313:
547:
41:
234:
491:
520:
411:
457:
325:
471:, on the Expedition of the Colorado, moved upriver into Mojave country with the well-publicized objective of establishing a military post. By this time, white immigrants and settlers had begun to encroach on Mojave lands and the post was intended to protect east-west European-American emigrants from attack by the Mojave. Hoffman sent couriers among the tribes, warning that the post would be gained by force if they or their allies chose to resist. During this period, several members of the
76:
1329:
1076:
88:
479:. Hoffman ordered the Mojave men to assemble on April 23, 1859 at the armed stockade adjacent to his headquarters, to hear Hoffman' terms of peace. Hoffman gave them the choice of submission or extermination and the Mojave chose submission. At that time the Mojave population was estimated to be about 4,000, which composed 22
534:
sleeping, toiletry, manners, industry, and language. Use of their own language or customs was a punishable offense; at Fort Mojave five lashes of the whip were issued for the first offense. Such corporal punishment of children scandalized the Mojave, who did not discipline their children in that way.
533:
The assimilation helped to break up tribal culture and governments. In addition to
English, schools taught American culture and customs and insisted that the children follow them; students were required to adopt European-American hairstyles (which included hair cutting), clothing, habits of eating,
510:
where Mohave, and other native children living on reservations, were forced into boarding schools in which they learned to speak, write, and read
English. This assimilation program, which was Federal policy, was based on the belief that this was the only way native peoples could survive. Fort
537:
As part of the assimilation the administrators assigned
English names to the children and registered as members of one of two tribes, the Mojave Tribe on the Colorado River Reservation and the Fort Mojave Indian Tribe on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation. These divisions did not reflect the
344:
Much of early Mojave history remains unrecorded in writing, since the Mojave language was not written in precolonial times. They depended on oral communication to transmit their history and culture from one generation to the next. Disease, outside cultures and encroachment on their territory
498:
Under
American law the Mohave were to live on the Colorado River Reservation after its establishment in 1865. However, many refused to leave their ancestral homes in the Mojave Valley. At this time, under jurisdiction of the War Department, officials declined to try to force them onto the
612:. The Colorado River Indian Tribes Native American Days Fair & Expo is held annually in Parker, from Thursday through Sunday during the first week of October. The Megathrow Traditional Bird Singing & Dancing social event is also celebrated annually, on the third weekend of March.
515:
for local children and other "non-reservation" Indians. Until 1931, forty-one years later, all Fort Mojave boys and girls between the ages of six and eighteen were compelled to live at this school or to attend an advanced Indian boarding school far removed from Fort Mojave.
291:
who gave them the River and taught them how to plant. Historically this was an agrarian culture; they planted in the fertile floodplain of the untamed river, following the age-old customs of the Aha cave. They have traditionally used the indigenous plant
248:, a Hungarian-French anthropologist, did fieldwork and lived among the Mohave for an extended period of study. He published extensively about their culture and incorporated psychoanalytic thinking in his interpretation of their culture.
345:
disrupted their social organization. Together with having to adapt to a majority culture of another language, this resulted in interrupting the Mojave transmission of their stories and songs to the following generations.
579:
estimate of the population in 1910 was 1,050. By 1963 Lorraine M. Sherer's research revealed the population had shrunk to approximately 988, with 438 at Fort Mojave and 550 of the
Colorado River Reservation.
604:; each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities. The Colorado River Indian Tribes headquarters, library and museum are in
312:
546:
40:
428:, the center of spiritual things, to the Quechan Valley, where the lands of other tribes began. As related to contemporary landmarks, their lands began in the north at
1317:
538:
traditional Mojave clan and kinship system. By the late 1960s, thirty years after the end of the assimilation program 18 of the 22 traditional clans had survived.
1064:
233:
1295:
475:
were massacred by the Mojave. The Mojave warriors withdrew as
Hoffman's armada approached and the army, without conflict, occupied land near the future
490:
268:
language family. In 1994 approximately 75 people in total on the
Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations spoke the language, according to linguist
214:
The original
Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations were established in 1865 and 1870, respectively. Both reservations include substantial senior
1042:
221:
The four combined tribes sharing the
Colorado River Indian Reservation function today as one geo-political unit known as the federally recognized
1239:
776:
Devereux, George. 1935. "Sexual Life of the Mohave
Indians", unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California.
