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gradual process, as expected for most changes in weather pattern. The primary cause is believed to be the height of the
Himalayas. As the Tibetan Plateau heats up, the low pressure created over it pulls the westerly jet north. Because of the lofty Himalayas, the westerly jet's movement is inhibited. But with continuous dropping pressure, sufficient force is created for the movement of the westerly jet across the Himalayas after a significant period. As such, the shift of the jet is sudden and abrupt, causing the bursting of southwest monsoon rains onto the Indian plains. The reverse shift happens for the northeast monsoon.
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1967:
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of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean, and changes in land use and land cover, while the role of aerosols remains elusive. Since the strength of the monsoon is partially dependent on the temperature difference between the ocean and the land, higher ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean have weakened the moisture bearing winds from the ocean to the land. The reduction in the summer monsoon rainfall has grave consequences over central India because at least 60% of the agriculture in this region is still largely
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1074:
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1686:(IOD). An index to calculate it was also formulated. IOD develops in the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean from April to May and peaks in October. With a positive IOD, winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west. This makes the Arabian Sea (the western Indian Ocean near the African coast) much warmer and the eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia colder and drier. In negative dipole years, the reverse happens, making Indonesia much warmer and rainier.
1218:
1062:
1605:
897:
726:, where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September, but it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin, process, strength, variability, distribution, and general vagaries of the monsoon, but understanding and predictability are still evolving.
1981:
1663:(Australia) to measure the strength of the oscillation. Walker noticed that the quantity of rainfall in the Indian subcontinent was often negligible in years of high pressure over Darwin (and low pressure over Tahiti). Conversely, low pressure over Darwin bodes well for precipitation quantity in India. Thus, Walker established the relationship between southern oscillation and quantities of monsoon rains in India.
1450:(which causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn right, whereas winds in the Southern Hemisphere turn left), these southeast trade winds are deflected east in the Northern Hemisphere, transforming into southwest trades. These pick up moisture while traveling from sea to land and cause orographic rain once they hit the highlands of the Indian Peninsula. This results in the southwest monsoon.
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1772:, New Delhi. In 2003, IMD substantially changed its forecast methodology, model, and administration. A sixteen-parameter monsoon forecasting model used since 1988 was replaced in 2003. However, following the 2009 drought in India (worst since 1972), The department decided in 2010 that it needed to develop an "indigenous model" to further improve its prediction capabilities.
1555:
Plateau heats up significantly more than the
Himalayas that the ITCZ rises abruptly and swiftly shifts north, leading to the bursting of monsoon rains over the Indian subcontinent. The reverse shift takes place for the northeast monsoon winds, leading to a second, minor burst of rainfall over the eastern Indian Peninsula during the Northern Hemisphere winter months.
1702:(EQUINOO). When EQUINOO effects are factored in, certain failed forecasts, like the acute drought of 2002, can be further accounted for. The relationship between extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, along with ENSO and EQUINOO, have been studied, and models to better predict the quantity of monsoon rains have been statistically derived.
887:
The complexity of the monsoon of South Asia is not completely understood, making it difficult to accurately predict the quantity, timing, and geographic distribution of the accompanying precipitation. These are the most monitored components of the monsoon, and they determine the water availability in
1710:
Since 1950s, the South Asian summer monsoon has been exhibiting large changes, especially in terms of droughts and floods. The observed monsoon rainfall indicates a gradual decline over central India, with a reduction of up to 10%. This is primarily due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result
1689:
A positive IOD index often negates the effect of ENSO, resulting in increased monsoon rains in years such as 1983, 1994, and 1997. Further, the two poles of the IOD – the eastern pole (around
Indonesia) and the western pole (off the African coast) — independently and cumulatively affect the quantity
1666:
Ultimately, the southern oscillation was found to be simply an atmospheric component of the El Niño/La Niña effect, which happens in the ocean. Therefore, in the context of the monsoon, the two together came to be known as the El Niño–Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) effect. The effect is known to have a
1554:
According to this theory, during the summer months in the
Northern Hemisphere, the ITCZ shifts north, pulling the southwest monsoon winds onto the land from the sea. However, the huge landmass of the Himalayas restricts the low-pressure zone onto the Himalayas themselves. It is only when the Tibetan
1533:
The mechanism affecting the monsoon is that the westerly jet causes high pressure over northern parts of the subcontinent during the winter. This results in the north-to-south flow of the winds in the form of the northeast monsoon. With the northward shift of the vertical sun, this jet shifts north,
2128:
First, the
Himalayas serve as orographic barriers to the southwest monsoon winds. Second, they help confine the winds to the subcontinent, hampering their northward progress. Third, they contribute to the convergence of the Bay of Bengal branch and Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon winds,
1868:
Despite progress in alternative forms of irrigation, agricultural dependence on the monsoon remains far from insignificant. Therefore, the agricultural calendar of India is governed by the monsoon. Any fluctuations in the time distribution, spatial distribution, or quantity of the monsoon rains may
1722:
Meanwhile, there has been a three-fold rise in widespread extreme rainfall events during the years 1950 to 2015, over the entire central belt of India, leading to a steady rise in the number of flash floods with significant socioeconomic losses. Widespread extreme rainfall events are those rainfall
1563:
According to this theory, the onset of the southwest monsoon is driven by the shift of the subtropical westerly jet north from over the plains of India toward the
Tibetan Plateau. This shift is due to the intense heating of the plateau during the summer months. The northward shift is not a slow and
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of land and water, continents heat up faster than seas. Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas. These create areas of low air pressure above coastal lands compared with pressure over the seas, causing winds to flow from the seas onto the neighboring lands.
1917:
that the lives of
Indians depend on the performance of the monsoon. His own career prospects, his emotional well-being, and the performance of his monetary policy are all "a hostage" to the monsoon, he said, as is the case for most Indians. Additionally, farmers rendered jobless by failed monsoon
1718:
A recent assessment of the monsoonal changes indicate that the land warming has increased during 2002–2014, possibly reviving the strength of the monsoon circulation and rainfall. Future changes in the monsoon will depend on a competition between land and ocean—on which is warming faster than the
1681:
Although the ENSO effect was statistically effective in explaining several past droughts in India, in recent decades, its relationship with the Indian monsoon seemed to weaken. For example, the strong El niño of 1997 did not cause drought in India. However, it was later discovered that, just like
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plans, and India's budget discussions. In some years, it rains too much, causing floods in parts of India; in others, it rains too little or not at all, causing droughts. In some years, the rain quantity is sufficient but its timing arbitrary. Sometimes, despite average annual rainfall, the daily
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refers to the sudden change in weather conditions in India (typically from hot and dry weather to wet and humid weather during the southwest monsoon), characterized by an abrupt rise in the mean daily rainfall. Similarly, the burst of the northeast monsoon refers to an abrupt increase in the mean
709:
Annual average monsoon precipitation in India over 110 years. The long-term average has been 899 millimeters of precipitation. However, the monsoon varies over the Indian subcontinent within a ±20% range. Rains that exceed 10% typically lead to major floods, while a 10% shortfall is a significant
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When the southeast trade winds cross the equator, they are perceived in the
Northern Hemisphere as equatorial westerlies because they seem to blow from the equator toward the Tropic of Cancer. Similarly, when the ITCZ is at the Tropic of Cancer, the northeast trade winds are confined to the area
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The dynamic theory explains the monsoon as a global weather phenomenon rather than just a local one. And when coupled with the traditional theory (based on the heating of sea and land), it enhances the explanation of the varying intensity of monsoon precipitation along the coastal regions with
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during the summer of the respective hemispheres (Northern and
Southern Hemisphere). As such, during the northern summer (May and June), the ITCZ moves north, along with the vertical sun, toward the Tropic of Cancer. The ITCZ, as the zone of lowest pressure in the tropical region, is the target
765:– among other economic, social, and environmental effects – the monsoon is one of the most anticipated, tracked, and studied weather phenomena in the region. It has a significant effect on the overall well-being of residents and has even been dubbed the "real finance minister of India".
