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receptors. The processing mode operates similarly as discussed above – fluorescence is observed due to the prevention of competing PET reactions from the receptors to the excited anthracene fluorophore. The absence of any ion input results in a low fluorescence output. Each receptor is selective for its specific ion as an increase in the concentration of the other ions does not yield a high fluorescence. The specific concentration threshold of each input must be reached to achieve a fluorescent output in accordance with combinatorial AND logic.
471:. in their seminal work, in which they constructed a molecular photoionic AND gate with a fluorescent output. While a YES molecular logic gate can convert signals from their ionic to photonic forms, they are singular-input-singular-output systems. To build more complex molecular logic architectures, two-input gates, namely AND and OR gates, are needed. Some early works made some progress in this direction, but they could not realize a complete truth table as their protonated ionic forms could not bind to the substrate in every case. De Silva
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phenolic hydroxyl group is deprotonated, effecting a PET that renders the molecule non-emissive. When an acid and base are added, the molecule is observed to give off a red emission, as the tertiary amine would not be protonated while the hydroxyl group would remain protonated, resulting in the absence of both PET and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Due to the great difference in emission intensity, this single molecule is capable of carrying out subtraction at a nanoscale level.
819:
either the nitrogen atom or the oxygen atoms, or both to the anthracenyl group. When both receptors are bound to calcium ions and protons respectively, both PET channels are shut off. The overall result of
Compound B is AND logic, since an output of "1" (fluorescence) occurs only when both Ca and H are present in solution, that is, have values as "1". With both systems running in parallel and the monitoring of transmittance for system A and fluorescence for system B, the result is a
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counterparts, with phenomena such as superposed logic unavailable to semiconductor electronics. Dry molecular gates, such as the one demonstrated by
Avouris and colleagues, prove to be possible substitutes for semiconductor devices due to their small size, similar infrastructure, and data processing
826:
In a modification of system B, three chemical inputs are simultaneously processed in an AND logic gate. An enhanced fluorescence signal is observed only in the presence of excess protons, zinc and sodium ions through interactions with their respective amine, phenyldiaminocarboxylate, and crown ether
372:
For logic gates with a single input, there are four possible output patterns. When the input is 0, the output can be either a 0 or 1. When the input is 1, the output can again be 0 or 1. The four output bit patterns correspond to a specific logic type: PASS 0, YES, NOT, and PASS 1. PASS 0 and PASS 1
857:
reveal an absorbance peak at 565 nm and an emission peak at 660 nm. Addition of an acid results in a hypsochromic shift of both peaks as protonation of the tertiary amine results in an internal charge transfer. The color of the emission observed is yellow. When a strong base is added, the
549:
This molecular logic gate illustrates the advancement from redox-fluorescent switches to multi-input logic gates with an electrochemical switch, detecting the presence of acids. This two-input AND logic gate incorporates a tertiary amine proton receptor and a tetrathiafulvalene redox donor. These
818:
group that is capable of binding to protons. In this system, fluorescence only occurs when both cations are present. The presence of both cations hinders PET, allowing compound B to fluoresce. In the absence of either ion, fluorescence is quenched by PET, which involves an electron transfer from
206:
based on at least one physical or chemical inputs and a single output. The field has advanced from simple logic systems based on a single chemical or physical input to molecules capable of combinatorial and sequential operations such as arithmetic operations (i.e. moleculators and memory storage
1151:. demonstrated molecular sequential logic, where they created a molecular keypad lock resembling the processing capabilities of an electronic security device, which is equivalent to incorporates several interconnected AND logic gates in parallel. The molecule mimics an electronic keypad of an
1022:
dye attached to a crown ether and two pyridyl groups separated by spacers works according to an AND logic gate. The molecule works as a photodynamic agent upon irradiation at 660 nm under conditions of relatively high sodium and proton ion concentrations by converting
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The effectiveness of methods such as chemotherapy to treat cancer tends to plateau after some time, as the cells undergo molecular changes that render them insensitive to the effect of anticancer drugs, making the early detection of cancerous cells important. A biomarker,
528:
An example of a YES logic gate comprises a benzo-crown-ether connected to a cyano-substituted anthracene unit. An output of 1 (fluorescence) is obtained only when sodium ions are present in the solution (indicating an input of 1). Sodium ions are encapsulated by the
233:
on one or more binary inputs. The concept of molecular logic gates, extending the applicability of logic gates to molecules, aims to convert chemical systems into computational units. The field has evolved to realize several practical applications in fields such as
574:
ions as the inputs. Either of the two ions could bind to the crown ether, causing the PET to be quenched and the fluorescence to be turned on. Since either of the two ions (input “1”) could cause fluorescence (output “1”), the system resembled an OR logic gate.
