
3342:
3304:
3300:
3287:
3164:
3138:
3134:
3121:
3054:
3016:
2914:
2753:10.1017/S0010417500007039
2195:10.1080/00220387108421356
1856:10.1017/S0022216X09990587
1243:; Isin, Engin F. (eds.).
1177:10.1017/S0010417500007039
1057:10.1017/s0003055411000402
899:; Isin, Engin F. (eds.).
829:Treisman, Daniel (2020).
545:One alternative model is
7522:Democratic globalization
6930:Crisis of historiography
6093:Auschwitz bombing debate
5779:Indian Rebellion of 1857
5630:Late Bronze Age collapse
5564:List of military museums
5167:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
5139:Polish People's Republic
4974:Sybel-Ficker controversy
4338:African-American history
4311:Colonial Spanish America
4100:Second Thirty Years' War
2839:Vol. 1, p. 1-9. 9p.
2667:Modernity and Technology
2588:10.4135/9781446220139.n9
2468:Jensen, Richard (2001).
2325:Journal of Asian Studies
2292:Dixon, Simon M. (1999).
1645:American Economic Review
1613:"Democratic Transitions"
1478:10.1177/1350507619869013
657:Ecological modernization
478:strategic hamlet program
377:, Pascual Restrepo, and
156:modernization theory as
30:Not to be confused with
7804:Investor-state disputes
7757:Illicit financial flows
7601:Political globalization
7549:Global financial system
6043:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
5902:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
5453:Porter–MacKenzie debate
5210:Causes of the Holodomor
4747:Problem of two emperors
4695:Catilinarian conspiracy
3922:Historical significance
3783:Indiscipline of history
3758:Historical anthropology
2656:Mazlish, Bruce (1993).
2552:Modernity and exclusion
2284:Cammack, Paul Anthony,
1724:Rahnema, Majid (2003).
1711:Elites in Latin America
667:Gwangmu Reform timeline
8313:Management cybernetics
8145:Christopher Chase-Dunn
7913:Primitive accumulation
7596:Military globalization
7527:Economic globalization
7512:Cultural globalization
7137:Protestant Reformation
7111:Second Vatican Council
7089:Succession to Muhammad
7084:Criticism of the Quran
6835:Religious perspectives
6569:Klemens von Metternich
6166:"Battle for Australia"
6048:Soviet offensive plans
6017:Broad vs. narrow front
5856:Late Ottoman genocides
4789:Century of humiliation
4570:Goguryeo controversies
4548:2,500-year celebration
4206:Double genocide theory
3993:Historical negationism
3817:Ancestral civilisation
3805:Historical materialism
3763:Historical determinism
3713:History of mentalities
2817:Wagner, Peter (2008).
2798:Wagner, Peter (2001).
2634:McGuigan, Jim (2006).
2550:Khan, Joel S. (2001).
2151:Barrington Moore, Jr.
2142:, retrieved July 2009.
2133:"Economic Development"
1332:10.37513/ciar.v4i2.407
460:in Latin America, the
446:John Kenneth Galbraith
81:democratic backsliding
75:did not prompt stable
8328:Sociological theories
7261:Torsion mangonel myth
7164:Modern Jewish history
7159:Jesuit historiography
7152:Protestant work ethic
7132:Hesychast controversy
6997:Industrial Revolution
6947:Library of Alexandria
6865:The Lord of the Rings
6515:Constantine the Great
6395:Torsion mangonel myth
6327:Sri Lankan Civil War
5406:Storm over the gentry
5307:Colonies or Provinces
4838:Sprouts of capitalism
3912:Historic preservation
3907:Change and continuity
2783:. London: Routledge.
2719:So, Alvin Y. (1990).
2677:16, 3 (2018): 37–41.
2364:. London: Routledge.
2360:Groh, Arnold (2019).
2334:Gilman, Nils (2004).
2215:Black, Cyril (1975).
2202:Black, Cyril (1966).
1039:Boix, Carles (2011).
876:16, 3 (2018): 37-41.
