2414:
1575:) to a gerundive, denotes the idea of necessity or compulsion, that which "must" be done, rather than that which is "fit for" doing. Its use as a noun in English is not considered a strictly grammatical usage of a foreign word but is rather a newly coined English noun, which follows English grammatical usage, not Latin grammatical usage. This determines the form of the plural in English, which according to English grammar should be "referendums". The use of "referenda" as a plural form in English (treating it as a Latin word and attempting to apply to it the rules of Latin grammar) is unsupportable according to the rules of both Latin and English grammar. The use of "referenda" as a plural form is posited hypothetically as either a gerund or a gerundive by the
36:
25:
2285:
47:
482:
2402:
99:
3855:
1397:
793:
421:
1964:
government, could determine what the state should recognize or carry out, while such referendums have been strongly criticized by civil rights organizations and professional bodies as means by which the majority of the public could vote on the rights of a vulnerable minority according to contemporary prejudices.
1963:
which allows for a vote on the granting or amendment of current civil rights, liberties or associations as recognized by a government. Such referendums have frequently been proposed as a means by which the majority of the voting public in a polity, rather than the judicial or legislative chambers of
1692:
The term "referendum" covers a variety of different meanings, and the terminology is different depending on the us that holds them. A referendum can be binding or advisory. In some countries, different names are used for these two types of referendum. Referendums can be further classified by who
1742:
is a class of referendum required to be voted on if certain conditions are met or for certain government actions to be taken. They do not require any signatures from the public. In areas that use referendums a mandatory referendum is commonly used as a legally required step for ratification for
2207:
has not held multiple-choice referendums in the Swiss or
Swedish sense (in which only one of several counter-propositions can be victorious, and the losing proposals are wholly null and void), it does have so many yes-or-no referendums at each election day that conflicts arise. The State's
2153:
was held, in which voters had four choices. In 1992, New
Zealand held a five-option referendum on their electoral system. In 1982, Guam had a referendum that used six options, with an additional blank option for those wishing to (campaign and) vote for their own seventh option.
2310:(also called a participation quorum) in order for the referendum to be considered legally valid. In a participation quorum a majority of those voting must approve of the referendum, and a certain percentage of population must have voted in order for the results to be approved.
1643:
In
Australia, a 'referendum' is often said to be a vote to change the federal constitution and 'plebiscite' a vote which does not affect the federal constitution. However, this is erroneous as not all federal referendums have been on constitutional matters (such as the
2432:
In
Political Governance states that voters in a referendum are more likely to be driven by transient whims than by careful deliberation, or that they are not sufficiently informed to make decisions on complicated or technical issues. Also, voters might be swayed by
3260:
Urdinez, MarĂa
Victoria (2007). Mecanismos de participaciĂłn y control ciudadano: 'El plebiscito en Esquel. IV Jornadas de JĂłvenes Investigadores. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos
2544:
can plague a referendum on two or more issues. If one issue is in fact, or in perception, related to another on the ballot, the imposed simultaneous voting of first preference on each issue can result in an outcome which is displeasing to most.
2183:
Swiss referendums offer a separate vote on each of the multiple options as well as an additional decision about which of the multiple options should be preferred. In the
Swedish case, in both referendums the 'winning' option was chosen by the
2313:
The usage of participation quorums in referendums is controversial, as higher requirements have been shown to reduced turnout and voter participation. With high participation quorums, the opposition of a referendum has an interest in
1588:
is logically preferable as a plural form meaning 'ballots on one issue' (as a Latin gerund, referendum has no plural). The Latin plural gerundive 'referenda', meaning 'things to be referred', necessarily connotes a plurality of
3504:
2127:
A referendum usually offers the electorate a straight choice between accepting or rejecting a proposal. However some referendums give voters multiple choices, and some use transferable voting. This has also been called a
2530:
All governments are unpopular. Given the chance, people would vote against them in a referendum. Therefore avoid referendums. Therefore don't raise questions which require them, such as the big versus the little
1836:
is a class of referendums that is put to the vote as a result of a demand. This may come from the executive branch, legislative branch, or a request from the people (often after meeting a signature requirement).
1655:
In
Ireland, 'plebiscite' referred to the vote to adopt its constitution, but a subsequent vote to amend the constitution is called a 'referendum', as is a poll of the electorate on a non-constitutional bill.
2095:, candidate states, and their territories, with several additional referendums held in countries outside the EU. The referendums have been held most commonly on the subject of whether to become a member of
1675:
After a reduction in the number of referendums in the Mid-twentieth century, the referendum as a political tool has been increasing in popularity since the 1970s. This increase has been attributed to
2271:
or traditional methods system. Traditionally, e-referendums are organised by governmental bodies, but nowadays, there exist private companies that can facilitate online referendums or other types of
1886:. They tend to be used quite selectively, covering issues such as changes in voting systems, where currently elected officials may not have the legitimacy or inclination to implement such changes.
3533:
2337:, campaigned for people to abstain from voting to drive down turnout. Although a majority of people voted yes for the changes in the law, the results were invalid because participation was low.
2345:
Important referendums are frequently challenged in courts. In pre-referendum disputes, plaintiffs have often tried to prevent the referendum to take place. In one such challenge, in 2017, the
3165:
1640:. Today, a referendum can also often be referred to as a plebiscite, but in some countries the two terms are used differently to refer to votes with differing types of legal consequences.