843:
A molecular logic gate can process modulators much like the setup seen in de Silva’s proof-of-principle, but incorporating different logic gates on the same molecule is challenging. Such a function is called integrated logic and is exemplified by the
423:
gates are complementary to AND, OR, and XOR gates, respectively. An INHIBIT (INH) gate is a special conditional logic gate that includes a prohibitory input. When the prohibitory input is absent, the output produced depends solely on the other input.
852:
logic gate illustrated by Coskun, Akkaya, and their colleagues. When monitored at two different wavelengths, 565 and 660 nm, XOR and INH logic gates operations are realized at the respective wavelengths. Optical studies of this compound in
1034:. This prototypical example uses higher sodium levels and lower pH in tumor tissue compared to the levels in normal cells. When these two cancer-related cellular parameters are satisfied, a change is observed in the absorbance spectrum.
225:. They can be used to construct digital architectures with varying degrees of complexity by a cascade of a few to several million logic gates, and are essentially physical devices that produce a singular binary output after performing
554:
643:
Akkaya and coworkers demonstrated a molecular NOR gate using a boradiazaindacene system. Fluorescence of the highly-emissive boradiazaindacene (input “1”) was found to be quenched in the presence of either a
889:
Over the years, the utility of molecular logic gates has been explored in a wide range of fields such as chemical and biological detection, the pharmaceutical and food industries, and the emerging fields of
579:
3371:
Thubagere, Anupama J.; Li, Wei; Johnson, Robert F.; Chen, Zibo; Doroudi, Shayan; Lee, Yae Lim; Izatt, Gregory; Wittman, Sarah; Srinivas, Niranjan; Woods, Damien; Winfree, Erik; Qian, Lulu (2017-09-15).
917:
anions are among the most important ones in the context of human health and well-being. The former, used extensively in health care, is known for its toxicity and corrosiveness. The latter can cause
1584:"Multiple molecular recognition and catalysis. A multifunctional anion receptor bearing an anion binding site, an intercalating group, and a catalytic site for nucleotide binding and hydrolysis"
778:
forms a 1:2 adduct with the diazapyrene and the complex gets dethreaded. This process is accompanied by an increase in emission intensity at 343 nm resulting from freed crown ether. Added
954:
ions are a persistent threat to human health because of their inherent toxicity and low degradability. Several molecular logic gate-based systems have been constructed to detect ions such as
3308:
Llopis-Lorente, Antoni; de Luis, Beatriz; GarcĂa-Fernández, Alba; Jimenez-Falcao, Sandra; Orzáez, Mar; SancenĂłn, FĂ©lix; Villalonga, Reynaldo; MartĂnez-Máñez, RamĂłn (2018-08-08).
1155:. The output signals are dependent not only on the presence of inputs but also on a correct order; i.e. the correct password must be entered. The molecule was designed using
930:
1140:. designed a DNA molecular nanorobot capable of sorting chemical cargo. The system could work without additional power as the robot was capable of walking across the
373:
always outputs 0 and 1, respectively, regardless of input. YES outputs a 1 when the input is 1, and NOT is the inverse of YES – it outputs a 0 when the input is 1.
2360:"Multi-responsive fluorescent probe based on AIE for the determination of Fe3+, total inorganic iron, and CN- in aqueous medium and its application in logic gates"
1089:-based devices at the terminals of DNA strands. Works by Campbell et al. on demonstrating NOT, AND, OR, and XNOR logic systems based on DNA crossover tiles, Bader
1658:"Fluorescent PET (photo-induced electron transfer) sensors for alkali metal ions with improved selectivity against protons and with predictable binding constants"
550:
groups, when attached to anthracene, can simultaneously process information concerning the concentration of the acid and oxidizing ability of the solution.
3523:
The 3rd
International Conference on Molecular Sensors & Molecular Logic Gates (MSMLG) was held on July 8–11, 2012 at Korea University in Seoul, Korea.
