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missionaries into the communities. In 1914, the US federal government broke up communal tribal landholdings for distribution as individual allotments in order to encourage subsistence farming according to the
European-American model. It was not appropriate for the geography and climate here. The Pima
362:
Through the 1930s, surface flow on the Gila River was reduced to nothing, and the tribe suffered greatly due to the loss of their river. But the BIA ignored water issues. The tribe resorted to using brackish well water, but it would not support growing edible crops. They began to cultivate cotton as
236:
Since in the 19th century the two originally "Delta Yuma/Cocopa"-speaking "Halyikwamai" and "Kohuana/Kahwan" lived together with four "Maricopa/Piipaash"-speaking "Piipaash", "Halchidhoma", "Kavelchadom" and "Opa/Piipaa Nyaa" along the Gila and Salt Rivers in several villages for mutual protection,
399:
The
Maricopa are known for their basket weaving and textiles, in particular, for their highly burnished red-on-redware pottery. Their traditional pottery practices enjoyed a revival from 1937 to 1940. Elizabeth Hart, a US Home Extension Agent, worked with a leading Maricopa potter, Ida Redbird, to
404:
were a common traditional motif that was abandoned in the 1940s, due to the Nazi usurpation of the symbol. The paddle and anvil method of construction is used, and, while utilitarian cookware is tempered, decorative
Maricopa pottery has no temper.
217:
The "Maricopa" of the
American explorers of the 19th century at this time consisted of descendants of five (possibly six) originally independent River Yuma tribes (see Spier, 1933: 1-41): the
343:
near
Maricopa Wells. They became successful farmers, and in 1870, they produced three million pounds of wheat. Drought and water diversion by non-Indians brought widespread crop failures.
268:, the descendants of the other three (possibly four) River Yuma tribes, which found shelter on the Gila River and Salt River under the "Piipaash" in the 19th century - the "Kavelchadom" (
417:(1892–1971) – Master potter of the Maricopa; instrumental in the 1937–1940 Maricopa pottery revival; first president of Maricopa Pottery Makers Association; translator and
400:
form the
Maricopa Pottery Cooperative. Redbird served as president of the cooperative, which had 17 to 19 master potters. Hart encouraged members to sign their work.
711:
284:- "river people") – however, have not been able to preserve their own language as well as their separate identity and now generally identify themselves as
596:
553:
689:
886:
355:
Advisory
Council was formed by the BIA in 1926 to speak on behalf of the Pima and Maricopa communities. Following congressional passage of the
339:
In the 19th century, the
Maricopa formed a confederation with the Pima, and in 1857 they successfully defeated the Quechan and Mojave at the
952:
704:
161:
149:
532:
933:
697:
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256:- ″people who live toward the water″) were able to preserve their own tribal identity and refer to themselves in English as
663:
649:
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Alternate spellings in
Spanish accounts include: Cocomaricopa, Opa, Cocomaripopa, Cocomarizopa, Comariapa, Comaricopa.
719:
237:
these river Yuma groups and their languages/dialects used to be mistakenly referred to by
Spaniards and Mexicans as
350:
implemented policies to try to assimilate the Maricopa into mainstream European-American society, and they brought
225:-speaking original "Piipaash" together with the "Halchidhoma", "Kavelchadom" and "Opa/Piipaa Nyaa" as well as the
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600:
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the "Piipaash" and "Halchidhoma" often consider the "Kavelchadom" and "Opa/Piipaa Nyaa" to be Halchidhoma bands
298:
727:
359:
of 1934, in 1936 the Pima and Maricopa agreed on a constitution to restore some measure of self-governance.
169:
153:
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for Leslie Spier's Yuma Tribes of the Gila River, thus helping to preserve her American Indian heritage.
424:
356:
20:
347:
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They formerly consisted of small groups of people who lived for generations along the banks of the
173:
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160:, a tribe with whom the Maricopa have long held a positive relationship. The Maricopa at the
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among them, massacred a group of 200 Maricopa in revenge for an earlier attack.
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859:
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307:
177:
176:. The Maricopa are a River Yuman group, formerly living along the banks of the
272:- "downstream person/people", "river people in the west"), "Opa/Piipaa Nyaa" (
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790:
785:
319:
165:
72:
839:
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Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540–1859.
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864:
832:
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760:
471:
414:
249:
157:
844:
750:
745:
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822:
684:
196:('enemies in the big mountains'),. The Spanish transliterated this to
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consist mostly of Xalychidom Piipaash members and are concentrated in
128:
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765:
685:
Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community page on the Maricopa people
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This article is about the Piipaash people. For other uses, see
854:
310:. In the 16th century, they migrated to the area around the
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770:
658:
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
552:
Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W.
395:
Redware pot by Piipaash (Maricopa) artist Barbara Johnson
671:
Forty Years Later: A Reexamination of Maricopa Pottery
329:
of new infectious diseases took a toll on the tribe.
439:
192:(Pima) and future allies, called these people the
371:Their heritage language are/were dialects of the
944:
597:"Michael Robidoux – Paragon of the Mountain Man"
427:– flutist. He is also an enrolled member of the
551:
233:-speaking "Halyikwamai" and "Kohuana/Kahwan".