1310:
1683:
519:
503:, the War Department withdrew its troops and the post was transferred to the Office of Indian Affairs within the Department of the Interior.
499:
reservation and the Mojave in the area were relatively free to follow their tribal ways. In the midsummer of 1890, after the end of the
238:
1678:
1057:
1688:
1303:
225:; each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities.
1286:
1325:
1050:
300:
in a religious sacrament. A Mohave who is coming of age must consume the plant in a rite of passage, in order to enter a new
168:
600:, share the Colorado River Indian Reservation and function today as one geopolitical unit known as the federally recognized
831:
402:
which means "where the battle took place," referring to the battle in which the God-son, Mastamho, slew the sea serpent.
987:
1072:
196:
891:
1333:
645:
272:. The tribe has published language materials, and there are new efforts to teach the language to their children.
1026:
476:
180:
1080:
625:
17:
348:
The tribal name has been spelled in Spanish and English transliteration in more than 50 variations, such as
1404:
601:
421:
222:
468:
561:
Estimates of the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially.
975:
containing the annual reports of the superintendents of the Fort Mojave School from 1891 through 1930.
371:. This has led to misinterpretations of the tribal name, also partly traced to a translation error in
1036:
993:
Sherer, Lorraine Miller. 1965. "The Clan System of the Fort Mojave Indians: A Contemporary Survey."
840:
813:
811:
Devereux, George. 1939. "The Social and Cultural Implications of Incest among the Mohave Indians".
609:
410:
1180:
1602:
923:
869:
822:
790:
781:
749:
555:
425:
1693:
640:
512:
456:
424:, where the tall pillars of First House of Mutavilya loomed above the river, past Avi kwame or
301:
448:
after her family was massacred by another tribe, all prior to them living on the reservation.
1202:
507:
388:
337:
635:
613:
938:
Sherer, Lorraine M. 1967. "The Name Mojave, Mohave: A History of its Origin and Meaning".
702:
573:
missionary-explorer, also estimated the population at 3,000 in 1776 (Garcés 1900(2):450).
8:
1247:
1233:
392:
566:
677:
372:
317:
959:
Whipple, Lt. Amiel Weeks. 1854. "Corps of Topographical Engineers Report". Pt. I, 114.
983:
562:
506:
Beginning in August 1890, the Office of Indian Affairs began an intensive program of
387:(mountain). According to this source, the name refers to the mountain peaks known as
1384:
1257:
1031:
630:
472:
140:
110:
45:
Henry Welshe, Mojave tribal chairman of Colorado River Indian Reservation council,
1673:
1518:
1148:
1133:
779:
Devereux, George. 1937. "Institutionalized Homosexuality of the Mohave Indians".
605:
494:
Two Mojave girls standing in front of a small dwelling with a thatched roof, 1900
265:
257:
245:
160:
132:
106:
324:
1564:
1389:
1267:
1212:
437:
172:
144:
136:
1597:
888:
On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: The Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garcés
1667:
1617:
1569:
1143:
461:
269:
208:
176:
81:
444:
in Mojave. The most famous incident in the 19th century was the adoption of
1491:
1368:
1192:
1002:
Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540–1859.
576:
445:
297:
881:
University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology
395:
is located a few miles north from here). But, the Mojave call these peaks
1647:
1637:
1502:
1415:
1394:
1354:
1217:
1185:
1153:
1113:
500:
261:
199:
includes parts of California and Arizona and is shared by members of the
952:
Stewart, Kenneth M. 1947. "An Account of the Mohave Mourning Ceremony".
1522:
1465:
1379:
1349:
1328:
1197:
1103:
1098:
854:
Devereux, George. 1950. "Heterosexual Behavior of the Mohave Indians".
650:
589:
570:
433:
429:
379:(1917). This incorrectly defined the name Mohave as being derived from
200:
184:
1470:
1175:
523:
Two Mojave Indian women playing a game (fortune-telling with bones?),
1632:
1536:
1486:
1449:
1364:
1168:
1118:
707:
215:
1399:
931:
Sherer, Lorraine M. 1966. "Great Chieftains of the Mohave Indians".
914:
36th Cong., 1st Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. Pt. I, 71. Washington, D.C.
218:
in the Colorado River; water is drawn for use in irrigated farming.