2010:"Effective PET and ICT Switching of Boradiazaindacene Emission: A Unimolecular, Emission-Mode, Molecular Half-Subtractor with Reconfigurable Logic Gates"
1262:
Margulies, David; Melman, Galina; Shanzer, Abraham (2006-04-01). "A Molecular Full-Adder and Full-Subtractor, an
Additional Step toward a Moleculator".
1409:"Dual-functional chemosensor with colorimetric/ratiometric response to Cu(II)/Zn(II) ions and its applications in bioimaging and molecular logic gates"
921:
and affect metabolic pathways beyond a certain concentration. Hence, it is crucial to develop methods to detect these anions in aqueous media. Bhat
2831:"Thinking Outside the Silicon Box: Molecular AND Logic As an Additional Layer of Selectivity in Singlet Oxygen Generation for Photodynamic Therapy"
3310:"Hybrid Mesoporous Nanocarriers Act by Processing Logic Tasks: Toward the Design of Nanobots Capable of Reading Information from the Environment"
2157:
Erbas-Cakmak, Sundus; Kolemen, Safacan; Sedgwick, Adam C.; Gunnlaugsson, Thorfinnur; James, Tony D.; Yoon, Juyoung; Akkaya, Engin U. (2018).
2674:"Fabrication of a Biomimetic Nanochannel Logic Platform and Its Applications in the Intelligent Detection of miRNA Related to Liver Cancer"
1074:
is credited with having established the field in 1994. Recently, molecular logic gate systems have been utilized in DNA computing models.
181:
2313:"Colorimetric Receptors for the Detection of Biologically Important Anions and Their Application in Designing Molecular Logic Gate"
332:
731:). When both cations are in water, the net result is absorption at the original 390 nm wavelength. This system represents an
304:
1097:
structure to realize YES, AND, and OR logic operations, and
Chatterjee and coworkers on constructing logic gates using reactive
1963:"Communicating Chemical Congregation: A Molecular AND Logic Gate with Three Chemical Inputs as a "Lab-on-a-Molecule" Prototype"
699:
molecule which is a receptor for hydrogen ions. The logic gate operates as follows: without any chemical input of Ca or H, the
435:
1693:"From PASS 1 to YES to AND logic: building parallel processing into molecular logic gates by sequential addition of receptors"
1167:, which binds to Fe(III), and the acidity of the solution changes the fluorescence properties of the fluorescein fluorophore.
1081:. constructed photonic DNA molecular logic circuits using cascades of AND, OR, NAND, and NOR molecular logic gates. They used
1407:
He, Xiaojun; Xie, Qi; Fan, Jinyi; Xu, Chuchu; Xu, Wei; Li, Yahui; Ding, Feng; Deng, Hui; Chen, Hong; Shen, Jianliang (2020).
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arose from addressing storage density issues because of the increasing volumes of data information. Theoretically, a gram of
285:
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107:
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De Silva and McClenaghan designed a proof-of-principle arithmetic device based on molecular logic gates. Compound A is a
806:
A. A multi-functional dual-input XNOR/XOR molecular logic gate; B. A triple-input half-adder system based on AND gates.
553:
318:
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ions in solutions. The fluorescence of the system is quenched if and only if Fe input is present and EDTA is absent.
351:
2784:"Dual-input molecular logic circuits for sensitive and simultaneous sensing of multiple microRNAs from tumor cells"
102:
941:
300:
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also constructed an AND gate-based dual-input system for the simultaneous detection of miRNAs from tumor cells.
3543:
484:
289:
2401:"Versatile Sensing Platform for Cd2+ Detection in Rice Samples and Its Applications in Logic Gate Computation"
2619:"Dual MicroRNA-Triggered Drug Release System for Combined Chemotherapy and Gene Therapy with Logic Operation"
779:
439:
Block structure of a dual-input combinational molecular logic gate with metal ions as inputs (input "1") and
364:
174:
82:
3255:"Advanced Smart Nanomaterials with Integrated Logic-Gating and Biocomputing: Dawn of Theranostic Nanorobots"
627:. When acid and oxygen (the two inputs) are absent (input “0”), the terbium center fluoresces (output “1”).
2729:"Logic Sensing of MicroRNA in Living Cells Using DNA-Programmed Nanoparticle Network with High Signal Gain"
1806:"Taking advantage of the pH and pO2 sensitivity of a luminescent macrocyclic terbium phenanthridyl complex"
427:
1306:
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1200:
39:
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is observed (output “0”). The second input, H, must also be present for an output “1” to be observed.
