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1992 Montenegrin independence referendum

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Yugoslavia to do so. Faced with no consensus in Montenegro, the Montenegrin leadership backed down and agreed to Milošević's proposal. On 30 October 1991, Serbia and Montenegro proposed an amendment to the Carrington Plan that would allow states that did not wish to secede from Yugoslavia to establish a successor state. A referendum on the establishment of the
457:, limiting public debate to a period of only seven days. The Montenegrin opposition argued against the undemocratic character of the referendum, staging demonstrations in Montenegrin towns and cities and attempting to persuade voters that there were alternatives to a close federation with Serbia. Throughout Montenegro, the ruling 411:
Bulatović and Đukanović were called to Belgrade to attend a series of meetings with the Serbian leadership. Milošević tried to circumvent the perceived treason from the Montenegrin leadership by inserting a clause into the Carrington Plan that would allow any republic that wished to remain a part of
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Constitution" after the mountain resort in Montenegro where the two leaderships had met to create the new state. Its core argument was that the FRY was an unequal construction that would simply become dysfunctional, due to the fact that it was made up of two federal units of disproportionate size,
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envisaged a confederal model with the common state possessing a single market, single currency, unitary monetary policy, a common foreign policy, albeit one that would permit separate consular representations, and a joint defense system that would allow some degree of autonomy.
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While uniformity with the Serbian line was anticipated from the Montenegrin side, Bulatović unexpectedly agreed to the terms of the Carrington Plan during an overnight session of the Montenegrin parliament on 17 October 1991. He agreed to sign a draft of the plan and
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campaigned under the slogan "Yugoslavia without alternative", and simultaneously worked towards limiting the scope for public debate, disrupting the activities of the opposition and implicitly threatening individuals with the potential loss of their livelihoods.
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and Montenegro, contributing to their diplomatic and economic isolation, as well as proving to be detrimental to Montenegro's internal stability and inter-ethnic relations within the republic.
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which were to transform Yugoslavia into a loose association of independent states that would have the status of subjects under international law. Bulatović's decision angered his ally, the
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and the Serbian leadership, who added an amendment to the Carrington Plan that would allow states that did not wish to secede from Yugoslavia to establish a successor state.
99:Да ли сте за то да Црна Гора, као суверена република, настави да живи у заједничкој држави − Југославији, потпуно равноправно са другим републикама које то буду жељеле? 17: 1575: 363: 92:
Are you in favor of Montenegro, as a sovereign republic, continuing to live in a common state - Yugoslavia, fully equal to other republics that wish the same?
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Are you in favor of Montenegro, as a sovereign republic, continuing to live in a common state - Yugoslavia, fully equal to other republics that wish the same?
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The proposed principle of parity that Bulatović advocated was incrementally eroded in the aftermath of subsequent meetings between Bulatović and
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In the run-up to the referendum, the two ruling parties in Serbia and Montenegro negotiated on the formation and distribution of power in the
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called for an emergency session of parliament, during which reactions to the plan were overwhelmingly negative. Bulatović and Prime Minister
