Mount Sinai (Bible)

2493: 916: 509: 2524: 2512: 264: 2592: 2549: 2561: 2639:"The years between the 1830s and the 1870s, which mark the highpoint of the Sinai controversy, witnessed the rise of European countries into worldwide economic and political prominence ... The 1856 Treaty of Paris ensured better access for Europeans into Ottoman territory and casual visitors collected intelligence alongside antiquities ... The peninsula was strategically situated on the sea route from the Mediterranean to India through the Suez Canal which opened to traffic in 1869, a few months after the conclusion of the Ordnance Survey" Manginis (2015) 2580: 46: 1884: 151: 183: 167: 87: 215: 119: 69: 103: 199: 135: 53: 2138: 1939:

pre-dynastic days of Egypt." She says the main center of Moon worship seems to have been concentrated in the southern Sinai peninsula which the Egyptians seized from the Semitic people who had built shrines and mining camps there. Robinson says that inscriptions with pictures of Moon worship objects are found all over the southern peninsula but are missing on Jabal Musa and Mount Catherine. This oddity may suggest religious cleansing.

1048: 2481: 2657:"The proponents of Jebel al-Lawz do not agree on the crossing site of the Red Sea in the Gulf of Akaba / Eilat. One group, consisting of R. Wyatt, J. Pinkoski, and L. Moller suggests that the Israelites crossed at Nuweiba. The other group, consisting of J. Irwin, R. Cornuke, L. Williams, R. Knuteson, K. Kluetz, and K. Durham argues for the Strait of Tiran." Franz (2007) § "Problems with the Gulf of Akaba / Eilat Crossings" 2648:"Now that Rameses is known to be located at Qantir in the Sharkiya province of the east Delta, this means that Beke's proposed site of ... Hermann Gunkel, Hugo Gressman, Martin Noth and Jean Koenig. They all thought that the biblical descriptions of the theophany at Mt. Sinai described volcanic activity, and since there was no evidence of volcanoes in Sinai, that northern Arabia was the more likely." Hoffmeier (2005) 4777: 2047:, which lies adjacent to Mount Catherine, to be the biblical mountain, and it is this mountain that local tour groups and religious groups presently advertise as the biblical Mount Sinai. Evidently this view was eventually taken up by Christian groups as well, as in the 16th century a church was constructed at the peak of this mountain, which was replaced by a Greek Orthodox chapel in 1954. 1922:(circa 4th century CE) wrote, "The whole mountain group looks as if it were a single peak, but, as you enter the group, there are more than one." The highest mountain peak is Mount Catherine, rising 2,610 metres (8,550 feet) above the sea and its sister peak, Jabal Musa (2,285 m ), is not much further behind in height, but is more conspicuous because of the open plain called 2007:

Presumably the Israelite dwellings and artifacts consisted only of perishable materials." Hoffmeier wrote, "None of the encampments of the wilderness wanderings can be meaningful if the Israelites went directly to either Kadesh or Midian ... a journey of eleven days from Kadesh to Horeb can be properly understood only in relationship to the southern portion of the Sinai Peninsula."

2293: 536:. In the story Sinai was enveloped in a cloud, it quaked and was filled with smoke, while lightning-flashes shot forth, and the roar of thunder mingled with the blasts of a trumpet; the account later adds that fire was seen burning at the summit of the mountain. In the biblical account, the fire and clouds are a direct consequence of the arrival of 2390:, and L. Williams. A. Kerkeslager believes that the archaeological evidence is too tenuous to draw conclusions, but has stated that "Jabal al Lawz may also be the most convincing option for identifying the Mt. Sinai of biblical tradition" and should be researched. A number of researchers support this hypothesis while others dispute it. 1898:

pilgrimages identified Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai and this identification was later adopted by the Christian pilgrims. R. K. Harrison states that, “Jabal Musa ... seems to have enjoyed special sanctity long before Christian times, culminating in its identification with Mt. Sinai." In the second and third centuries BCE

760:(סנה səneh) that Moses encountered at Mount Horeb in verses 3:1–6 of Exodus. He asserts that the similarity of Sînay (Sinai) and seneh (bush) is not coincidental; rather, the wordplay might derive "from the notion that the emblem of the Sinai deity was a tree of some sort." Deuteronomy 33:16 identifies 1991:

Edward Robinson insisted that the Plain of ar-Raaha adjacent to Jabal Musa could have accommodated the Israelites. Edward Hull stated that, "this traditional Sinai in every way meets the requirements of the narrative of the Exodus." Hull agreed with Robinson and stated he had no further doubts after

