212:
50:
41:
122:
109:
551:
284:
were using
Morocco's ports as safe harbors between raids on American and European shipping. As of 2020, the treaty has withstood transatlantic stresses and strains for more than 235 years, which makes it the longest unbroken treaty relationship in United States history.
235:, which improved Morocco's standing internationally. Central to his pursuit of international trade was the negotiation of agreements with foreign commercial powers. He began seeking one with the United States before the war with
555:
239:
had ended in 1783, and he welcomed Thomas
Barclay's arrival to negotiate in 1786. The treaty signed by Barclay and the sultan and then by Jefferson and Adams was ratified by the
157:. It was the first treaty between the U.S. and an African, Muslim nation, and initiated what as of 2024 remains the longest unbroken diplomatic relationship in U.S. history.
227:
had experienced 30 years of internecine battles, instability and turmoil. Sidi
Muhammad transformed politics, the economy and society by prioritizing development of
381:
Roberts, Priscilla H.; Tull, James N. (June 1999). "Moroccan Sultan Sidi
Muhammad Ibn Abdallah's Diplomatic Initiatives toward the United States, 1777–1786".
203:
and John Adams at their respective diplomatic posts in Paris and London; Congress ratified the treaty on 18 July 1787, which was to last fifty years.
614:
164:, decreed that American ships could freely enter his kingdom's ports and enjoy safe passage through its waters; and became one of the first
594:
529:
522:
535:
541:
604:
441:
223:
Muhammad III, or Sidi
Muhammad bin Abdallah, came to power in 1757 and ruled until his death in 1790. Prior to his reign,
299:
195:
was chosen to represent the U.S., and with the aid and backing of Spain, met his
Moroccan counterpart, Tahir Fannish, in
559:
22:
589:
199:
in June 1786. The treaty was finalized within days of
Barclay's arrival, sealed by Mohammed III, and signed by
574:
188:
599:
507:
211:
309:
304:
169:
49:
40:
192:
236:
609:
579:
408:
340:
327:
240:
512:
215:
Scan of the complete Arabic text of the
Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship, executed in a
584:
161:
8:
257:
251:
228:
503:
390:
454:
437:
273:
269:
184:
294:
263:
244:
200:
457:(Remarks by President Bush and King Hassan II); U.S. Department of State Dispatch"
277:
216:
149:
signed in 1786 that established diplomatic and commercial relations between the
568:
165:
150:
127:
476:
General
History of Africa, Vol. V: Africa from the 16th to the 18th Century
328:
History of the U.S. and
Morocco - U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Morocco
160:
Nearly a decade before the treaty, on 20 December 1777, Moroccan Sultan
523:
Long-time friends: a history of early U.S.-Moroccan relations 1777-1787
394:
176:
59:
Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship (Treaty of Marrakesh), 1786–1787
232:
196:
191:
authorized negotiations for a treaty with Morocco. American diplomat
91:
525:" by Sherrill B. Wells, Embassy of the United States, Rabat, Morocco
180:
175:
Following several overtures by the Sultan, and with the urging of
434:
Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary
224:
154:
114:
281:
146:
478:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. pp. 231–232.
243:
in 1787. It was reaffirmed by the sultan in 1803, when the
530:
Historical Background on United States - Morocco Relations
330:(usembassy.gov) " Also called the Treaty of Marrakech ..."
536:"Morocco-US relations", Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco
513:
The Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship, ",
168:to publicly recognize U.S. independence during the
544:", Moroccan American Trade and Investment Council
383:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
16:1786 treaty between Morocco and the United States
566:
139:Moroccan–American Treaty of Peace and Friendship
532:", Embassy of the United States, Rabat, Morocco
436:. Lehigh University Press. 2008, pp. 158–223.
432:Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts,
380:
219:. June 22, 1786 or Sho'ban 25, 1200 hijri
210:
413:U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Morocco
345:U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Morocco
615:Ordinances of the Continental Congress
567:
29:Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship
363:
361:
13:
558:from websites or documents of the
542:Moroccan–U.S. Relations, 1750–1912
14:
626:
560:United States Department of State
497:
409:"History of the U.S. and Morocco"
358:
341:"History of the U.S. and Morocco"
23:Marrakesh Treaty (disambiguation)
554: This article incorporates
549:
120:
107:
48:
39:
595:Morocco–United States relations
300:Morocco–United States relations
481:
468:
455:"US-Morocco: Longstanding Ties
447:
426:
401:
374:
333:
321:
1:
605:Treaties of the United States
489:Thomas Barclay (1728–1793)...