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The department has tried to forecast the monsoon for India since 1884, and is the only official agency entrusted with making public forecasts about the quantity, distribution, and timing of the monsoon rains. Its position as the sole authority on the monsoon was cemented in 2005 by the
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The down side however is that when monsoon rains are weak, crop production is low leading to higher food prices with limited supply. As a result, the Indian government is actively working with farmers and the nation's meteorological department to produce more drought resistant crops.
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contribution. However, the agriculture sector still contributes 17–20% of GDP and is the largest employer in the country, with about 60% of Indians dependent on it for employment and livelihood. About 49% of India's land is agricultural; that number rises to 55% if associated
1814:), agriculture, society, hydro-power production, and geography of the subcontinent (like the availability of fresh water in water bodies and the underground water table), with all of these factors cumulatively contributing to the health of the economy of affected countries.
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treatments and massage therapy. One major drawback of traveling during the monsoon is that most wildlife sanctuaries are closed. Also, some mountainous areas, especially in Himalayan regions, get cut off when roads are damaged by landslides and floods during heavy rains.
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The onset of the monsoon increases fungal and bacterial activity. A host of mosquito-borne, water-borne and air-borne infections become more common as a result of the change in the ecosystem. These include diseases such as dengue, malaria, cholera, and colds.
1310:. The reverse happens during the winter, when the land is colder than the sea, establishing a pressure gradient from land to sea. This causes the winds to blow over the Indian subcontinent toward the Indian Ocean in a northeasterly direction, causing the
1589:
The strength of the southwest monsoon is determined by the strength of the easterly tropical jet over central India. A strong easterly tropical jet results in a strong southwest monsoon over central India, and a weak jet results in a weak monsoon.
1314:. Because the southwest monsoon flows from sea to land, it carries more moisture, and therefore causes more rain, than the northeast monsoon. Only part of the northeast monsoon passing over the Bay of Bengal picks up moisture, causing rain in
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lead to floods or droughts, causing the agricultural sector to suffer. This has a cascading effect on the secondary economic sectors, the overall economy, food inflation, and therefore the general population's quality and cost of living.
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A timely northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet at the beginning of summer is critical to the onset of the southwest monsoon over India. If the shift is delayed, so is the southwest monsoon. An early shift results in an early
777:(derived from the Arabic "mausim", meaning "seasonal reversal of winds"), although generally defined as a system of winds characterized by a seasonal reversal of direction, lacks a consistent, detailed definition. Some examples are:
1534:
too. The intense heat over the Tibetan Plateau, coupled with associated terrain features like the high altitude of the plateau, generate the tropical easterly jet over central India. This jet creates a low-pressure zone over the
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distribution or geographic distribution of the rain is substantially skewed. In the recent past, rainfall variability in short time periods (about a week) were attributed to desert dust over the Arabian Sea and Western Asia.
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of the monsoon under the jet stream theory. Fifth, they help determine the direction of the Bay of Bengal branch of the northeast monsoon. Their role is still a matter of active study, and understanding of them is evolving
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defines it as the seasonal reversal of the direction of winds along the shores of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Arabian Sea, which blow from the southwest for half of the year and from the northeast for the other
1024:
The Himalayas play more than the role of orographic barriers for the monsoon. They also help confine it to the subcontinent. Without them, the southwest monsoon winds would blow right over the Indian subcontinent into
1881:'s remark that the monsoon is the "real finance minister of India". A good monsoon results in better agricultural yields, which brings down prices of essential food commodities and reduces imports, thus reducing
700:
A visualisation of the South Asian Monsoon based on the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) 30+ year quasi-global rainfall dataset, analysed and visualised using Google Earth
1836:, alternate as the wettest places on Earth given the quantity of their rainfall, though there are other cities with similar claims. They receive more than 11,000 millimeters of rain each from the monsoon.
1629:. The warm surface water moving toward the coast of Peru with El Niño is pushed west by the trade winds, thereby raising the temperature of the southern Pacific Ocean. The reverse condition is known as
824:
The first people to observe the combined pattern of the monsoons' branches over different regions of South Asia were sailors in the Arabian Sea who traveled between Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
1926:
In the past, Indians usually refrained from traveling during monsoons for practical as well as religious reasons. But with the advent of globalization, such travel is gaining popularity. Places like
1667:
pronounced influence on the strength of the southwest monsoon over India, with the monsoon being weak (causing droughts) during El Niño years, while La Niña years bring particularly strong monsoons.
1049:
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Vinoj, V.; Rasch, Philip J.; Wang, Hailong; Yoon, Jin-Ho; Ma, Po-Lun; Landu, Kiranmayi; Singh, Balwinder (2014). "Short-term modulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by West Asian dust".
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of both hemispheres. Consequently, with the ITCZ at the Tropic of Cancer, the southeast trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere have to cross the equator to reach it. However, because of the
1179:) at the beginning of June and to cover the entire country by mid-July. Its withdrawal from India typically starts at the beginning of September and finishes by the beginning of October.
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features of the Indian subcontinent come into play in allowing all of the above factors to occur simultaneously. The relevant features in explaining the monsoon mechanism are as follows:
1526:
Over India, a subtropical westerly jet develops in the winter season and is replaced by the tropical easterly jet in the summer season. The high temperature during the summer over the
4439:
1425:
explains the monsoon on the basis of the annual shifts in the position of global belts of pressure and winds. According to this theory, the monsoon is a result of the shift of the
970:, due to the presence of highlands in the path of the winds. Orographic barriers force wind to rise. Precipitation then occurs on the windward side of the highlands because of
1333:. This criticism does not deny the role of differential heating of sea and land in generating monsoon winds, but casts it as one of several factors rather than the only one.
2090:
Mountains also lie in the path of the southwest monsoon but do not result in much precipitation because they are in the direction of the path of the southwest winds and not
1930:
and the Western Ghats get a large number of tourists, both local and foreigners, during the monsoon season. Kerala is one of the top destinations for tourists interested in
904:
Monsoons typically occur in tropical areas. One area that monsoons impact greatly is India. In India monsoons create an entire season in which the winds reverse completely.
