273:, there were usually two delegates from each branch. The General Meeting elected a Presidential Committee for the Management of the Meeting, received a summary report for the past year from the Chairman of the Acha, and reviews from the Acha treasurer and the Audit Committee, raised issues on which the chairman responded, approved the annual balance, and elected the chairperson of Acha for the next term. When the chairman was elected, he elected the members of the Center for leading Acha with him. Shem Tov had a liberal approach to the members of the Center, and gave them space in making decisions, while making regular meetings in which the members of the Center presented all their activities and received feedback and control of their actions from all the participants in the meeting. A similar approach was made by Shem Tov with the chairpersons of the branches, and he narrowly intervened in the activities which were carried out at the Acha branches. Once a year, he used to invite the chairpersons of the branches to a meeting in the Center, for getting their assistance with the national fundraising day for the Deaf. The chairpersons of the branches saw these meetings as a chance to improve the conditions in their branches, which some of them were in a bad physical condition, like the Jerusalem branch, which in 2003 received a new place on
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237:(Asach) and a dormitory for Deaf pupils. The director of the dormitory was employed by Acha, and Shem Tov knew also the Deaf people from their juvenility. In 1985, during a reorganization of the Helen Keller House, by a request of the Tel Aviv branch, the upper dormitory floor was moved to Asach, which previously made its activity in a small room on the ground floor of the Helen Keller House, next to the dormitory dining room, and the dormitory was moved to Onim.
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campaign; Second from left (standing) โ Avraham
Almakias, who was later active in the Acha Haifa branch; third from left (standing) David Ben-David, who was later elected to the Audit Committee of Acha at the General Meeting. Abu married David Cohen, who was also a student of the course, and later was elected as the chairman of Be'er Sheva branch, while Abu served alongside him as the secretary of the branch, and in 1989 Abu was elected to Acha Center.
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19:
614:", in order to collect funds for the construction of the playground. When the Burla house was under rent, the entrepreneur made a neon illuminated sign on the outer wall of the Burla house. Two Haifa delegates, Ron Giladi and David Suissa, raised the issue at the General Meeting of Acha in the early 1984. Due to the firm tone of their arguments, Shem-Tov informed the General Meeting that during his visit in the Burla house at
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it. The participants learned these abilities to lead their public to its goal, even if it was a party at the club. The class was attended by Deaf young people from all over the country. They were elected in preliminary sortings conducted by the candidates themselves, when veteran activists of Acha observed them and then took part in the final choice, alongside weighing the results of the young people themselves.
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separate day and a dedicated budget. Cohen replied Shem Tov that the hard of hearing people could not observe sign language, because it was a cultural change for them. Hence their need for an organization which was not a part of the Acha. Eventually Keshev was closed when it spent an extra finance upon the international congress for the hearing impaired in the
Jerusalem International Convention Center in 1992.
483:. The conference was upon professional subjects, but during the meeting, words were said between Deaf and hard of hearing participants. At that time, the Ministry of Education decided to close the Niv school in Haifa, and the school principal came to the conference to tell the closure. The news staff of
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in
Jerusalem, when the CEO of Acha was Oded Hon. The members of the Acha Jerusalem branch prepared food and drink for the 500 deaf demonstrators which got gathered from Israel. During the demonstration, Shem Tov requested recognition for the Deaf people as disabled people in all aspects, with all the
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and the director was the actor Hemed
Schulberg. The liaison between Shem Tov and Schulberg was Ilana Saban, after Shem Tov gave her a full freedom of action in her work with the theater, because her husband Shmuel was a dancer in the group of Sound and Silence. One of the plays which was presented by
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These courses were held for four years, until 1986. In the first three years, the students were elected at the beginning of each year. In the fourth year, outstanding students from the previous years participated, and several veteran activists of Acha joined them, including Shem Tov himself, who took
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In the leadership courses, the Deaf participants gathered once a week in Tel Aviv, and acquired knowledge of a club leadership by learning civics, teamwork, initiative and creativity, simulation games, communication, conducting a meeting, making decisions and basic concepts in social work. The Seidel
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A communities' evening in the leadership course. From the left to the right: Chaim Apter, an Acha employee and coordinator of the course; Ilana Saban, a participant in the course; Shmuel
Goldstein (hears), a social worker and the course teacher; Behind Shmuel, Dalia Hopper (hears), a social worker, a
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The delegates of the
General Meeting were elected as a delegate per a number of paying members in the branch. A larger number of branch members resulted more delegates, which were elected in secret and equal elections under the supervision of the Acha Audit Committee. The largest branch in Israel was