3395:
2176:, with 76 of the members in favour of allowing more than two options, and 52% favouring preferential voting in such cases. Other people regard a non-majoritarian methodology like the
3677:
3496:
1504:
Some definitions of 'plebiscite' suggest it is a type of vote to change the constitution or government of a country. The word, 'referendum' is often a catchall, used for both
2765:
1847:: Also known as a legislative referral, are initiated by the legislature or government. These may be advisory questions to gauge public opinion or binding questions of law.
3840:
Morel, L. (2011). 'Referenda'. In: B. Badie, D. Berg-Schlosser, & L. Morlino(eds), International
Encyclopedia of Political Science.Thousand Oaks: SAGE: 2226–2230.
2157:
A multiple choice referendum poses the question of how the result is to be determined. They may be set up so that if no single option receives the support of an absolute
1776:: Many localities require a referendum in order for the government to issue certain bonds, raise taxes above a specified amount, or take on certain amounts of debt. In
2597:
3337:
1795:
and joining a supranational community. This type of referendum has only occurred once in the country's history: a failed attempt in 1986 for
Switzerland to join the
2358:
1869:. Depending on the area and position, a recall may be for a specific individual, such as an individual legislator, or more general such as an entire legislature.
2999:
3712:
2208:
constitution provides a method for resolving conflicts when two or more inconsistent propositions are passed on the same day. This is a de facto form of
3361:"Democracy's Missing Link: The "preferendum" — a method for citizens to rate and rank policy ideas — would turn citizen concerns into government action"
2570:
A similar problem also arises when elected governments accumulate excessive debts. That can severely reduce the effective margin for later governments.
3525:
1649:
3139:
1750:
Constitutional changes: Some countries or local governments choose to enact any constitutional amendments with a mandatory referendum. These include
3106:
354:
270:
3161:
2580:
mandatory assessment by an independent public institution of all budgetary implications of all legislative proposals, before they can be approved;
2099:
as part of the accession process, although the EU does not require any candidate country to hold a referendum to approve membership or as part of
1900:
Since the end of the 18th century, hundreds of national referendums have been organised in the world; almost 600 national votes have been held in
3391:
2820:
2019:
3084:
3055:
2298:
Quorums are typically introduced to prevent referendum results from being skewed by low turnout or decided by a motivated minority of voters.
3302:
2731:) serves the purpose. It has only accusative, genitive, dative and ablative cases (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, pp. 91-2.)
2557:
to amend constitutions has so tied the government to a jumble of popular demands as to render the government unworkable. A 2009 article in
1648:), and state votes that likewise do not affect either the federal or state constitution are frequently said to be referendums (such as the
714:
3669:
2519:
In recent years, referendums have been used strategically by several
European governments trying to pursue political and electoral goals.
2653:
2497:
2322:. All others who are not voting for other reasons, including those with no opinion, are effectively also voting against the referendum.
1743:
constitutional changes, ratifying international treaties and joining international organizations, and certain types of public spending.
1425:
449:
3647:
2192:, rather than an absolute majority, of voters. In the 1977 Australian referendum, the winner was chosen by the system of preferential
2505:
2489:
2469:
2288:
Nedko Solakov's artistic and humouristic project "Référendum against référendums", for the Swiss Sculpture Exhibition Utopics in 2009
2080:
2073:
313:
2256:
2761:
2318:
from the vote instead of participating, in order to invalidate the referendum results through low turnout. This is a form of the
1645:
3190:
3776:
3370:
2413:
2326:
58:
3600:
3147:
3116:
2727:
is a verbal noun (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) but has no nominative case, for which an infinitive (
2699:
is a verbal noun (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) but has no nominative case, for which an infinitive (
2030:, Ecuador in 2021. In each of the three cases the local community rejected the establishment of new mines in their territory.
1921:
1652:). Historically, they are used by Australians interchangeably and a plebiscite was considered another name for a referendum.
66:
3570:
3475:
1679:
of the public with political parties, as specific policy issues became more important to the public than party identifiers.
3905:
3809:
2354:
2185:
2122:
3329:
3217:
2481:
2092:
821:
2062:. An independence referendum that results in a vote for independence does not always ultimately result in independence.
3564:
2959:
2357:. In post-referendum disputes, they challenge the result. British courts dismissed post-referendum challenges of the
1293:
260:
170:
3419:"Is Electronic Voting a Panacea for Low Election Turnout?: Examples of Estonian e-Elections and Swiss e-Referendums"
1925:
899:
726:
397:
245:
175:
2976:
3698:
2567:
state government to tax the people and pass the budget, and called for an entirely new Californian constitution.
2169:
3900:
2368:
1780:
for example, the state government may not borrow more than $ 300,000 without a public vote in a statewide bond
1418:
1288:
1066:
914:
719:
709:
442:
230:
215:
2465:
2473:
2417:
2346:
1937:
1905:
1781:
1303:
730:
3220:[Proposal of chinese investments in mapuche territory: resistances to metallic mining in Loncopué].
501:
3418:
3274:
1052:
884:
855:
3218:"Propuestas de inversiones chinas en territorio mapuche: resistencias a la minerĂa metalĂfera en LoncopuĂ©"
2373:
1356:
545:
35:
2212:—i.e. the proposition with the most "yes" votes prevails over the others to the extent of any conflict.
