627:
251:
829:. However, there were as many as 19 additional lesser Mossi kingdoms, which retained connection to one of the four main kingdoms. Each of these retained significant domestic autonomy and independence but shared kinship, military, and ritualistic bonds with one another. Each kingdom had similar domestic structures with kings, ministers, and other officials, and a high degree of administrative centralization. There were prominent rivalries between the different kingdoms, namely between Yatenga and Ouagadougou. Ouagadougou was often considered the primary Mossi kingdom, ruled by
639:, but the other kingdoms established by the sons of Ouedraogo retained independence in Tenkodogo, Fada N'gourma, and Zondoma. Under the fifth ruler, Komdimie (circa 1170), two revolutions were started by members of the Ouagadougou dynasty that established the Kingdom of Yatenga to the north and the Kingdom of Rizim. War between Komdimie and Yatenga lasted for many years, with Yatenga eventually taking over the independent Mossi state of Zondoma. At the same time, Komdimie created a new level of authority for his sons as
39:
1359:
784:
colony. The French had already conquered or taken over all of the surrounding kingdoms, which had isolated the Mossi kingdoms. The last king of
Ouagadougou, named Wobgo or Wobogoo, was warned a day before the French forces were going to attack. He sent a force to meet them in battle as he fled the
796:
As a result of the significant centralization of the kingdoms, the French largely kept the administrative organization in place. They made the Mogho Naava in
Ouagadougou the primary leader of the region and created five ministers under him that governed different regions (largely adhering to the
759:
Although they had initially resisted the imposition of Islam and had retained independence from the main
Islamic states of West Africa, there began to be a sizable number of Muslims living in the kingdom. In Ouagadougou, the Mogho Naaba assigned an Imam who was allowed to deliver readings of the
508:
region and Mandé warriors moved into the area and intermarried with local people. The different kingdom's consolidation of political and military power began in the 13th century, leading to conflicts between the Mossi kingdoms and other nearby powerful states. In 1896, the French took over the
785:
city. Wobgo's brother, Kouka, then became the king of
Ouagadougou and allied himself with the French and Yatenga to try and capture Wobgo. When the French and British agreed on the boundary between their colonies, Wobgo lost his main support system and he retired with a British pension to
552:
Accounts of the origin of the Mossi kingdoms and parts of their history are imprecise, with contradictory oral traditions disagreeing on certain aspects of the story. The origin story is unique in that a woman plays a key role as the progenitor of the royal line.
581:
at the age of fifteen and was given four horses and 50 cows. A number of
Dagomba horseman joined his forces, and with them, Ouédraogo conquered the local people, married a woman named Pouiriketa who gave him three sons, and built the city of
606:, became the ruler of Tenkodogo after Ouédraogo died. Zoungrana married Pouitenga, a woman sent from the king of the Ninisi people, and the resulting intermarriages between the Dagomba, the Mandé, the Ninisi, and local peoples became the
630:
The cavalry of the Mossi states were experts at raiding deep into enemy territory, even against the formidable Mali Empire. Image: Boukary Koutou, also known as Wobgho, Mossi King of
Ouagadougou, with his cavalry escort, Burkina Faso,
576:
escaped dressed as a man. She then came to the house of a Mandé elephant hunter named Rialé. They had a son named Ouédraogo who was given that name from the horse that
Yennenga used to escape. Ouédraogo visited his grandfather in
499:
for hundreds of years. The largest Mossi kingdom was that of
Ouagadougou. The king of Ouagadougou, known as the Mogho Naaba, or King of All the World, served as the Emperor of all the Mossi. The first kingdom was founded when
674:, he waged a holy war against the Mossi kingdoms in 1497. Although the Mossi forces were defeated in this effort, they resisted the attempts to impose Islam. With the conquest of the Songhai by the Moroccans of the
780:, who convinced the Mossi leaders to sign a treaty of protection. Despite this, the French entered the area in 1896 and ignored the treaty of protection, conquering the Mossi Kingdom and make it part of the
1094:
Shifferd, Patricia A. (1996). "Ideological problems and the problem of ideology: reflections on integration and strain in pre-colonial West Africa". In
Claessen, Henri J.M.; Oosten, Jarich G. (eds.).