682:Mediatization (media)
652:Development criticism
551:underdeveloped states
523:Industrial Revolution
458:Alliance for Progress
401:Industrial Revolution
352:traditional societies
218:Seymour Martin Lipset
118:Seymour Martin Lipset
8303:Comparative politics
8210:Immanuel Wallerstein
7871:Capital accumulation
7737:Endangered languages
7348:Commemorative plaque
6564:Juan Manuel de Rosas
6012:"Blitzkrieg" concept
5883:Powder keg of Europe
5758:Franco-Prussian War
5428:Winter of Discontent
5411:Suffragette Campaign
5078:Italiani brava gente
5044:Revolutionary period
4866:Frankish Interregnum
4799:"Chineseness" debate
4732:Byzantine succession
4717:Fall of Western Rome
4658:Executed Renaissance
4147:By country or region
4091:Age of Enlightenment
4065:Vaticinium ex eventu
4012:Modernisation theory
3846:Quantitative history
3222:Historical documents
2870:modernization theory
2857:Modernization theory
2582:. pp. 187–208.
1682:47(2)(2017): 437-61.
1438:10.1353/wp.2001.0007
1018:10.1353/wp.2003.0019
971:10.1353/wp.1997.0004
597:Political scientist
583:Barrington Moore Jr.
495:Immanuel Wallerstein
359:Samuel P. Huntington
348:economic development
193:comparative politics
38:Modernization theory
8308:Development studies
8282:Business portal
7841:Transnational crime
7747:Forced displacement
7732:Economic inequality
7606:Trade globalization
7502:Alter-globalization
7177:Schools of thought
7142:Proto-Protestantism
7011:School of Thoughts
6893:William Shakespeare
6878:Robert Falcon Scott
6783:Friedrich Nietzsche
6621:Cult of personality
6606:Neville Chamberlain
6466:Alexander the Great
6348:Russo-Georgian War
6321:Sovereignty dispute
6300:Iranian Revolution
6130:"Polish death camp"
6107:In relation to the
5816:Myth of English aid
5807:War of the Pacific
5584:Albigensian Crusade
5009:Indigenous Aryanism
4705:Constantinian shift
4241:Residential schools
3998:Historian's fallacy
3917:Historic recurrence
3415:Numismatics (Money)
3187:Archaeological site
3111:theories of history
2908:Theories of history
2470:Illinois: A History
2362:Theories of Culture
2210:. Harper & Row.
1943:Michael E. Latham,
1923:Michael E. Latham,
1647:98(3) 2008: 808-42.
1465:Management Learning
1247:. pp. 96–107 .
1189:; Andrew C. Janos,
903:. pp. 96–107 .
599:Guillermo O'Donnell
531:Revolutions of 1848
397:early modern period
334:A meta-analysis by
8055:Andre Gunder Frank
7829:Race to the bottom
7819:North–South divide
7537:Global citizenship
7368:Historical realism
7363:Historical fiction
7308:History institutes
7298:Historical society
7293:Heritage registers
7181:Biblical criticism
7094:Islamic golden age
7045:Early Christianity
6925:Bears in antiquity
6813:Medieval Christian
6611:Pedro II of Brazil
6559:José de San Martín
6363:Syrian revolution
6275:Malayan Emergency
6250:1948 Palestine war
5983:Spanish Civil War
5933:War guilt question
5742:American Civil War
5722:Invasion of Russia
5698:New Russian School
5482:Colonial Australia
5198:October Revolution
4961:Strukturgeschichte
4897:Location of Alésia
4816:Hua–Yi distinction
4737:Moscow, third Rome
4353:Reconstruction era
4174:Black Egypt Thesis
4096:European Civil War
4052:Translatio imperii
4007:Invented tradition
3128:Historical sources
2998:List of historians
2683:2019-08-13 at the
2573:. pp. 96–107.
2138:2009-07-14 at the
1911:(2015) pp. 103–17
1898:(1997) pp. 125–28.
1520:(144): 1034–1052.
882:2019-08-13 at the
810:Francis Fukuyama,
632:Anti-modernization
559:Andre Gunder Frank
491:Andre Gunder Frank
419:modernised world,
405:shipping container
283:Randall Peerenboom
110:Marion J. Levy Jr.