2188:("first past the post") system. In other words, the winning option was deemed to be that supported by a
3845:
3618:"The Strategic Use of Government-Sponsored Referendums in Contemporary Europe: Issues and Implications"
889:
860:
220:
1557:, it cannot be used alone in Latin, and must be contained within a context attached to a noun such as
1477:, or the referendum may be only advisory. In some countries, it is synonymous with and also known as
3885:
2792:
2224:
1813:. It has never been enacted by any country, but was debated in the United States in the 1930s as the
1577:
1411:
1016:
435:
24:
3746:
Qvortrup, Matt; O'Leary, Brendan; Wintrobe, Ronald (2018). "Explaining the Paradox of Plebiscites".
2141:, for example, multiple choice referendums are common. Two multiple choice referendums were held in
3890:
3076:
3047:
2196:(IRV). Polls in Newfoundland (1949) and Guam (1982), for example, were counted under a form of the
1883:
1751:
1466:
1131:
1021:
588:
210:
160:
3443:
2657:
2848:
2634:
2442:
2319:
2145:, in 1957 and in 1980, in which voters were offered three options. In 1977, a referendum held in
2048:
2041:
1956:
1949:
1061:
814:
671:
392:
308:
288:
240:
2586:
interdiction of extra-budget expenditure (tax payers anyway have to fund them, sooner or later).
2477:
2334:
2173:
2150:
1895:
1717:
1626:
The term 'plebiscite' has a generally similar meaning in modern usage and comes from the Latin
1298:
1240:
1186:
763:
265:
185:
153:
3222:
3164:. Berne, Switzerland: swissinfo.ch - a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation SRG SSR.
2604:
2244:
2237:
2193:
2162:
1917:
1901:
1759:
1118:
951:
603:
598:
377:
331:
255:
250:
235:
225:
200:
180:
165:
3593:
Direct Democracy: A Comparative Study of the Theory and Practice of Government by the People
1465:
on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a
3875:
3738:
3617:
2541:
2540:
Some critics of the referendum attack the use of closed questions. A difficulty called the
2177:
2084:
1982:
1975:
1913:
1844:
1773:
1739:
1733:
1700:
1505:
1228:
1099:
1089:
1074:
1001:
919:
704:
293:
205:
190:
140:
120:
2284:
8:
2364:
2100:
1833:
1827:
1755:
1704:
1340:
1250:
1104:
1006:
956:
894:
515:
195:
115:
2948:"Context, Elites, Media and Public Opinion in Referendums: When Campaigns Really Matter"
2824:. Vol. LXV, no. 1960. New South Wales, Australia. 29 January 1898. p. 217
2686:
A gerundive is a verbal adjective (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.)
2129:
46:
3829:
3796:
3763:
3639:
2928:
2554:
2189:
1856:
1850:
1713:
1509:
1378:
971:
807:
633:
349:
135:
125:
3275:"Votantes respaldan prohibiciĂłn a la minerĂa en ciudad ecuatoriana de Cuenca: alcalde"
3236:
3880:
3833:
3800:
3767:
3643:
3596:
3560:
3186:
3143:
3112:
3023:
2955:
2932:
2920:
2629:
2577:
strict rules for correct accounting on budget plans and effective public expenditure;
2264:
2014:
is a direct and universal vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a
2011:
2004:
1990:
1985:(also known as a budget referendum) is a form of the referendum and an instrument of
1792:
1623:, to rule, make straight, those things which must be made straight (corrected), etc.
1373:
1047:
909:
904:
865:
838:
749:
613:
583:
510:
466:
387:
298:
130:
83:
3821:
3788:
3755:
3629:
3360:
3241:
3231:
2991:
2910:
2501:
2485:
2453:
2401:
2220:
2216:
2197:
1986:
1960:
1879:
1814:
1632:
1594:
1455:
1323:
1079:
933:
774:
769:
686:
653:
623:
608:
565:
540:
535:
530:
520:
382:
90:
1563:, "A proposal which must be carried back to the people". The addition of the verb
3895:
3859:
3554:
3467:
2947:
2421:
2209:
2059:
2027:
1862:
1401:
1383:
1208:
1193:
797:
779:
754:
676:
550:
506:
425:
372:
1993:
of a government and allows citizens to vote directly on individual budget items.
1853:
or Initiative referendum: A citizen-led process to propose and vote on new laws.
1530:
481:
2493:
2461:
2448:
Some opposition to the referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as
2096:
2088:
1866:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1637:
1525:
1279:
1198:
1152:
1094:
628:
593:
525:
303:
2872:
The Death of Communal Liberty: A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton
2843:
2815:
2787:
2134:
when the choices given allow the voters to weight their support for a policy.
1609:
3869:
3703:
3497:"High Court rejects challenge to have Brexit referendum result declared void"
2924:
2559:
2438:
2385:
2382:
2307:
2161:(more than half) of the votes, resort can be made to the two-round system or
1878:
From a political-philosophical perspective, referendums are an expression of
1806:
1696:
David Altman proposes four dimensions that referendums can be classified by:
1203:
1181:
1156:
986:
643:
555:
3634:
2915:
2898:
2573:
Both these problems can be moderated by a combination of other measures as
1669:
1536:
2583:
mandatory prior assessment of the constitutional coherence of any proposal;
2509:
2449:
2437:, strong personalities, intimidation, and expensive advertising campaigns.