3198:
Chatterjee, Gourab; Dalchau, Neil; Muscat, Richard A.; Phillips, Andrew; Seelig, Georg (2017-07-24).
723:) takes place and the absorbance at 390 nm decreases; likewise, an addition of protons causes a
623:
Parker and
Williams constructed a NAND logic gate based on strong emission from a terbium complex of
2435:
3553:
1240:
1215:
1152:
167:
2498:"A Multifunctional Molecular Probe for Detecting Hg2+ and Ag+ Based on Ion-Mediated Base Mismatch"
2311:
Bhat, Mahesh P.; Vinayak, Shraddha; Yu, Jingxian; Jung, Ho-Young; Kurkuri, Mahaveer (2020-11-13).
630:
487:(PET) processes. The two molecules acted as receptors that were connected to the anthracene-based
325:
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2450:
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complex. This two-input logic gate displays non-commutative behavior with chemical inputs and a
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2312:
235:
533:, resulting in a quenching of the PET process and causing the anthracene unit to fluoresce.
3538:
3487:
3211:
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Zhang, Siqi; Cheng, Jiaxi; Shi, Wei; Li, Kai-Bin; Han, De-Man; Xu, Jing-Juan (2020-04-21).
2575:
2509:
2068:
1961:
Magri, David C.; Brown, Gareth J.; McClean, Gareth D.; de Silva, A. Prasanna (2006-04-01).
1501:
1353:
1121:
1015:
649:
1922:
Credi, Alberto; Balzani, Vincenzo; Langford, Steven J.; Stoddart, J. Fraser (1997-03-01).
578:
8:
3429:"A Molecular Keypad Lock: A Photochemical Device Capable of Authorizing Password Entries"
1191:, and the bundle operates as a NOT logic gate only when satisfactory conditions are met.
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reacts with the amine and the process is reverted. Excess acid locks the crown ether by
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constructed an OR molecular logic gate using an aza-crown ether receptor and sodium and
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Margulies, David; Felder, Clifford E.; Melman, Galina; Shanzer, Abraham (2007-01-01).
3373:
3059:"Time-Gated FRET and DNA-Based Photonic Molecular Logic Gates: AND, OR, NAND, and NOR"
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1128:. developed a nanorobot that can perform logic operations and process information on
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1924:"Logic Operations at the Molecular Level. An XOR Gate Based on a Molecular Machine"
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1623:"A new class of fluorescent pH indicators based on photo-induced electron transfer"
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Massey, Melissa; Medintz, Igor L.; Ancona, Mario G.; Algar, W. Russ (2017-08-08).
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Molecular logic gate systems can theoretically overcome the problems arising when
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ions, respectively, for the two receptors, and would cause the anthracene unit to
2689:
1424:
1184:
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complexes as fluorescent markers, and their luminescent outputs were detected by
1071:
999:. used an AND gate to construct a system with two miRNA inputs and a quantum dot
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77:
24:
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output. Whenever dioxygen (input “1”) is present, the system is quenched and no
456:
molecules in molecular computation was proposed by Ari Aviram from IBM in 1988.
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Campbell, Eleanor A.; Peterson, Evan; Kolpashchikov, Dmitry M. (2017-03-24).
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1994:
1864:
1833:"Modulation of Boradiazaindacene Emission by Cation-Mediated Oxidative PET"
1393:
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1094:
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1028:
951:
504:
440:
247:
212:
2996:
2451:"SERS detection of mercury (II)/lead (II): A new class of DNA logic gates"
1489:
1366:
1316:
925:. constructed an INH gate with receptors that bind selectively to F and CH
1771:"Luminescent molecular logic gates: the two-input inhibit (INH) function"
1669:
1657:
1634:
1622:
1225:
1164:
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1141:
1102:
991:(miRNA), is crucial in this detection via its expression patterns. Zhang
874:
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759:
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530:
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3333:
1978:
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1187:. The nanotubes are doped differently in adjoining regions creating two
3253:
Tregubov, Andrey A.; Nikitin, Petr I.; Nikitin, Maxim P. (2018-10-24).
3200:"A spatially localized architecture for fast and modular DNA computing"
2854:
2727:
Yue, Renye; Li, Zhi; Wang, Ganglin; Li, Junying; Ma, Nan (2019-01-25).
