Mosquito Coast - Knowledge

1874:, considered the treaty breached and argued openly for the US annexation of Nicaragua and the rest of Central America, for which he was forced to resign. In 1853, the buildings of the US-owned Accessory Transit Company in Greytown were looted and destroyed by the locals. In 1854, an American steamer captain killed a Greytown Creole, and Borland, who had remained in Greytown after his resignation, stopped the arrest for murder by threatening the marshal and his men with a rifle, arguing that they had no power to arrest an American citizen. Though he held no office, Borland ordered 50 American passengers bound for New York to remain on land and "protect US interests" while he sailed to the United States for help. In an example of 898: 484: 1339: 1967: 2191: 333: 1731: 546: 1347: 1756: 50: 1979: 1481: 2166: 1770: 347: 1392: 859: 2606: 1289:(used by New Granadan coast guards as a base against British privateers, often coming from the Mosquito Coast itself), and transferring sovereignty of the Mosquito Coast over to New Granada and considering the area a dependency of San Andrés. While Spanish rule was never restored over the Mosquito Coast (instead, the British occupied the Archipelago itself in 1806 during the course of the war against Spain), the Royal Decree of 1803 became the reason for territorial disputes between the 4055: 6781: 2592: 2375:

within the Miskito community. The council advocates for independence and has considered a referendum, seeking international recognition. It also addresses the needs of the impoverished Moskitian communities, such as drug addiction among youth as the coast is slowly gaining influence as a corridor for drug trafficking. However, the allure of possible Narco funding might be a tempting method of supporting independence should the movement find no support.

64: 985: 2578: 6791: 4061: 1110:. The British plantation owners used their estates to grow some export crops and as bases for the exploitation of timber resources, especially mahogany. Most of the labor on the estates was supplied by African slaves and by indigenous slaves captured in Miskito and British raids into Spanish territory. By 1786, there were several hundred British residents on the shore and several thousand slaves, mostly African. 1305:"King Regent of the Shore", and 33 other Miskito notables gave their "consent, assent, and declaration to, for, and of" George Frederic Augustus I as their "Sovereign King". His coronation in Belize on January 16, 1816, in a deliberate move to secure British support, marked the end of the regency. Meanwhile, Spain lost rule over New Granada in 1819 and over Central America in 1821, when the 1029:. In the early 18th century, the Miskito kingdom became organized into four distinct clusters of population, centered on the banks of the navigable rivers. They were integrated into a single if loosely structured political entity. The northern portions were dominated by Sambus and the southern ones by Tawira Miskitos. The king, whose domain lay from the Wanks River south to the Rio 1281:, and if they had simply raised an army and marched on the Mosquito Coast, nobody would have questioned that the area was part of the Captaincy General once Spanish power was fully restored. Instead, the Spanish government heeded the old advice espoused by Gil de Taboada and Ezpeleta, and decided against Guatemala's request on November 30, 1803, reaffirming the control of the 1018:

accounts refer as well to various noble titles, Miskito social structure does not appear to have been particularly stratified. The 1699 description noted that people holding titles such as "king" and "governor" were only empowered as war leaders, and did not have the last word in judicial disputes. Otherwise, the author saw the population as living in an egalitarian state.

1454:, and claimed it for the Mosquito Kingdom. The commander of the port was kidnapped and abandoned in a deserted beach, and the civilian population was told to leave the place by March 1842. The Nicaraguan government protested and the British did not carry on the threatened evacuation of the port, but neither did they take action against MacDonald for the incident. 1384:, MacGregor having led them to believe that the area was already developed and just in need of skilled workers. In the 1830s and 40s King Robert Charles Frederic also appointed small traders, notably William Hodgson and brothers Peter and Samuel Shepherd, as his agents to administer his claims to tribute and taxes from lands as far south as 1152:, Britain agreed to evacuate British settlers and their slaves from the Mosquito Coast to their as yet informal colony in what was to become British Honduras; later treaties recognized Britain's commercial, but never territorial rights in the region. Some of the settlers and their slaves remained after they swore loyalty to the 1213:, who succeeded Taboada in 1789 and considered that Hodgson's influence among the Miskito was vital to avoid a revolt. Hodgson Jr. was the son of Robert Hodgson Sr., the first British appointed Superintendent in 1749–1759, and he had occupied himself this post from 1767 to 1775, when his political enemies persuaded 465:. Lists of "nations" left by Spanish missionaries include as many as 30 names, though careful analysis of them by Karl Offen suggests that many were duplicated and the regional geography included about a half dozen entities speaking related but distinct dialects occupying the various river basins of the region. 2239:

council was not limited to Miskito: instead, the first council included a number of Moravian missionaries and its first session started with an oration in this denomination. In compensation for his losses, George Augustus Frederic II would be paid £1000 yearly and until 1870 by the Nicaraguan government.

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trade peaked in Europe, but the supply in Belize, a main exporter, was becoming scarce. The Miskito Kingdom became an alternative source to Belize-based traders and wood cutting companies, who acquired concessions and land grants from Robert Charles Frederic. In 1837, Britain formally recognized the

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In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Miskitos Zambos began a series of raids that attacked Spanish-held territories and still independent indigenous groups in the area. Miskito raiders reached as far north as the Yucatán, and as far south as Costa Rica. They sold many of the captives they took

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appear to be descended from the survivors of a shipwrecked slave ship who reached this area in the mid-seventeenth century. These survivors intermarried with the local Miskito people, thereby creating a mixed-race group. They gradually adopted the language and much of the culture of their hosts. The

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as ruler of the territory and its inhabitants, but only as hereditary chief and not king, a title that, along those of general, admiral and governor, was abolished; and that the hereditary chief would be advised by a council of 41 members elected for a period of eight years. The composition of this

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as slaves to English or other British merchants; the slaves were transported to Jamaica to work on sugar plantations. Through such raiding, the Zambo gained a more dominant position and the king's domain was inhabited primarily by Zambos. They also assisted the government of Jamaica in hunting down

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Although the earliest accounts do not mention it, a political entity of uncertain organization, but probably not very stratified, which the English called the "Mosquito Kingdom" was present on the coast in the early seventeenth century. One of the kings of this polity visited England around 1638 at

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During the 16th century, Spanish authorities issued various licenses to conquer Taguzgalpa and Tologalpa in 1545, 1562, 1577, and 1594, but no evidence suggests that any of these licenses resulted in even brief settlements or conquests. The Spanish were unable to conquer this region during the 16th

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arrived in 1797, George II raised an army to attack Bluefields, deposing Hodgson, and drove the Spanish out of the kingdom on September 4, 1800. However, the king died suddenly in 1801. According to British George Henderson, who visited the Mosquito Coast in 1804, many in the kingdom believed that

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as new chief, George Augustus Frederic II's nephew by his second sister, was not recognized by Nicaragua. William Henry Clarence asked for support to Great Britain, accusing Nicaragua of not abiding to the terms of the 1860 treaty and threatening the Miskitu's autonomy, and complaining both about

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In the meantime George II's brother Stephen made some overtures to Spain, who reciprocated by calling Stephen king and giving him the traditional gifts (albeit less frequently than to George II), but he later changed allegiances and raided Spanish held territory. In 1815, Stephen, styling himself

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A more lasting result of this formal relation was that Edward I and other Miskito rulers who followed him allowed the British to establish settlements and plantations within his realm, and issued the first land grants to this effect in 1742. British settlement concentrated especially in the Black

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The United States assumed that this meant the immediate British evacuation of the Mosquito Coast, while the British argued that it only bound them to not expand further in Central America and that both the 1844 protectorate and the 1848 peace treaty were still valid. On November 21, the American

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Miskito dissidents declared the independence of the unrecognized Communitarian Nation of Moskitia in 2009. The movement is led by Reverend Hector Williams, who was elected as "Wihta Tara" (Great Judge) of Moskitia by the Council of Elders, its governing body composed of traditional leaders from

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The death of George Augustus Frederic II in 1865, after only half that time had passed, led to a dispute between Nicaragua and the reserve's government. As indicated in its name, the position of hereditary chief was not completely elective like the title of King that preceded it, but had to be

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Although English accounts referred to the area as a "kingdom", it was relatively loosely organized. A description of the kingdom written in 1699, notes that it occupied discontinuous areas along the coast. It probably did not include a number of settlements of English traders. Although English

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account of the kingdom written by a buccaneer known only as M. W. describes its organization as being fundamentally egalitarian, with the king and some officials (usually called "Captains" in that period but later being more elaborate) being primarily military leaders, but only in time of war.