2056:
1787:
International relations: Switzerland has mandatory referendums on enacting
1462:
966:
618:
402:
3825:
3792:
2605:"A proposed contextual evaluation of referendum quorum using fuzzy logics"
2456:
who, it is argued, used the plebiscite to disguise oppressive policies as
2215:
Other voting systems that could be used in multiple-choice referendum are
1882:, but today, most referendums need to be understood within the context of
1664:
The name and use of the 'referendum' is thought to have originated in the
1619:
2796:. No. 9452. New South Wales, Australia. 21 September 1897. p. 4
2596:
The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation, statistics (German).
2523:
2367:
have traditionally not interfered with referendum disputes. In 2021, the
2252:
2138:
1676:
1665:
1270:
1235:
1138:
1126:
991:
496:
108:
3854:
3759:
3303:"Court allows referendum on mining in the Ecuadoran Andes to go forward"
3246:
1599:
1565:
1396:
792:
420:
98:
2564:
2434:
2378:
2315:
2268:
2204:
1777:
1763:
1614:
1604:
1360:
1350:
1345:
1084:
946:
638:
2995:
2103:. Other EU-related referendums have been held on the adoption of the
2350:
2146:
2052:
1550:
1521:
1245:
1143:
1026:
981:
961:
560:
407:
2200:, and an unusual form of TRS was used in the 1992 New Zealand poll.
3307:
2852:. No. 12, 464. Victoria, Australia. 3 December 1910. p. 4
2457:
2272:
2260:
2158:
1865:: A procedure to remove elected officials before the end of their
1767:
1368:
1328:
1011:
996:
976:
845:
648:
473:
3330:"En Cuenca, el 80,9% apoya cese de actividad minera, segĂşn el CNE"
2952:
The Dynamics of Referendum Campaigns: An International Perspective
3279:
3269:
3267:
2677:
Marchant & Charles, Cassell's Latin Dictionary, 1928, p. 469.
2513:
2508:. Hitler's use of plebiscites is argued as the reason why, since
1283:
941:
62:
3105:
Goetschel, Laurent; Bernath, Magdalena; Schwarz, Daniel (2004).
2548:
2535:
1859:: A citizen-led process to oppose and strike down existing laws.
1723:
Proactive (proposing a change) vs reactive (preventing a change)
3708:
3211:
3209:
3207:
2724:
2696:
2425:
2330:
2293:
2248:
2142:
2023:
2015:
1788:
1541:
1470:
1333:
1275:
1173:
681:
3264:
2329:, opposition to the proposed loosening of laws on research on
3365:
2406:
1909:
70:
3204:
2066:
3745:
2104:
1916:: 72 popular referendums (51 of which were proposed by the
1554:
1458:
3670:"Referendums are a bad idea, Irish leader told EU in 1995"
3526:"ECHR ruling 'has Europe-wide implications' on disability"
3384:
2091:. Since 1972, a total of 48 referendums have been held by
2371:
extended its jurisdiction to referendums in its judgment
1474:
3410:
2460:. Dictators may also make use of referendums as well as
3468:"Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum"
3322:
3104:
1809:, is a referendum to approve a declaration of war in a
1805:: A hypothetical type of referendum, first proposed by
1581:, which rules out such usage in both cases as follows:
2747:, "Proposals which must be carried back to the people"
3843:
2897:
Silagadze, Nanuli; Gherghina, Sergiu (January 2020).
2516:
for the holding of referendums at the federal level.
1597:, "those matters which must be driven forward", from
3187:"Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali"
2051:
is a type of referendum in which the residents of a
3108:
Swiss Foreign Policy: Foundations and Possibilities
2887:, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, p. 122
2563:argued that this had restricted the ability of the
2896:
2762:"Plebiscite or Referendum - What's the Difference"
2107:and on participation in other EU-related policies.
1650:2009 Western Australian daylight saving referendum
3162:"How direct democracy has grown over the decades"
3140:Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes
2409:, Ukraine, demanding a referendum, March 30, 2014
3867:
3159:
2553:Several commentators have noted that the use of
1746:Typical types of mandatory referendums include:
1636:(Plebeian Council), the popular assembly of the
2396:
2018:proposal. Mining referendums have been held in
1607:, "that matter which must be remembered", from
1540:, "to bear, bring, carry" plus the inseparable
3668:Bowcott, Owen; Davies, Caroline (2019-12-31).
3048:"Design and Political issues of Referendums —"
2899:"Referendum Policies across Political Systems"
2821:The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser
2464:to further legitimize their authority such as
2116:
2055:decide whether the territory should become an
3739:The Palgrave Handbook of European Referendums
3667:
2759:
2549:Undue limitations on regular government power
2536:Closed questions and the separability problem
1549:, here meaning "back"). As a gerundive is an
1419:
815:
443:
3595:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3416:
2974:
2885:State and Federal Government in Switzerland
2874:. Princeton University Press, 1974, p. 179.
2700:
2247:(or e-referendum) is a referendum in which
2180:(MBC) as more inclusive and more accurate.
1570:
1558:
1544:
1534:, literally "to carry back" (from the verb
1469:. This may result in the adoption of a new
3615:
3077:"Statewide bond propositions (California)"
2860:– via National Library of Australia.
2832:– via National Library of Australia.
2804:– via National Library of Australia.