315:
206:
7:
508:Lillian Goldman Law Library
288:
276:. At the time, independent
231:and restoring power to the
10:
631:
504:English text of the treaty
310:American Legation, Tangier
305:Moorish sovereign citizens
170:American Revolutionary War
20:
369:General History of Africa
98:
87:
64:
33:
76:, 15 July 1786
590:18th century in Morocco
556:public domain material
241:Confederation Congress
220:
68:28 June 1786
214:
575:1786 in American law
141:, also known as the
21:For other uses, see
600:Treaties of Morocco
517:, National Archives
461:. January 24, 2007.
229:international trade
147:bilateral agreement
143:Treaty of Marrakesh
30:
221:
28:
442:978-0-934223-98-0
274:First Barbary War
270:gunboat diplomacy
185:Benjamin Franklin
135:
134:
622:
553:
552:
492:
485:
479:
472:
466:
463:
451:
445:
430:
424:
423:
421:
419:
405:
399:
398:
378:
372:
365:
356:
355:
353:
351:
337:
331:
325:
295:List of treaties
201:Thomas Jefferson
126:
124:
123:
113:
111:
110:
83:
81:
75:
73:
52:
43:
31:
27:
630:
629:
625:
624:
623:
621:
620:
619:
565:
564:
550:
548:
515:Founders Online
500:
495:
486:
482:
473:
469:
453:
452:
448:
431:
427:
417:
415:
407:
406:
402:
379:
375:
366:
359:
349:
347:
339:
338:
334:
326:
322:
318:
291:
272:as part of the
217:Maghrebi script
209:
121:
119:
108:
106:
100:
79:
77:
71:
69:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
53:
45:
44:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
628:
618:
617:
612:
610:1786 in Africa
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
546:
545:
538:
533:
526:
519:
510:
499:
498:External links
496:
494:
493:
480:
467:
446:
425:
400:
389:(2): 233–265.
373:
371:, pp. 231–232.
357:
332:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
290:
287:
208:
205:
193:Thomas Barclay
187:, in 1785 the
166:heads of state
133:
132:
131:
130:
117:
102:
96:
95:
89:
85:
84:
66:
62:
61:
58:
47:
46:
38:
37:
36:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
627:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:1786 treaties
578:
576:
573:
572:
570:
563:
561:
557:
543:
539:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
518:
516:
511:
509:
505:
502:
501:
491:, pp. 195–223
490:
484:
477:
471:
465:
462:
459:
458:
450:
443:
439:
435:
429:
414:
410:
404:
396:
392:
388:
384:
377:
370:
364:
362:
346:
342:
336:
329:
324:
320:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
260:
255:
254:
249:
248:
242:
238:
237:Great Britain
234:
230:
226:
218:
213:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:U.S. Congress
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
151:United States
148:
144:
140:
129:
128:United States
118:
116:
105:
104:
103:
97:
93:
90:
86:
67:
63:
51:
42:
32:
24:
19:
585:Barbary Wars
547:
514:
506:from Yale's
488:
483:
475:
470:
464:
460:
456:
449:
433:
428:
418:November 19,
416:. Retrieved
412:
403:
386:
382:
376:
368:
350:November 19,
348:. Retrieved
344:
335:
323:
264:
258:
252:
247:Constitution
246:
222:
174:
162:Mohammed III
159:
142:
138:
136:
18:
474:B.A. Ogot,
268:engaged in
101:signatories
569:Categories
316:References
207:Background
177:John Adams
80:1786-07-15
72:1786-06-28
487:Roberts,
233:sultanate
197:Marrakesh
94:, Morocco
92:Marrakesh
289:See also
278:corsairs
259:New York
253:Nautilus
181:John Jay
145:, was a
99:Original
88:Location
395:3181936
282:pirates
225:Morocco
155:Morocco
115:Morocco
78: (
70: (
440:
393:
367:Ogot,
262:, and
183:, and
125:
112:
65:Signed
391:JSTOR
265:Adams
438:ISBN
420:2020
352:2020
280:and
245:USS
153:and
137:The
387:143
571::
562:.
411:.
385:.
360:^
343:.
256:,
250:,
179:,
172:.
540:"
528:"
521:"
444:.
422:.
397:.
354:.
82:)
74:)
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