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The Center of Acha operated and worked in the Helen Keller House in Tel Aviv, alongside the Tel Aviv branch of Acha, and Shem Tov knew a lot of Acha members, because he was chosen by them every year as a delegate of Tel Aviv branch in democratic elections, and as Acha chairman in the
General Meetings
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The Haifa branch of Acha fought for years to obtain a sport playground like in the Helen Keller house. In 1983, the chairman of the Haifa branch consulted with Shem Tov, and got his approval to make the Burla house, the building of the Haifa branch in HaTzionut Avenue, for renting to a banquet hall,
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As a result, in 1985 the
General Meeting of Acha approved establishment of a committee of TTY members to promote the issue. An application was made to the TTY manufacturers for presenting their items to the Deaf public, and an exhibition was held in the large hall at the Helen Keller House, attended
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arrived at the hotel to broadcast the closure of the school. When the staff arrived, a hearing participant made a speech about her hearing-impaired daughter as it was determined on the agenda of the conference, and asked the audience to applaud for the sake of the school in Haifa. The news staff did
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Shem Tov approved the leadership courses for the Deaf people, which lasted for four consecutive cycles, and each cycle lasted a year. Leadership is the ability of a leader or an elected official to lead a public to a vision or a goal. For being a leader, abilities are needed, and the course provided
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Shem Tov approved the distribution of the MicroBee computers to the Acha branches. Some members of Acha borrowed MicroBee by depositing guarantees for the sake of Acha. After distributing the MicroBees, malfunctions were detected when they were activated. MicroBee distributors did everything to fix
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Ilana Saban, who graduated successfully the 1983 course, was elected by Shem Tov to the Center in 1984. The delegates of the
General Meeting declined it, and conducted a decision in the General Meeting. By this decision, which was put in the regulations of Acha, a candidate who wanted to be elected
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required them to take three buses in each direction, which was not possible from their point of view. Arnfeld talked with Orna Leshem, a social worker in Acha, and she talked with the
Director of the department of the social services in Petach Tikva Municipality. In 1987 they established a club for
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The establishment of Keshev made a resentment in the Acha, and Shem Tov constantly tried to speak with Cohen, suggesting her a leadership inside Acha. Keshev's bureau was in a shelter in Tel Aviv, and Shem Tov promised a better place at the Helen Keller house for the hard of hearing people, with a
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for a road construction. The course was funded by Acha, and taught elected Deaf participants from Jerusalem what a club was, club management, democracy and teamwork with a sign language interpretation. Thanks to the course in Jerusalem, Zamir Levy, who had disputed Shem Tov continuously before the
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Students of the course in traditional costumes in the evening of the communities. On the right is Suzy, then the chairwoman of the Netanya branch; Third from the right, and first from the left (sitting) โ Ilana Abu and Nissim Kakun, who appeared on Channel 1 TV broadcast in the "Listen to Silence"
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party, which was held before the General Meeting, he got the impression that the illuminated sign was inappropriate, and ordered to remove it. After the cancellation of the contract, the entrepreneur sued the chairman of the Haifa branch by a civil lawsuit, the Haifa chairman filed a third-party
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gave to the students the certificates, which were signed by Shem Tov alongside the Ministry of Labor and Welfare. Shem Tov himself came to the leadership course in 1983, passed from a student to a student, talked to everyone, and got to know each one personally. Later, Shem Tov reviewed the
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in Bat Yam held the Fourth International Conference on Deafness Problems, which was organized by Acha under the sponsorship of the World Federation of the Deaf. The mayor of Bat-Yam, Menachem Rothschild, attended its opening ceremony. At the conference, Shem Tov gave a gift to
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In the fourth leadership course in Tel Aviv in 1986, Yaakov Arnfeld, who lit a torch on the eve of the Independence Day in 2016, chose his project to find Deaf people who did not come to the Deaf club at Helen Keller House in Tel Aviv. He found out that most of them were in
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The inauguration ceremony of the Helen Keller House, renovated in Tel Aviv in 1987, after funding for renovations by the philanthropist Leon Moe. Left to right: Chaim Apter, former chairman of Acha and secretary of the World Organization of Jewish Deaf; Mayor of Tel Aviv,
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accompanying rights, such as exemption from taxes on hearing aids, Simultaneous translation into sign language in the television, and appropriate professional training which would make it easier for deaf people to integrate into work. Shem Tov requested also discounts in
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in revenues of the fundraising, Shem Tov initiated an idea to establish the Association of Youth Silence, a nonprofit subsidiary of Acha, for financing activities under the age of eighteen. This idea was not accepted by the General Meeting of Acha, and eventually sank.