2094: 496: 374:. The Carrington Plan envisaged a loose association of independent states that would have the status of subjects under international law. 2100: 1824: 1724: 1605: 1296: 2153: 2128: 2059: 2006: 1943: 1804: 1226: 1159: 417: 286: 250: 28: 2035: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1714: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1674: 1669: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 2023: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1814: 1809: 2029: 1196:, arguing in favor of Montenegrin autonomy and equality with Serbia within the FRY framework. Kostić presented himself as a " 1173: 549: 470: 359: 264: 2148: 2047: 2041: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1862: 1181: 393: 2106: 1590: 1188:. During the election campaign, Bulatović sought to continue to strike a balance between Montenegro’s political poles of 383: 2082: 2168: 2163: 1957: 1550: 2143: 1799: 1719: 1363: 1149:
came into effect on 27 April 1992. The Montenegrin opposition would refer to the new constitution scornfully as the "
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The Montenegrin ruling elite, wishing to facilitate the rapid acceptance of the new state, adopted the
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During the 24–25 October parliamentary sessions, the agreement was essentially ratified. However, the
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421,549 citizens were registered voters. The question put to the electorate was, roughly translated:
1621: 919: 831: 809: 677: 400:, who supported him during the session, were decried as traitors by a series of speakers including 1962: 1791: 1613: 1201: 1193: 447: 433: 405: 371: 271: 257: 1117: 985: 853: 1007: 515: 1304: 1165:, to argue that within the FRY structure Montenegrin interests were insufficiently protected. 1051: 1029: 338:
took a significant political gamble, which put him at odds both with his political mentors in
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and the policy of the SPS. The DPS triumphed in the concurrent parliamentary election, and
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population, and economic interests. Such a situation prompted even those within the ruling
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Turnout at the 1992 Montenegrin independence referendum by each municipality of Montenegro
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was alerted the following day. According to Jović, Bulatović had the support of the then
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Montenegro (Jugoslawien), 1. März 1992 : Verbleib im jugoslawischen Staatsverband
1169: 436: 342:, Serbian nationalists in Montenegro, as well as many people in his own party. As the 335: 260: 1546: 1359: 1331: 941: 367: 1247: 699: 94: 1330:. Титоград: Новинска установа Службени лист Републике Црне Горе: 1. 6 March 1992. 1185: 1162: 401: 379: 327:— provoked international condemnation, and became a public relations disaster for 432:, left with around 40% of the territory and population of the previous country. 1197: 2122: 1335: 743: 408:. Unionist parties held demonstrations outside the parliament building. 296:, consisting of two former constituent republics of the SFR Yugoslavia, 1608: 351: 242: 238: 1150: 355: 317: 339: 473:
and Socialist Parties, as well as minority parties such as the
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The referendum was boycotted by opposition parties such as the
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Seeking a way out of the crisis, Montenegrin President
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Publishers. p. 120. 1572:at Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy 308:In early October 1991, Montenegrin forces and the 300:and Montenegro, was established on 27 April 1992. 2120: 420:, would take place in Montenegro in March 1992. 1326:"Службени лист Републике Црне Горе, Број 10". 477:, leading to a relatively low turnout of 66%. 1989: 1591: 1355:Serbia Under Milošević: Politics in the 1990s 1297:"Zvanični rezultati referenduma 1992. godine" 416:, which claimed legitimate continuity of the 1319: 1180:(SPS) supported Bulatović's opponent in the 1996: 1982: 1598: 1584: 524: 263:'s decision to agree to the terms set by 18:Montenegrin independence referendum, 1992 1540: 1524: 1512: 1497: 1482: 1465: 1448: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1400: 1388: 1347: 1345: 1276: 251:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 235:1992 Montenegrin independence referendum 224: 29:2006 Montenegrin independence referendum 1614:Elections and referendums in Montenegro 423: 14: 2121: 2011:Independence referendums in Yugoslavia 1351: 285:The electorate chose to remain within 245:independence, held on 1 March 1992 in 1977: 1579: 1342: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 