2174:
2158:
2156:
2127:
2111:
2009:
1769:
Gunnlaugsson, Thorfinnur; Mac DĂłnail, DĂłnall A.; Parker, David (2000).
1708:
1692:
1488:
de Silva, Prasanna A.; Gunaratne, Nimal H. Q.; McCoy, Colin P. (1993).
1144:
surface on its two feet. It also had an arm to transport cargo.
1082:
1067:
870:
820:
720:
704:
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anion groups (and non-disclosed counter cations) capable of binding to
476:
292: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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125:
87:
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2025:
1939:
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3474:
Derycke, V.; Martel, R.; Appenzeller, J.; Avouris, Ph. (2001-09-01).
2221:
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1817:
1805:
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abilities. Avouris revealed a NOT logic gate composed of a bundle of
1098:
974:. demonstrated that logic gate-based systems could be used to detect
937:
918:
728:
712:
696:
676:
668:
596:
571:
557:
A two-input AND molecular logic gate sensor for protons and electrons
420:
412:
396:
388:
239:
3106:"Self-Assembling Molecular Logic Gates Based on DNA Crossover Tiles"
1041:
Two-input AND logic gate with photodynamic therapeutic applications.
797:
789:
267:
207:
algorithms). Molecular logic gates work with input signals based on
988:
906:
672:
467:
The first practical realization of molecular logic was by de Silva
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
376:
199:
152:
72:
1543:
Huston, Michael E.; Akkaya, Engin U.; Czarnik, Anthony W. (1989).
1656:
de Silva, A. Prasanna; Sandanayake, K. R. A. Samankumara (1989).
1179:
1129:
910:
692:
592:
404:
380:
1490:"A molecular photoionic AND gate based on fluorescent signaling"
3473:
3197:
1582:
Hosseini, Mir Wais; Blacker, A. John; Lehn, Jean Marie (1990).
1156:
1019:
967:
945:
845:
751:
500:
496:
2957:"Molecular Computation of Solutions to Combinatorial Problems"
1732:"A fluorescent AND logic gate driven by electrons and protons"
1105:
surfaces are some examples of logic gate-based DNA computing.
995:
have demonstrated an INH-OR gate cascade for the purpose, Yue
3103:
2206:"Smart molecules at work—mimicking advanced logic operations"
1621:
de Silva, A. Prasanna; Rupasinghe, R. A. D. Dayasiri (1985).
1545:"Chelation enhanced fluorescence detection of non-metal ions"
975:
955:
936:
Wen and coworkers designed an INH molecular logic gate with
483:
and benzo-18-crown-6 units, both of which were known to show
480:
463:
Schematic of a proposed molecular electronic switch by Aviram
3426:
3010:
Okamoto, Akimitsu; Tanaka, Kazuo; Saito, Isao (2004-08-01).
1921:
1883:
Prasanna de Silva, A.; McClenaghan, Nathan D. (2000-04-01).
1882:
1768:
944:
as the inputs and a fluorescent output for the detection of
933:-based output to detect the concentration of anions.
746:
In another XOR logic gate system, the chemistry is based on
2892:
Church, George M.; Gao, Yuan; Kosuri, Sriram (2012-09-28).
1133:
1059:
963:
732:
645:
431:
Select dual-input logic gates with symbols and truth tables
2449:
Zou, Qiang; Li, Xin; Xue, Tao; Zheng, Jia; Su, Qi (2019).
2008:
Coskun, Ali; Deniz, Erhan; Akkaya, Engin U. (2005-10-18).
2782:
Peng, Ying; Zhou, Wenjiao; Yuan, Ruo; Xiang, Yun (2018).
2254:
Liu, Lijun; Liu, Pingping; Ga, Lu; Ai, Jun (2021-11-16).
1960:
736:
3056:
2496:
Wang, Luhui; Zhang, Yingying; Dong, Yafei (2018-09-29).
1662:
Journal of the
Chemical Society, Chemical Communications
1627:
Journal of the
Chemical Society, Chemical Communications
838:
3476:"Carbon Nanotube Inter- and Intramolecular Logic Gates"
2364:
929:
COO anions. The system used changes in absorbance as a
3370:
3252:
1487:
1261:
1178:. Molecular logic gates are more versatile than their
1045:
2159:"Molecular logic gates: the past, present and future"
1108:
663:
2894:"Next-Generation Digital Information Storage in DNA"
2112:"Molecules with a sense of logic: a progress report"
518:
495:
spacers. The PET is quenched upon coordination with
2256:"Advances in Applications of Molecular Logic Gates"
1655:
1581:
1542:
834:
A triple-input half-adder system based on AND gates
3009:
1885:"Proof-of-Principle of Molecular-Scale Arithmetic"
1620:
3151:Bader, Antoine; Cockroft, Scott L. (2018-03-07).