681:
By the 18th century, the economic and military power of the Mossi kingdoms had increased significantly. Foreign trade relations expanded throughout Africa, with important connections made with the
744:
Being located near many of the main
Islamic states of West Africa, the Mossi kingdoms developed a mixed religious system, recognizing some authority for Islam while retaining their indigenous
689:. During this time, the Mossi were attacked by a variety of African forces. Although there were a number of jihad states in the region trying to forcibly spread Islam, namely the
572:, the founder of the Kingdom of Dagbon. This event dates in different oral histories to be anytime between the 11th and the 15th centuries. According to the story, the princess
544:
currently co-exist in a similar fashion, each with their own monarchs. While they no longer hold sovereignty, they still retain some cultural and political influence.
165:
643:
of separate provinces. They had some autonomy but recognized the sovereignty of the Ouagadougou dynasty. This system of taking over territory and appointing sons as
635:
Following the reign of Oubri, centralization and small-scale expansion of the kingdoms were the primary tasks of rulers. The Ouagadougou dynasty retained control in
887:
897:
882:
650:
The increasing power of the Mossi kingdoms resulted in larger conflicts with regional powers. The Kingdom of Yatenga became a key power, attacking the
877:
474:
614:
peoples. Oubri, who ruled from around 1050 to 1090 CE, is often considered the founder of the Ouagadougou dynasty, which ruled from the capital of
907:
902:
745:
626:
1163:"La politique extérieure d'un royaume africain: le Yatênga au XIXe siècle (The Foreign Policy of an African Kingdom: Yatenga in the 19th Century)"
2003:
892:
862:
1279:
867:
442:
872:
847:
1755:
1034:"Crise au conseil municipal de Ouahigouya : le maire entendu, les imams chez Naaba Kiiba · Islam Burkina Faso Collection · Islambf"
438:
2013:
1713:
1292:
1487:
1497:
94:
1492:
748:. The king participated in two great festivals, one focused on the genealogy of the royal lineage (in order to increase their
1998:
1203:
467:
936:
1348:
408:
378:
1333:
1323:
1543:
610:
people. Zoungrana and Pouitenga had a son, Oubri, who further expanded the kingdom by conquering the Kibissi and some
418:
398:
428:
2023:
1672:
1667:
1455:
1272:
250:
38:
1993:
1379:
460:
230:
984:
1748:
1614:
1538:
1477:
1647:
1414:
1384:
1219:
Skinner, Elliott P. (1960). "Labour Migration and Its Relationship to Socio-Cultural Change in Mossi Society".
1460:
1010:"Palais royal de Tenkodogo : Les autorités régionales sollicitent l'accompagnement de Naba Guiguem-Pollé"
1657:
1399:
1389:
1682:
1634:
1553:
1465:
1445:
1265:
1523:
1470:
1394:
2008:
1741:
1343:
1338:
388:
1652:
1558:
1450:
1404:
1367:
857:
720:, in contrast, were people who had been assimilated into the kingdoms and would never have access to
1687:
1642:
1482:
1433:
1419:
2018:
1706:
1624:
1572:
1548:
1511:
1409:
1318:
1300:
321:
239:
1599:
1870:
1820:
1662:
1584:
1533:
1528:
556:
The origins of the Mossi state are claimed by one prominent oral tradition to come from when a
517:
124:
1193:
1722:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1162:
368:
1677:
1845:
1825:
1780:
1594:
777:
1589:
513:
colony, which for many decades largely governed using the Mossi administrative structure.
8:
1810:
790:
697:, the Mossi kingdoms largely retained their traditional religious and ritual practices.
1313:
1244:
1236:
1143:
1135:
781:
510:
306:
959:"Royaume de Boussouma : Qui est Naaba Sigri, le nouveau Dima ? - leFaso.net"
1945:
1800:
1764:
1328:
1248:
1199:
1147:
1033:
578:
565:
501:
358:
111:
541:
1965:
1930:
1900:
1815:
1228:
1174:
1127:
814:
712:
claimed lineage connections to the founders of the Mossi kingdoms and the power of
694:
667:
599:
591:
533:
1970:
1925:
1920:
928:
611:
1950:
1935:
1915:
1890:
1850:
773:
690:
655:
557:
521:
207:
833:, but it was not the capital of the Mossi kingdoms as each retained autonomy.
1987:
1880:
1785:
675:
595:
1960:
1855:
1835:
1805:
1288:
958:
842:
764:
to royalty in exchange for recognizing the genealogical power of the king.