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provides some support for the ancient sanctity of Jabal Musa by writing that Arabian heathens were still celebrating moon feasts there in the 6th century. Lina Eckenstien states that some of the artifacts discovered indicate that "the establishment of the moon-cult in the peninsula dates back to the

1930:. The highest tops in the Tih desert to the north are not much over 1,200 m (4,000 ft). Those in Midian, East of Elath, rise only to 1,300 m (4,200 ft). Even Jabal Serbal, 30 kilometres (20 mi) west of Sinai, is at its highest only 2,050 m (6,730 ft) above the sea. 1913:

Josephus wrote that "Moses went up to a mountain that lay between Egypt and Arabia, which was called Sinai." Josephus says that Sinai is "the highest of all the mountains thereabout," and is "the highest of all the mountains that are in that country, and is not only very difficult to be ascended by

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Some modern biblical scholars explain Mount Sinai as having been a sacred place dedicated to one of the Semitic deities, even before the Israelites encountered it. Others regard the set of laws given on the mountain to have originated in different time periods from one another, with the later ones

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as Mount Sinai or Mount Sinai being located in the present day Sinai Peninsula are inconclusive. There is evidence that prior to 100 CE, well before the Christian monastic period, Jewish sages equated Jabal Musa with Mount Sinai. Graham Davies of Cambridge University argues that early Jewish

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was equatable with biblical Sinai. Other scholars have criticised this identification, as, in addition to being almost 1000 years too early, it also appears to require the wholesale relocation of the Midianites, Amalekites, and other ancient peoples, from the locations where the majority of

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inscriptions, the same as those found in Canaan, were discovered at Serabit el Khadim in the Southern Sinai. Several of these were dated in the later Bronze Age. These encampments provide evidence of miners from southern Canaan. The remote site of Serabit el-Khadem was used for a few months at a

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Some point to the absence of material evidence left behind in the journey of the Israelites but Dr. Beit-Arieh wrote, "Perhaps it will be argued, by those who subscribe to the traditional account in the Bible, that the Israelite material culture was only of the flimsiest kind and left no trace.

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argues that early Jewish pilgrimages identified Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai and this identification was later adopted by the Christian pilgrims. R.K. Harrison states that "Jebel Musa ... seems to have enjoyed special sanctity long before Christian times, culminating in its identification with

1009:, who contributed to the erection of churches in Georgia and abroad as well. There were political, cultural, and religious motives for locating the church on Mount Sinai. Georgian monks living there were deeply connected with their motherland. The church had its own plots in 1914:

men, on account of its vast altitude but because of the sharpness of its precipices". The traditional Mount Sinai, located in the Sinai Peninsula, is actually the name of a collection of peaks, sometimes referred to as the Holy Mountain peaks, which consist of Jabal Musa,

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The southern Sinai Peninsula contains archaeological discoveries but to place them with the exodus from Egypt is a daunting task inasmuch as the proposed dates of the Exodus vary widely. The Exodus has been dated from the early Bronze Age to the late Iron Age II.

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had a different meaning, and wasn't even mined, before the Roman era. Unfortunately, the removal of the original peak has destroyed most other archaeological remains from the late Bronze Age (the standard dating of the Exodus) that might previously have been present.

2352:), a volcanic mountain at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, with Horeb being argued to be a different mountain – the nearby Jebel Ertowa. Beke's suggestion has not found as much scholarly support as the suggestion that Mount Sinai is the el Jaww basin volcano 2442:

cult centre, with the surrounding plateau covered with shrines, altars, stone circles, stone pillars, and over 40,000 rock engravings; although the peak of religious activity at the site dates to 2350–2000 BCE, the exodus is dated 15 Nisan 2448

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F. W. Holland stated "With regard to water-supply there is no other spot in the whole Peninsula which is nearly so well supplied as the neighborhood of Jabal Musa. ... There is also no other district in the Peninsula which affords such excellent pasturage."

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Some scholars believe that Mount Sinai was of ancient sanctity prior to the ascent of Moses described in the Bible. Scholars have theorized that Sinai in part derived its name from the word for Moon which was "sin" (meaning "the moon" or "to shine").