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1298:. It states that during the hot subtropical summers, the massive landmass of the Indian Peninsula heats up at a different rate than the surrounding seas, resulting in a
1097:
1325:
However, many meteorologists argue that the monsoon is not a local phenomenon as explained by the traditional theory, but a general weather phenomenon along the entire
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1377:
received at different latitudes and the resulting uneven heating of the planet. Alternating belts of high pressure and low pressure develop along the equator, the two
1302:
from south to north. This causes the flow of moisture-laden winds from sea to land. On reaching land, these winds rise because of the geographical relief, cooling
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2504:
Zhang, Zuqiang; Chan, Johnny C. L.; Ding, Yihui (1 October 2004). "Characteristics, evolution and mechanisms of the summer monsoon onset over Southeast Asia".
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overall. Better rains also result in increased hydroelectric production. All of these factors have positive ripple effects throughout the economy of India.
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ENSO in the Pacific Ocean, a similar seesaw ocean-atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean was also in play. This system was discovered in 1999 and named the
1085:
1433:. Though the mean position of the ITCZ is taken as the equator, it shifts north and south with the migration of the vertical sun toward the Tropics of
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from the northeast for six months and from the southwest for six months. The term has since been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world.
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and keep low-pressure zones to their left in the Northern Hemisphere and to their right in the Southern Hemisphere. The reversal is a result of the
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areas, etc., are included. Because more than half of these farmlands are rain-fed, the monsoon is critical to food sufficiency and quality of life.
1755:
Padma supercomputing system. This project involved simulated runs of historical data from 1985 to 2004 to try to establish the relationship of five
1476:
This theory tries to explain the establishment of the northeast and southwest monsoons, as well as unique features like "bursting" and variability.
1530:, as well as over Central Asia in general, is believed to be the critical factor leading to the formation of the tropical easterly jet over India.
1241:
Theories of the mechanism of the monsoon primarily try to explain the reasons for the seasonal reversal of winds and the timing of their reversal.
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The monsoon turns large parts of India from semi-deserts into green grasslands. See photos taken only three months apart in the Western Ghats.
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Roxy, M. K.; Ghosh, Subimal; Pathak, Amey; Athulya, R.; Mujumdar, Milind; Murtugudde, Raghu; Terray, Pascal; Rajeevan, M. (3 October 2017).
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of both the southwest and northeast monsoon should be close to the mean dates. The exact criteria for a normal monsoon are defined by the
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The Western Ghats are the first highlands of India that the southwest monsoon winds encounter. The Western Ghats rise abruptly from the
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One of the most commonly used words to describe the erratic nature of the monsoon is "vagaries", used in newspapers, magazines, books,
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2475:
2192:
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2077:. Southwest winds blow onto the land from the southwest. Northeast winds flow from the northeast toward the southwest, onto the land.
793:
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Kumar, K. K.; Balaji Rajagopalan; Mark A. Cane (25 June 1999). "On the Weakening Relationship Between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO".
2119:, that play active roles in the monsoon are considered major extensions of the Western Ghats and are thus not discussed separately.
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4891:
4749:
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1948:
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3619:"IMD's new operational models for long-range forecast of southwest monsoon rainfall over India and their verification for 2003"
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increasing the intensity of precipitation over the northern part of the subcontinent. Fourth, they are a major factor in the
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Paul, Supantha; Ghosh, Subimal; Oglesby, Robert; Pathak, Amey; Chandrasekharan, Anita; Ramsankaran, RAAJ (24 August 2016).
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rains tend to migrate to cities. This crowds city slums and aggravates the infrastructure and sustainability of city life.
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Although the southwest and northeast monsoon winds are seasonally reversible, they do cause precipitation on their own.
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Roxy, Mathew Koll; Ritika, Kapoor; Terray, Pascal; Murtugudde, Raghu; Ashok, Karumuri; Goswami, B. N. (16 June 2015).
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Districtwise Drought Climatology Of The Southwest Monsoon Season over India Based on Standardized Precipitation Index
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are mostly rain-fed and non-perennial in nature, depending primarily on the monsoon for water supply. Most of the
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1643:, director general of observatories in India, refers to the seesaw relationship of atmospheric pressures between
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782:
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1944:
796:(IPCC) describes a monsoon as a tropical and subtropical seasonal reversal in both surface winds and associated
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The jet streams are systems of upper-air westerlies. They give rise to slowly moving upper-air waves, with 250-
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in India, various attempts have been made to predict monsoon rainfall. At least five prediction models exist.
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Based on the time of year that these winds bring rain to India, the monsoon can also be categorized into two
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As with ENSO, the atmospheric component of the IOD was later discovered and the cumulative phenomenon named
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4772:
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2024:
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The northeast monsoon usually "bursts" around 20 October and lasts for about 50 days before withdrawing.
815:, defines the monsoon as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation.
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National Climate Centre, Research Report No: 2/2010, India Meteorological Department Pune, Govt of India
1538:, influencing the wind flow toward these plains and assisting the development of the southwest monsoon.
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4794:
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4271:
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4134:
3176:"Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient"
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calculated over a long period. A normal monsoon is generally accepted to be one involving close to the
631:
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The "bursting" of the monsoon is primarily explained by the jet stream theory and the dynamic theory.
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arise because of the difference in pressure at various latitudes and act as means for distribution of
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events which are larger than 150 mm/day and spread over a region large enough to cause floods.
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However, a rainy monsoon is not necessarily a normal monsoon – that is, one that performs close to
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right across the path of the southwest monsoon winds. These are the main cause of the substantial
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Normally, the southwest monsoon can be expected to "burst" onto the western coast of India (near
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2209:
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There are some unique features of the rains that the monsoon brings to the Indian subcontinent.
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4724:
4179:
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3129:"Indian summer monsoon: Extreme events, historical changes, and role of anthropogenic forcings"
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2189:
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1018:
1011:
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3081:"Extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO and equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation"
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1659:(SOI), based on the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, has been formulated by the
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winds in some air streams. First observed by World War II pilots, they develop just below the
800:, caused by differential heating between a continental-scale land mass and the adjacent ocean.
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1999:
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1651:, Australia. Walker noticed that when pressure was high in Tahiti, it was low in Darwin, and
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Pink arrow: Southwest monsoon wind direction; green arrow: northeast monsoon wind direction.
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The jet stream theory also explains the variability in timing and strength of the monsoon.
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cause these belts to shift gradually north and south, following the Sun's seasonal shifts.
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Roxy, Mathew Koll; Ritika, Kapoor; Terray, Pascal; Masson, Sébastien (11 September 2014).
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Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures
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factors, influence the behavior of the monsoon. Because of its effect on agriculture, on
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Monsoon On-Line, an Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India initiative
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3312:"Weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall due to Changes in Land Use Land Cover"
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2005:
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with calculations for the mean and standard deviation of each of these variables.
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1527:
1516:
1447:
978:
923:
912:
738:
576:
351:
54:
4876:
2153:
Change of direction or origin of winds alters their nomenclature as noted above.