42:liberal democratic
8290:
8289:
8256:
8255:
8115:K. Anthony Appiah
8110:Daniele Archibugi
7859:
7858:
7648:COVID-19 pandemic
7554:Global governance
7426:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7388:
7387:
7328:
7327:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7186:Catholic theology
7040:Avestan geography
6905:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6888:Søren Kierkegaard
6761:
6760:
6672:Warren G. Harding
6432:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6231:
6230:
6109:Armenian genocide
5972:Polish–Soviet War
5967:Burning of Smyrna
5953:
5952:
5943:Reichstag inquiry
5866:Patriotic consent
5737:
5736:
5712:War in the Vendée
5676:French Revolution
5658:century conflicts
5647:Peloponnesian War
5608:Eighty Years' War
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5399:Westminster Stone
5096:Southern question
4935:Alltagsgeschichte
4885:Legendary Saracen
4587:Early settlements
4395:
4394:
4375:Political history
4360:Consensus history
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4119:Continuity thesis
4058:Translatio studii
3944:Theory of history
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3834:Subaltern Studies
3719:Nouvelle histoire
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3556:Medieval churches
3543:Geistesgeschichte
3487:Paleoanthropology
3395:Encyclopaedistics
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3151:Secondary sources
2828:978-0-7456-4218-5
2660:. Westview Press.
2626:978-0-13-205158-3
2561:978-0-7619-6657-9
2421:Janos, Andrew C.
2371:978-1-138-66865-2
2303:978-0-521-37961-8
2277:978-0-7099-0695-7
2032:978-1-282-35044-1
1933:978-0-8078-4844-9
1560:Welzel, Christian
1556:Inglehart, Ronald
1374:. pp. 44–46.
1142:Andrew C. Janos,
788:Andrew C. Janos,
647:Dependency theory
619:James A. Robinson
547:dependency theory
541:Dependency theory
527:French Revolution
413:Lyndon B. Johnson
379:James A. Robinson
325:James A. Robinson
158:universal history
138:Cyril Edwin Black
124:, Daniel Lerner,
73:industrialization
16:(Redirected from
8335:
8280:
8279:
8268:
8267:
8221:
8130:Jean Baudrillard
8098:
8045:Giovanni Arrighi
8033:
7990:Branko Milanović
7970:Jagdish Bhagwati
7948:
7943:
7942:
7834:pollution havens
7799:Invasive species
7703:
7624:
7619:
7618:
7569:Global workforce
7479:
7478:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7430:
7429:
7411:
7410:
7401:
7400:
7353:Documentary film
7334:
7333:
7313:History journals
7279:
7278:
7252:
7124:
7060:Primacy of Peter
7007:Great Depression
6987:
6986:
6960:
6938:
6911:
6910:
6859:J. R. R. Tolkien
6714:
6713:
6709:
6697:
6685:
6667:Ulysses S. Grant
6662:Thomas Jefferson
6653:
6629:
6592:
6555:
6543:
6511:
6499:
6491:Chiang Ching-kuo
6481:Cato the Younger
6471:Amin al-Husseini
6449:
6448:
6438:
6437:
6417:
6416:
6400:War and genocide
6224:
6210:Résistancialisme
6197:Battle of France
6179:Nanjing Massacre
6033:
6032:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5874:
5824:
5706:
5689:
5662:
5661:
5589:Catharism debate
5575:pre-18th century
5557:Military history
5534:
5527:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5504:By war, conflict
5500:
5499:
5448:Cambridge School
5434:
5433:
5332:
5320:
5296:
5277:
5187:
5175:
5147:
4969:
4947:Historikerstreit
4917:
4905:
4893:
4874:
4860:Cordon sanitaire
4806:New Qing History
4794:Conquest dynasty
4785:
4700:Christianization
4683:
4682:
4602:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4469:
4457:
4449:Byzantine Empire
4304:Iquicha Royalism
4293:
4259:
4258:
4182:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4142:
4086:Age of Discovery
4075:Periodization of
4072:
4071:
4046:Transhistoricity
4041:Thirty-year rule
3952:
3940:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3866:Great Man theory
3829:People's history
3791:
3696:
3695:
3688:Three-age system
3650:
3649:
3350:Archival science
3302:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3156:Tertiary sources
3136:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3072:by area of study
3041:
3034:
3027:
3018:
3017:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2855:
2832:
2821:. Polity Press.
2813:
2802:. London: SAGE.
2794:
2772:
2724:
2715:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2639:
2630:
2610:
2601:
2574:
2565:
2546:
2512:
2502:
2472:
2464:
2417:
2384:
2375:
2356:
2339:
2320:
2318:
2307:
2281:
2262:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1815:. Archived from
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1480:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1420:Berman, Sheri E.