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notice against Shem Tov and Acha, and the suit ended with a compromise. Following the lack of confidence in the Acha General Meeting, the Haifa chairman resigned, and during the four years the Haifa branch ran without a chairman, until a new chairman was elected.
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addressed Acha and asked to remove the word "mute" from the name of Acha. Shem Tov accepted the request, and the association's name was established as the Association of Deaf People in Israel, instead of the Association of the Deaf-mute People in Israel.
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not understand the situation, and left the conference mainly due to noise and difficulties in recording. It made resentment among the Deaf people from Haifa, until Shem Tov went on the stage and shook hands with Mrs. Ahuva Magen, the CEO of
232:
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At the same time there was an increase in the IBM Personal Computers, but after Microbee there was little motivation of the Deaf people to use a TTY, even though Zak made a software in Hebrew for the IBM-PC and distributed it on a
635:
Suzy Roimi, chairwoman of the Acha Netanya branch, gives a clock to the Acha Tel Aviv branch chairman, Asher Strulovitz, in the Jubilee ceremony of the Tel Aviv branch, which took place on 28 May 1994 at amphitheater Wahl in the
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Most of the committee members chose MicroBee because the screen went on by itself when a phone call was received. Commodore did not have an answering machine. Then Zak made an answering machine software for the Commodore by a
640:. On the right, Moshe Shem Tov, one of the moderators of the event. Published in the Acha journal "Mabat Shelanu", No. 17, published by autumn 1994, Page 2, by the journal editor and publisher, the journalist Yoram Bar Yosef.
87:
in an industry of shutters and windows installation. After his retirement from the Acha leadership, Deaf people continued to reach his workplace, and he helped them willingly, even though these were his working hours.
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Ezer Levy, who was also a member of the TTY committee, was elected in 1989 as the chairman of Acha, after Shem Tov chose to resign voluntarily. After Levi's election as chairman, Levy decided to replace the TTY with
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and immigrated to Israel on July 31, 1948, when he was 24. His deafness did not prevent him from acquiring the Hebrew language, joining the Deaf community in Israel, marrying his wife, and bring two hearing kids.
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Eti Schwerzberg (in the middle), chairwoman of Acha, and Mirit Eliyahu (right), an Acha board member, grant a certificate of appreciation for Moshe Shem Tov to Ofra (left), his daughter, Helen Keller house, July
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Shem Tov had the ability to talk with everyone who was Deaf, hard of hearing or hearing. His personal skill was the quick ability to communicate theatrically and with a sense of humor even with total strangers.
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By the request of Acha Jerusalem branch in 1986, Shem Tov approved a leadership course for the members of Jerusalem branch, when they still had a club on Mevo HaMatmid street, before it was destroyed by the
38:
176:. The lack of communication options did not delay Shem Tov from being in a continuous communication with the World Organization of Jewish Deaf, and he also represented Acha as a member of the
100:
Moshe Shem Tov welcomes Dr. Dragoljub Vukotiฤ, the president of the World Federation of the Deaf, and gives him a tribute at the Fourth International Conference on Deafness in Bat Yam, 1973.
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43:
437:, which was entirely presented by the Deaf actors without a single word of speech in the 1988 summer while the World Congress of the Deaf was held in Tel Aviv. In July 1987,
468:, where Deaf Jews from the world arrived. The congress lasted four days, during which Edna Cohen collected Deaf people to a new association which was called "Keshev: The
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Getting Deaf people from the periphery caused disputes with the Municipality of Tel Aviv, which refused to assist Deaf people who were not residents of Tel Aviv.
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This photo was published in the Acha journal "Mabat Shelanu" (Our view), June 1987, p. 22, by the journal editor and publisher, the journalist Yoram Bar Yosef.
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188:
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565:, which presented a TTY configuration of a laptop, and Yossi Ofir, which presented a TTY with one line of a Hebrew text and two sockets for the handset.
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Foundation funded the students' participation in several weekends, during which the students received lectures from professionals in the fields of
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A Video of Haifa Band with Etty Schwarzberg, Tali Mor and Yael Saban (no family connection to Ilana Saban), three Deaf girls from the Burla house
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to the Center, had to gain a practical experience of an activity at the branch for a given period of time before being elected to the Center.
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a part of the annual Fundraising, which was established by Shem Tov. After the Ministry of Education had confirmed the participation of
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Alongside his liberalism and his openness to the Deaf, Shem Tov inspected the Acha staff, which most of them were hearing, and replaced
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1205:
522:
589:. Telecommunications relay service had not been exist in Israel due to the lack of legislation, and began only in July 2009.