2034:
1942:
1426:
1412:
822:
808:
450:
436:
3633:
3622:Journal of Contemporary European Research
3358:
3245:
3235:
2945:
2914:
2081:referendums related to the European Union
2074:Referendums related to the European Union
2067:Referendums related to the European Union
1959:or human rights referendum is any act of
1630:, which originally meant a decree of the
3807:
3774:
3590:
2602:
2412:
2400:
2283:
2257:information and communication technology
2230:
1727:
2755:
2753:
2612:Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods
2301:
2111:
1968:
1840:Types of optional referendums include:
1646:1916 Australian conscription referendum
3868:
3556:Political Governance: Political theory
3300:
3215:
2327:2005 Italian fertility laws referendum
1821:
59:2016 Ivorian constitutional referendum
3715:from the original on 4 September 2009
3340:from the original on 11 February 2021
3134:Bruno S. Frey et Claudia Frey Marti,
2656:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
2441:argued that direct democracy is the "
1560:Propositum quod referendum est populo
3777:"Elite Strategy or Populist Weapon?"
3699:"California: The ungovernable state"
3392:"Manner in which referenda are held"
2954:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–3.
2750:
2745:Proposita quae referenda sunt popolo
2739:
2737:
2714:Oxford English Dictionary Referendum
2598:Statistik Schweiz - Stimmbeteiligung
2123:Category:Multiple-choice referendums
1997:
1989:. It always relates to parts of the
3359:Reybrouck, David Van (2023-03-16).
3301:Castro, Mayuri (October 27, 2020).
2975:SerdĂĽlt, Uwe; Welp, Yanina (2012).
2768:from the original on 13 August 2015
2165:, which is also called IRV and PV.
1443:
13:
3730:
3711:. 16–22 May 2009. pp. 33–36.
3398:from the original on 23 March 2018
2236:This paragraph is an excerpt from
2072:This paragraph is an excerpt from
2040:This paragraph is an excerpt from
2003:This paragraph is an excerpt from
1974:This paragraph is an excerpt from
1948:This paragraph is an excerpt from
1603:, to impel or drive forwards; and
16:Direct vote on a specific proposal
14:
3917:
3616:Sottilotta, Cecilia Emma (2017).
3237:10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2019-0028
3160:Duc-Quang Nguyen (17 June 2015).
3136:Le bonheur. L'approche Ă©conomique
2734:
2717:
2708:
2680:
2671:
2512:, there has been no provision in
2172:considered the conduct of future
2087:, which were predecessors of the
1920:), 4 constitutional referendums,
1687:
1294:Biology and political orientation
73:deciding on republic or monarchy.
3853:
3444:"Electronic Referendum Platform"
2760:Green, Antony (12 August 2015).
2083:, or referendums related to the
1395:
791:
480:
419:
398:List of direct democracy parties
97:
45:
34:
23:
3810:"Demystifying Direct Democracy"
3691:
3680:from the original on 2019-12-31
3661:
3650:from the original on 2017-12-17
3609:
3584:
3573:from the original on 2023-11-06
3559:. Gyan Publishing House. 2005.
3547:
3536:from the original on 2021-11-09
3518:
3507:from the original on 2021-11-21
3489:
3478:from the original on 2020-11-12
3460:
3436:
3417:Musiał-Karg, Magdalena (2012).
3373:from the original on 2023-11-06
3352:
3336:(in Spanish). 8 February 2021.
3294:
3254:
3193:from the original on 2017-10-26
3179:
3168:from the original on 2016-08-06
3153:
3125:
3098:
3087:from the original on 2020-12-22
3069:
3058:from the original on 2020-05-02
3040:
3016:
3005:from the original on 2015-04-02
2968:
2939:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2836:
2808:
2977:"Direct Democracy Upside Down"
2844:"The Plebiscite or Referendum"
2780:
2689:
2646:
2369:European Court of Human Rights
1672:as early as the 16th century.
1289:Theories of political behavior
915:Political history of the world
1:
2640:
2420:Demonstration for "NO" vote,
2418:2015 Greek bailout referendum
2391:
1938:Category:Referendums by issue
1889:
1304:Critique of political economy
3024:"Direct Democracy Worldwide"
2946:de Vreese, Claes H. (2007).
2397:Criticism of populist aspect
2347:Spanish Constitutional Court
2255:means. E-referendum employs
1922:one institutional referendum
1904:since its inauguration as a
1873:
1762:, Denmark, and 49 of the 50
1515:
885:Outline of political science
7:
3906:Latin gerundives in English
3775:Topaloff, Liubomir (2017).
2984:Taiwan Journal of Democracy
2623:
2466:AntĂłnio de Oliveira Salazar
2374:Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia
2340:
2117:Multiple-choice referendums
1931:
654:Right to stand for election
344:History of direct democracy
10:
3922:
3736:Smith, Julie (ed.). 2021.
2816:"Government by Plebiscite"
2654:"Definition of Plebiscite"
2590:
2405:Pro-Russian protesters in
2306:Referendums may require a
2291:
2235:
2120:
2071:
2039:
2002:
1973:
1947:
1935:
1893:
1825:
1731:
1659:
890:Index of politics articles
3748:Government and Opposition
3216:Wagner, Lucrecia (2019).
2603:Turcoane, Ovidiu (2015).
2279:
2026:, Argentina in 2003, and
1593:It is closely related to
1578:Oxford English Dictionary
3426:Polish Political Science
3283:(in Spanish). 2021-02-08
2267:rather than a classical
1884:representative democracy
1682:
3808:Qvortrup, Matt (2017).