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1343:
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1336:
1334:
1310:
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1301:
1295:
1294:
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1230:
1223:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1160:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1036:
1030:
1029:
997:
991:
990:
950:
944:
943:
911:
905:
904:
892:
886:
870:
861:
860:
850:
826:
815:
808:
799:
786:
780:
779:
769:
759:
735:
672:Idea of Progress
637:Bielefeld School
493:(1929–2005) and
336:Gerardo L. Munck
276:Christian Welzel
272:Ronald Inglehart
166:Christian Welzel
162:Ronald Inglehart
142:Bert F. Hoselitz
66:Francis Fukuyama
21:
8343:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8274:
8252:
8233:Thomas Friedman
8219:
8214:
8165:Anthony Giddens
8140:Manuel Castells
8105:Arjun Appadurai
8096:
8094:
8089:
8031:
8029:
8024:
8020:Joseph Stiglitz
7960:Richard Baldwin
7946:
7938:
7932:
7891:Fiscal localism
7855:
7809:McDonaldization
7727:Development aid
7701:
7696:
7665:Multilingualism
7660:Labor arbitrage
7636:Climate justice
7622:
7610:
7564:Global politics
7517:Deglobalization
7490:
7462:
7457:
7427:
7418:
7417:
7384:
7339:
7324:
7284:
7265:
7248:
7231:
7222:
7118:
7026:
7002:Great Recession
6985:
6956:
6932:
6916:
6897:
6788:H. P. Lovecraft
6757:
6719:
6712:
6703:
6691:
6679:
6647:
6623:
6596:Muammar Gaddafi
6586:
6574:Leonid Brezhnev
6549:
6537:
6520:Gregory Palamas
6505:
6503:Chiang Kai Shek
6493:
6453:
6443:
6424:
6423:
6404:
6385:Conflict thesis
6373:
6337:
6227:
6218:
6185:
6149:
6079:
6031:
5993:
5959:Interwar period
5949:
5919:
5912:
5904:
5888:Schlieffen Plan
5868:
5829:
5818:
5733:
5700:
5683:
5668:
5657:
5651:
5635:Dorian invasion
5620:Fall of Babylon
5576:
5570:
5569:
5546:
5538:
5505:
5486:
5462:
5439:
5432:
5394:Kingdom of Alba
5375:
5368:
5335:
5326:
5314:
5312:Spanish decline
5290:
5271:
5226:
5181:
5169:
5150:
5141:
5107:
5048:
5013:
4999:Greater Magadha
4985:
4963:
4920:
4911:
4899:
4887:
4868:
4847:
4821:Four Barbarians
4779:
4753:
4681:
4638:Götaland theory
4606:Lusotropicalism
4596:
4577:North Macedonia
4509:
4497:
4485:
4463:
4451:
4391:
4370:Frontier thesis
4365:Cyclical theory
4348:Neoabolitionism
4324:
4287:
4257:
4219:
4196:Greater Morocco
4176:
4148:
4125:
4076:
4070:
3962:
3946:
3934:
3891:
3872:
3785:
3700:
3694:
3676:Historical eras
3657:
3636:
3471:
3368:Writing systems
3338:
3296:
3294:Fields of study
3275:
3269:Service records
3254:Religious texts
3160:
3146:Primary sources
3130:
3117:
3116:
3050:
3045:
3012:
2910:
2905:
2848:
2829:
2810:
2791:
2685:Wayback Machine
2627:
2598:
2562:
2510:
2445:10.2307/2010265
2414:
2372:
2304:
2278:
2177:
2175:Further reading
2172:
2164:Jørgen Møller,
2163:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2140:Wayback Machine
2130:
2126:
2103:10.2307/2009944
2087:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2033:
2019:
2015:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1894:Diane B. Kunz,
1893:
1889:
1876:
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1835:
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1822:
1820:
1807:
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1802:
1797:
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1690:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1609:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1565:Foreign Affairs
1553:
1549:
1506:
1502:
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1417:
1413:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1344:
1340:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1275:10.2307/1951731
1259:
1255:
1241:Delanty, Gerard
1237:
1233:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1161:
1154:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1037:
1033:
998:
994:
951:
947:
912:
908:
897:Delanty, Gerard
893:
889:
884:Wayback Machine
871:
864:
827:
818:
809:
802:
787:
783:
736:
725:
721:
716:
627:
611:
595:
579:
553:to a "core" of
543:
535:Western culture
487:
438:John F. Kennedy
434:
429:
387:
367:Adam Przeworski
344:
314:Adam Przeworski
189:democratization
185:
174:post-industrial
99:
93:
77:democratization
62:Talcott Parsons
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8341:
8331:
8330:
8325:
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8230:
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8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8135:Zygmunt Bauman
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8101:
8099:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8087:
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8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8036:
8034:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
8000:Thomas Piketty
7997:
7995:Kevin O'Rourke
7992:
7987:
7985:Michael Hudson
7982:
7977:
7975:Robert Brenner
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7951:
7949:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7925:
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7909:
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7893:
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7878:
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7867:
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7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7846:Westernization
7843:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7706:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7685:Tax inversions
7682:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7655:Digital divide
7652:
7651:
7650:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7631:Climate change
7627:
7625:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7498:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7473:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7456:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7433:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7405:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7310:
7305:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7246:
7241:
7235:
7233:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7161:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7134:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7057:
7052:
7042:
7036:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6991:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6966:
6961:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6927:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6832:
6827:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6778:Charles Darwin
6775:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6748:United Kingdom
6745:
6740:
6738:Modern Germany
6735:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6711:
6710:
6698:
6686:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6657:Thomas Aquinas
6654:
6642:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6544:
6532:
6527:
6525:Horatio Nelson
6522:
6517:
6512:
6500:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6445:
6444:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6357:Responsibility
6354:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6313:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6269:New Historians
6266:
6261:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6135:Responsibility
6132:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5969:
5963:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5911:
5899:
5893:Spirit of 1914
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5863:
5853:
5850:Fischer thesis
5839:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5813:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5793:
5791:Paraguayan War
5788:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5717:Napoleonic era
5714:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5695:
5690:
5681:Pre-revolution
5672:
5670:
5666:Coalition Wars
5659:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5544:historiography
5537:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5507:
5506:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5362:Decline thesis
5359:
5352:Ottoman Empire
5349:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5278:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5179:Skeptic School
5164:
5162:Anti-Normanism
5158:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5119:Golden Liberty
5115:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5101:Neo-Bourbonism
5093:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4971:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4941:Borussian myth
4938:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4906:
4894:
4882:
4875:
4863:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4786:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4504:
4492:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4412:Dealbanisation
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4282:
4276:May Revolution
4267:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4246:Staples thesis
4243:
4238:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4171:
4162:
4160:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4078:modern history
4069:
4068:
4061:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4022:Paradigm shift
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3792:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3708:Annales school
3704:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3571:Constitutional
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:Postage stamps
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3361:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Oral tradition
3241:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:Historiography
3044:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2860:
2847:
2846:External links
2844:
2843:
2842:
2833:
2827:
2814:
2809:978-0761951476
2808:
2795:
2789:
2773:
2747:(2): 199–226.
2736:
2733:World Politics
2725:
2716:
2704:10.2307/202886
2687:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2612:
2602:
2596:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2547:
2521:(3): 292–309.
2515:Policy Studies
2503:
2491:10.2307/967565
2474:
2465:
2432:World Politics
2426:
2419:
2412:
2399:
2393:World Politics
2385:
2376:
2370:
2357:
2340:
2331:
2321:
2319:. Basic Books.
2308:
2302:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2263:
2251:10.2307/202285
2234:
2221:
2212:
2199:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2157:
2144:
2124:
2091:World Politics
2081:
2066:
2046:
2031:
2013:
1992:10.1086/226431
1986:(5): 1075–90.
1968:
1953:
1936:
1916:
1900:
1887:
1870:
1829:
1813:www2.unwto.org
1800:
1791:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1716:
1701:
1684:
1667:
1649:
1636:
1603:
1583:
1547:
1500:
1451:
1432:(3): 431–62 .
1425:World Politics
1411:
1392:
1377:
1363:
1356:
1338:
1305:
1296:
1253:
1231:
1215:
1199:
1171:(2): 199–226.
1152:
1135:
1128:
1110:
1103:
1083:
1070:
1051:(4): 809–828.
1031:
1012:(4): 517–549.
1006:World Politics
992:
965:(2): 155–183.
959:World Politics
945:
926:(1): 875–912.
906:
887:
862:
841:(1): 241–257.