1345:
The atmospheric circulation system with associated pressure belts and latitudes.
1341:
1021:
of the subcontinent, making effective orographic barriers for the monsoon winds.
785:
calls it a name for seasonal winds, first applied to the winds blowing over the
5116:
4881:
4871:
4641:
4547:
4379:
4333:
4328:
3652:
3435:
3127:
Singh, Deepti; Ghosh, Subimal; Roxy, Mathew K.; McDermid, Sonali (March 2019).
2231:
2108:
2087:
1972:
1951:
are also rain-fed and monsoon-dependent. As such, the flora, fauna, and entire
1882:
1751:
facilitated the Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon (SPIM) experiment on the
1370:
1315:
1167:
951:
918:
The onset of the monsoon occurs over the Bay of Bengal in May, arriving at the
659:
566:
400:
3254:
1123:
967:
5105:
4709:
4243:
4089:
3510:
3443:
3343:
3262:
2533:
2435:
2044:
1795:
1784:
1487:
over areas of steep pressure gradient on the surface. The main types are the
1430:
1382:
1037:
1003:
996:
908:
838:
797:
522:
476:
422:
371:
258:
3704:"India needs indigenous monsoon model for better prediction, says IMD chief"
2800:"Budget must focus on Growth, Food Inflation, FDI, Govt B/s: G Chokkalingam"
2751:
4861:
4826:
4025:
3907:
3616:
3461:
3361:
3212:
3054:
1986:
1604:
1511:
1390:
734:
412:
336:
167:
3617:
Rajeevapn, M.; D. S. Pai; S. K. Dikshit; R. R. Kelkar (10 February 2004).
1193:
of precipitation over all the geographical locations under its influence (
696:
4503:
4491:
4471:
4221:
4199:
4099:
3501:
3476:
3396:
3105:
3079:
Gadgil, Sulochana; P. N. Vinayachandran; P. A. Francis (1 January 2004).
1906:
1849:
1829:
1803:
1480:
1394:
1373:
on the planet. This pressure difference is because of the differences in
1273:
1030:
992:
786:
561:
449:
444:
407:
356:
287:
233:
189:
177:
126:
4694:
4584:
4476:
4455:
4238:
4216:
3412:"A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India"
3203:
3078:
1844:
In India, which has historically had a primarily agrarian economy, the
1484:
1463:
1443:
1410:
1398:
1319:
1295:
1261:
1250:
1230:
1151:
850:
742:
556:
539:
481:
429:
292:
228:
223:
216:
143:
138:
96:
84:
3335:
1630:
1617:
1609:
1217:
4542:
4424:
3968:
3592:
3080:
2846:
2525:
2270:"India cheers as monsoon arrives; hopes of better farm output raised"
2040:
1952:
1833:
1825:
1811:
1748:
1520:
1155:
1007:
944:
938:
762:
551:
546:
341:
331:
243:
211:
194:
155:
133:
89:
4056:
3152:
2996:
Gopal Raj, N (4 May 2004). "El Nino & the Indian Ocean Dipole".
4804:
4530:
4520:
3731:"Cherrapunji no longer wettest Challenge comes from nearby village"
3032:
1931:
1858:
991:
The presence of abundant water bodies around the subcontinent: the
758:
346:
1943:
The monsoon is the primary bearer of fresh water to the area. The
1468:
963:
907:
The rainfall is a result of the convergence of wind flow from the
4929:
4924:
1378:
1326:
896:
719:
512:
390:
378:
326:
309:
280:
238:
201:
148:
77:
33:
966:
must happen. In the case of the monsoon, the cause is primarily
4481:
1927:
1877:
The economic significance of the monsoon is aptly described by
1738:
1644:
1294:, the traditional theory portrays the monsoon as a large-scale
1128:
746:
314:
302:
297:
64:
59:
49:
42:
3591:. Centre for Development of Advanced Computing. Archived from
2358:"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007, Glossary"
4525:
4486:
4164:
2073:
The name of the wind is based on the direction that it blows
1752:
1330:
1026:
754:
750:
517:
454:
116:
109:
1103:
Recent trends in average annual precipitation from monsoons.
1622:
534:
434:
417:
395:
321:
3375:
Roxy, Mathew Koll (2017). "Land warming revives monsoon".
3173:
1141:
1853:
929:
529:
3953:
2752:"Agronomic Measures in Dryland Agriculture: An Overview"
1820:
1762:
3530:. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
2325:
1621:
is a warm ocean current originating along the coast of
3409:
3309:
3225:
3126:
2300:. Indo-Asian News Service. 1 June 2010. Archived from
1693:
1593:
3554:
Gadgil, Sulochana; J. Srinivasan (10 February 2011).
3012:"Climate glossary - Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)"
2710:
1091:
Daytime scene showing the pre-monsoon air over India.
1962:
1806:
in the Indian subcontinent. As such, it affects the
1541:
1236:
3818:"Monsoon Illnesses in India – All You Need to Know"
3553:
1567:
718:is among several geographically distributed global
2824:
2688:
2230:
1913:, emphasized during a quarterly review of India's
1802:The monsoon is the primary delivery mechanism for
733:, along with associated atmospheric, oceanic, and
3954:Indian Meteorological Department Official Website
3014:. Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). 3 April 2007
2716:
2199:, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India
1726:
1162:
1079:Geographical features of the Indian subcontinent.
5103:
2720:Cases in Rural Marketing: An Integrated Approach
2228:
1506:
1416:
1036:For the northeast monsoon, the highlands of the
731:geographical features of the Indian subcontinent
3653:"Man behind old monsoon model goes out quietly"
3133:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
2400:
3644:
2598:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 163–.
2557:
1267:
861:based on the direction of rain-bearing winds:
857:Alternatively, it can be categorized into two
4440:
3984:
3589:"Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon(SPIM)"
2941:
2553:
2551:
2503:
2434:
1955:of these areas rely heavily on the monsoon.
1670:
1306:and leading to orographic rains. This is the
922:by June, and then the winds move towards the
831:based on their spread over the subcontinent:
677:
3959:Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
3612:
3610:
2991:
2989:
2267:
1745:Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
1739:Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon (SPIM)
1197:) and over the entire expected time period (
1108:
1002:The presence of abundant highlands like the
3696:
3556:"Seasonal prediction of the Indian monsoon"
3549:
3547:
3545:
3074:
3072:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2949:"Met. Terminologies and Glossary - Monsoon"
2624:
2622:
2360:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2298:"India cheers as monsoon arrives in Kerala"
1705:
1292:differential heating of sea and land theory
4447:
4433:
3991:
3977:
3793:"Monsoon affects economy, health in India"
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3228:"The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming"
2927:"Monsoon withdrawal dates on Map of India"
2919:
2723:. Pearson Education India. pp. 106–.
2682:
2548:
2292:
2290:
1798:, Maharashtra on 28 August in rainy season
1770:Department of Science and Technology (DST)
1138:daily rainfall over the affected regions.
974:and condensation of the moist rising air.
