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reinforced with steel bands, with five metal spikes in symmetrical arrangement. The second example has an all-steel head of complex craftsmanship with four V-shaped spikes mounted on a long shaft that measures slightly less than two metres in length. A twisted and braided steel bar joins the socket to the base of the top spike. There are also 183 surviving specimens in
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weapon which is often described in modern sources as similar to the morning star. However, this is a misconception; it was an infantry weapon in the form of a thick wooden shaft between 1.2 to 1.8 m (3.9 to 5.9 ft) in length, slightly thicker toward the top, topped with a stout iron spike.
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There were three types, all differing in quality of workmanship. The first was the well-crafted military type used by professional soldiers, made in series by expert weaponsmiths for stocking in town arsenals. The second and much simpler type would have been hand-cut by peasant militia men, rather
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Two examples of the military type are housed in the museums of Vienna, both from the 16th century. The first measures 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) in length including the top spike which is 54 cm (21 in). The head is a separate wooden cylinder slipped over the top of the shaft and
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weapon that developed somewhat independently; as the mace transitioned to being constructed entirely of metal, the morning star retained its characteristic wooden shaft. Many surviving morning stars are of a longer two-handed form typically six feet in length, with some longer examples.
211:, made in series and delivered to the arsenal in 1685. They are comparable in length to the previous examples and have three rows of spikes around the head. The wooden shafts of most morning stars of the military type are reinforced with metal
108:, usually with a long spike extending straight from the top and many smaller spikes around the particle of the head. Its simpler, rather improvised construction distinguish it from a flanged mace, which required the skilled craftsmanship of a
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forming three spikes each, reminiscent of a mace but with a short thick spike of square cross section extending from the top. The wooden shaft is reinforced with four langets and the overall length of the weapon is 74.5 inches (189 cm).
137:. The shaft and head were usually of one piece but sometimes reinforced at the top with an iron band. The third type was decorative in nature, usually short-hafted and made of metal, one sixteenth century example being of steel and
64:-like weapons consisting of a shaft with an attached ball adorned with one or more spikes, each used, to varying degrees, with a combination of blunt-force and puncture attack to kill or wound the enemy.
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near
Kortrijk (Courtrai) on 11 July 1302; however, on account of superior but more expensive alternatives, it saw limited service from the fifteenth century on, being used exclusively by the Flemish
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depicting a knight carrying a rather simple morning star with spikes mounted in an asymmetrical pattern as well as a flail equipped with a single spiked ball, known in German as a "
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pommels have also been used as weights.) However, there are few depictions of such a ball-and-chain flail from the period, so the weapon of this type appears to have been uncommon.
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172:), was a morning star used by the English army in the sixteenth century and made in series by professional smiths. One such weapon can be found in the
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The morning star first came into widespread use around the beginning of the fourteenth century, particularly in
Germany where it was known as
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The art of attack: Being a study in the development of weapons and appliances of offence, from the earliest times to the age of gunpowder
120:; the cavalry versions tended to have shorter shafts or more slender designs to facilitate one-handed use. The mace was a traditional
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in German), which typically consists of a wooden shaft joined by a length of chain to one or more iron-shod wooden bars. (Heavy
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Hafted
Weapons in Medieval and Renaissance Europe: The Evolution of European Staff Weapons Between 1200 and 1650
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The goedendag was used to spear horses or knights, but little is certain about its precise mode of use.
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An illustrated history of arms and armour: from the earliest period to the present time
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extending down from the head. Still others can be found in the Swiss arsenals of
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The term holy water sprinkler is also used to describe a type of military
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consisting of a spiked head mounted on a shaft, resembling a
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The weapon was used to great effect by the guildsmen of
329:' wealthy cities against the French knights during the
283:and first published in 1486, there is an anonymous
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455:. Charles Christopher Black. George Bell. p.
231:These types of morning stars are also depicted in
267:between 1465 and 1470, and taken as plunder from
235:. For instance, one is shown being carried by an
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431:. Ulverston: W. Holmes, ltd., Printers. p.
188:, this being the name for the weapon in French (
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76:. The term is often confused with the military
562:Dictionary of Medieval Knighthood and Chivalry
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23:A morning star (middle) shown among other
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295:) which is technically a military flail.
404:(2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 227.
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523:. London: Herbert Jenkins. p. 247.
161:sprinkler (from its resemblance to the
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488:Norman, A.V.B.; Wilson, G.M. (1982).
271:after one of his defeats during the
141:with inlaid gold and silver, in the
176:and has an all-steel head with six
112:. Versions of it were used by both
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494:. London: Lund Humphries. p.
491:Treasures from the Tower of London
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263:. These tapestries were woven in
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239:knight or soldier in the Caesar
425:Cowper, Henry Swainson (1906).
275:against the Swiss. In the poem
35:Morning star (left), next to a
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402:Daily life in the Middle Ages
320:(or variant spellings) was a
60:) is any of several medieval
610:Medieval Military Technology
555:General and cited references
538:Medieval Military Technology
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335:Battle of the Golden Spurs
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540:, Broadview Press, 1998,
475:www.wallacecollection.org
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616:(Broadview Press, 1998,
449:Demmin, Auguste (1894).
400:Newman, Paul B. (2001).
255:'s battle against the
100:The morning star is a
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642:Morning star (weapon)
519:Martin, Paul (1968).
277:Le Chevalier Délibéré
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644:at Wikimedia Commons
281:Olivier de la Marche
196:King John of Bohemia
153:Holy water sprinkler
37:ball-and-chain flail
566:Bradford Broughton
521:Armour and Weapons
293:chain-morning star
243:in the Historical
143:Wallace Collection
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640:Media related to
594:by John Waldman (
289:Kettenmorgenstern
129:than turned on a
16:Club-like weapons
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45:morning star
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568:(New York,
459:–423.
279:written by
163:aspergillum
74:Morgenstern
58:Morgenstern
652:Categories
261:Ariovistus
241:Tapestries
159:holy water
139:damascened
135:blacksmith
382:Citations
317:goedendag
310:Goedendag
304:Goedendag
191:goupillon
50:‹See Tfd›
598:, 2005,
586:11624273
572:, 1986,
350:See also
340:burghers
327:Flanders
257:Germanic
202:Examples
167:Catholic
122:knightly
114:infantry
39:(right).
322:Flemish
285:woodcut
265:Tournai
259:leader
237:armored
217:Lucerne
213:langets
178:flanges
118:cavalry
68:History
27:designs
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602:
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361:KanabĹŤ
245:Museum
227:In art
221:ZĂĽrich
147:London
96:Design
54:German
596:Brill
186:flail
131:lathe
110:smith
90:sword
78:flail
618:ISBN
600:ISBN
582:OCLC
574:ISBN
542:ISBN
500:ISBN
406:ISBN
314:The
249:Bern
219:and
209:Graz
170:Mass
157:The
116:and
106:mace
62:club
25:club
612:by
564:by
457:420
333:or
247:of
145:of
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580:,
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43:A
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