816:
800:
794:Sociopedia.isa
781:
750:(1): 323–339.
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
626:
623:
615:Daron Acemoglu
610:
607:
594:
591:
578:
575:
571:market economy
555:wealthy states
542:
539:
486:
483:
466:Food for Peace
433:
430:
428:
425:
386:
383:
371:Daron Acemoglu
343:
340:
321:Daron Acemoglu
223:Walt W. Rostow
184:
181:
114:Gabriel Almond
95:Main article:
92:
89:
54:Emile Durkheim
46:Seymour Lipset
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8340:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8271:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8249:
8248:Vandana Shiva
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8200:Saskia Sassen
8198:
8196:
8195:George Ritzer
8193:
8191:
8190:Antonio Negri
8188:
8186:
8185:L. H. M. Ling
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8170:Michael Hardt
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8150:Alfred Crosby
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8092:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8080:Susan Strange
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8050:Robert W. Cox
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8027:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8010:Jeffrey Sachs
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7944:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7928:World-systems
7926:
7924:
7923:World history
7921:
7919:
7918:Social change
7916:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7896:Modernization
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7862:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7620:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7559:Global health
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7460:Globalization
7454:
7449:
7447:
7442:
7440:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7414:
7406:
7404:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7335:
7331:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7280:
7276:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7239:Merton thesis
7237:
7236:
7234:
7229:
7225:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7191:Panbabylonism
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7122:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6936:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6912:
6908:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6753:United States
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6707:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6633:Bolivarianism
6631:
6627:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6616:Simon Bolivar
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6547:Joseph Stalin
6545:
6541:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6435:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:Post-Cold War
6340:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6316:Falklands War
6314:
6312:
6311:Iran–Iraq War
6309:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6259:Ongoing Nakba
6256:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6222:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:Western Front
6188:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6171:Bengal famine
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6085:The Holocaust
6082:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:Eastern Front
6034:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5915:
5908:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5767:Paris Commune
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5752:Turning point
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5704:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5656:18th and 19th
5654:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5601:Islamic views
5599:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5535:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5501:
5497:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5371:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5330:
5325:
5324:Ser de España
5322:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5145:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:Ottoman claim
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:Prosopography
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4675:Trưng sisters
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4422:Habsburg myth
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4330:United States
4327:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4263:Latin America
4260:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4140:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3883:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Transnational
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3746:Decoloniality
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:Historiometry
3725:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:Periodization
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Sigillography
3455:
3453:
3452:Prosopography
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Local history
3327:
3323:
3322:Human history
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:World history
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
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2986:Psychohistory
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2939:Environmental
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2873:at Wiktionary
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2777:Wagner, Peter
2774:
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2742:
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2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
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2709:
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2698:(4): 655–81.
2697:
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2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
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2500:
2496:
2492:
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2485:(3): 307–22.
2484:
2480:
2475:
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2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:(2): 267–73.
2438:
2434:
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2427:
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2413:9780521846950
2409:
2405:
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2398:(3): 378–414.
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2270:. Routledge.
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2256:
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2245:(3): 201–28.
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2240:
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2196:
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2189:(2): 141–60.
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2097:(2): 247–88.
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1897:
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1883:
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1849:(4): 757–92.
1848:
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1819:on 2018-06-12
1818:
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1625:(3): 551–69.
1624:
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1595:. p. 63.
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1396:
1389:. p. 41.
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1387:Political Man
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1359:
1357:9780691037387
1353:
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1269:(1): 69–105.