684:
670:
3607:
3500:
3451:
3351:
3285:"Warming Indian Ocean, weakening monsoon"
3202:
3104:
2995:
2585:
2428:
2394:
2222:
891:
794:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
741:, and on the climates of nations such as
3765:"How monsoon impacts the Indian economy"
3581:
3542:
3474:
3069:
2966:
2628:
2619:
2591:
2268:News Service, Indo-Asian (31 May 2010).
1790:
1779:
1603:
1572:
1510:
1467:
1340:
1277:
1216:
1166:
1122:
895:
844:
827:The monsoon can be categorized into two
704:
695:
3841:. Indo-Asian News Service. 27 July 2010
3748:
3722:
3670:
3522:
3520:
2897:
2595:Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography
2470:
2468:
2287:
2162:Geostrophic winds blow parallel to the
1116:
5104:
4454:
4042:National Geological Monuments of India
3998:
3728:
2875:
2853:
2717:Krishnamacharyulu (1 September 2003).
2663:Kasabe, Nanda Dabhole (23 July 1997).
2662:
2564:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 373–.
2350:
1757:atmospheric general circulation models
1558:
1033:, and Russia without causing any rain.
930:Effect of geographical relief features
4428:
3972:
3898:
3896:
3859:
3853:
3829:
3827:
3787:
3785:
3650:
3477:"Hydroclimate: Extreme rain in India"
2883:"Monsoon Onset dates on Map of India"
2656:
2499:
2497:
2372:
2326:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
2321:
2319:
2263:
2261:
1911:governor of the Reserve Bank of India
1821:Geographical (wettest spots on Earth)
1787:, Maharashtra on 28 May in dry season
1763:India Meteorological Department model
1639:, a phenomenon first observed by Sir
1244:
3887:"Traveling in India during monsoons"
3517:
3475:Simpkins, Graham (2 November 2017).
3374:
2905:"SW Monsoon Normal Withdrawal Dates"
2774:"Weather Insurance To Protect A Few"
2506:International Journal of Climatology
2465:
1759:with monsoon rainfall distribution.
1457:
1405:. However, geophysical factors like
1040:play the role of orographic barrier.
883:Winter monsoon (October to November)
3922:
3879:
3860:MITRA, SUBHANKAR (29 August 2009).
3835:"All Indians 'chasing the monsoon'"
3679:"Drought in India worst since 1972"
3676:
3004:
2792:
2766:
2744:
2665:"Vagaries apart, monsoon is normal"
2561:Encyclopedia of weather and climate
1700:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation
1694:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation
1594:El Niño–Southern Oscillation effect
1549:
13:
3893:
3824:
3782:
2929:. Indian Meteorological Department
2907:. Indian Meteorological Department
2885:. Indian Meteorological Department
2863:. Indian Meteorological Department
2698:. Pratiyogita Darpan. pp. 93–
2494:
2476:"Indian Meteorological Department"
2382:. Indian Meteorological Department
2380:"IMD terminologies & glossary"
2316:
2258:
1810:(and associated flora, fauna, and
1612:on the weather of the subcontinent
1429:(ITCZ) under the influence of the
14:
5158:
3947:
2188:India Meteorological Department,
1945:peninsular/Deccan rivers of India
1336:
1237:Theories for mechanism of monsoon
880:Summer monsoon (May to September)
4583:
3651:BAGLA, PALLAVA (28 April 2003).
2953:Indian Meteorological Department
2107:Other major highlands, like the
1979:
1965:
1938:
1568:Theories for monsoon variability
1171:Annual average rainfall in India
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
653:
5071:Indian Institutes of Technology
5053:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
4982:South Asian Football Federation
3810:
3468:
3403:
3368:
3303:
3277:
3219:
3167:
3120:
3026:
2861:"SW Monsoon Normal Onset Dates"
2818:
2332:American Meteorological Society
2229:Alexander Frater (1 May 2005).
2156:
2147:
2137:
2122:
2101:
2080:
2067:
2051:India Meteorological Department
1949:coastal rivers of Western India
1839:
1775:
1499:. They follow the principle of
1211:India Meteorological Department
805:India Meteorological Department
783:American Meteorological Society
3906:. India.gov.in. Archived from
3729:Philip, A J (24 August 2003).
2202:
2182:
2144:north of the Tropic of Cancer.
1832:, both in the Indian state of
1727:Monsoon rain prediction models
1427:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1255:Because of differences in the
1163:Ideal and normal monsoon rains
943:Two factors are essential for
849:Southwest monsoon clouds over
16:Monsoon in Indian subcontinent
1:
4389:World Heritage Sites in India
3047:10.1126/science.284.5423.2156
2176:
1625:that replaces the usual cold
1282:A: sea breeze; B: land breeze
1014:throughout the subcontinent.
819:
768:
4314:Biogeographic classification
3085:Geophysical Research Letters
2478:. imd.gov.in. Archived from
1600:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
7:
4370:National monuments of India
3904:"Rivers-Profile-Know India"
2635:. Springer. pp. 188–.
2592:M. Hanif (1 January 2005).
2444:. Springer. pp. 766–.
1958:
1872:
1507:Process of monsoon creation
1417:Process of monsoon creation
1268:Process of monsoon creation
911:and reverse winds from the
581:Severe weather terminology
43:Temperate and polar seasons
10:
5163:
5147:Weather events in Pakistan
5076:Inventions and discoveries
5048:Sino-Indian border dispute
4795:Human rights in South Asia
4581:
3436:10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9
1674:
1671:Indian Ocean dipole effect
1657:Southern Oscillation Index
1597:
1461:
1354:
1348:
1322:during the winter months.
1271:
1248:
1199:mean temporal distribution
976:
936:
888:India for any given year.
5061:
5035:
5012:
4967:
4900:
4835:
4781:
4758:
4680:
4592:
4462:
4362:
4300:
4252:
4190:
4070:
4052:Sacred mountains of India
4034:
4006:
3677:AFP (30 September 2009).
3255:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1
2215:24 September 2015 at the
1921:
1901:
1892:
1733:Great Famine of 1876–1878
1493:subtropical westerly jets
1195:mean spatial distribution
1109:Features of monsoon rains
1067:Orographic precipitation.
962:Additionally, one of the
5122:Regional climate effects
5043:Indo-Pakistani conflicts
2401:Colin S. Ramage (1971).
2195:24 December 2010 at the
2061:
2021:Tropical monsoon climate
1706:Impact of climate change
1409:, its rotation, and its
1012:orographic precipitation
811:Colin Stokes Ramage, in
5132:Weather events in India
4850:Archaeological cultures
4384:Indian-origin religions
4375:National parks of India
4120:Highest point by states
2558:Michael Allaby (2002).