663:
607:
492:
336:
262:
197:
187:
158:
1178:
1118:
Skinner, Elliott P. (1958). "The Mossi and Traditional Sudanese History".
1885:
1875:
806:
686:
682:
636:
615:
587:
496:
292:
1257:
1830:
1240:
1139:
830:
569:
525:
1009:
826:
810:
603:
583:
537:
529:
1733:
1232:
1131:
728:
which allowed them to make decisions about land issues. The rulers'
786:
724:. However, because of their connections to the area, they did have
659:
573:
561:
107:
805:
The Mossi kingdoms were organized around five different kingdoms:
776:
in 1888. This was followed by a British expedition in 1894 led by
66:
852:
822:
818:
73:
736:
were connected, creating a two-way balance of power in society.
1940:
1910:
1860:
1775:
670:
became the leader of the Songhai Empire and desired to spread
985:"Royauté du Gulmu : vives tensions entre les deux palais"
1955:
1905:
1865:
1840:
1795:
761:
671:
647:
would continue to be practiced by many of the future rulers.
505:
678:
in 1591, the Mossi states reestablished their independence.
1790:
772:
The first European explorer to enter the region was German
700:
Domestically, the Mossi kingdoms distinguished between the
651:
1221:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
1098:. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 24–46.
888:
List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bongandini
898:
List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali
883:
List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga
1191:
878:List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga
1985:
908:List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Nungu
903:List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Piela
1198:. University of California Press. p. 249.
1192:Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1989).
1076:Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood in West Arica
893:List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Con
863:List of rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo
716:which gave them the divine right to rule. The
16:Historical kingdoms in modern-day Burkina Faso
1749:
1273:
929:"Mogho Naba: Burkina Faso's mediator monarch"
868:List of rulers of the Mossi state of Wogodogo
468:
1212:
873:List of rulers of the Mossi state of Yatenga
858:List of rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako
853:List of rulers of the Mossi state of Gwiriko
848:List of rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
528:of Wogodogo (Ouagadougou). The kingdoms of
1756:
1742:
1280:
1266:
1195:Dictionary of African historical biography
1096:Ideology and the Formation of Early States
1089:
1087:
1085:
662:and sacking the important trading post of
621:
475:
461:
37:
1287:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1073:
516:Some Mossi Kingdoms still exist today as
491:, were a group of kingdoms in modern-day
1093:
1050:
625:
1218:
1117:
1082:
1986:
1102:
568:because of a dispute with her father,
2004:12th-century establishments in Africa
1763:
1737:
1261:
1160:
982:
1154:
939:from the original on 3 November 2021
658:between 1328 and 1477, taking over
520:within Burkina Faso. Most notably,
13:
767:
14:
2035:
2014:Indigenous peoples of West Africa
495:that dominated the region of the
43:Area occupied by Mossi Kingdoms,
1357:
249:
163:
1185:
800:
752:) and another of sacrifices to
1078:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
1026:
1002:
976:
951:
921:
504:warriors from the present-day
1:
915:
297:
284:
271:
106:• Departure of Princess
44:
1999:Countries in medieval Africa
1120:The Journal of Negro History
429:2015 elections and aftermath
7:
1167:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
1038:islam.domains.uflib.ufl.edu
836:
739:
10:
2040:
1074:Englebert, Pierre (1996).
590:, who founded the city of
1771:
1700:
1633:
1580:
1571:
1519:
1510:
1441:
1432:
1375:
1366:
1355:
1349:Insurgency (2015–present)
1299:
793:, where he died in 1904.
547:
509:kingdoms and created the
213:
203:
193:
183:
138:
134:
121:
104:
100:
90:
82:
72:
62:
54:
36:
31:
21:
2024:Former empires in Africa
797:Mossi kingdom borders).
369:Assassination of Sankara
1994:History of Burkina Faso
1319:Republic of Upper Volta
622:Rise and centralization
123:• Conquest by the
1161:Izard, Michel (1982).
632:
598:, became the ruler of
518:constituent monarchies
125:French colonial empire
1179:10.3406/cea.1982.3383
935:. 23 September 2015.
629:
586:. The oldest son was
419:Burkinabé coup d'état
63:Common languages
983:Ahmed (2021-03-21).
778:George Ekem Ferguson
524:currently reigns as
389:Burkinabè revolution
989:Aujourd'hui au Faso
821:(later replaced by
732:and the support of
409:Jihadist insurgency
399:Transitional period
287:11th century – 1896
95:Pre-Colonial Africa
1881:Mahdiyya caliphate
1544:Telecommunications
1314:French Upper Volta
1173:(87–88): 363–385.