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712:Postmodernity
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39:
33:
19:
18:Modernization
8243:John R. Saul
8228:Noam Chomsky
8220:Non–academic
8160:Susan George
8155:Nancy Fraser
8125:Walden Bello
8070:David Harvey
8060:Stephen Gill
7980:Jayati Ghosh
7895:
7886:Earth system
7752:Human rights
7692:Water crisis
7589:early modern
7168:
6970:The Simpsons
6968:
6915:Other topics
6863:
6840:Christianity
6830:Resurrection
6461:Adolf Hitler
6290:Six-Day War
6286:Algerian War
6257: /
6216:Vichy France
6208:
6201:
6111: /
5999:World War II
5895: /
5562:
5555:
5357:Ghaza thesis
5280:
5256:
5242:White legend
5240: /
5238:Black legend
5193:Soviet Union
5083:
5076:
5064:
5027:Great Famine
5004:Indocentrism
4978:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4933:
4879:Grand Siècle
4877:
4858:
4826:Sinocentrism
4687:Ancient Rome
4667:
4525:Aryan Kartli
4523:
4315:
4278: /
4212:
4109:19th century
4107: /
4098: /
4063:
4056:
4055: /
4050:
4026:
4000: /
3974:Black legend
3932:Historiology
3729: /
3717:
3680:
3618:Quantitative
3541:
3537:Intellectual
3503: /
3499: /
3485: /
3483:Anthropology
3437:Phaleristics
3430:preservation
3425:Oral history
3366: /
3352: /
3334:Microhistory
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3070: /
3066:
3059:
2971:Postcolonial
2966:Microhistory
2961:Macrohistory
2869:
2859:at Wikibooks
2836:
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2216:
2205:
2186:
2182:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2127:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2078:. Routledge.
2075:
2069:
2054:
2049:
2022:
2016:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1873:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1812:
1803:
1794:
1784:
1779:
1771:
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1670:
1660:
1644:
1639:
1622:
1616:
1606:
1597:He suggests
1592:
1586:
1572:(2): 33–48.
1569:
1563:
1550:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1471:(1): 55–72.
1468:
1464:
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1423:
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900:
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873:
838:
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811:
793:
789:
784:
747:
743:
677:Mass society
613:Ecoonomists
612:
602:
596:
580:
567:
563:world system
544:
516:
512:
508:
498:
488:
474:
453:
435:
427:Applications
417:
409:
394:
388:
375:Suresh Naidu
362:
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345:
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329:
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312:
281:
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266:
262:
247:
238:
233:(1965); and
230:
226:
215:
210:
201:
197:
186:
178:
169:
154:
150:Karl Deutsch
146:Myron Weiner
134:Alex Inkeles
107:
100:
70:
37:
36:
8238:Naomi Klein
8120:Ulrich Beck
8095:Politics /
8085:Robert Wade
8075:Ronen Palan
8065:Peter Gowan
8015:Amartya Sen
8005:Dani Rodrik
7955:David Autor
7881:Development
7762:Imperialism
7710:Brain drain
7358:Hagiography
7119: [
7079:Early Islam
6933: [
6825:Historicity
6803:Historicity
6793:Jane Austen
6773:The Beatles
6743:Netherlands
6704: [
6701:Zhuge Liang
6692: [
6680: [
6677:Yuan Shikai
6648: [
6645:Sun Yat Tse
6624: [
6587: [
6550: [
6538: [
6535:Jiang Zemin
6506: [
6494: [
6486:Che Guevara
6219: [
6154:Pacific War
5938:Article 231
5928:Reparations
5905: [
5869: [
5846:Color books
5835:World War I
5819: [
5796:War of 1812
5701: [
5684: [
5669:(1792–1815)
5640:Sea Peoples
5625:Gallic Wars
5327: [
5315: [
5302:Revisionist
5291: [
5282:Reconquista
5272: [
5264:Inquisition
5258:Convivencia
5182: [
5170: [
5142: [
5039:Revisionism
4964: [
4912: [
4900: [
4888: [
4869: [
4811:Golden ages
4780: [
4777:Wunu School
4772:Archaeology
4645:Switzerland
4628:Kosovo Myth
4616:Great Union
4597: [
4582:Philippines
4565:Nationalist
4538:Ages of Man
4510: [
4498: [
4486: [
4464: [
4452: [
4288: [
4285:Revisionist
4177: [
4114:Renaissance
3979:Coloniality
3947: [
3935: [
3927:Historicity
3851:Revisionist
3841:Pop history
3812:Nationalist
3786: [
3731:Cliometrics
3699:Approaches,
3655:Methodology
3551:Linguistics
3501:Environment
3467:Vexillology
3390:Diplomatics
3373:Chorography
3312:Big History
3264:War diaries
3237:Illuminated
3232:Manuscripts
3217:Hieroglyphs
3097:historicity
3008:Big History
2949:Historicism
2131:Newschool,
1965:. Springer.