1542:Theories for "bursting"
1367:atmospheric circulation
1357:Atmospheric circulation
5137:Weather events in Asia
5063:Science and technology
4262:States and territories
4057:Sacred rivers of India
4047:Sacred groves of India
3289:India Climate Dialogue
2190:Monsoon data 1901-2010
1848:recently overtook the
1799:
1788:
1613:
1536:northern Indian plains
1523:
1497:tropical easterly jets
1495:, and the less common
1473:
1346:
1283:
1274:Monsoon § Process
1257:specific heat capacity
1233:
1172:
1131:
1019:Western Coastal Plains
901:
892:Changes of the Monsoon
868:Northeast (NE) monsoon
865:Southwest (SW) monsoon
854:
711:
702:
642:Tropical cyclone terms
5127:Environmental science
4942:Religious persecution
4800:Religious nationalism
4660:European and Eurasian
4464:Countries and regions
3481:Nature Climate Change
3416:Nature Communications
3377:Nature Climate Change
3183:Nature Communications
2778:The Financial Express
2000:Monsoon (photographs)
1794:
1783:
1661:Bureau of Meteorology
1607:
1573:The jet stream effect
1514:
1471:
1454:orographic barriers.
1393:, giving rise to the
1344:
1281:
1220:
1201:). Additionally, the
1170:
1127:"Monsoon burst" over
1126:
939:Rain § Formation
899:
848:
716:Monsoon of South Asia
708:
699:
249:Extratropical cyclone
173:Air-mass thunderstorm
5091:Traditional medicine
4404:Environment of India
3862:"The monsoon effect"
3502:10.1038/nclimate3429
3397:10.1038/nclimate3356
3106:10.1029/2004GL019733
2754:. India Water Portal
1637:Southern Oscillation
1472:Jet streams of Earth
1442:destination for the
1221:Monsoon clouds over
1187:statistical averages
952:Moisture-laden winds
609:Weather modification
207:Anticyclonic tornado
5142:Climate of Pakistan
5022:South Asian studies
4548:South Asian regions
3493:2017NatCC...7..760S
3428:2017NatCo...8..708R
3389:2017NatCC...7..549R
3328:2016NatSR...632177P
3247:2014JCli...27.8501R
3195:2015NatCo...6.7423R
3145:2019WIRCC..10E.571S
3097:2004GeoRL..3112213G
3041:(5423): 2156–2159.
2839:2014NatGe...7..308V
2518:2004IJCli..24.1461Z
2482:on 24 December 2010
2404:Monsoon meteorology
2233:Chasing the Monsoon
1684:Indian Ocean Dipole
1677:Indian Ocean Dipole
1135:Bursting of monsoon
813:Monsoon Meteorology
724:Indian subcontinent
604:Weather forecasting
440:Rain and snow mixed
266:Subtropical cyclone
4456:South Asian topics
4000:Geography of India
3930:"Indian Geography"
3910:on 4 February 2011
3683:The Times of India
3316:Scientific Reports
3235:Journal of Climate
3204:10.1038/ncomms8423
2806:. 22 February 2011
2695:Pratiyogita Darpan
2690:Pratiyogita Darpan
2669:The Indian Express
2407:. Academic Press.
1995:East Asian Monsoon
1800:
1789:
1690:of monsoon rains.
1614:
1524:
1519:lies north of the
1474:
1347:
1286:Also known as the
1284:
1245:Traditional theory
1234:
1177:Thiruvananthapuram
1173:
1142:Rain variability (
1132:
902:
900:Monsoon over India
855:
835:Arabian Sea branch
712:
703:
660:Weather portal
276:Atlantic hurricane
254:European windstorm
161:Volcanic lightning
122:Cumulonimbus cloud
5099:
5098:
5002:Traditional games
4987:South Asian Games
4575:General geography
4422:
4421:
3336:10.1038/srep32177
3241:(22): 8501–8509.
2827:Nature Geoscience
2730:978-81-317-0188-1
2642:978-3-540-40610-5
2632:The Asian monsoon
2629:Bin Wang (2006).
2605:978-81-261-2482-4
2571:978-0-8160-4801-4
2512:(12): 1461–1482.
2451:978-0-7923-4066-9
2414:978-0-12-576650-0
2244:978-0-330-43313-6
2117:Nilgiri Mountains
2094:them, causing no
2045:Impact on climate
2016:Asian brown cloud
1559:Jet stream theory
1501:geostrophic winds
1458:Jet stream theory
1312:northeast monsoon
1308:southwest monsoon
1300:pressure gradient
1260:This is known as
985:geographic relief
972:adiabatic cooling
957:Droplet formation
722:. It affects the
694:
693:
5154:
5112:Climate of India
4997:Physical culture
4892:Former countries
4887:Contemporary era
4587:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4414:Tourism in India
4409:History of India
4399:Culture of India
4394:Climate of India
4267:Autonomous areas
4021:Geology of India
3993:
3986:
3979:
3970:
3969:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3761:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3560:
3551:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3232:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3180:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:10.1038/ngeo2107
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2692:(October 2007).
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2526:10.1002/joc.1082
2501:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2338:on 22 March 2008
2334:. Archived from
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2226:
2220:
2206:
2200:
2186:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2056:Drought in India
2035:Role in monsoons
2006:Climate of India
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1879:Pranab Mukherjee
1627:Humboldt Current
1403:polar easterlies
1387:Antarctic Circle
1375:solar insolation
1363:prevailing winds
1351:Prevailing winds
1191:average quantity
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
920:Indian Peninsula
686:
679:
672:
658:
657:
271:Tropical cyclone
183:Dry thunderstorm
78:Tropical seasons
21:
20:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5057:
5031:
5008:
4963:
4896:
4867:Middle kingdoms
4831:
4822:Stock exchanges
4777:
4754:
4710:Cultural sphere
4676:
4588:
4579:
4458:
4453:
4423:
4418:
4358:
4349:Protected Areas
4296:
4248:
4212:Northeast India
4186:
4180:Western Coastal
4175:Eastern Coastal
4140:Mountain passes
4066:
4062:Stones of India
4030:
4002:
3997:
3950:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3932:. IndiaBook.com
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3762:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3626:Current Science
3621:
3615:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3595:on 2 March 2011
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3563:Current Science
3558:
3552:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3473:
3469:
3408:
3404:
3373:
3369:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3153:10.1002/wcc.571
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3077:
3070:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2994:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2627:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2556:
2549:
2502:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2274:Hindustan Times
2266:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2227:
2223:
2217:Wayback Machine
2207:
2203:
2197:Wayback Machine
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2168:Coriolis effect
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2127:
2123:
2113:Anaimalai Hills
2106:
2102:
2096:orographic lift
2085:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2031:Tibetan Plateau
1985:
1980:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1941:
1924:
1915:monetary policy
1904:
1895:
1875:
1863:dryland farming
1846:services sector
1842:
1823:
1778:
1765:
1741:
1729:
1708:
1696:
1679:
1673:
1602:
1596:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1528:Tibetan Plateau
1517:Tibetan Plateau
1509:
1466:
1460:
1448:Coriolis effect
1419:
1359:
1353:
1339:
1276:
1270:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1214:
1165:
1148:
1121:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1056:
1053:
981:
979:Orographic lift
941:
932:
924:South China Sea
913:South China Sea
894:
822:
771:
739:flora and fauna
690:
652:
647:
646:
622:
614:
613:
472:
462:
461:
374:
364:
363:
352:Ground blizzard
112:
102:
101:
80:
70:
69:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5160:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4773:Climate change
4770:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:Nature worship
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4292:Municipalities
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Extreme points
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3948:External links
3946:
3944:
3943:
3921:
3892:
3889:. 31 May 2013.