3635:10.30950/jcer.v13i4.836
3591:Qvortrup, Matt (2013).
2916:10.1111/1467-923x.12790
2903:The Political Quarterly
2849:The Bendigo Independent
2635:Deliberative referendum
2443:tyranny of the majority
2365:International tribunals
2355:independence referendum
2186:Single Member Plurality
2049:independence referendum
2042:Independence referendum
2035:Independence referendum
1957:civil rights referendum
1950:Civil rights referendum
1943:Civil rights referendum
1926:one advisory referendum
1766:(the only exception is
1710:Binding vs consultative
1299:Political organisations
1062:International relations
900:Politics by subdivision
393:Participatory budgeting
3394:. Citizens' Assembly.
2701:
2533:
2472:; Benito Mussolini in
2429:
2410:
2335:in-vitro fertilization
2289:
2174:referendums in Ireland
1896:Referendums by country
1845:Authorities plebiscite
1789:international treaties
1703:(legally required) vs
1618:
1608:
1598:
1591:
1571:
1569:(3rd person singular,
1564:
1559:
1545:
1535:
1529:
720:Next general elections
154:Referendums by country
3901:Political terminology
3826:10.1353/jod.2017.0052
3793:10.1353/jod.2017.0051
2870:Barber, Benjamin R..
2555:citizens' initiatives
2528:
2416:
2404:
2287:
2245:electronic referendum
2238:Electronic referendum
2231:Electronic referendum
2194:instant-runoff voting
2163:instant-runoff voting
1936:Further information:
1912:ranks second with 78
1894:Further information:
1791:that have to do with
1728:Mandatory referendums
1718:Authorities initiated
1583:
1506:legislative referrals
1379:Political campaigning
1119:Public administration
952:Collective leadership
604:Boundary delimitation
326:Referendums by method
3814:Journal of Democracy
3781:Journal of Democracy
3111:. Psychology Press.
2705:) serves the purpose
2542:separability problem
2302:Participation quorum
2178:Modified Borda Count
2112:Design and procedure
2085:European Communities
1983:financial referendum
1976:Financial referendum
1969:Financial referendum
1914:national referendums
1906:modern state in 1848
1774:Financial referendum
1740:mandatory referendum
1734:Mandatory referendum
1520:'Referendum' is the
1487:popular consultation
1229:Separation of powers
1100:Political psychology
1075:Comparative politics
1053:political scientists
1040:Academic disciplines
920:Political philosophy
705:Elections by country
283:Referendums by issue
141:Mandatory referendum
121:Legislative referral
3760:10.1017/gov.2018.16
3223:Estudios Atacameños
2377:, initiated by two
2149:to determine a new
2101:treaty ratification
1834:optional referendum
1828:Optional referendum
1822:Optional referendum
1793:collective security
1613:, to call to mind,
1402:Politics portal
1251:Election commission
1222:Government branches
1105:Political sociology
957:Confessional system
895:Politics by country
798:Politics portal
426:Politics portal
116:Optional referendum
61:; Flyer for a 1971
2476:; Adolf Hitler in
2430:
2411:
2290:
2265:digital telephones
2170:Citizens' Assembly
2168:In 2018 the Irish
2079:This is a list of
1857:Popular referendum
1851:Popular initiative
1085:Political analysis
1017:Semi-parliamentary
378:Citizens' assembly
350:Athenian democracy
136:Popular referendum
126:Popular initiative
3602:978-0-7190-8206-1
3530:www.lawsociety.ie
3148:978-2-88915-010-6
3118:978-0-415-34812-6
2996:10.5167/uzh-98412
2630:Right to petition
2308:turnout threshold
2225:quadratic funding
2012:mining referendum
2005:Mining referendum
1998:Mining referendum
1863:Recall referendum
1714:Citizen initiated
1450:or less commonly
1436:
1435:
1384:Political parties
1324:Electoral systems
1048:Political science
1022:Semi-presidential
934:Political systems
910:Political history
905:Political economy
832:
831:
750:Election security
733:elections in 2024
687:Electoral systems
614:Electoral college
584:Anonymous elector
460:
459:
131:Recall referendum
55:(Top to bottom):
3913:
3886:Direct democracy
3858:
3857:
3849:
3837:
3804:
3771:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3637:
3628:(4): 1361–1376.
3613:
3607:
3606:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3271:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3239:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3157:
3151:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2918:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2788:"THE REFERENDUM"
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2757:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:on July 12, 2012
2650:
2619:
2609:
2526:considered that
2502:Ferdinand Marcos
2486:Francisco Franco
2454:Benito Mussolini
2333:and on allowing
2221:quadratic voting
2217:Condorcet method
2198:two-round system
2093:EU member states
2022:, Peru in 2002,
1987:direct democracy
1961:direct democracy
1880:direct democracy
1815:Ludlow Amendment
1693:initiates them.
1633:Concilium Plebis
1574:
1562:
1548:
1445:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1399:
1190:
1135:
1090:Political theory
1080:Election science
1070:
1056:
834:
833:
824:
817:
810:
796:
795:
775:Election science
770:Electoral reform
624:Election silence
609:Crossover voting
566:Two-round system
484:
462:
461:
452:
445:
438:
424:
423:
383:Popular assembly
109:Referendum types
101:
91:Direct democracy
79:
78:
65:referendum; The
57:Ballots for the
49:
38:
27:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3891:Ballot measures
3866:
3865:
3864:
3852:
3844:
3733:
3731:Further reading
3728:
3718:
3716:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3666:
3662:
3653:
3651:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3574:
3567:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3501:The Independent
3495:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3158:
3154:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3103:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2944:
2940:
2895:
2891:
2883:Vincent, J.M..