1581:
1575:
1459:
1444:
1374:
1359:
1344:
1128:
467:
In mid-April 1859, United States troops, led by Lieutenant Colonel
286:
284:
who gave the people their names and their commandments. His son is
1607:
1559:
1553:
1513:
1508:
1480:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1158:
1108:
1084:
1075:
333:
329:
188:
93:
1014:
804:
Devereux, George. 1938. "L'envoûtement chez les Indiens Mohave.
1642:
1591:
1586:
1543:
1528:
597:
293:
192:
980:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
565:(1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Mohave at 3,000 and
237:
Mohave ceramic figurine with red slip and earrings, pre-1912,
1652:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1475:
1439:
1434:
1207:
484:
27:
Indigenous people to the Colorado River in the Mojave Desert
1548:
1454:
1420:
1163:
1123:
1020:
879:
Forde, C. Daryll. 1931. "Ethnography of the Yuma Indians".
820:
Devereux, George. 1941. "Mohave Beliefs Concerning Twins".
593:
480:
204:
969:
Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1890–1891, II, vi
829:
Devereux, George. 1942. "Primitive Psychiatry (Part II)".
797:
Devereux, George. 1939. "Mohave Culture and Personality".
729:
Munro, Pamela; Brown, Nellie; Crawford, Judith G. (1992).
420:
The Mojave held lands along the river that stretched from
391:
in English, located near the Colorado River. (The city of
552:
Cremating the Dead, Mojave Indians, Southern California
890:. Edited by Elliott Coues. 2 vols. Harper, New York.
653:, a syndrome triggered by separation from a loved one
1004:
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
973:
Reports of the Secretary of the Interior, 1891–1930,
847:
Devereux, George. 1948. The Mohave Indian Kamalo:y.
1027:
Colorado River Indian Tribes Public Library/Archive
896:Hall, S. H. 1903. "The Burning of a Mohave Chief,"
616:facilities are available along the Colorado River.
728:
1665:
945:Sherer, Lorraine M. and Frances Stillman. 1994.
905:Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico
806:Journal de la Société des Americanistes de Paris
788:Devereux, George. 1939. "Mohave Soul Concepts,"
377:Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico
320:' topographical mission across Arizona in 1851.
1311:
1058:
316:1851 drawing of Mohavi men and women made by
1032:National Park Service: History & Culture
861:Devereux, George. 1948. "Mohave Pregnancy".
912:Report Upon the Colorado River of the West,
239:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
1318:
1304:
1065:
1051:
838:Devereux, George. 1947. "Mohave Orality".
907:(2 vols., Washington, D.C., 1917), I, 919
183:includes territory within the borders of
876:51(5), September 1951, pp. 273–276.
545:
518:
489:
460:Mosa (Mojave girl), 1903, photograph by
455:
432:and ended about one hundred miles below
409:
323:
311:
232:
982:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
947:Bitterness Road: The Mojave, 1604–1860,
673:
671:
669:
667:
608:, about 40 miles (64 km) north of
14:
1666:
1287:List of Indian reservations in Arizona
1092:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
949:Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press.
856:Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences
451:
1299:
1046:
1037:"Creation Songs of the Mohave people"
919:Handbook of the Indians of California
870:"Religion in Mohave Social Structure"
745:Handbook of the Indians of California
1684:Native American tribes in California
1407:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
997:47(1):1–72. Los Angeles, California.
942:49(4):1–36. Los Angeles, California.
935:48(1):1–35. Los Angeles, California.
664:
68:Regions with significant populations
849:Journal of Clinical Psychopathology
832:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
24:
770:
405:
25:
1705:
1679:Native American tribes in Arizona
1008:
583:
414:Charley-Arri-Wa-Wa (Mohave), 1872
197:Colorado River Indian Reservation
1689:Native American tribes in Nevada
1334:Indigenous peoples of California
1327:
1074:
86:
74:
39:
1227:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
646:Population of Native California
63:2,000 (Golla, 2007); 967 (1990)
1505:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
757:
737:
722:
695:
686:
181:Fort Mojave Indian Reservation
13:
1:
995:Southern California Quarterly
940:Southern California Quarterly
933:Southern California Quarterly
657:
626:Mohave traditional narratives
541:
524:
46:
1021:Colorado River Indian Tribes
924:Bureau of American Ethnology
874:The Ohio Journal of Science,
868:Fathauer, George, H.. 1951.