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In subsequent years, the kingdom stood strongly against any Spanish incursions and was prepared to offer rest and asylum to any anti-Spanish groups that might come to their shores. At the very least English and French privateers and pirates did visit there, taking in water and food. A detailed

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The Mosquito Coast was generally defined as the domain of the Miskito Kingdom and expanded or contracted with that domain. During the 19th century, the question of the kingdom's borders was a serious issue of international diplomacy between Britain, the United States, Nicaragua, and Honduras.

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In 1844, the British government declared a new protectorate over the Mosquito Kingdom and appointed a consul-general of the Mosquito Coast, Patrick Walker with seat in Bluefields. The proclamation was motivated by the state of anarchy in the Mosquito Kingdom after the death of Robert Charles

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and began to work in 1849 in Bluefields, targeting the royal family and the Creoles before expanding to the rest of the Kingdom. In 1880, the mission saw a membership of 1,030 made up of mostly urban creoles. By 1890, the membership was 3,924 and made up of mostly Miskito and rural natives.

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also travelled to the Coast with the aim of converting the native population in this period. The acceptance of the new order was unequal and often influenced by the underlying tensions within the own Miskito elites, divided between the northern regions controlled by the Sambu, loyal to King

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over the Caribbean coast between Cabo Gracias a Dios and Greytown to Nicaragua. Attempts to decide the sovereignty over the northern bank of the Wanks/Coco River which cuts Cabo Gracias a Dios in half, began in 1869, but would not be settled until ninety-one years later when the

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With Spanish power over the Mosquito Coast vanished and British influence rapidly returning, the Captaincy General of Guatemala sought full control of the shore from Spain. The Colombian Ricardo S. Pereira, writing in 1883, considered this act a miscalculation on the part of the

1921:. Charles' first plan was to establish a Prussian settlement in the area and sent three German merchants to study this possibility on the ground. Their dictamen was against colonization, but their suggestion to evangelize the Mosquito Coast was taken up by the Prince of 1001:. By the late 17th century, their leader held the office of general with jurisdiction over the northern portions of the Mosquito Kingdom. In the early eighteenth century, they managed to take over the office of King, which they held for at least the rest of the century. 958:(1625–1649). When his father died, this son returned home and placed his country under English protection. Following the capture of Providence Island by Spain in 1641, England did not possess a base close to the coast. However, shortly after the English captured 1317:

As internecine conflicts seized both Gran Colombia and Central America post-independence, the potential of any regional power to threaten the Miskito kingdom declined. Miskito Kings renewed their alliance with Great Britain, which in 1801 had merged with

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The Miskito could also fly their own flag on the Mosquito Coast, so long as said flag included some sign of Nicaraguan suzerainty. A compromise was reached by using the flag used during the British protectorate (designed by Patrick Walker), but with the

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visited the coast briefly in his fourth voyage. Detailed Spanish accounts of the region, however, only relate to the late 16th and early 17th centuries. According to their understanding of the geography, the region was divided between two "Provinces"

1431:. Because of their greater knowledge of English, the Creoles soon became the workers most sought by foreign companies, occupying the intermediate levels in the businesses and relegating the native Miskitu to the worst paid occupations at the base. 2243:

occupied by a member of George Augustus Frederic II's lineage of full Miskito ancestry. The council argued that none of George Augustus Frederic II's wives was Miskito and that none of their children was eligible as a result. The election of

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The protectorate was claimed to extend from Cape Honduras in the north to the mouth of the San Juan River in the south, including San Juan del Norte. Nicaragua protested again and sent forces to San Juan del Norte, which the Miskito King

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The new colony suffered setbacks as a result of many of the settlers dying en route and the Miskito Crown showing its dissatisfaction with the gifts offered by the Spanish. The Miskito resumed trade with Jamaica and, when news of another

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Because the Spanish failed to have significant influence in the region, it remained independent of outside control. This allowed the native people to continue their traditional way of life and to receive visitors from other regions.

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on April 18, 1850. In this document the two powers pledged themselves to guarantee the neutrality and equal use of the proposed canal, and to not "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua,

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By 1859 British opinion was no longer supportive of their nation's presence in the Mosquito Coast. The British government returned the Bay Islands and ceded the northern part of the Mosquito Coast to Honduras, negotiating with

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in 1740, and Robert Hodgson, Senior was appointed as Superintendent of the Shore. The language of the treaty includes what amounts to a surrender of sovereignty, and is often taken by historians as an indication that a British

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led a campaign to annex the reserve, natives responded with vigorous protest, an appeal to Britain to protect them, and more militant resistance – to little avail. The situation was such that, from July 6 to August 7, the US

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Documentos sobre límites de los Estados-Unidos de Colombia: copiados de los originales que se encuentran en el Archivo de Indias de Sevilla, y acompañados de breves consideraciones sobre el verdadero Uti possidetis juris de

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The Miskito continued to enjoy a certain autonomy under Nicaragua, though there was considerable tension between the claims of the government and those of the indigenous people. This tension was expressed openly during

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Conflicting claims regarding both the kingdom's extent and arguable nonexistence were pursued in diplomatic exchanges. The British and Miskitu definition applied to the whole eastern seaboard of Nicaragua and even to

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to 'protect US interests'. After enjoying almost complete autonomy for fourteen years, on 20 November 1894 their territory formally became incorporated into that of the republic of Nicaragua by Nicaraguan president

2349:(RAAS), autonomous regions with a certain degree of self-government. Those regions were renamed the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCN) and the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCS) in 2014. 1147:

Although Spain had been unable to drive the British from the coast or occupy any position, in the course of the diplomatic negotiations following the war, Britain found itself making concessions to Spain. In the

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rich area was subsequently ravaged. This military cooperation would prove important as Miskito forces were vital to protecting not only British interests in the Mosquito Kingdom but also for British holdings in

1209:, who was none other but a former British Superintendent of the Mosquito Coast who had sworn recent fealty to Spain, Robert Hodgson Jr., but his loyalty and good work were defended by the New Granadan Viceroy 1220:

The Spanish hoped to win over support of the Miskito elite by offering presents like the British had and educating their youth in Guatemala, as many Miskito had been educated previously in Jamaica.

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George II had been poisoned by his brother Stephen as part of a deal with the Spanish. In order to prevent Stephen from seizing power for himself, General Robinson spirited George II's young heir

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Nicaragua could not limit the goods imported or exported through the port of San Juan del Norte (Greytown), unless these goods went to or came from Nicaraguan territory outside the reserve.

1803:, did not answer. After the ultimatum expired, Miskito-British forces led by the King and Patrick Walker, and backed by two British warships, seized San Juan del Norte. They also destroyed 6768: 1380:" by George Frederic Augustus I and sold forged land rights to eager settlers and investors in Britain and France. Most settlers suffered from the lack of infrastructure and died from 7269: 1838:) in Honduras' Pacific coast. After British and American forces nearly clashed in El Tigre, both governments reprimanded the commanders of their forces there and concluded the 1239:

The Spanish also sought to occupy the positions formerly held by British settlers with their own colonists. Beginning in 1787, around 1,200 settlers were brought in from the

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and the firm opposition of Britain's merchant class to a war with the United States, the British government only protested and demanded an apology that was never received.

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The Miskito kings received regular gifts from the British in the form of weapons and consumer goods, and provided security against slave revolts and capturing runaways.