2882:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2626:
2607:
2593:
2551:
2538:
2422:Syntagma Square
2399:
2394:
2343:
2320:no-show paradox
2304:
2296:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2241:
2233:
2210:approval voting
2151:national anthem
2125:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2060:sovereign state
2045:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1898:
1892:
1876:
1830:
1824:
1736:
1730:
1716:(bottom-up) vs
1690:
1685:
1662:
1518:
1491:ballot question
1432:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:Public interest
1194:Domestic policy
1184:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1031:
937:
936:
925:
924:
880:
879:
870:
839:Politics series
828:
790:
785:
784:
780:Paper candidate
755:Electoral fraud
745:
737:
736:
710:Close elections
700:
692:
691:
677:Political party
667:
659:
658:
579:
571:
570:
492:
467:Politics series
456:
418:
413:
412:
373:Direct election
368:
360:
359:
345:
337:
336:
327:
319:
318:
284:
276:
275:
156:
146:
145:
111:
84:Politics series
77:
76:
75:
74:
67:1946 referendum
56:
52:
51:
50:
41:
40:
39:
30:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3863:
3862:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3820:(3): 141–152.
3805:
3787:(3): 127–140.
3772:
3743:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3690:
3660:
3608:
3601:
3583:
3565:
3546:
3517:
3503:. 2018-12-10.
3488:
3474:. 2017-09-08.
3459:
3435:
3409:
3383:
3351:
3321:
3293:
3263:
3253:
3226:(in Spanish).
3203:
3178:
3152:
3124:
3117:
3097:
3068:
3052:aceproject.org
3039:
3015:
2967:
2960:
2938:
2909:(1): 182–191.
2889:
2876:
2863:
2835:
2807:
2779:
2749:
2733:
2716:
2707:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2550:
2547:
2537:
2534:
2494:Park Chung Hee
2462:show elections
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2349:suspended the
2342:
2339:
2303:
2300:
2292:Main article:
2281:
2278:
2263:(e-voting) or
2242:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2097:European Union
2089:European Union
2078:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2046:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1933:
1930:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:term of office
1860:
1854:
1848:
1826:Main article:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1811:war referendum
1803:War referendum
1800:
1797:United Nations
1785:
1771:
1732:Main article:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1711:
1708:
1689:
1688:Classification
1686:
1684:
1681:
1661:
1658:
1638:Roman Republic
1517:
1514:
1495:ballot measure
1467:representative
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1273:
1267:
1264:Related topics
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:Foreign policy
1196:
1191:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:Policy studies
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1060:
1058:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
938:
932:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
881:
878:Primary topics
877:
876:
875:
872:
871:
869:
868:
863:
858:
852:
849:
848:
842:
841:
830:
829:
827:
826:
819:
812:
804:
801:
800:
787:
786:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
757:
752:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
672:Administration
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
629:Gerrymandering
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
504:
499:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
477:
476:
470:
469:
458:
457:
455:
454:
447:
440:
432:
429:
428:
415:
414:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
388:Citizen's jury
385:
380:
375:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
346:
343:
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1988:
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37:
26:
3817:
3813:
3784:
3780:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3717:. Retrieved
3702:
3693:
3682:. Retrieved
3674:The Guardian
3673:
3663:
3652:. Retrieved
3625:
3621:
3611:
3592:
3586:
3575:. Retrieved
3555:
3549:
3538:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3509:. Retrieved
3500:
3491:
3480:. Retrieved
3471:
3462:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:
3438:
3429:
3425:
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3386:
3375:. Retrieved
3364:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3333:
3324:
3314:December 12,
3312:. Retrieved
3306:
3296:
3285:. Retrieved
3278:
3256:
3247:11336/126638
3227:
3221:
3195:. Retrieved
3181:
3170:. Retrieved
3155:
3135:
3127:
3107:
3100:
3089:. Retrieved
3080:
3071:
3060:. Retrieved
3051:
3042:
3031:. Retrieved
3028:ResearchGate
3027:
3018:
3007:. Retrieved
2990:(1): 69–92.
2987:
2983:
2970:
2951:
2941:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2847:
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2793:Evening News
2791:
2782:
2770:. Retrieved
2744:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:the original
2648:
2615:
2611:
2572:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2539:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2510:World War II
2450:Adolf Hitler
2447:
2431:
2381:voters over
2372:
2363:
2361:referendum.
2344:
2324:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2259:such as the
2251:is aided by
2214:
2202:
2182:
2167:
2156:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2020:Tambo Grande
1899:
1877:
1839:
1831:
1745:
1737:
1695:
1691:
1674:
1663:
1654:
1642:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1524:form of the
1519:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:or specific
1451:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1132:street-level
1007:Presidential
967:Dictatorship
837:Part of the
759:
619:Election law
546:Proportional
465:Part of the
403:Ballot title
332:E-referendum
309:Independence
289:Civil rights
82:Part of the
3876:Referendums
3754:(2): 1–18.
3742:. Palgrave.
3719:8 September
3448:Far Rainbow
3344:17 February
3132:(in French)
3081:Ballotpedia
2618:(2): 83–93.