633:
602:. His third son,
594:. The second son,
511:French Upper Volta
307:French Upper Volta
2009:Sahelian kingdoms
1979:
1978:
1765:Sahelian kingdoms
1731:
1730:
1696:
1695:
1668:Human trafficking
1567:
1566:
1506:
1505:
1488:Political parties
1456:Foreign relations
1428:
1427:
1329:Agacher Strip War
1205:978-0-520-06611-3
497:upper Volta river
485:
484:
452:
451:
359:Agacher Strip War
330:
329:
223:
222:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
112:Kingdom of Dagbon
58:Multiple capitals
32:11th century–1896
2031:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1716:
1709:
1578:
1577:
1517:
1516:
1439:
1438:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1334:1987 coup d'Ă©tat
1324:1983 coup d'Ă©tat
1282:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
925:
695:Sokoto Caliphate
668:Askia Mohammad I
600:Zondoma Province
477:
470:
463:
355:
354:
348:
347:
345:
309:
299:
286:
274:3rd–13th century
273:
259:
258:
253:
243:
225:
224:
181:
180:
167:
166:
155:
154:
140:
139:
49:
46:
41:
19:
18:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1767:
1762:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1692:
1629:
1615:Public holidays
1563:
1502:
1478:Law enforcement
1424:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1295:
1286:
1256:
1233:10.2307/1157599
1217:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1186:
1159:
1155:
1132:10.2307/2715593
1116:
1103:
1092:
1083:
1072:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
981:
977:
968:
966:
957:
956:
952:
942:
940:
927:
926:
922:
918:
839:
803:
770:
768:French conquest
742:
624:
550:
481:
349:
343:
341:
340:
339:
316:
314:
305:
270:
264:
241:
234:
164:
127:
114:
50:
47:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2019:Former empires
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Mossi kingdoms
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Hausa kingdoms
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Child marriage
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:Prime Minister
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1436:
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1425:
1423:
1422:
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1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1309:Mossi Kingdoms
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1227:(4): 375–401.
1211:
1204:
1184:
1153:
1126:(2): 121–131.
1101:
1081:
1049:
1025:
1001:
975:
950:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
838:
835:
802:
799:
774:Gottlob Krause
769:
766:
746:Mossi Religion
741:
738:
691:Massina Empire
656:Songhai Empire
623:
620:
549:
546:
522:Naba Baongo II
489:Mossi Kingdoms
483:
482:
480:
479:
472:
465:
457:
454:
453:
450:
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446:
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401:
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375:
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371:
365:
364:
361:
351:
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335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
312:
310:
302:
301:
295:
289:
288:
282:
280:Mossi Kingdoms
276:
275:
267:
255:
254:
246:
245:
236:
235:
228:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
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185:
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136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
122:
119:
118:
115:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
92:
91:Historical era
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
42:
34:
33:
29:
28:
25:
23:Mossi Kingdoms
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2036:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
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1829:
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1658:Ethnic groups
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1344:2014 uprising
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1339:2011 protests
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815:Fada N'gourma
812:
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683:Fula kingdoms
679:
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676:Saadi dynasty
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619:
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592:Fada N'gourma
589:
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534:Fada N'gourma
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379:Compaoré rule
377:
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77:
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71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
40:
35:
30:
20:
1981:
1895:
1683:Prostitution
1635:Demographics
1554:Trade unions
1466:Human rights
1446:Constitution
1308:
1289:Burkina Faso
1224:
1220:
1214:
1194:
1187:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1123:
1119:
1095:
1075:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:
1004:
993:. Retrieved
988:
978:
967:. Retrieved
962:
953:
943:20 September
941:. Retrieved
932:
923:
843:Mossi states
804:
801:Organization
795:
771:
758:
753:
749:
743:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
699:
680:
649:
644:
640:
634:
555:
551:
515:
493:Burkina Faso
488:
486:
413:2015–present
337:Burkina Faso
279:
242:Burkina Faso
217:
159:French Sudan
146:Succeeded by
145:
117:11th century
1871:Kanem–Bornu
1821:Futa Jallon
1524:Agriculture
1471:LGBT rights
1395:Departments
991:(in French)
965:(in French)
831:Mogho Naaba
807:Ouagadougou
782:Upper Volta
687:Mali Empire
637:Ouagadougou
616:Ouagadougou
588:Diaba Lompo
566:her kingdom
445:coup d'Ă©tat
300:1710 – 1898
293:Kong Empire
269:Prehistoric
265:Bura-Asinda
240:History of
48: 1530
1988:Categories
1946:Toucouleur
1846:Great Fulo
1600:Literature
1461:Government
1043:2022-09-15
1019:2022-09-15
1014:aOuaga.com
995:2023-06-17
969:2022-09-15
963:lefaso.net
916:References
791:Gold Coast
570:Naa Gbewaa
560:princess,
526:Mogho Naba
83:Government
74:Demonym(s)
1966:Wassoulou
1826:Futa Toro
1673:Languages
1653:Education
1559:Transport
1493:President
1451:Elections
1405:Provinces
1368:Geography
1249:145801291
1148:140297791
827:Boussouma
811:Tenkodogo
718:tengbiise
706:tengbiise
604:Zoungrana
584:Tenkodogo
538:Tenkodogo
530:Boussouma
443:September
433:2015–2022
403:2014–2015
383:1987–2014
326:1958–1984
315:1947–1958
313:1919–1932
110:from the
1723:Category
1688:Religion
1643:Abortion
1529:Currency
1483:Military
1434:Politics
1420:Wildlife
1293:articles
937:Archived
933:BBC News
837:See also
787:Zongoiri
740:Religion
710:nakombse
704:and the
702:nakombse
693:and the
685:and the
660:Timbuktu
574:Yennenga
562:Yennenga
322:Republic
231:a series
229:Part of
204:Language
108:Yennenga
86:Monarchy
1936:Songhai
1921:Shilluk
1891:Massina
1781:Bagirmi
1707:Outline
1625:Theatre
1590:Cuisine
1573:Culture
1549:Tourism
1512:Economy
1410:Regions
1390:Climate
1380:Borders
1301:History
1241:1157599
1140:2715593
825:), and
823:Yatenga
819:Zondoma
789:in the
666:. When
612:Gurunsi
564:, left
558:Dagomba
542:Yatenga
502:Dagomba
439:January
344:present
214:Country
55:Capital
1951:Tunjur
1941:Takrur
1931:Sokoto
1916:Sennar
1911:Saloum
1861:Kaarta
1811:Darfur
1801:Dagbon
1786:Bamana
1776:Alodia
1678:People
1663:Health
1585:Cinema
1539:Mining
1534:Energy
1415:Rivers
1385:Cities
1291:
1247:
1239:
1202:
1146:
1138:
762:Qur'an
726:tenga,
708:. The
664:Macina
579:Dagbon
548:Origin
540:, and
342:(1984–
233:on the
218:Moogho
194:People
188:Moaaga
184:Person
78:Moaaga
26:Moogho
1961:Wadai
1956:Waalo
1906:Niumi
1901:Niani
1866:Kaabu
1856:Jolof
1841:Gobir
1836:Ghana
1816:Dendi
1796:Cayor
1714:Index
1620:Sport
1610:Music
1605:Media
1400:Lakes
1245:S2CID
1237:JSTOR
1144:S2CID
1136:JSTOR
754:tenga
734:tenga
714:naam,
672:Islam
645:Dimas
641:Dimas
631:1892.
608:Mossi
506:Ghana
208:Mòoré
198:Mosse
67:Mooré
1971:Wuli
1926:Sine
1886:Mali
1876:Kong
1806:Daju
1791:Baol
1595:Flag
1200:ISBN
945:2021
750:naam
730:naam
722:naam
654:and
652:Mali
596:Rawa
487:The
448:2022
441:and
423:2015
393:2014
373:1987
363:1985
263:Bura
130:1896
1831:Gao
1229:doi
1175:doi
1128:doi
1990::
1243:.
1235:.
1225:30
1223:.
1171:22
1169:.
1165:.
1142:.
1134:.
1124:43
1122:.
1104:^
1084:^
1052:^
1036:.
1012:.
987:.
961:.
931:.
817:,
813:,
809:,
756:.
618:.
536:,
532:,
298:c.
285:c.
272:c.
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1231::
1208:.
1181:.
1177::
1150:.
1130::
1046:.
1022:.
998:.
972:.
947:.
476:e
469:t
462:v
346:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