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The Miskito kings allowed the settlement of foreigners in their lands as long as their sovereignty was respected, opportunity that was seized by British merchants and

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The 1860 treaty also recognized that the Mosquito Kingdom, now reduced to the territory around Bluefields, would become an autonomous Miskito reserve, usually called

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off the coast of Honduras and rebuffed the American protests claiming that they had been part of Belize before the treaty. The American representative in Nicaragua,

1811:, during which Walker drowned. On March 7 Nicaragua signed a peace treaty where it ceded San Juan del Norte to the Mosquito Kingdom, who renamed it Greytown after 1232:

who remained himself friendly to the British, and the Tawira southerners aligned with Admiral Briton, who developed closer ties with Spain and adopted the name

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replied to with an ultimatum demanding all Nicaraguan forces to leave before January 1, 1848. Nicaragua appealed to the United States, but the Americans, then

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in 1841, who settled mainly in and around Bluefields, merging with the descendants of the slaves that had not been evacuated in 1786 and giving origin to the

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Nicaragua could not make concessions to the exploitation of natural resources in the Mosquito Coast. That right alone corresponded to the Miskito government.

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Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, the area was divided into a large number of small, egalitarian groups, possibly speaking languages related to

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Memorial Submitted by the Government of Nicaragua, vol. I: Maritime delimitation between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)

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Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras".

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Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras".

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Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras".

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rule, which sought greater state control. The Miskito were strong supporters of U.S. efforts to undermine the Sandinistas and were important allies of the

3240: 3148: 7389: 7314: 2320: 420:, and in November 1894 the Mosquito Coast was militarily incorporated into Nicaragua. However, in 1960, the northern part was granted to Honduras by the 3306:

Naylor, Robert A. (1967). "The Mahogany Trade as a Factor in the British Return to the Mosquito Shore in the Second Quarter of the Nineteenth Century".

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Sovereignty over the Mosquito Coast belonged to Nicaragua, but it was largely limited by the autonomy of the Miskito, as recognized in the 1860 treaty.

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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

2259:. His decision, released on June 2, agreed largely with the interests of the Miskito—and by extension, the British. The arbitration decided that: 474: 7384: 951:, the company's main base and settlement, entered into regular correspondence with the coast during the decade of company occupation, 1631–1641. 1859:, business magnate and one of the richest people in the United States. The British government apologized after the United States sent two armed 7379: 3396: 2657: 1411:

The expansion of the economy attracted and benefitted from the arrival of capital from the United States, and immigrants from the States, the

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went to visit England. According to the testimony of his son Jeremy, taken around 1699, he was received in audience by "his brother king",

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describes an expedition in search of a silver mine along the coast. The relevant chapters are "an Outlandish Land" and "Blake's Story" in

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Britain's primary motive and the most immediate result of the treaty was to secure an alliance between the Miskito and British for the

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and was given a "lac'd hat" and a commission "to kindly use and relieve such straggling Englishmen as should chance to come that way".

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In the 1840s, two British citizens who travelled Europe advertising the sale of land in Cabo Gracias a Dios attracted the interest of

7374: 7344: 7274: 7161: 5937: 4127: 3967: 1893:, then landed and burnt the town to the ground. Damage was extensive but no one was killed. With its attention seized by the ongoing 1847:, the Mosquito Coast or any part of Central America", nor make use of any protectorate or alliance, present or future, to such ends. 3591: 2248:

increasing Nicaraguan immigration and the political instability in Nicaragua proper, which threatened the peace within the reserve.

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In 1881, Nicaragua and Britain agreed to subject the most disputed points of the 1860 treaty to the arbitration of the Emperor

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M. W. mentioned titled officers in his account of 1699, but later sources define these superior offices to include the king, a

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Fort Wellington on the Black River (Engraving showing Fort Wellington (Poyais) on the Black River, Mosquito Coast, mid 1840s.)

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Spain, which claimed the territory, suffered considerably from the Miskito attacks which continued during peacetime. When the

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to replace him with James Lawrie, the last British Superintendent before the evacuation and a declared adversary of Hodgson.

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Mosquito Kingdom as an independent state, and took diplomatic measures to prevent the new nations that left the imploding

7279: 6424: 5206: 5091: 4930: 4827: 4500: 4469: 4044: 4034: 4029: 4019: 3737:, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, Ed.: Steven Ratuva. (London, New York, Singapure, Palgrave Macmillan 2019) url= 1405: 1290: 2305:

From 1883, the land and capital in the reserve began to be agglutinated by an increasingly small number of US citizens.

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Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire

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Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire

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Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire

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Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire

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In August 1841, a British ship, without knowledge of London, carried the Miskito King Robert Charles Frederic and the

1085:, and the Miskito and British cooperated in attacks on Spanish settlements during the war. The most notable being the 7299: 7249: 6883: 6820: 6304: 5497: 4703: 3234: 3142: 3013: 2986: 2800:, B. M., London, 1707, pp. lxxvi–lxxvii. According to a conversation held with Jeremy, the future king in about 1688. 1807:, where the British prisoners captured during the first attempt on San Juan del Norte were interned, and advanced to 1435: 1261: 1070: 789: 3375: 433: 7264: 7259: 7156: 7045: 6177: 6164: 4560: 3221: 3129: 2346: 2342: 936: 501: 2295:

Nicaragua could not regulate the Miskito's trade, nor tax importations to or exportations from the Mosquito Coast.

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The first British contacts with the Mosquito region started around 1630, when the agents of the English chartered

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Helms, Mary (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population".

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Helms, Mary (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population".

2334: 1030: 99: 20: 3258:, House of Commons of Great Britain, London, 1848, p. 46. The names of the signatories are printed on pp. 46-47. 2734:

Añoveros, Jesus Maria Garcia (1988). "La presencia franciscana en la Taguzgalpa y la Tologalpa (La Mosquitia)".

7239: 6898: 6687: 6215: 5829: 5723: 5540: 5224: 4651: 4605: 4449: 4254: 4249: 4203: 4107: 4087: 4006: 3506: 3237: 3145: 2220: 1174: 891: 864: 483: 421: 6497: 6261: 6012: 5453:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 5350: 5282: 4895: 4796: 4767: 4752: 4683: 4490: 4188: 4168: 4122: 4024: 3960: 3738: 1338: 3353:

The awakening coast : an anthology of Moravian writings from Mosquitia and eastern Nicaragua, 1849-1899

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in damages, an apology and a pledge of good behavior in the future. When the terms weren't met, the crew

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The Providence Island Company sponsored the Miskito's "King's Son" visit to England during the reign of

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was fired upon by a British warship for not paying port tariffs at Greytown. One of the passengers was

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in 1622, and a third one between 1667 and 1675. None of these efforts resulted in any lasting success.

1210: 6743:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 6386: 6342: 6064: 5775: 5450: 5420: 5178: 4937: 4817: 4739: 4641: 4442: 4210: 2635: 1918: 1839: 1141: 932: 916: 766: 63: 3842:"Of Kings and Contexts: Ethnohistorical Interpretations of Miskito Political Structure and Function" 7060: 6567: 6275: 6222: 6130: 6088: 6052: 6006: 5621: 5270: 5212: 4870: 4729: 4666: 4636: 4348: 4295: 4236: 4173: 4158: 4054: 3953: 2665: 2624: 2314: 1800: 1190: 1126: 948: 612: 586: 409: 7050: 6888: 6858: 6784: 6616: 6491: 6459: 6440: 6106: 6058: 6000: 5709: 5653: 5029: 4885: 4812: 4678: 4656: 4315: 3649: 2629: 2437: 1890: 1657: 1327: 429: 3614: 3565: 1922: 1346: 1173:

The Mosquito Coast was initially annexed (or from the Spanish point of view, re-annexed) to the

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The diplomacy of trade and investment: American economic expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865-1900

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to enlarge the British territory in Belize as compensation. The next year, Britain signed the

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and the British desire to build a canal through Central America before the United States did.

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Del arco y la flecha a las armas de fuego. Los indios mosquitos y la historia centroamericana

3328:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 103–117; 122–123 on the concessions 2777: 2611: 2480: 2077: 967: 257: 4744: 2330: 7124: 7086: 7024: 6705: 6523: 6436: 6370: 6348: 6249: 6209: 6118: 6082: 6020: 5945: 5633: 5368: 5362: 5356: 4923: 4857: 4777: 4734: 4717: 4477: 4320: 4183: 4141: 2940:

Olien, Michael (1998). "General, Governor and Admiral: Three Miskito Lines of Succession".