2524:John Bruton
2223:(including
2139:Switzerland
2131:preferendum
2057:independent
1902:Switzerland
1782:proposition
1764:U.S. states
1760:Switzerland
1677:dealignment
1586:Referendums
1510:initiatives
1499:proposition
1448:referendums
1271:Sovereignty
1236:Legislature
1139:Technocracy
1127:Bureaucracy
992:Meritocracy
972:Directorial
715:Most recent
599:Competition
578:Terminology
497:By-election
491:Basic types
246:Switzerland
231:Philippines
221:New Zealand
216:Netherlands
3870:Categories
3684:2019-12-31
3654:2017-12-16
3577:2023-03-19
3540:2021-11-21
3511:2021-11-21
3482:2021-11-21
3453:2021-02-16
3377:2023-11-06
3287:2023-01-28
3197:2017-10-13
3172:2016-01-28
3091:2020-06-11
3062:2020-06-11
3033:2021-08-29
3009:2015-03-24
2664:2016-08-23
2641:References
2565:California
2435:propaganda
2392:Criticisms
2316:abstaining
2269:ballot box
2253:electronic
2205:California
2121:See also:
1890:By country
1778:California
1720:(top-down)
1670:GraubĂĽnden
1668:canton of
1628:plebiscita
1615:corrigenda
1605:memorandum
1479:plebiscite
1463:electorate
1440:referendum
1361:Governance
1351:Government
1346:Federalism
947:City-state
764:by country
760:Referendum
639:Psephology
634:Initiative
516:Fixed-term
3834:157819009
3801:157760485
3768:149756080
3644:158825358
3334:Primicias
2933:213618720
2925:0032-3179
2856:26 August
2828:26 August
2800:26 August
2772:23 August
2522:In 1995,
2428:, Greece
2351:Catalonia
2203:Although
2190:plurality
2147:Australia
2053:territory
1874:Rationale
1752:Australia
1701:Mandatory
1551:adjective
1522:gerundive
1516:Etymology
1452:referenda
1341:Unitarism
1329:Elections
1317:Subseries
1246:Judiciary
1241:Executive
1144:Adhocracy
1027:Theocracy
982:Feudalism
962:Democracy
666:Subseries
561:Sortition
536:Plurality
502:Corporate
474:Elections
408:Sortition
211:Lithuania
161:Australia
3881:Politics
3860:Politics
3713:Archived
3678:Archived
3648:Archived
3571:Archived
3534:Archived
3505:Archived
3476:Archived
3472:BBC News
3402:22 March
3396:Archived
3371:Archived
3338:Archived
3308:Mongabay
3191:Archived
3166:Archived
3142:, 2013 (
3085:Archived
3056:Archived
3000:Archived
2766:Archived
2624:See also
2458:populism
2379:disabled
2341:Disputes
2273:e-voting
2261:Internet
2159:majority
1932:By issue
1768:Delaware
1707:(ad hoc)
1705:Optional
1553:, not a
1483:votation
1461:by the
1369:Ideology
1187:doctrine
1148:Service
1012:Republic
997:Monarchy
977:Federacy
866:Category
846:Politics
727:National
649:Suffrage
531:Mid-term
511:Indirect
241:Slovakia
3280:Reuters
2764:. ABC.
2729:referre
2702:referre
2591:Sources
2531:states.
2514:Germany
2331:embryos
2325:In the
1756:Ireland
1660:History
1617:, from
1589:issues.
1531:referre
1454:) is a
1374:Culture
1284:Country
942:Anarchy
856:Outline
744:Related
541:Primary
521:General
367:Related
294:Finance
266:Ukraine
186:Germany
171:Czechia
63:Seattle
3896:Voting
3846:Portal
3832:
3799:
3766:
3709:London
3642:
3599:
3563:
3146:
3115:
2958:
2931:
2923:
2725:gerund
2697:gerund
2500:; and
2426:Athens
2386:access
2359:Brexit
2294:Quorum
2280:Quorum
2249:voting
2143:Sweden
2028:Cuenca
2024:Esquel
2016:mining
1610:memoro
1595:agenda
1542:prefix
1471:policy
1456:direct
1334:voting
1276:Polity
1174:Policy
1153:Public
1067:theory
682:Voting
594:Audits
551:Recall
507:Direct
355:in USA
299:Mining
256:Taiwan
251:Turkey
236:Sweden
226:Poland
201:Israel
181:France
166:Canada
3830:S2CID
3797:S2CID
3764:S2CID
3640:S2CID
3422:(PDF)
3366:Noema
3261:Aires
3003:(PDF)
2980:(PDF)
2929:S2CID
2743:i.e.
2608:(PDF)
2407:Odesa
1910:Italy
1683:Types
1666:Swiss
1537:ferre
1528:verb
1526:Latin
1497:, or
1357:forms
1280:State
1157:Civil
861:Index
731:local
699:Lists
526:Local
206:Kenya
191:Italy
71:Italy
3721:2009
3597:ISBN
3561:ISBN
3404:2018
3346:2021
3316:2020
3144:ISBN
3113:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2921:ISSN
2858:2020
2830:2020
2802:2020
2774:2015
2506:1973
2498:1972
2490:1947
2482:1936
2478:1934
2474:1934
2470:1933
2452:and
2219:and
2105:euro
1981:The
1924:and
1620:rego
1555:noun
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