550:Social Democratic Party of Montenegro 404:, as well as Serbian state media and 320:, including that of the Old Town — a 1011: 485: 292:As a result of this referendum, the 516:Serbian Radical Party in Montenegro 24: 1958:Elections in Serbia and Montenegro 1282: 1200:", aligning himself directly with 646: 256:The referendum was the outcome of 25: 2185: 1560: 1245: 2005: 1607: 350:organized a peace conference on 249:, a constituent republic of the 150: 128: 45: 2129:1992 in international relations 1145:A new constitution forming the 537:Democratic League in Montenegro 475:Democratic League in Montenegro 1239: 1147:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 651:Source: Centre for Monitoring 531:Liberal Alliance of Montenegro 497:Democratic Party of Socialists 467:Liberal Alliance of Montenegro 459:Democratic Party of Socialists 414:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 294:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 27:For the later referendum, see 13: 1: 1232: 490: 303: 1543:Montenegro: A Modern History 1352:Thomas, Robert (July 2000). 1227:2006 independence referendum 1210:Prime Minister of Montenegro 1160:Montenegrin Foreign Minister 1140: 510:People's Party of Montenegro 7: 2154:Montenegro–Serbia relations 2149:March 1992 events in Europe 1215: 583:Yes votes: 266,273 (95.96%) 576:Registered Voters: 421,549 316:. The JNA's bombardment of 10: 2190: 1541:Morrison, Kenneth (2009). 1534: 1182:1992 presidential election 566: 26: 2169:Referendums in Yugoslavia 2164:Referendums in Montenegro 2069: 2016: 1952: 1931: 1853: 1790: 1620: 1178:Socialist Party of Serbia 1172:'s intention to agree to 633: 623: 618: 608: 604: 600: 364:British Foreign Secretary 208:Registered voters/turnout 122: 119: 110: 105: 98: 90: 59: 43: 2144:Independence referendums 580:Total: 278,382 (66.04%) 571: 480: 384:Italian Foreign Minister 37:Montenegrin independence 2017:Republics and provinces 1963:Elections in Yugoslavia 1622:Parliamentary elections 1328:Službeni List Crne Gore 586:No votes: 8,755 (3.14%) 179:Invalid or blank votes 2159:Politics of Montenegro 2048:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1792:Presidential elections 1208:continued to serve as 525:Independence (boycott) 310:Yugoslav People's Army 230: 67:1 March 1992 2174:Breakup of Yugoslavia 1222:Breakup of Yugoslavia 434:Montenegrin President 258:Montenegrin President 228: 424:Campaign and conduct 1500:, pp. 108–110. 1468:, pp. 103–105. 1451:, pp. 100–102. 1391:, pp. 105–106. 1307:on 14 February 2009 1158:, such as the then 344:conflict in Croatia 325:World Heritage Site 40: 2134:1992 in Montenegro 1439:, pp. 99–100. 1279:, pp. 97–102. 1202:Slobodan Milošević 448:Slobodan Milošević 406:Slobodan Milošević 387:Gianni De Michelis 366:who had served in 348:European Community 314:Siege of Dubrovnik 272:Slobodan Milošević 231: 36: 2116: 2115: 1971: 1970: 1427:, pp. 98–99. 1415:, pp. 97–98. 1403:, pp. 95–97. 1138: 1137: 666:Registered Voters 644: 643: 638: 637: 563: 562: 471:Social Democratic 455:Law on Referendum 445:Serbian President 368:Margaret Thatcher 346:intensified, the 269:Serbian President 223: 222: 219: 218: 81: 80: 16:(Redirected from 2181: 2139:1992 referendums 2101:Eastern Slavonia 2010: 2009: 1998: 1991: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1612: 1611: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1556: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1501: 1495: 1486: 1480: 1469: 1463: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1349: 1340: 1339: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1303:. Archived from 1293: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1252: 1243: 654: 653: 598: 597: 592: 591: 486: 312:(JNA) began the 209: 154: 153: 132: 131: 112: 111: 100: 86: 85: 74: 72: 61: 60: 55: 54: 50: 49: 48: 41: 39:referendum, 1992 35: 21: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2065: 2012: 2004: 2002: 1972: 1967: 1948: 1927: 1855:Local elections 1849: 1786: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1566: 1563: 1553: 1545:. I.B. Tauris. 1537: 1532: 1531: 1527:, pp. 107. 