750:Bureau of American Ethnology
602:Colorado River Indian Tribes
511:Mojave was converted into a
223:Colorado River Indian Tribes
7:
619:
588:The Mohave, along with the
275:
251:
122:traditional tribal religion
10:
1710:
1000:Zappia, Natale A. (2014).
964:Dust on the King's Highway
910:Ives, Lt. Joseph C. 1861.
903:Hodge, Frederick W. (ed.)
307:
228:
1340:
1281:
1226:
1091:
886:Garcés, Francisco. 1900.
799:Character and Personality
683:Retrieved April 11, 2012.
171:people indigenous to the
131:
126:
121:
116:
105:
100:
72:
67:
62:
57:
38:
1015:Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
928:No. 78. Washington, D.C.
841:Psychoanalytic Quarterly
814:Psychoanalytic Quarterly
754:No. 78. Washington, D.C.
336:, with Mohave woman, by
1603:Plains and Sierra Miwok
1462:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1039:, NPR audio documentary
954:American Anthropologist
823:American Anthropologist
791:American Anthropologist
556:Milwaukee Public Museum
966:. Macmillan, New York.
962:White, Helen C. 1947.
641:Bullhead City, Arizona
558:
530:
495:
464:
415:
341:
321:
302:state of consciousness
280:The Mohave creator is
241:
1572:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
1405:Eel River Athapaskans
917:Kroeber, A. L. 1925.
743:Kroeber, A. L. 1925.
549:
522:
493:
459:
413:
327:
315:
236:
127:Related ethnic groups
636:Fort Mohave, Arizona
978:Pritzker, Barry M.
731:A Mojave Dictionary
452:19th–20th centuries
393:Needles, California
35:
1081:Indigenous peoples
1023:, official website
1017:, official website
559:
531:
496:
465:
416:
373:Frederick W. Hodge
342:
338:Balduin Möllhausen
322:
318:Lorenzo Sitgreaves
242:
33:
1661:
1660:
1293:
1292:
563:Alfred L. Kroeber
150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
1701:
1332:
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1306:
1297:
1296:
1242:
1234:Ancestral Pueblo
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631:Blythe geoglyphs
567:Francisco Garcés
529:
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473:Rose-Baley Party
92:
90:
89:
80:
78:
77:
58:Total population
51:
48:
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1519:Northern Paiute
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1294:
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1149:Southern Paiute
1087:
1073:
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801:8:91–109, 1939.
773:
771:Further reading
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703:"Sacred Datura"
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606:Parker, Arizona
586:
554:diorama at the
544:
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513:boarding school
469:William Hoffman
454:
426:Spirit Mountain
408:
406:Ancestral lands
310:
296:as a deliriant
278:
260:belongs to the
258:Mojave language
254:
246:George Devereux
231:
169:Native American
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1187:
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787:
784:
783:
782:Human Biology
778:
775:
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760:
753:
751:
746:
740:
733:. p. 80.
732:
725:
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463:
462:Edward Curtis
458:
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398:
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383:(three), and
382:
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273:
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270:Leanne Hinton
267:
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226:
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219:
217:
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210:
206:
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198:
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190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Mojave Desert
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
142:
138:
134:
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125:
120:
115:
112:
108:
104:
99:
95:
83:
82:United States
71:
66:
61:
56:
42:
37:
34:Mojave People
19:
18:Mojave people
1594:(Gabrieliño)
1578:(Fernandeño)
1497:
1483:(Bear River)
1283:
1198:Southern Ute
1193:Tonto Apache
1138:
1001:
994:
979:
972:
963:
953:
946:
939:
932:
922:
918:
911:
904:
897:
887:
880:
873:
862:
858:2(1):85–128.
855:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
805:
798:
789:
780:
759:
748:
744:
739:
730:
724:
712:. Retrieved
706:
697:
688:
680:
587:
577:A.L. Kroeber
575:
560:
551:
536:
532:
508:assimilation
505:
497:
466:
446:Olive Oatman
441:
422:Black Canyon
419:
417:
399:
396:
384:
380:
376:
368:
364:
360:
357:A-mac-ha ves
356:
353:
349:
347:
343:
298:hallucinogen
285:
281:
279:
255:
243:
220:
216:water rights
213:
164:
156:
152:
151:
30:Ethnic group
1598:Tübatulabal
1416:Halchidhoma
1395:Coast Miwok
1355:Ahwahnechee
1248:Basketmaker
1114:Halchidhoma
956:49:146–148.