3878:
3852:
3823:
3809:
3797:WORLD MONSOONS
3781:
3747:
3721:
3710:. 10 June 2010
3695:
3669:
3643:
3606:
3580:
3541:
3528:"Introduction"
3516:
3467:
3402:
3383:(8): 549–550.
3367:
3302:
3291:. 16 June 2015
3276:
3218:
3166:
3119:
3091:(12): L12213.
3068:
3025:
3003:
2965:
2940:
2918:
2896:
2874:
2852:
2833:(4): 308–313.
2817:
2791:
2780:. 16 July 2004
2765:
2743:
2729:
2709:
2681:
2655:
2641:
2618:
2604:
2584:
2570:
2547:
2493:
2464:
2450:
2438:, ed. (1997).
2427:
2413:
2393:
2371:
2349:
2315:
2304:on 5 June 2010
2286:
2257:
2243:
2221:
2201:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2155:
2146:
2136:
2121:
2109:Cardamom Hills
2100:
2079:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2003:
2002:of India, 1960
1997:
1991:
1990:
1976:
1973:Weather portal
1960:
1957:
1940:
1937:
1923:
1920:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1883:food inflation
1874:
1871:
1841:
1838:
1822:
1819:
1777:
1774:
1764:
1761:
1740:
1737:
1728:
1725:
1707:
1704:
1695:
1692:
1675:Main article:
1672:
1669:
1641:Gilbert Walker
1598:Main article:
1595:
1592:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:Dynamic theory
1548:
1543:
1540:
1508:
1505:
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1423:dynamic theory
1418:
1415:
1389:, and the two
1371:thermal energy
1355:Main article:
1349:Main article:
1338:
1337:Dynamic theory
1335:
1316:Andhra Pradesh
1288:thermal theory
1272:Main article:
1269:
1266:
1249:Main article:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1207:departure date
1164:
1161:
1147:
1140:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1022:
1000:
977:Main article:
964:causes of rain
960:
959:
954:
945:rain formation
937:Main article:
931:
928:
893:
890:
885:
884:
881:
870:
869:
866:
843:
842:
836:
821:
818:
817:
816:
809:
801:
790:
770:
767:
692:
691:
689:
688:
681:
674:
666:
663:
662:
649:
648:
645:
644:
639:
634:
632:Climate change
629:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
606:
601:
600:
599:
598:
597:
592:
587:
579:
574:
567:Severe weather
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
543:
542:
537:
527:
526:
525:
515:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
485:
484:
479:
473:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
432:
427:
426:
425:
415:
410:
405:
404:
403:
401:Megacryometeor
393:
388:
387:
386:
375:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
334:
329:
324:
319:
318:
317:
307:
306:
305:
300:
290:
285:
284:
283:
278:
268:
263:
262:
261:
256:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
220:
219:
214:
209:
199:
198:
197:
187:
186:
185:
180:
175:
165:
164:
163:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
131:
130:
129:
124:
113:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
93:
92:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
41:
40:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5159:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Architecture
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:Other groups
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Tibeto-Burman
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Austroasiatic
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4594:Ethnic groups
4591:
4586:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4244:Central India
4242:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Indo-Gangetic
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
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4019:
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4011:
4009:
4005:
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3909:
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3882:
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3866:IndianExpress
3863:
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3657:Express India
3654:
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3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3290:
3286:
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3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
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3205:
3200:
3196:
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3177:
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2795:
2779:
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2722:
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2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:Helaine Selin
2431:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2353:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
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2299:
2293:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2098:of the winds.
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:Environmental
1936:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1796:Western Ghats
1793:
1786:
1785:Western Ghats
1782:
1773:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1678:
1668:
1664:
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1658:
1654:
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1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
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1611:
1606:
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1591:
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1578:
1565:
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1547:
1539:
1537:
1531:
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1522:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1498:
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1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:Earth's orbit
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:polar regions
1388:
1384:
1383:Arctic Circle
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:tropical zone
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:adiabatically
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1038:Eastern Ghats
1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:Western Ghats
1001:
998:
997:Bay of Bengal
994:
990:
989:
988:
986:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
946:
940:
935:
927:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
909:Bay of Bengal
905:
898:
889:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:
867:
864:
863:
862:
860:
852:
847:
840:
839:Bay of Bengal
837:
834:
833:
832:
830:
825:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:
798:precipitation
795:
791:
788:
784:
780:
779:
778:
776:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
707:
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687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
668:
667:
665:
664:
661:
656:
651:
650:
643:
640:
638:
637:Tornado terms
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
610:
607:
605:
602:
596:
595:United States
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
563:
560:
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553:
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541:
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532:
531:
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521:
520:
519:
516:
514:
511:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
486:
483:
480:
478:
477:Air pollution
475:
474:
471:
466:
465:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
431:
428:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
392:
389:
385:
382:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:Precipitation
368:
367:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
291:
289:
286:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
267:
264:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
245:
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240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
218:
215:
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210:
208:
205:
204:
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200:
196:
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184:
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179:
176:
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171:
170:
169:
166:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
106:
105:
98:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
74:
73:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
44:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4992:Martial arts
4882:Colonial era
4877:Early modern
4827:Caste system
4612:Austronesian
4553:Northwestern
4254:Subdivisions
4026:Indian Plate
4016:Fossil Parks
3934:. Retrieved
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3908:the original
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3865:
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:Thaindia.com
3838:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3796:
3772:. Retrieved
3768:
3738:. Retrieved
3734:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:ExpressIndia
3707:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3682:
3672:
3660:. Retrieved
3656:
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3629:
3625:
3597:. Retrieved
3593:the original
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3566:
3562:
3532:. Retrieved
3484:
3480:
3470:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3322:(1): 32177.
3319:
3315:
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3288:
3279:
3238:
3234:
3221:
3186:
3182:
3169:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3088:
3084:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3006:
2997:
2956:. Retrieved
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2855:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2803:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2777:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2719:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2694:
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2631:
2609:. Retrieved
2594:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2560:
2509:
2505:
2484:. Retrieved
2480:the original
2455:. Retrieved
2440:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2403:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2277:. Retrieved
2273:
2248:. Retrieved
2232:
2224:
2208:Pal et al.,
2204:
2184:
2158:
2149:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2103:
2091:
2082:
2074:
2069:
1987:India portal
1942:
1925:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1876:
1867:
1852:in terms of
1843:
1840:Agricultural
1824:
1816:
1801:
1776:Significance
1766:
1756:
1742:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1680:
1665:
1656:
1636:
1635:
1616:
1615:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1562:
1553:
1545:
1532:
1525:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1452:
1431:vertical sun
1422:
1420:
1360:
1324:
1311:
1307:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1254:
1240:
1206:
1203:arrival date
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1117:
1112:
982:
961:
942:
933:
917:
906:
903:
886:
873:
871:
858:
856:
828:
826:
823:
812:
774:
772:
735:geographical
728:
715:
713:
413:Diamond dust
337:Winter storm
168:Thunderstorm
18:
4845:Archaeology
4760:Environment
4650:Afro-Asians
4472:Afghanistan
4302:Environment
4222:South India
4200:North India
3802:15 February
3735:The Tribune
3487:(11): 760.