705:
627:August 21, 2009 (retrieved September 9, 2010)
520:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998; p. 56
248:Only the descendants of the "Piipaash" and "
270:Kavelchadom Piipaash / Kavelchidom Piipaash
712:
698:
540:Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community.
302:Saguaro gatherers, Maricopa, Arizona, 1907
37:
644:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
594:
162:Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
150:Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
530:"Xalychidom Piipaash (Maricopa) People."
390:
346:In the 19th and the 20th centuries, the
297:
127:
254:Xalychidom Piipaa / Xalychidom Piipaash
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934:List of Indian reservations in Arizona
739:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
332:In 1825 a party of American trappers,
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620:
618:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
490:
488:
555:Northern New Spain: A Research Guide
276:- "eastern people"), "Halyikwamai" (
59:Regions with significant populations
408:
43:Pakit, a young Maricopa woman, 1907
13:
634:
615:
501:
485:
14:
969:
953:Native American tribes in Arizona
678:
474:, a band that joined the Maricopa
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456:
442:
77:
65:
874:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
674:Arizona State University, 2010.
518:A Native American Encyclopedia.
496:A Native American Encyclopedia,
642:A Native American Encyclopedia
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579:
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1:
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7:
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170:Gila River Indian Community
154:Gila River Indian Community
110:Traditional tribal religion
10:
974:
542:(retrieved March 29, 2010)
314:, to avoid attacks by the
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18:
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873:
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357:Indian Reorganization Act
274:Piipaa Nyaa / Thxpaa Nyaa
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63:
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53:
48:
36:
348:Bureau of Indian Affairs
280:) and "Kohuana/Kahwan" (
183:
558:. University of Arizona
535:August 5, 2018, at the
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202:. They call themselves
668:Vogel, Lindsey Lianne
396:
379:, which belong to the
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168:. The Maricopa at the
133:
394:
381:Yuman language family
301:
146:Native American tribe
131:
115:Related ethnic groups
16:Native American tribe
341:Battle of Pima Butte
172:are concentrated in
625:"Maricopa Potters."
603:on January 20, 2019
33:
728:Indigenous peoples
654:Zappia, Natale A.
425:Robert "Tree" Cody
397:
363:a commodity crop.
325:During the 1840s,
304:
265:"Maricopa of Lehi"
148:, who live in the
134:
31:
940:
939:
640:Pritzker, Barry.
334:James Ohio Pattie
229:Delta Yuma/Cocopa
221:Maricopa/Piipaash
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54:805 (2015 census)
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889:
881:Ancestral Pueblo
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599:. Archived from
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516:Barry Pritzker,
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409:Notable Maricopa
377:Cocopah language
188:The neighboring
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49:Total population
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796:Southern Paiute
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635:Further reading
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595:Hugh M. Lewis.
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537:Wayback Machine
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174:Maricopa Colony
156:along with the
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679:External links
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650:978-0195138771
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450:Arizona portal
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320:Mojave peoples
308:Colorado River
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245:respectively.
239:"Cocomaricopa"
190:Akimel O'odham
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178:Colorado River
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73:United States
62:
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845:Southern Ute
840:Tonto Apache
780:
670:
655:
641:
605:. Retrieved
601:the original
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572:
560:. Retrieved
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352:Presbyterian
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28:Ethnic group
25:
895:Basketmaker
761:Halchidhoma
607:October 18,
472:Halchidhoma
415:Ida Redbird
250:Halchidhoma
194:Kokmalik'op
947:Categories
751:Chiricahua
746:Chemehuevi
494:Pritzker,
312:Gila River
287:"Maricopa"
278:Xalykawaam
259:"Maricopa"
931:See also:
887:dwellings
816:Hopi-Tewa
766:Havasupai
479:Footnotes
419:informant
402:Swastikas
327:epidemics
100:, English
92:Languages
958:Maricopa
905:Mogollon
781:Maricopa
776:Hualapai
533:Archived
436:See also
429:Hunkpapa
373:Maricopa
367:Language
212:Pee-Posh
208:Piipaash
199:Maricopa
142:Piipaash
138:Maricopa
132:Maricopa
105:Religion
98:Maricopa
32:Maricopa
21:Maricopa
920:Sinagua
910:Patayan
900:Hohokam
860:Yavapai
823:Oʼodham
806:Quechan
756:Cocopah
732:Arizona
562:May 10,
316:Quechan
294:History
282:Kaxwaan
85:Arizona
915:Salado
791:Navajo
786:Mohave
662:
648:
498:p. 57.
431:tribe.
204:Piipaa
144:are a
82:
70:
855:Yaqui
243:"Opa"
184:Names
865:Zuni
811:Tewa
801:Pima
771:Hopi
660:ISBN
646:ISBN
609:2017
564:2024
387:Arts
375:and
318:and
241:and
166:Lehi
158:Pima
152:and
136:The
730:of
322:.
262:or
252:" (
210:or
140:or
949::
617:^
503:^
487:^
383:.
290:.
206:,
180:.
713:e
706:t
699:v
611:.
566:.
231:"
227:"
223:"
219:"
87:)
75:(
23:.
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