1856: 1830:

and Honduras to form a common front against the British, who were now threatening to annex

1428: 1306: 955: 453: 159: 78: 3841: 3583: 1089:

in August by 1747 – the main fort (Fuerte de San Fernando de Matina) was captured and the

8: 6905: 6878: 6873: 6184: 5987: 5894: 5842: 5729: 5717: 5697: 5685: 5597: 5388: 5300: 4837: 4402: 4363: 4335: 4259: 4224: 3988: 3919:

Micro/Macro-Level Linkages: Regional Political Structure on the Mosquito Coast, 1845–1864

2798:

A Voyage to the Islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica ...

1812: 1788: 1248: 1214: 1182: 3528: 1130: 7166: 7070: 6868: 6863: 6430: 6412: 6352: 6243: 5969: 5931: 5907: 5888: 5779: 5326: 5252: 5218: 5117: 5097: 5023: 4946: 4880: 4865: 4580: 4570: 4305: 3899: 3828: 3820: 3791: 3741: 3390: 2957: 2922: 2852: 2844: 2716: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2338: 1644: 1497: 1443: 1359: 1319: 1229: 1062: 695: 600: 577: 509: 7065: 7019: 7009: 6970: 6790: 6376: 5994: 5959: 5691: 5579: 5527: 5521: 5505: 5344: 5338: 5288: 5258: 5188: 4485: 4418: 4383: 4373: 4290: 3903: 3832: 3459: 3367: 3357: 3230: 3138: 3009: 2982: 2926: 2856: 2720: 2558: 2286: 2234:. The municipal constitution of the reserve, signed on September 13, 1861, confirmed 2211: 2105: 2030: 1906: 1875: 1749: 1670: 1381: 1240: 1137:; however, this ultimately failed when armed settlers led by the Anglo-Irish soldier 562: 493: 154: 3766: 3502: 3413: 1205:. Guatemala protested the perceived unruliness of the Spanish appointed governor at 7234: 7109: 7091: 6992: 6747: 6680: 6672: 6664: 6592: 6503: 6471: 6358: 6158: 6070: 5855: 5381: 5374: 5276: 5161: 5106: 4951: 4358: 4353: 4241: 4060: 3891: 3856: 3812: 3783: 3767:"Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987" 3503:"Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987" 2949: 2914: 2836: 2810: 2708: 2597: 2252: 2024: 1996: 1879: 1530: 1369: 1125:

broke out, Spanish forces attempted to eliminate the British presence, seizing the

1095: 1022: 641: 146: 4992: 3860: 2756: 2689:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 95–102, 110–112, 144–157 2378:

The movement was backed by a 400-man "indigenous army" made up of veterans of the

1197:, mirroring the long-standing relation that the Mosquito Kingdom had earlier with 7229: 7096: 6965: 6933: 6700: 6477: 6406: 6197: 6136: 5975: 5659: 5561: 5264: 4423: 3636: 3487: 3453: 3436: 3422: 3244: 3225: 3191:

The Evacuation of the Mosquito Shore and the English Who Stayed Behind, 1786–1800

3152: 3133: 3098: 3091: 3003: 2976: 2765: 2619: 2583: 2539: 2516: 2504: 2256: 2133: 1930: 1926: 1886: 1822:

With the Mexican–American War concluded, the new US delegate in Central America,

1451: 1391: 1363: 1355: 1233: 1198: 1046: 1038: 1026: 1006: 3627: 1193:

even suggested that government over the Mosquito Coast should be transferred to

7002: 6585: 6573: 6418: 5963: 5952: 5741: 5703: 5609: 5573: 5567: 5533: 5071: 4994: 3933:

Die Mosquitoküste im Spannungsfeld Britischer und Spanischer Politik, 1502–1821

2500: 2137: 1808: 1722: 1688: 1508: 1420: 1244: 1178: 1138: 1086: 1066: 878: 830: 513: 405: 86: 3895: 2918: 2712: 1929:. The first missionaries arrived in 1848 with a letter of recommendation from 1866:

More incidents happened in the following years. In 1852, Britain occupied the

416:. From 1860 suzerainty of the area was transferred to Nicaragua with the name 7223: 7205: 7192: 6955: 6938: 6805: 6626: 6446: 5627: 5511: 4515: 3914:, Journal of Anthropological Research, vol. 39, no. 2, 1983, pp. 198–241 3816: 3371: 2840: 2524: 2512: 2508: 2392: 1871: 1294: 1202: 1153: 993: 979: 963: 679: 449: 445: 196: 95: 3705:"Account of the attempt to form a settlement in 1823, on the Mosquito Shore" 3438:

Foreign Relations of the United States: Nicaragua (Mosquito Territory), 1894

496:" the region through missionary efforts. These included several attempts by 6987: 6950: 6656: 6364: 5925: 5919: 5900: 5665: 5400: 5307: 5246: 5240: 3711:. New Series (5). Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Archived from 3092:

Etnogénesis, hibridación y consolidación de la identidad del pueblo miskitu

2466: 2270: 1860: 1831: 1823: 1194: 1075: 1042: 608: 596: 3351: 2266:

Nicaragua had the right to fly its flag in any part of the Mosquito Coast.

522: 6997: 6773: 6269: 6170: 5981: 5585: 5485: 5200: 5194: 2882:

M. W.; "The Mosqueto Indian and His Golden River", in Churchill, Anshaw;

2793: 2535: 2520: 1894: 1827: 1412: 1034: 475:

Spanish conquest of Nicaragua § Fringes of empire: Eastern Nicaragua

3217: 3125: 2545:

Early history of the Mosquito Coast also saw minor involvement from the

2341:. During the 1980s, the department was dissolved and substituted by the 6046: 6027: 5770: 5549: 5168: 5085: 3824: 3795: 2848: 2449: 2359: 2278: 2215: 2014: 1844: 1518: 1301:, and between Nicaragua and Colombia for the rest of the 19th century. 1224: 1206: 1157: 1107: 1090: 1050: 998: 988:

The Wanks or Coco river, in the northern limit of the Mosquito Kingdom.

497: 458: 127: 6975: 3752:

Nicaragua's Mosquito Shore: The Years of British and American Presence

3629:

Mosquito bite as a swarm of Miskitos takes over the coast of Nicaragua

2961: 1457: 1342:

A panoramic view of Black River in the (fictional) Territory of Poyais

984: 6692: 5545: 5294: 5078: 4465: 4434: 2496: 2407: 2184: 1902: 1736: 519:

who preyed on Spanish ships soon found refuge in the Mosquito Coast.

516: 462: 397: 368: 326: 19:

This article is about the Central American area. For other uses, see

3945: 3940:

Las Sociedades del Atlántico de Nicaragua en los siglos XVII y XVIII

3787: 3121:

Nota del Virrey Ezpeleta sobre Pacificación de la Costa de Mosquitos

2871:

Las Sociedades del Atlántico de Nicaragua en los siglos XVII y XVIII

1134: 973: 6620: 6535: 5814: 5766: 5515: 5442: 5428: 5424: 5394: 5182: 3976: 3455:

Indigenous Struggles for Autonomy: The Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua

2953: 2546: 2398: 1763: 1400: 1221: 1168: 940: 401: 373: 340: 172: 3996: 6529: 5862: 5822: 5415: 5172: 5131: 4523: 3434: 2404: 2379: 2363: 1816: 1373: 1366: 959: 3926:

General, Governor and Admiral: Three Miskito Lines of Succession

3774:

Helms, Mary (1969). "The Cultural Ecology of a Colonial Tribe".

3283:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 99–100 6943: 6539: 5914: 5679: 5457: 5059: 3180:, Revista de Historia de América, vol. 73/74, 1972, pp. 145–153 2768:, PhD thesis, Faculty of Arts, University College, London, 1969 1385: 1377: 1270: 1099: 947:

and established friendly relations with the local inhabitants.