1100:"The Great Revolt and the Return to the Roots โ The Influence of the Expression Dance upon the Movement Theater in Israel"
719:
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made barriers in Zack's project due to the professional considerations of its representative David Rubner, who worked at
1196:"Keshev" is Awareness in Hebrew. Keshev is also an abbreviation of "Kivdei Shmiaa BeIsrael": Hard of hearing in Israel.
1225:
This recognition exists in the Israeli law of Equal Rights for People with Disabilities, which was not exist in 1984.
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when it was needed. Shem Tov also retained the interests of Acha with government offices and in front of the similar
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597:, due to his will to communicate with the government and with the public services, and the TTY project collapsed.
492:, in order to chill out the atmosphere at the conference, which was a professional conference in every aspect.
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219:
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424:. After the Sound and Silence band, a theater group of Deaf people was established in Acha, whose name was
177:
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The conference was published in the Acha journal "Dmama Shelanu" (Our silence), No. 103, MarchโApril 1973.
48:(Acha) from 1972 to 1989. Shem Tov was the first chairman of the Acha, who approved the conducting of the
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1109:(in Hebrew). Israel: Havatzelet, Hashomer Hatzair Cultural and Educational Institutions. p. 52.
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In the summer of 1983, a professional conference was held at the Astoria Hotel in Tel Aviv, near the
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the Deaf people in Petah Tikva. It puzzled the teacher of the course, who said that Arnfeld, like
37:; April 30, 1924 โ December 25, 2005) was the chairman of the Central Committee ("the Center") of
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550:
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114:
65:
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On February 16, 1984, Shem Tov organized the first demonstration of Deaf people opposite to the
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the Tel Aviv branch, where deaf people from Gush Dan were registered. The second branch was the
205:
96:
448:
in the 21st century the dancer Amnon Damti continues to perform with Jill, a dancer who hears.
421:
374:
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943:"Micha โ Educators of Deaf Children, an association for preschool children with hearing loss"
357:
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activities at Acha and emphasized the need of a "nucleus", which was defined as a teamwork.
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When Shem Tov was the chairman of Acha, the media options were quite limited. There were no
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8:
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It was accepted in the Television Broadcasting Law (Subtitles and Sign Language), 2005.
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in Jerusalem, after a decade it had no building and was operated in rented places like
161:
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according to the disability percentage which was determined for each disabled person.
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153:
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In the summer of 1981, the World Congress of the Jewish Deaf people was held at the
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teacher in the course and a year later coordinator of social workers in the Acha.
139:. On the left: The main hall, for lectures, parties and for the General Meetings.
30:
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the malfunctions, but were unsuccessful due to the model's structural weakness.
1014:"Yaakov Arnfeld lights a torch at the Independence Day ceremony on Mount Herzl"
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of Acha; Leon Moo; Yehuda Zino, director of the Helen Keller House in Tel Aviv.
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210:, the president of the World Federation who attended the conference as well.
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918:"Shema โ Center for Education and Rehabilitation of hearing impaired pupils"
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and lived in Amishav (Hadar Ganim). They claimed that going from Amishav to
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750:. Hurwitz is also a past president of the World Organization of Jewish Deaf
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operated clubs for Deaf and hard of hearing pupils, and demanded from the
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course, was chosen as the chairman of the Jerusalem branch every year.
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1126:'The Window', 1986, by Ruth Ziv Ayal, performers: Martha Reinfeld and
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people in Israel". Every deaf person who could talk fluently, joined.
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in the Tel Aviv branch. In the Helen Keller House there were also the
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people without experience, and trained them in collaboration with the
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Equal Rights Regulations for Persons with Disabilities (Access to
395:, searched for stray donkeys and found royalty (a new Deaf club).
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which operated in front to Acha. An Organization whose name was
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680:"Asach's announcement of a soccer game in memory of Shem Tov"
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84:
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557:, which introduced a personal computer whose software was
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Shem Tov, who had a theatrical background, promoted the
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During 1984, Omer Zak, an electrical engineer from the
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The reaction of the delegates to the leadership courses
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were not existing, and the documents were written by a
651:"Acha's announcement of Moshe Shem Tov's passing away"
68:, to be the next generation of the leaders in Acha.
892:"The national fundraising day for the deaf people"
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316:
91:
1306:
577:, but the committee has already voted MicroBee.
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214:of Acha, which were made by the Israeli law of
1340:Chairpersons of non-governmental organizations
525:in Israel. Zak made a Hebrew software for the
1022:(in Hebrew). Third video, length 2:02 minutes
369:a part in the course as a full-time student.
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22:Moshe Shem Tov on the right, Tel Aviv, 1994.