844:16:519–546.
835:11:522–542.
826:43:573–592.
808:29:405–412.
794:39:417–422.
763:Sherer 1965
692:Pritzker 47
681:Ethnologue.
596:, and some
528: 1900
501:Indian Wars
477:Fort Mojave
442:aha kwahwat
389:The Needles
361:A-moc-ha-ve
262:River Yuman
50: 1944
1668:Categories
1523:Kucadikadi
1466:Lake Miwok
1380:Chemehuevi
1350:Acjachemen
1104:Chiricahua
1099:Chemehuevi
883:28:83–278.
817:8:510–533.
785:9:498–527.
658:References
651:Hi-wa itck
590:Chemehuevi
571:Franciscan
542:Population
434:Parker Dam
430:Hoover Dam
397:Huukyámpve
350:Hamock avi
282:Matevilya,
201:Chemehuevi
185:California
165:Aha Makhav
1633:Wukchumni
1537:Ramaytush
1533:Costanoan
1494:(Klamath)
1487:Mechoopda
1450:Kitanemuk
1385:Chimariko
1365:Bay Miwok
1284:See also:
1240:dwellings
1169:Hopi-Tewa
1119:Havasupai
900:18:60–65.
892:(on-line)
865:6:89–116.
714:April 27,
708:Angelfire
678:"Mohave."
141:Havasupai
101:Languages
1582:Timbisha
1576:Tataviam
1460:Kumeyaay
1445:Kawaiisu
1375:Cahuilla
1360:Atsugewi
1345:Achomawi
1258:Mogollon
1134:Maricopa
1129:Hualapai
926:Bulletin
898:Out West
752:Bulletin
620:See also
375:'s 1917
369:Hamakhav
365:Jamajabs
354:Amacava,
287:Mastamho
276:Religion
252:Language
167:) are a
133:Maricopa
117:Religion
1608:Vanyume
1565:Serrano
1560:Salinan
1554:Quechan
1514:Nomlaki
1509:Nisenan
1481:Mattole
1471:Luiseño
1429:Whilkut
1425:Chilula
1411:Esselen
1390:Chumash
1273:Sinagua
1263:Patayan
1253:Hohokam
1213:Yavapai
1176:Oʼodham
1159:Quechan
1109:Cocopah
1085:Arizona
592:, some
436:on the
381:hamock,
334:Cairook
330:Irataba
328:Chiefs
308:History
229:Culture
189:Arizona
175:in the
145:Yavapai
137:Walapai
111:English
94:Arizona
1674:Mohave
1643:Yokuts
1618:Washoe
1592:Tongva
1587:Tolowa
1570:Shasta
1556:(Yuma)
1544:Patwin
1529:Ohlone
1498:Mohave
1400:Cupeño
1369:Saklan
1268:Salado
1144:Navajo
1139:Mohave
986:
598:Navajo
485:totems
367:, and
340:(1856)
294:Datura
207:, and
195:. The
193:Nevada
191:, and
179:. The
161:Mojave
157:Mojave
153:Mohave
143:, and
107:Mojave
91:
79:
1653:Yurok
1628:Wiyot
1623:Wintu
1613:Wappo
1492:Modoc
1476:Maidu
1440:Cahto
1435:Karuk
1208:Yaqui
481:clans
440:, or
266:Yuman
1648:Yuki
1638:Yana
1549:Pomo
1503:Mono
1455:Kizh
1421:Hupa
1218:Zuni
1164:Tewa
1154:Pima
1124:Hopi
984:ISBN
716:2020
610:I-10
594:Hopi
569:, a
550:The
385:avi,
332:and
256:The
205:Hopi
1083:of
163:: '
155:or
52:–46
1670::
1427:,
921:.
872:,
747:.
705:.
666:^
614:RV
525:c.
487:.
363:,
359:,
352:,
304:.
211:.
203:,
187:,
139:,
135:,
109:,
47:c.
1525:)
1521:(
1431:)
1423:(
1371:)
1367:(
1319:e
1312:t
1305:v
1066:e
1059:t
1052:v
990:.
851:.
718:.
400:,
289:,
159:(
96:)
84:(
20:)
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