3167:, Anuario de Estudios Americanos, vol. 23, 1967, pp. 1205–1235 2333:. The former Mosquito Coast was established as the Nicaraguan 1041:, controlled the southern regions, from the Cucalaya River to 6040: 5762: 5234: 1416: 1177:. Since the beginning, however, poor land communication with 2758:

The British Superintendency of the Mosquito Shore, 1749–1787

5591: 3742: 2499:

has a population of 400,000 inhabitants, consisting of 57%

2298:

Nicaragua had to pay the money overdue to the Miskito king.

3165:

El Coronel Hodgson y la Expedición a la Costa de Mosquitos

479:

Spanish conquest of Honduras § Province of Taguzgalpa

7270:

Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas

1287:

Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina

944: 3761:, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (NM), 1967 2382:, which captured the YAMATA party headquarters in 2009. 1251:

and Black River, but not in the new capital Bluefields.

1045:. In the later 18th century (post 1766), another title, 962:

in 1655, they recommenced relations with the coast, and

3607:"Narco-Dividends: White Lobsters on the Mosquito Coast" 3356:. Karl Offen, Terry Rugeley. Lincoln. 2014. p. 3. 2492:

The Mosquito Coast was a sparsely populated territory.

2273:

on the Mosquito Coast to defend her national interests.

523:

British contact and recognition of the Mosquito Kingdom

432:

in Honduras: i.e., the coast region as far west as the

3928:, Ethnohistory, vol. 45, no. 2, 1998, pp. 278–318 3921:, Ethnohistory, vol. 34, no. 3, 1987, pp. 256–287 3677:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 197–245. 2809:

M. W.; "The Mosqueto Indian and his Golden River". in

2542:

gained a significant following in the Mosquito Coast.

1909:, ceding the rest of the Mosquito Coast to Nicaragua. 1419:

and China. Especially abundant was the immigration of

6645: 5778:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 3871:, Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 2011 3178:

Spanish Colonization of the Mosquito Coast, 1787–1800

2751: 2749: 3878:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989 2782:

Providence Island: The Other Puritan Colony, 1631–41

2573: 1452:

possible future transoceanic canal through Nicaragua

396:) is an area along the eastern coast of present-day 3268:

The Honduras Almanack for the year of our Lord 1829

3229:, Camacho Roldan y Tamayo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1883, 3137:, Camacho Roldan y Tamayo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1883, 1458:

Second British protectorate and American opposition

3735:Displaced minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito people 3505:. Stanford (CA): Stanford University. p. 37. 2981:. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 68–69. 2746: 1236:Carlos Antonio Castilla after his own conversion. 7365:19th-century disestablishments in Central America 3577: 3575: 3204:An Account of the British Settlement of Honduras 2664:. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Archived from 1912: 974:Emergence of the Mosquitos Zambos (Miskito Sambu) 7221: 1408:in 1838–1841 from interfering with the kingdom. 1169:Government reorganization and Spanish settlement 4501:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838) 3425:, International Court of Justice, 21 March 2001 3193:, The Americas, vol. 55, no. 1, 1998, pp. 63–89 1442:, to occupy Nicaragua's only Caribbean port in 500:between 1604 and 1612; another one led by Fray 468: 6835: 3572: 1181:made easier for the Miskito elites to sail to 7320:States and territories disestablished in 1894 6821: 6305: 4978: 4450: 3961: 3584:"Drugs dilemma on Nicaragua's Mosquito coast" 3256:Correspondence Respecting the Mosquito Shore 1787:Frederic, but also by the impending American 7360:1860 disestablishments in the British Empire 7340:1787 disestablishments in the British Empire 6740:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 6723:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6601:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3912:The Miskito Kings and the Line of Succession 3491:, Pueblos Originarios de América: Biografías 3206:, R. Baldwin, London, 1811 (2nd ed.), p. 219 3061:, Potomac Books, Inc., Washington (DC), 2003 2495:Today, what used to be the Miskito Coast of 1037:to nearly Trujillo. The Governor, who was a 3112: 3110: 3108: 3045: 2873:, Banco Nicaraguënse, Managua, 1995, p. 165 1425:slavery in the British and French Caribbean 1312: 1078:was established over the Mosquito Kingdom. 492:century and in the 17th century sought to " 487:Political map of the Caribbean around 1600. 7315:States and territories established in 1638 6828: 6814: 6312: 6298: 4985: 4971: 4457: 4443: 3968: 3954: 3435:United States Department of State (1895). 3395:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3294:British and Foreign State Papers (1849–50) 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 2352: 2308: 62: 7355:1844 establishments in the British Empire 7335:1638 establishments in the British Empire 7162:List of the last monarchs in the Americas 3685: 3558:"Mosquito Coast Bites Nicaragua's Ortega" 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 926: 5784:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 3759:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia 3529:"Nicaragua's Miskitos seek independence" 3296:, vol. 38, London, 1862, pp. 687 and 689 3105: 3005:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia 2978:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia 2733: 1390: 1345: 1337: 1012: 983: 482: 7370:1894 disestablishments in North America 7330:1860 disestablishments in North America 3702: 3451: 3022: 2214:on January 28, 1860, which transferred 1273:and established a regency in his name. 7390:United Kingdom–United States relations 7222: 6769:Historical flags of the British Empire 6753:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 4464: 3672: 3604: 3581: 3305: 3064: 2995: 2968: 6809: 6644: 6556: 6293: 5802: 5474: 5149: 5042: 4966: 4438: 3975: 3949: 3881: 3839: 3802: 3773: 3769:. Stanford (CA): Stanford University. 3690: 3526: 3270:, Legislative Assembly, Belize, p. 56 3001: 2939: 2904: 2826: 2698: 2369: 1333: 1185:and swear fealty to Spain before the 1116: 1106:River area, Cape Gracias a Dios, and 1056: 7325:1638 establishments in North America 4511:United States occupation (1912–1933) 3764: 3500: 3341:, University of Missouri Press, 1998 3002:Floyd, Troy S. (December 26, 1967). 1937: 1201:, but this idea was rejected by the 1163: 7350:1819 disestablishments in New Spain 6850:Commonwealth of Nations monarchies 6580:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 5423:. British Cameroons is now part of 4020:Federal Republic of Central America 3942:, Banco Nicaraguënse, Managua, 1995 3805:Journal of Anthropological Research 3754:, University of Alabama Press, 1985 2886:, London, 1728, vol. 6, pp. 285–290 2884:A Collection of Voyages and Travels 2829:Journal of Anthropological Research 2815:A Collection of Voyages and Travels 1406:Federal Republic of Central America 1291:United Provinces of Central America 13: 7385:Nicaragua–United Kingdom relations 7310:Former monarchies of North America 7285:History of the British West Indies 5439:unilaterally declared independence 5134:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 3727: 3441:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3008:. University of New Mexico Press. 2784:, Cambridge University Press, 1993 2552: 107:Autonomous territory of Nicaragua 14: 7401: 7380:Honduras–United Kingdom relations 6646:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 6625:Occupied by Argentina during the 6557: 5803: 2006:Autonomous territory of Nicaragua 1254: 1071:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 7345:1787 establishments in New Spain 7275:Former colonies in North America 7157:List of monarchs in the Americas 6894:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6789: 6780: 6779: 6192:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4059: 4053: 3594:from the original on 2012-01-01. 3527:Gibbs, Stephen (3 August 2009). 3292:His grants to them are found in 3123:, 1790, in Pereira, Ricardo S.; 2604: 2590: 2576: 2385: 2347:South Atlantic Autonomous Region 2343:North Atlantic Autonomous Region 2189: 2164: 1977: 1965: 1925:, who delegated the task in the 1768: 1754: 1729: 1715: 1479: 896: 871: 857: 544: 345: 331: 48: 7295:18th century in Central America 7290:17th century in Central America 3666: 3655:. Salamanca: El Rincón del Vago 3642: 3621: 3598: 3550: 3539:from the original on 2022-07-04 3520: 3509:from the original on 2010-04-20 3494: 3472: 3452:Baracco, Luciano (2018-11-29). 3445: 3428: 3407: 3378:from the original on 2020-05-08 3344: 3331: 3318: 3299: 3286: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3209: 3196: 3183: 3170: 3157: 2933: 2898: 2895:M. W.; "Mosketo Indian", p. 293 2889: 2876: 2863: 2117:• Annexation to Nicaragua 1395:Dwellings in Bluefields in 1845 997:Miskito Sambu settled near the 404:. It was named after the local 21:Mosquito Coast (disambiguation) 6688:Australian Antarctic Territory 5544:since 1965 (before as part of 5541:British Indian Ocean Territory 5427:, while Tanganyika is part of 5058:since 1960 (before as part of 4534:Post-Sandinista period (1990–) 3639:, SchNEWS, no. 677, 2009-05-29 2820: 2817:, London, 1732, vol. 6, p. 288 2803: 2787: 2771: 2727: 2692: 2679: 2650: 2487: 2223:decided in favor of Honduras. 2221:International Court of Justice 1913:Arrival of the Moravian Church 1878:, the Americans sent then the 1372:pretended to have been named " 1175:Captaincy General of Guatemala 892:Captaincy General of Guatemala 865:Captaincy General of Guatemala 422:International Court of Justice 90:(1787–1800, de jure 1816–1819) 1: 7137:Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76) 4529:Sandinista period (1979–1990) 3861:10.1525/ae.1986.13.3.02a00070 2483:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 2476:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 2469:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 2462:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 2455:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 1633:• Protectorate declared 1446:, placed at the mouth of the 1247:. They settled in Sandy Bay, 943:treasurer—occupied two small 7375:Honduras–Nicaragua relations 4999:British Overseas Territories 4002:Spanish conquest of Honduras 3564:. 1 May 2009. Archived from 2643: 1362:. Between 1820 and 1837 the 469:Attempted Spanish settlement 16:Coastline in Central America 7: 6715:British Antarctic Territory 6425:Western Pacific Territories 6319: 4848:Water supply and sanitation 4326:Water supply and sanitation 3673:Burden, W. Douglas (1956). 3481:Jefes Hereditarios Miskitos 2569: 2530: 2460:George William Albert Hendy 2444:George Augustus Frederic II 2269:Nicaragua could maintain a 2236:George Augustus Frederic II 2172:Second British protectorate 2063:George Augustus Frederic II 1797:George Augustus Frederic II 1563:George Augustus Frederic II 1423:following the abolition of 1299:Latin American independence 1279:Real Audiencia of Guatemala 710:Superintendent of the Shore 412:interests and known as the 243:George Augustus Frederic II 212:George Augustus Frederic II 10: 7406: 7280:Regions of Central America 6837:Monarchies in the Americas 6453:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 5870:British Arctic Territories 5150: 5043: 4045:2009 constitutional crisis 3697:Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua) 3605:Rogers, Tim (2011-04-14). 3582:Rogers, Tim (2011-05-10). 3308:Jamaica Historical Journal 2474:Jonathan Charles Frederick 2432:George Frederic Augustus I 2312: 1826:, tried to get Nicaragua, 1436:British Governor of Belize 1283:Viceroyalty of New Granada 1267:George Frederic Augustus I 1123:American Revolutionary War 977: 814:• British evacuation 472: 439: 408:and was long dominated by 18: 7305:19th century in Nicaragua 7149: 7079: 7033: 6926: 6919: 6843: 6764: 6733: 6693:Commonwealth of Australia 6651: 6640: 6611: 6563: 6552: 6518: 6325: 6289: 6095:Newfoundland and Labrador 5809: 5798: 5776:League of Nations mandate 5757: 5481: 5470: 5451:Lancaster House Agreement 5421:League of Nations mandate 5410: 5156: 5145: 5049: 5038: 5005: 4917: 4856: 4808: 4804: 4795: 4725: 4716: 4632: 4623: 4551: 4542: 4516:Somoza Family (1936–1979) 4476: 4396: 4334: 4286: 4277: 4232: 4223: 4149: 4140: 4078: 4069: 4051: 3987: 3896:10.1215/00141801-49-2-319 3765:Hale, Charles R. (1994). 3501:Hale, Charles R. (1994). 3018:– via Google Books. 