2781:
2310:
2203:
2109:
2055:de Silva, A. Prasanna; Uchiyama, Seiichi (2007).
2007:
798:Half-adder and half-subtractor molecular circuits
368:Select single-input logic gates with truth tables
3530:
2054:
1448:"Molecules for memory, logic, and amplification"
1014:illustrated the application of a logic gate for
2891:
2671:
2564:"How cancer cells learn to resist chemotherapy"
1691:Magri, David C.; de Silva, A. Prasanna (2010).
1346:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
823:capable of reproducing the equation 1 + 1 = 2.
2829:Ozlem, Suriye; Akkaya, Engin U. (2009-01-14).
1831:Turfan, Bilge; Akkaya, Engin U. (2002-08-01).
3150:
2495:
2448:
1690:
901:
750:. In organic solution the electron-deficient
175:
2617:Yue, Renye; Chen, Mi; Ma, Nan (2020-07-22).
1830:
618:
2828:
2726:
2358:Wen, Xiaoye; Yan, Li; Fan, Zhefeng (2021).
1339:
638:
586:
544:
523:
411:gates are fundamental logic gates, and the
2253:
1406:
1340:Kompa, K. L.; Levine, R. D. (2001-01-16).
981:
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561:
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168:
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2204:Andréasson, Joakim; Pischel, Uwe (2010).
2110:Andréasson, Joakim; Pischel, Uwe (2015).
1383:
1365:
884:
452:One of the earliest ideas for the use of
399:, and INH are two-input logic gates. The
352:Learn how and when to remove this message
3433:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3016:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2835:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1967:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1928:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1889:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1588:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1549:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1452:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1304:
1264:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1036:
860:
829:
801:
788:
667:
654:
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609:
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881:The system is able to compute 1+1+1=3.
221:are the fundamental building blocks of
3531:
3314:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
2623:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
1803:
1445:
1189:complementary field effect transistors
786:and the complex is de-threaded again.
687:with the top receptor containing four
3153:"Simultaneous G-Quadruplex DNA Logic"
2395:
2393:
2249:
2247:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1729:
877:has also been constructed by Shanzer
839:More complex molecular logic circuits
634:A two-input molecular NAND logic gate
1483:
1481:
1257:
1255:
659:A two-input molecular NOR logic gate
614:A two-input molecular INH logic gate
290:adding citations to reliable sources
261:
257:
108:List of semiconductor scale examples
1305:de Silva, A Prasanna (2012-11-29).
1058:DNA is capable of storing over 400
1046:DNA computing and logic calculation
582:A two-input molecular OR logic gate
13:
2955:Adleman, Leonard M. (1994-11-11).
2390:
2244:
1871:
1311:. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
1109:Nanorobotics and advanced machines
675:(shift to longer wavelengths) and
664:XOR and XNOR molecular logic gates
591:The INH logic gate incorporates a
14:
3570:
3517:
2788:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
2409:10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01022.s001
1478:
1439:
1400:
1308:Molecular Logic-based Computation
1252:
793:A pseudorotaxane-based logic gate
519:Examples of molecular logic gates
211:and with output signals based on
2376:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112969
1116:have the potential to transform
735:logic gate in absorption and an
715:. When calcium is introduced, a
266:
151:
103:Semiconductor device fabrication
3467:
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3364:
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2103:
2057:"Molecular logic and computing"
2048:
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1954:
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1762:
1723:
1684:
1649:
443:emission as output (output "1")
277:needs additional citations for
19:Part of a series of articles on
3157:Chemistry - A European Journal
1614:
1575:
1536:
1333:
1298:
814:the bottom section contains a
679:(shift to shorter wavelengths)
485:photoinduced electron transfer
1:
2467:10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.089
1246:
780:trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
2690:10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00147
1425:10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108255
1163:fluorophores connected by a
1062:of data at a density of two
7:
3374:"A cargo-sorting DNA robot"
3271:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00198
1201:Molecular scale electronics
1194:
479:-based AND gate made up of
59:Solid-state nanoelectronics
40:Molecular scale electronics
31:Single-molecule electronics
10:
3575:
3075:10.1021/acssensors.7b00355
2745:10.1021/acssensors.8b01422
2588:10.1038/d41586-020-00722-0
1093:. on manipulating the DNA
902:Chemical detection of ions
540:A YES molecular logic gate
2808:10.1016/j.snb.2018.02.043
2574:(7799): 323. 2020-03-13.