1523: 1519: 1511: 1504: 1496: 1489: 1481: 1472: 1464: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1350: 1343: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1218: 1174:Lord Carrington 1170:Momir Bulatović 1143: 1015:64,955 (95.21%) 971:21,543 (97.50%) 927:43,160 (97.83%) 883:10,937 (91.98%) 839:15,071 (95.79%) 751:21,271 (96.75%) 729:16,679 (95.37%) 707:11,523 (93.61%) 649: 647:By municipality 640: 639: 631: 616: 574: 569: 564: 527: 493: 483: 437:Momir Bulatović 426: 360:Lord Carrington 336:Momir Bulatović 306: 265:Lord Carrington 261:Momir Bulatović 207: 151: 129: 117: 101: 93: 84: 83: 82: 70: 68: 53: 52: 51: 46: 44: 38: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2187: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 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Retrieved 1254: 1241: 1198:Greater Serb 1167: 1144: 1078:720 (12.37%) 744:Bijelo Polje 657:Municipality 650: 624: 609: 575: 557: 543: 542: 503: 502: 464: 454: 452: 442: 427: 410: 391: 376: 333: 307: 291: 284: 280: 279: 276: 255: 234: 232: 200: 195: 190: 168:Valid votes 155: 143: 138: 133: 66: 33: 2077:SAO Krajina 1932:Referendums 1567:(in German) 1311:21 December 1194:nationalism 1168:Angered by 1100:215 (7.98%) 1034:136 (8.98%) 968:452 (2.05%) 924:775 (1.76%) 880:693 (5.83%) 836:486 (3.09%) 832:Herceg Novi 810:Danilovgrad 792:326 (3.41%) 770:204 (3.20%) 748:363 (1.65%) 726:697 (3.99%) 678:Andrijevica 358:chaired by 243:Montenegrin 191:Total votes 2123:Categories 2060:Montenegro 2054:Montenegro 1956:See also: 1825:2003 (May) 1820:2003 (Feb) 1233:References 1122:25 (0.84%) 1056:16 (0.66%) 990:12 (0.36%) 946:96 (3.37%) 902:35 (0.52%) 858:44 (0.67%) 814:93 (1.03%) 491:Federation 352:Yugoslavia 304:Background 287:Yugoslavia 241:regarding 239:referendum 71:1992-03-01 2107:Macedonia 2036:Macedonia 1898:2016–2018 1893:2012–2014 1888:2008–2010 1883:2004–2006 1878:2000–2002 1873:1996–1998 1868:1992–1994 1336:0354-1541 1141:Aftermath 1008:Podgorica 682:5 (0.11%) 356:the Hague 318:Dubrovnik 2070:Autonomy 2024:Slovenia 1216:See also 1190:unionism 964:Pljevlja 898:Mojkovac 704:616 (5%) 672:Turnout 544:Support: 504:Support: 340:Belgrade 212:421,549 171:275,028 2095:Ilirida 2083:Sandžak 2030:Croatia 1805:1992–93 1535:Sources 1371:12 July 1262:19 July 1151:Žabljak 1134:84.91% 1118:Žabljak 1112:17.54% 1090:66.62% 1068:88.50% 1046:10.85% 1024:66.10% 1018:103,211 1002:89.74% 986:Plužine 980:77.33% 958:27.63% 936:83.62% 914:89.62% 892:71.81% 870:80.90% 854:Kolašin 848:74.46% 826:80.08% 804:66.26% 788:Cetinje 782:73.37% 760:61.76% 738:69.84% 716:48.18% 694:97.75% 630:  615:  567:Results 215:66.04% 201:100.00% 196:278,382 174:98.80% 139:266,273 106:Results 95:Serbian 69: ( 2109:(2004) 2103:(1997) 2097:(1992) 2091:(1991) 2089:Srpska 2085:(1991) 2079:(1990) 2062:(2006) 2056:(1992) 2050:(1992) 2044:(1991) 2042:Kosovo 2038:(1991) 2032:(1991) 2026:(1990) 1549:  1362:  1334:  1106:15,363 1096:Ulcinj 1052:Šavnik 1040:13,962 1030:Rožaje 1021:68,222 977:22,095 974:28,573 952:10,314 933:44,118 930:52,758 920:Nikšić 889:11,981 886:16,560 845:15,374 842:21,130 820:11,319 798:14,408 757:21,985 754:35,597 735:17,488 732:25,040 722:Berane 713:12,309 710:25,550 619:95.96% 558: 539:(DSCG) 533:(LSCG) 469:, the 329:Serbia 322:UNESCO 298:Serbia 185:1.20% 182:3,354 163:3.18% 160:8,755 144:96.82% 120:Votes 116:Choice 1251:(PDF) 1131:2,977 1128:3,506 1109:2,694 1087:5,821 1084:8,737 1074:Tivat 1065:2,417 1062:2,731 1043:1,515 999:3,377 996:3,763 955:2,850 911:6,729 908:7,508 876:Kotor 867:6,555 864:8,103 823:9,064 801:9,547 779:6,380 776:8,696 766:Budva 691:4,614 688:4,720 669:Voted 634:3.14% 572:Total 552:(SDP) 518:(SRS) 499:(DPS) 481:Blocs 1944:2006 1939:1992 1923:2024 1918:2022 1913:2021 1908:2020 1903:2019 1863:1990 1845:2023 1840:2018 1835:2013 1830:2008 1815:2002 1810:1997 1800:1990 1781:Next 1775:2023 1770:2020 1765:2016 1760:2012 1755:2009 1750:2006 1745:2002 1740:2001 1735:1998 1730:1996 1725:1992 1720:1990 1715:1989 1710:1986 1705:1982 1700:1978 1695:1974 1690:1969 1685:1967 1680:1965 1675:1963 1670:1958 1665:1953 1660:1950 1655:1946 1650:1914 1645:1911 1640:1907 1635:1906 1630:1905 1547:ISBN 1373:2020 1360:ISBN 1332:ISSN 1313:2016 1301:CEMI 1264:2020 1256:NATO 1192:and 942:Plav 512:(NS) 418:SFRY 233:The 1156:DPS 700:Bar 663:Yes 610:YES 370:’s 354:in 134:Yes 2125:: 1505:^ 1490:^ 1473:^ 1456:^ 1381:^ 1344:^ 1299:. 1284:^ 1253:. 1184:, 660:No 625:NO 389:. 253:. 156:No 123:% 97:: 1997:e 1990:t 1983:v 1599:e 1592:t 1585:v 1555:. 1375:. 1338:. 1315:. 1266:. 73:) 31:. 20:)

Index

Montenegrin independence referendum, 1992
2006 Montenegrin independence referendum
Serbian

referendum
Montenegrin
SR Montenegro
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Montenegrin President
Momir Bulatović
Lord Carrington
Serbian President
Slobodan Milošević
Yugoslavia
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Serbia
Yugoslav People's Army
Siege of Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
Serbia
Momir Bulatović
Belgrade
conflict in Croatia
European Community
Yugoslavia
the Hague
Lord Carrington
British Foreign Secretary

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