2974: 2919:10.1215/00141801-49-2-319 2713:10.1215/00141801-49-2-319 2210:and Nicaragua signed the 2143: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2071: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2036: 2020: 2010: 2002: 1991: 1961: 1956: 1944: 1919:Prince Charles of Prussia 1694: 1684: 1680: 1667: 1654: 1641: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1602: 1589: 1585: 1572: 1568: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1536: 1524: 1514: 1507:Protectorate of the 1503: 1492: 1476: 1471: 1464: 1450:and likely endpoint of a 1150:1786 Convention of London 1127:settlement at Black River 992:While accounts vary, the 933:Providence Island Company 917:Providence Island Company 836: 826: 822: 812: 799: 786: 776: 767:Providence Island Company 763: 759: 751: 747: 734: 721: 717: 709: 705: 689: 675:• c. 1650–1687 673: 669: 661: 653: 634: 622: 569: 557: 541: 536: 529: 361: 306: 302: 292: 282: 278: 270: 266: 251: 236: 232: 224: 220: 205: 192:• c. 1650–1687 190: 186: 178: 168: 139: 117: 70: 61: 45: 40: 30: 7300:19th century in Honduras 7250:Colonial Central America 7038:colonies in the Americas 6223:Turks and Caicos Islands 5530:(protectorate) 1907–1949 5475: 5102:(integrated into the UK) 4637:Administrative divisions 4496:Mexican rule (1822–1823) 4154:Administrative divisions 3817:10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966 3176:Sorsby, William Shuman; 2841:10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966 2755:Sorsby, William Shuman; 2315:Nicaragua Crisis of 1895 1313:Renewed British presence 1191:Francisco Gil de Taboada 1131:driving British settlers 919:and sealed an alliance. 7265:Former Spanish colonies 7260:Former English colonies 7177:Araucania and Patagonia 7046:Courland and Semigallia 6506:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 6331:18th and 19th centuries 6147:Queen Charlotte Islands 6107:North-Western Territory 6079:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 5682:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 5347:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 5030:Commonwealth of Nations 3938:Romero Vargas, Germán; 3935:, Bölau., Cologne, 1988 3867:Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia; 3703:Douglas, James (1867). 2869:Romero Vargas, German; 2662:Encyclopædia Britannica 2438:Robert Charles Frederic 2353:Miskito under Nicaragua 2309:Annexation to Nicaragua 1658:Bombardment of Greytown 1328:Robert Charles Frederic 1211:José Manuel de Ezpeleta 41:Early 17th century–1894 7245:Geography of Nicaragua 7172:Afro-Bolivian monarchy 6256:West Indies Federation 5445:) and continued as an 5028:Current member of the 3686:Sources and references 3675:Look to the Wilderness 2975:Floyd, Troy S (1967). 2778:Kupperman, Karen Ordal 2563:Look to the Wilderness 2507:(Afro-Europeans), 15% 2453:William Henry Clarence 2245:William Henry Clarence 1399:At the same time, the 1396: 1351: 1343: 1187:Viceroy of New Granada 1142:retook the settlements 989: 927:Early British alliance 765:• Arrival of the 488: 294:• Disestablished 103:(1810–1816, 1819–1844) 82:(1638–1787, 1844–1860) 7240:Geography of Honduras 6927:Indigenous monarchies 6884:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6178:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5449:state until the 1979 5055:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3997:Pre-Columbian history 3699:– Mosquito Coast flag 3399:) CS1 maint: others ( 3215:Pereira, Ricardo S.; 3163:Pedrote, Enrique S.; 2612:United Kingdom portal 2519:(Afro-Indians), 0.5% 2481:Robert Henry Clarence 2078:Robert Henry Clarence 2021:Common languages 1840:Clayton–Bulwer Treaty 1643:• Annexation of 1525:Common languages 1429:Miskito Coast Creoles 1394: 1349: 1341: 1269:to Jamaica by way of 1013:Sociopolitical system 987: 635:Common languages 486: 258:Robert Henry Clarence 140:Common languages 7087:Barbados (1966–2021) 6706:Realm of New Zealand 6704:(transferred to the 6691:(transferred to the 6524:Realm of New Zealand 6125:Prince Edward Island 6003:1671–1816, 1833–1960 4704:Territorial disputes 4128:World Heritage Sites 3849:American Ethnologist 3840:Helms, Mary (1986). 3337:Pletcher, David M.; 3051:Latin America's Wars 3049:Scheina, Robert L.; 2228:Mosquito Reservation 1923:Schönburg-Waldenburg 1885:and demanded 24,000 1857:Cornelius Vanderbilt 1307:First Mexican Empire 803:Convention of London 790:British protectorate 778:• British ally 727:Robert Hodgson, Sr. 79:British protectorate 7255:History of Honduras 7202: / 7034:European monarchies 6854:Antigua and Barbuda 6737:Since 2009 part of 6629:of April–June 1982. 6216:Trinidad and Tobago 5830:Antigua and Barbuda 5730:Straits Settlements 3931:Potthast, Barbara; 3874:Naylor, Robert A.; 3743:permanent dead link 3650:"Lenguas indigenas" 3458:. Lexington Books. 3324:Naylor, Robert A.; 3279:Naylor, Robert A.; 3202:Henderson, George; 3117:Ezpeleta, Joseph de 2685:Naylor, Robert A.; 2326:occupied Bluefields 1813:Charles Edward Grey 1789:annexation of Texas 1440:Alexander MacDonald 1249:Cape Gracias a Dios 1215:Lord George Germain 1183:Cartagena de Indias 1083:War of Jenkins' Ear 1069:concluded a formal 388:(also known as the 284:• Established 7167:Kingdom of Redonda 7097:Guyana (1966–1970) 7092:Brazil (1822–1889) 5889:Cape Breton Island 5780:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 5622:Unfederated States 5437:Southern Rhodesia 5024:Commonwealth realm 4773:Telecommunications 4255:Telecommunications 4007:Captaincy General 3691:Internet resources 3635:2016-03-04 at the 3486:2015-04-24 at the 3421:2014-08-19 at the 3243:2014-08-19 at the 3224:2014-08-19 at the 3151:2014-08-19 at the 3132:2014-08-19 at the 3097:2022-01-07 at the 2764:2014-08-19 at the 2636:The Mosquito Coast 2426:George II Frederic 2370:Miskito separatism 2331:José Santos Zelaya 1891:bombarded Greytown 1801:at war with Mexico 1645:San Juan del Norte 1498:God Save the Queen 1444:San Juan del Norte 1397: 1360:Trujillo, Honduras 1352: 1344: 1334:Economic expansion 1230:George II Frederic 1117:British evacuation 1057:British settlement 999:Wanks (Coco) River 990: 915:the behest of the 696:George II Frederic 629:(King's residence) 502:Cristóbal Martinez 489: 288:Early 17th century 7206:13.379°N 83.584°W 7185: 7184: 7145: 7144: 6803: 6802: 6760: 6759: 6636: 6635: 6568:Providence Island 6548: 6547: 6513: 6512: 6381:Western Australia 6349:Van Diemen's Land 6285: 6284: 6262:Associated States 5960:Columbia District 5794: 5793: 5648:Manila and Cavite 5466: 5465: 5345:Southern Rhodesia 5339:South-West Africa 5289:Northern Rhodesia 5201:Cape of Good Hope 5141: 5140: 5018:Current territory 4960: 4959: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4791: 4790: 4712: 4711: 4689:Political parties 4684:National Assembly 4652:Foreign relations 4619: 4618: 4432: 4431: 4392: 4391: 4273: 4272: 4219: 4218: 4194:Political parties 4189:National Congress 4169:Foreign relations 4136: 4135: 3733:Cwik, Christian; 3465:978-1-4985-5882-2 3363:978-0-8032-5449-7 3089:García, Claudia; 2811:Churchill, Ansham 2639:- a 1986 US movie 2559:W. Douglas Burden 2515:(Amerindian), 1% 2321:Rigoberto Cabezas 2287:flag of Nicaragua 2212:Treaty of Managua 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2177: 2176: 2106:Treaty of Managua 2082: 2073:• 1890-1894 2067: 2058:• 1860-1865 1950:Reserva Mosquitia 1938:Treaty of Managua 1907:Treaty of Managua 1876:gunboat diplomacy 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1750:Treaty of Managua 1742: 1741: 1671:Treaty of Managua 1611: 1604:• 1849–1860 1598: 1591:• 1844–1848 1578: 1558:• 1842–1860 1382:tropical diseases 1262:Anglo-Spanish War 1241:Iberian Peninsula 1189:instead. Viceroy 1164:Spanish interlude 1133:from the isle of 1061:The Miskito king 949:Providence Island 939:was chairman and 912: 911: 908: 907: 904: 903: 884: 883: 743: 736:• 1775–1787 730: 723:• 1749–1759 701: 691:• 1776–1801 685: 630: 563:God Save the King 382: 381: 357: 356: 353: 352: 262: 253:• 1890–1894 247: 238:• 1860–1865 216: 207:• 1842–1860 201: 132: 110: 104: 91: 83: 7397: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7080:Sovereign states 6924: 6923: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6807: 6806: 6793: 6783: 6782: 6748:Antarctic Treaty 6709: 6696: 6681:Falkland Islands 6673:Tristan da Cunha 6665:Ascension Island 6642: 6641: 6593:Falkland Islands 6554: 6553: 6522:Now part of the 6394:Pitcairn Islands 6359:Auckland Islands 6328: 6327: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6276:Windward Islands 6230:Vancouver Island 6007:MassachusettsBay 5876:British Columbia 5800: 5799: 5616:Federated States 5472: 5471: 5382:Tristan da Cunha 5351:Southern Nigeria 5283:Northern Nigeria 5162:Ascension Island 5147: 5146: 5103: 5040: 5039: 5014:Former territory 5011: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4896:National symbols 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4753:Economic history 4748: 4723: 4722: 4630: 4629: 4549: 4548: 4491:Spanish conquest 4459: 4452: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4412: 4405: 4284: 4283: 4245: 4230: 4229: 4147: 4146: 4076: 4075: 4063: 4057: 4010: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3924:Olien, Michael; 3917:Olien, Michael; 3910:Olien, Michael; 3907: 3864: 3846: 3836: 3799: 3770: 3757:Floyd, Troy S.; 3744: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3613:. Archived from 3602: 3596: 3595: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3568:on 17 June 2013. 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3498: 3492: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3348: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3303: 3297: 3290: 3284: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3213: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3114: 3103: 3102:CSIC Press, 2007 3087: 3062: 3047: 3020: 3019: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2824: 2818: 2807: 2801: 2791: 2785: 2775: 2769: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2658:"Mosquito Coast" 2654: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2598:Nicaragua portal 2595: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2391:c. 1650–c. 1687 2285:replaced by the 2253:Francis Joseph I 2232:Mosquito Reserve 2193: 2192: 2181: 2180: 2168: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2145: 2144: 2121:20 November 1894 2080: 2065: 2045:Hereditary Chief 1997:Hermosa Soberana 1981: 1969: 1946:Mosquito Reserve 1942: 1941: 1772: 1771: 1758: 1757: 1746: 1745: 1733: 1732: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1696: 1695: 1609: 1596: 1576: 1483: 1462: 1461: 1370:Gregor MacGregor 1309:was proclaimed. 