619:NAND molecular logic gate
3559:Supramolecular chemistry
2272:10.1021/acsomega.1c02912
2163:Chemical Society Reviews
2116:Chemical Society Reviews
1730:Magri, David C. (2009).
1697:New Journal of Chemistry
1342:"A molecular logic gate"
1241:Unconventional computing
1153:automated teller machine
865:An integrated logic gate
639:NOR molecular logic gate
587:INH molecular logic gate
545:AND molecular logic gate
524:YES molecular logic gate
3390:10.1126/science.aan6558
2981:10.1126/science.7973651
2918:10.1126/science.1226355
1810:Chemical Communications
1775:Chemical Communications
982:Biological applications
768:charge transfer complex
695:. The bottom part is a
562:OR molecular logic gate
448:History and development
3326:10.1021/acsami.8b05920
3224:10.1038/nnano.2017.127
3169:10.1002/chem.201800756
3122:10.1002/cphc.201700109
2635:10.1021/acsami.0c09494
2430:Cite journal requires
2329:10.1002/slct.202003147
2081:10.1038/nnano.2007.188
1804:Parker, David (1998).
1042:
978:ions in rice samples.
970:. In their work, Chen
885:Potential applications
866:
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301:"Molecular logic gate"
158:Electronics portal
3544:Molecular electronics
3204:Nature Nanotechnology
2061:Nature Nanotechnology
1446:Aviram, Ari. (1988).
1367:10.1073/pnas.98.2.410
1317:10.1039/9781849733021
1040:
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792:
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236:molecular electronics
2678:Analytical Chemistry
1670:10.1039/c39890001183
1635:10.1039/c39850001669
1216:Host-guest chemistry
1122:biological computing
1016:photodynamic therapy
650:trifluoroacetic acid
514:A molecular AND gate
286:improve this article
196:molecular logic gate
45:Molecular logic gate
3492:2001NanoL...1..453D
3320:(31): 26494–26500.
3265:(20): 10294–10348.
3216:2017NatNa..12..920C
2973:1994Sci...266.1021A
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2800:2018SeAcB.264..202P
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2580:2020Natur.579R.323.
2514:2018Senso..18.3280W
2323:(42): 13135–13143.
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2073:2007NatNa...2..399D
1600:10.1021/ja00166a025
1561:10.1021/ja00205a034
1506:1993Natur.364...42D
1464:10.1021/ja00225a017
1358:2001PNAS...98..410K
709:UV/VIS spectroscopy
223:electrical circuits
3549:Molecular machines
3384:(6356): eaan6558.
2175:10.1039/C7CS00491E
2128:10.1039/C4CS00342J
1709:10.1039/b9nj00564a
1043:
896:chemical computing
867:
836:
808:
795:
766:by formation of a
725:bathochromic shift
717:hypsochromic shift
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227:logical operations
209:chemical processes
117:Related approaches
3500:10.1021/nl015606f
3445:10.1021/ja065317z
3163:(19): 4820–4824.
3116:(13): 1730–1734.
3028:10.1021/ja047628k
3022:(30): 9458–9463.
3012:"DNA Logic Gates"
2847:10.1021/ja808389t
2523:10.3390/s18103280
2026:10.1021/ol052020h
2020:(23): 5187–5189.
1979:10.1021/ja058295+
1973:(15): 4950–4951.
1940:10.1021/ja963572l
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1413:Dyes and Pigments
1326:978-1-84973-148-5
1276:10.1021/ja058564w
1270:(14): 4865–4871.
1236:Quantum computing
1211:Chemical computer
1206:Molecular machine
1124:. Llopis-Lorente
1018:in their work. A
1003:output, and Peng
1001:photoluminescence
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258:Working principle
231:Boolean functions
204:logical operation
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1221:Molecular switch
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1072:Leonard Adleman
1056:single-stranded
1050:The concept of
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855:tetrahydrofuran
850:half-subtractor
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601:phosphorescence
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1736:New J. Chem
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1165:siderophore
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