1040:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
466:International Convention Center (Jerusalem)
1335:Israeli people of Bulgarian-Jewish descent
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1162:"Amnon Damti: Dancing to a Different Tune"
1107:Dance Today โ the dance magazine of Israel
1054:
984:"La cรฉrรฉmonie d'ouverture de Yom Hatsmaut"
715:"World Organization of Jewish Deaf (WOJD)"
573:, when the TTY software was operated by a
496:The first demonstration of the Deaf people
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770:"Bat Yam mayors for their generations"
222:, because there were Deaf people from
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125:Helen Keller House in Tel Aviv, 2016.
39:The Association of the Deaf in Israel
1275:Services and Bezeq Facilities), 2009
58:Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare
1216:Ma'ariv, February 16, 1984, page 17
1160:Danan, Deborah (January 16, 2019).
720:Union of International Associations
34:
13:
14:
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831:"Israel Deaf Sports Organisation"
360:. At the end of each course, the
83:, and worked with his brother in
1244:Efi Landau (December 15, 1999).
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452:Deaf and Hard of Hearing people
317:Leadership courses for the Deaf
245:branch, where Deaf people from
228:Israel Deaf Sports Organization
92:Shem Tov and the Deaf Community
982:LPH info (February 25, 2016).
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660:(in Hebrew). December 25, 2005
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294:Non-governmental organizations
187:During March 19โ23, 1973, the
113:; Moshe Shem Tov; Chava Savir
1:
1330:Bulgarian emigrants to Israel
1085:, October 15, 1980, page 21,
898:(in Hebrew). January 20, 2011
805:"The General Meeting in Acha"
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408:The band of Sound and Silence
362:Ministry of Labor and Welfare
220:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
1098:Eshel, Ruth (January 2003).
533:. The Acha was neutral, and
521:, promoted a project of the
416:band, which was directed by
178:World Federation of the Deaf
7:
1057:"Petah Tikva (Hadar Ganim)"
686:(in Hebrew). April 26, 2009
346:Interpersonal communication
127:On the right: First floor:
10:
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811:(in Hebrew). July 27, 2018
445:for appearing also there.
435:The House of Bernarda Alba
218:. Shem Tov knew also the
1087:Historical Jewish Press
549:, which introduced the
545:by four manufacturers:
66:Hanns Seidel Foundation
1186:Jill and Amnon website
375:Jerusalem Municipality
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253:were registered. From
216:voluntary associations
201:Dr. Dragolijub Vukotic
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118:
101:
23:
358:Israeli sign language
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302:Ministry of Education
160:, which ran a single
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107:
99:
71:Shem Tov was born in
21:
1246:"David Rubner โ ECI"
774:Bat Yam municipality
747:Gallaudet University
158:television in Israel
1345:Israeli deaf people
1206:Niv school in Haifa
1063:. A map is included
896:archive.wikiwix.com
441:went with Saban to
354:Otorhinolaryngology
606:which was called "
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189:Pan American Hotel
150:
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119:
102:
79:Shem Tov lived in
52:courses for young
24:
742:"T. Alan Hurwitz"
684:Walla! Deaf forum
529:and then for the
275:Ben Yehuda street
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1293:, March 11, 2013
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1143:Efrati and Damti
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1012:(May 11, 2016).
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279:Magen David Adom
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1150:, April 1, 2015
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990:(in French)
863:(in Hebrew)
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776:(in Hebrew)
638:Yarkon Park
553:computers;
539:ECI Telecom
439:Ten Fingers
431:Ten Fingers
426:Ten Fingers
388:Yad Eliyahu
384:Petah Tikva
231: [
204: [
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1309:Categories
1081:Newspaper
967:Zamir Levi
947:Beit Micha
658:Deaf forum
623:References
563:RadioShack
507:income tax
174:typewriter
133:The Center
50:leadership
35:ืืฉื ืฉื ืืื
1120:April 29,
1115:1565-1568
1061:Go Israel
922:Kol-Zchut
575:cartridge
551:Commodore
485:Channel 1
456:In 1974,
267:Jerusalem
263:Beersheba
1036:cite web
971:Facebook
616:Hanukkah
555:MicroBee
519:Technion
422:Batsheva
255:Ashkelon
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170:internet
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1291:YouTube
1171:May 31,
1148:YouTube
1067:May 12,
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994:May 12,
547:Tadiran
502:Knesset
443:Denmark
271:Netanya
224:Algeria
162:channel
156:on the
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664:May 3,
656:Walla!
612:Carmel
527:VIC-20
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259:Ashdod
251:Krayot
62:Israel
31:Hebrew
1273:Bezeq
1103:(PDF)
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559:Basic
535:Shema
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1259:2019
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1122:2019
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