1156:, especially in 1096:British Honduras 1043:Pearl Key Lagoon 900: 899: 888: 887: 875: 874: 861: 860: 854: 853: 838: 837: 741: 728: 699: 683: 628: 618: 615:under local rule 606: 603:under local rule 591: 585:Protectorate of 582: 576:Protectorate of 548: 531:Mosquito Kingdom 527: 526: 418:Mosquito Reserve 414:Mosquito Kingdom 349: 348: 335: 334: 323: 322: 308: 307: 298:20 November 1894 260: 245: 225:Hereditary Chief 214: 199: 130: 108: 102: 89: 81: 66: 52: 28: 27: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7220: 7219: 7211:13.379; -83.584 7210: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7141: 7075: 7035: 7029: 6915: 6839: 6834: 6804: 6799: 6756: 6729: 6703: 6701:Ross Dependency 6690: 6647: 6632: 6607: 6559: 6544: 6514: 6509: 6465: 6460:Solomon Islands 6407:North Australia 6387:South Australia 6343:New South Wales 6321: 6318: 6281: 6001:Leeward Islands 5805: 5790: 5753: 5660:Muscat and Oman 5477: 5462: 5406: 5152: 5137: 5101: 5045: 5034: 5009: 5001: 4991: 4961: 4956: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4905: 4901:Public holidays 4852: 4787: 4763:Nicaragua Canal 4746: 4708: 4674:Law enforcement 4615: 4611:Water resources 4596:Protected areas 4538: 4472: 4463: 4433: 4428: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4388: 4379:Public holidays 4330: 4269: 4243: 4215: 4179:Law enforcement 4132: 4065: 4064: 4049: 4035:1932–1982 4030:1838–1932 4025:History to 1838 4008: 3983: 3974: 3844: 3788:10.2307/3772938 3750:Dozier, Craig; 3730: 3728:Printed sources 3718: 3716: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3637:Wayback Machine 3626: 3622: 3603: 3599: 3580: 3573: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3510: 3499: 3495: 3488:Wayback Machine 3477: 3473: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3433: 3429: 3423:Wayback Machine 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2412:1729–1755 H.M. 2388: 2372: 2355: 2317: 2311: 2257:Austria-Hungary 2190: 2165: 2136: 2134:Nicaraguan peso 2118: 2111:January 28 1860 2108: 2074: 2059: 2029: 2027: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1931:Lord Palmerston 1927:Moravian Church 1915: 1769: 1755: 1730: 1716: 1676:January 28 1860 1673: 1660: 1647: 1634: 1605: 1595:Patrick Walker 1592: 1574: 1559: 1529: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1467: 1466:Miskito Kingdom 1460: 1421:Afro-Caribbeans 1356:Garifuna people 1336: 1315: 1257: 1199:British Jamaica 1171: 1166: 1119: 1059: 1015: 982: 976: 937:Earl of Warwick 929: 897: 872: 858: 815: 805: 792: 779: 769: 737: 724: 698: 692: 682: 676: 649: 627: 616: 604: 594: 589: 580: 553: 550: 549: 532: 525: 481: 471: 442: 378: 346: 332: 295: 285: 254: 239: 208: 193: 164: 135: 113: 57: 56: 53: 36: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7403: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 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5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5745: 5742:Trucial States 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5489: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5454: 5435:Self-governing 5432: 5418: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5207:Central Africa 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5176: 5166: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5095: 5092:Ionian Islands 5089: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5015: 5012: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4995:British Empire 4990: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4768:Stock Exchange 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4591:Municipalities 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4556:Climate change 4552: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4506:Mosquito Coast 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4462: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4113:National parks 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3890:(2): 319–372. 3879: 3872: 3865: 3855:(3): 506–523. 3837: 3811:(2): 179–197. 3800: 3771: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3700: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3665: 3641: 3620: 3617:on 2013-06-08. 3597: 3571: 3549: 3519: 3493: 3478:Varela, Raúl; 3471: 3464: 3444: 3427: 3406: 3362: 3343: 3330: 3317: 3298: 3285: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3208: 3195: 3182: 3169: 3156: 3104: 3063: 3021: 3014: 2994: 2987: 2967: 2954:10.2307/483061 2948:(2): 278–318. 2932: 2913:(2): 319–372. 2897: 2888: 2875: 2862: 2835:(2): 179–197. 2819: 2802: 2786: 2770: 2745: 2738:(in Spanish). 2726: 2691: 2678: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2601: 2587: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2554: 2551: 2532: 2529: 2527:(Amerindian). 2489: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2456: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2401: 2395: 2387: 2384: 2371: 2368: 2354: 2351: 2319:When in 1894, 2310: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2274: 2267: 2264: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2141: 2140: 2138:Pound sterling 2131: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1914: 1911: 1815:, governor of 1809:Lake Nicaragua 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1723:Miskito people 1720: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1692: 1691: 1689:Pound sterling 1686: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1573:Consul-General 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1509:United Kingdom 1505: 1501: 1500: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1448:San Juan River 1335: 1332: 1324:United Kingdom 1314: 1311: 1256: 1255:Miskito revolt 1253: 1245:Canary Islands 1179:Guatemala City 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1139:Edward Despard 1118: 1115: 1087:Raid on Matina 1058: 1055: 1014: 1011: 1009:in the 1720s. 978:Main article: 975: 972: 935:—of which the 928: 925: 910: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 894: 885: 882: 881: 879:Miskito people 876: 868: 867: 862: 850: 849: 844: 834: 833: 831:Pound sterling 828: 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 813: 810: 809: 806: 800: 797: 796: 793: 787: 784: 783: 780: 777: 774: 773: 770: 764: 761: 760: 757: 756: 753: 749: 748: 745: 744: 738: 735: 732: 731: 725: 722: 719: 718: 715: 714: 711: 707: 706: 703: 702: 693: 690: 687: 686: 677: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 659: 658: 655: 651: 650: 648: 647: 644: 638: 636: 632: 631: 624: 620: 619: 593: 592: 583: 573: 571: 567: 566: 555: 554: 551: 543: 542: 539: 538: 534: 533: 530: 524: 521: 470: 467: 441: 438: 406:Miskito Nation 394:Mosquito Shore 386:Mosquito Coast 380: 379: 377: 376: 371: 365: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 343: 337: 336: 329: 320: 317: 316: 311: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 289: 286: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 264: 263: 255: 252: 249: 248: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 218: 217: 209: 206: 203: 202: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 163: 162: 157: 152: 149: 143: 141: 137: 136: 134: 133: 125: 121: 119: 115: 114: 112: 111: 105: 92: 87:Spanish colony 84: 74: 72: 68: 67: 59: 58: 54: 47: 46: 43: 42: 38: 37: 34: 32:Mosquito Coast 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7402: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7218: 7215: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7032: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6643: 6639: 6628: 6627:Falklands War 6624: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6558:South America 6555: 6551: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6447:Union Islands 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6159:Rupert's Land 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6119:Paulet affair 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6065:New Hampshire 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6053:New Brunswick 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5804:North America 5801: 5797: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5724:South Vietnam 5722: 5719: 5716: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5148: 5144: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4828:Ethnic groups 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4211:Supreme Court 4209: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3715:on 2013-07-04 3714: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3676: 3669: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3235:9781141811274 3232: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3143:9781141811274 3140: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3015:9780826300362 3011: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2990: 2988:9780826300362 2984: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2668:on 2007-09-29 2667: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2602: 2599: 2588: 2585: 2574: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2397:c. 1687–1718 2396: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2386:Miskito Kings 2383: 2381: 2376: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2316: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1968: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1872:Solon Borland 1869: 1864: 1863:to the area. 1862: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1790: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1601: 1594: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1482: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1348: 1340: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1310: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295:Gran Colombia 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 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5498:Protectorate 5447:unrecognised 5441:in 1965 (as 5380: 5333:South Africa 5321:Sierra Leone 5308:Saint Helena 5306: 5301:Orange River 5179:Bechuanaland 5160: 5118:Protectorate 5077: 5053: 5017: 4997:and Current 4938:Bibliography 4818:Demographics 4740:Central Bank 4679:Armed Forces 4662:Human rights 4642:Constitution 4505: 4349:Coat of arms 4296:Demographics 4237:Central bank 4174:Human rights 4159:Constitution 4015:Mexican rule 4009:(Guatemalan) 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3887: 3884:Ethnohistory 3883: 3875: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3808: 3804: 3782:(1): 76–84. 3779: 3775: 3758: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3717:. 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