642:Consumerism
519:Eurocentric
462:Peace Corps
450:Third World
442:W.W. Rostow
288:Philippines
243:Third World
235:David Apter
130:David Apter
122:Walt Rostow
8297:Categories
8180:Paul Hirst
8175:David Held
8040:Samir Amin
8030:Political
7965:Ravi Batra
7906:history of
7901:ecological
7876:Dependency
7824:Offshoring
7787:scientific
7777:linguistic
7742:Fair trade
7722:Care drain
7675:Tax havens
7670:Population
7579:History of
7413:Multimedia
7232:Technology
7196:Urreligion
7099:Kharijites
7050:Background
6718:Historical
6689:Zhou Enlai
6584:Mao Zedong
6579:Louis Riel
6352:Background
6203:Guilty Men
6145:Uniqueness
6068:Background
6063:Winter War
5987:Background
5920:Versailles
5774:Great Game
5421:Ricardians
5416:Tudor myth
5134:Partitions
4727:Succession
4017:Narratives
4002:Presentism
3958:Philosophy
3778:Humanistic
3666:Case study
3598:Indigenous
3576:Diplomatic
3520:Capitalism
3420:Onomastics
3378:Chronology
3207:Facsimiles
3192:Chronicles
3090:historians
3061:Historians
2981:Postmodern
2924:Conceptual
1823:2017-09-30
719:References
468:, and the
436:President
292:Bangladesh
126:Lucian Pye
8318:Modernity
8205:John Urry
8097:sociology
7947:Economics
7851:World war
7574:Globality
7542:education
7201:Perennial
6990:Economics
6942:Feudalism
6728:Australia
6476:Aurangzeb
6452:Political
6442:By person
6123:Pius Wars
5918:Treaty of
5577:conflicts
5384:Poor Laws
5247:Hispanism
5124:Sarmatism
4954:Sonderweg
4712:Expansion
4437:Litvinism
4271:Argentina
4105:Long 18th
3988:Dark Ages
3768:Historism
3566:Political
3505:Geography
3442:Philology
3405:Genealogy
3400:Epigraphy
3343:By source
3182:Artifacts
2769:145736971
2617:Sociology
2543:158499629
2535:0144-2872
2461:154657383
2041:911071107
2008:146717096
1542:255687727
1534:1067-0564
1495:204371164
1487:1350-5076
1446:154344681
1185:145736971
1065:0003-0554
1026:0043-8871
979:0043-8871
940:1941-1383
857:1094-2939
776:1094-2939
687:Modernism
601:, in his
585:, in his
421:computers
304:Indonesia
207:Juan Linz
58:Max Weber
50:Karl Marx
32:Modernity
8270:Category
7939:scholars
7864:Theories
7772:cultural
7767:academic
7471:Journals
7403:Category
7318:template
7032:Religion
6883:Socrates
6798:Muhammed
6720:rankings
6601:Napoleon
6419:Category
6237:Cold War
6140:Slovakia
5727:Waterloo
5596:Crusades
5541:Military
5389:Scotland
5347:Kemalist
4669:Nam tiến
4664:Vietnam
4654:Ukraine
4612:Romania
4594:Portugal
4520:Georgia
4495:Medieval
4444:Bulgaria
4433:Belarus
4418:Austria
4224:Americas
4192:Morocco
4188:Ethiopia
3967:Specific
3890:Concepts
3795:Leninist
3753:Feminist
3741:Critical
3588:Feminism
3561:Military
3515:Business
3510:Economic
3492:Cultural
3476:By topic
3462:Toponymy
3410:Heraldry
3358:template
3305:By scale
3227:Logbooks
3212:Features
3177:Archives
2976:Politics
2934:Economic
2929:Cultural
2779:(1993).
2681:Archived
2611:(4 vol.)
2554:. SAGE.
2136:Archived
2119:16643810
1927:(2000).
1865:27744205
1578:20699492
1291:53686238
987:25053996
880:Archived
625:See also
529:and the
365:(2000),
300:Thailand
296:Cambodia
8032:economy
7937:Notable
7715:reverse
7643:Disease
7584:archaic
7495:Aspects
7486:Studies
7481:Outline
7338:Related
7228:Science
6873:Madonna
6845:Judaism
6808:Judaism
6640:Saladin
6530:Hypatia
6454:leaders
6378:Related
6331:Origins
6294:Origins
6245:Origins
5801:Origins
5747:Origins
5613:Origins
5475:Oceania
5438:British
5376:Kingdom
5019:Ireland
4926:Germany
4634:Sweden
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