3139:(2): e571.
2237:. Picador.
1907:D. Subbarao
1850:farm sector
1830:Cherrapunji
1808:environment
1804:fresh water
1608:Effects of
1444:trade winds
1395:trade winds
1152:web portals
1031:Afghanistan
993:Arabian Sea
983:The unique
787:Arabian Sea
729:The unique
627:Meteorology
562:Meteorology
450:Snow roller
445:Snow grains
408:Ice pellets
357:Snow squall
288:Storm surge
234:Anticyclone
190:Mesocyclone
178:Thundersnow
127:Arcus cloud
5106:Categories
4947:Bangladesh
4857:Bronze Age
4740:Philosophy
4725:Literature
4622:Indo-Aryan
4602:Andamanese
4477:Bangladesh
4324:Biospheres
4319:Ecoregions
4239:West India
4217:East India
4160:Waterfalls
3769:Rediff.com
3422:(1): 708.
2804:myIris.com
2177:References
2134:regularly.
1953:ecosystems
1812:ecosystems
1747:(CDAC) at
1731:Since the
1653:vice versa
1489:polar jets
1485:tropopause
1464:Jet stream
1411:axial tilt
1401:, and the
1399:westerlies
1320:Tamil Nadu
1296:sea breeze
1262:sea breeze
1251:Sea breeze
1231:Bangladesh
1144:"vagaries"
1118:"Bursting"
968:orographic
851:Tamil Nadu
820:Background
769:Definition
743:Bangladesh
621:Glossaries
557:Jet stream
496:Convection
482:Atmosphere
430:Cloudburst
293:Dust storm
259:Nor'easter
229:Fire whirl
224:Dust devil
217:Waterspout
144:Heat burst
139:Microburst
97:Wet season
85:Dry season
5014:Education
4735:Mythology
4720:Languages
4632:Nuristani
4617:Dravidian
4543:Sri Lanka
4509:Northeast
4497:Northwest
4277:Districts
4272:Divisions
4232:Southeast
4227:Southwest
4205:Northwest
4155:Volcanoes
4135:Mountains
4072:Landforms
3632:: 422–431
3569:: 343–353
3511:1758-6798
3444:2041-1723
3344:2045-2322
3263:0894-8755
3161:133873220
2998:The Hindu
2534:1097-0088
2328:"Monsoon"
2043:(section
2041:Himalayas
2033:(section
2023:(section
2008:(section
1932:Ayurvedic
1909:, former
1834:Meghalaya
1826:Mawsynram
1749:Bengaluru
1587:Strength:
1521:Himalayas
1439:Capricorn
1156:insurance
1008:Himalayas
773:The word
763:Sri Lanka
552:Heat wave
547:Cold wave
491:Chemistry
342:Ice storm
332:Firestorm
244:Polar low
212:Landspout
195:Supercell
156:Lightning
134:Downburst
90:Harmattan
24:Part of
5036:Military
4957:Pakistan
4920:Hinduism
4915:Buddhism
4902:Religion
4872:Medieval
4862:Iron Age
4787:Politics
4750:Surnames
4672:Diaspora
4568:Southern
4558:Northern
4531:Pakistan
4521:Maldives
4363:See also
4354:Wildlife
4115:Glaciers
4035:Heritage
3462:28974680
3362:27553384
3271:42480067
3213:26077934
3189:: 7423.
3063:18499571
3055:10381876
2542:56428695
2342:14 March
2213:Archived
2193:Archived
2131:bursting
2088:Aravalli
1959:See also
1873:Economic
1859:wetlands
1713:rain-fed
1584:monsoon.
1223:Taraganj
1205:and the
1006:and the
859:segments
829:branches
759:Pakistan
720:monsoons
710:drought.
423:Freezing
384:Freezing
347:Blizzard
26:a series
5081:History
5027:History
4977:Cricket
4930:Sikhism
4925:Jainism
4910:Dharmic
4837:History
4783:Economy
4768:Monsoon
4745:Scripts
4715:Fashion
4705:Cuisine
4682:Culture
4665:Semitic
4655:Chinese
4563:Eastern
4514:Islands
4339:Forests
4306:climate
4192:Regions
4150:Valleys
4125:Islands
4085:Borders
4080:Beaches
4008:Geology
3936:6 March
3914:6 March
3871:7 March
3845:2 March
3774:6 March
3740:9 March
3714:7 March
3688:7 March
3662:7 March
3636:7 March
3599:5 March
3573:5 March
3534:5 March
3489:Bibcode
3453:5626780
3424:Bibcode
3385:Bibcode
3353:4995379
3324:Bibcode
3295:18 June
3243:Bibcode
3191:Bibcode
3141:Bibcode
3112:5 March
3093:Bibcode
3035:Science
3018:4 March
2958:5 March
2933:3 March
2911:3 March
2889:3 March
2867:3 March
2835:Bibcode
2810:5 March
2784:5 March
2758:5 March
2736:5 March
2702:5 March
2674:5 March
2648:3 March
2611:3 March
2577:3 March
2514:Bibcode
2486:3 March
2457:3 March
2420:3 March
2386:2 March
2364:2 March
2308:2 March
2279:5 April
2250:2 March
2164:isobars
2025:Factors
2010:Monsoon
1719:other.
1631:La Niña
1618:El Niño
1610:El Niño
1581:Timing:
1379:tropics
1365:of the
1290:or the
1227:Rangpur
874:periods
775:monsoon
701:Engine.
577:Extreme
523:Physics
513:Climate
501:Physics
391:Graupel
379:Drizzle
327:Sirocco
310:Monsoon
281:Typhoon
239:Cyclone
202:Tornado
149:Derecho
34:Weather
5086:Swords
4969:Sports
4810:Muslim
4700:Cinema
4642:Turkic
4627:Iranic
4536:Punjab
4482:Bhutan
4344:Issues
4282:Cities
4165:Plains
4145:Rivers
4100:Desert
4095:Canals
4090:Coasts
3509:
3460:
3450:
3442:
3360:
3350:
3342:
3269:
3261:
3211:
3159:
3061:
3053:
2727:
2639:
2602:
2568:
2540:
2532:
2448:
2411:
2241:
2115:, and
2092:across
1928:Kerala
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1902:Social
1893:Health
1649:Darwin
1645:Tahiti
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1435:Cancer
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298:Simoom
110:Storms
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55:Spring
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5117:Winds
4952:India
4937:Islam
4805:Hindu
4730:Music
4526:Nepal
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4334:Flora
4329:Fauna
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3804:2016
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