2424:, and locating Sinai in Saudi Arabia would suggest Kadesh Barnea was skirted to the south, some scholars have wondered whether Sinai was much closer to the vicinity of Kadesh Barnea itself. Halfway between Kadesh Barnea and Petra, in the southwest 2026:, built a church to protect monks against raids from nomads. She chose the site for the church from the identification which had been handed down through generations through the Bedouins. She also reported the site was confirmed to her in a dream. 568:

argues that a hole was torn in the heavens, and Sinai was torn away from the earth and the summit pushed through the hole. "The heavens" could be a metaphor for clouds and the "lake of fire" could be a metaphor for the lava-filled crater. Several

2063:, considering it to be the biblical mountain, and in the 4th century a monastery was constructed at its base. Nevertheless, Josephus had stated that Mount Sinai was "the highest of all the mountains thereabout", which would imply that 1992:

studying the great amphitheater leading to the base of the granite cliff of Ras Sufsafeh, that here indeed was the location of the camp and the mount from which the laws of God was delivered to the encampment of Israelites below.

2464:(2012) Mount Hermon is actually the Mount Sinai mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, with the biblical story reminiscent of an ancient battle of the northern tribes with the Egyptians somewhere in the Jordan valley or Golan heights. 1004:

in the fifth century, and a Georgian colony was formed there in the ninth century. Georgians erected their own churches in the area of the modern Mount Sinai. The construction of one such church was connected with the name of

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upon the mountain. According to the biblical story, Moses departed to the mountain and stayed there for 40 days and nights in order to receive the Ten Commandments and he did so twice because he broke the first set of the

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with "the one who dwells in the bush." Consequently, Levenson argues that if the use of "bush" is not a scribal error for "Sinai," Deuteronomy might support the connection between the origins of the word Sinai and tree.

2160:, a Kenite who was a Midianite priest, shortly before encountering Sinai, this suggests that Sinai would be somewhere near their territory in Saudi Arabia; the Kenites and Midianites appear to have resided east of the 2511: 2492: 2010:

Local Bedouins who have long inhabited the area have identified Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai. In the 4th century CE small settlements of monks set up places of worship around Jabal Musa. An Egyptian pilgrim named

1970:

Egyptian pottery in the southern Sinai during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age I (Ramesside) periods has been discovered at the mining camps of Serabit el-Khadim and Timna. Objects which bore

1963:, noted that her guides, who were the local "holy men", pointed out these round or circular stone foundations of temporary huts, claiming the children of Israel used them during their stay there. 2523: 1160:

was still known with some certainty, as Elijah is described as travelling to Horeb on one occasion, but there are no later biblical references to it that suggest the location remained known;

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is carved into its base, the mountain top is covered with a number of different altars, and over 8 metres of the original peak were carved away to leave a flat surface with two 8 metre tall

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Qanoon-e-Islam: Or, The Customs of the Moosulmans of India; Comprising a Full and Exact Account of Their Various Rites and Ceremonies, from the Moment of Birth Till the Hour of Death

1976:

time, every couple of years at best, more often once in a generation. The journey to the mines was long, difficult and dangerous. Expeditions headed by Professor Mazar examined the

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The earliest references to Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai or Mount Sinai being located in the present-day Sinai peninsula are inconclusive. There is evidence that prior to 100

2037:(c. 2150–1990 BCE). He notes that this toponymn was located in the southern parts of the Sinai Peninsula, corresponding with the geographical location of Jabal Musa. 4115:

Toponymy on the Periphery: Placenames of the Eastern Desert, Red Sea, and South Sinai in Egyptian Documents from the Early Dynastic until the End of the New Kingdom

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Ewald, Hist. ii. 43, 45, 103; Di.; W. R. Smith, Rel. Sem. 2 p. 117 f.; Sayce, EHH. 188; DB. iv. 536b; Burney, Journal of Theol. Studies, ix. (1908), p. 343 f.

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sticking out of it; these obelisks, which frame the end of the path leading up to them, and are now only 6 metres tall, have led to the mountain being

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has traditionally been considered Sinai's location by Christians, although the peninsula gained its name from this tradition, and was not called that in

403: 2336:, among others. This possibility would exclude all the peaks on the Sinai peninsula and Seir, but would make a number of locations in north western 970:, at the mouth of an inaccessible gorge at the foot of modern Mount Sinai in Saint Catherine at an elevation of 1 550 meters. The monastery is 931:, at the foot of which a monastery was founded in the 4th century; it was only in the 6th century that the monastery moved to the foot of 2101:. A number of scholars and commentators have therefore looked towards the more central and northern parts of the Sinai peninsula for the mountain. 1657: 5550: 2560: 4275:"Gebel Khashm el Tarif [Jebel Hashem al Taref, Hashem el-Tarif, Mount Sinai (?)] Ancient Temple: The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map" 4888: 3550: 1122:

mainly being the result of natural evolution over the centuries of the earlier ones, rather than all originating from a single moment in time.

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seems to allude to rain having occurred at the time. According to the biblical account, God spoke directly to the Israelite nation as a whole.

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One of the most recent developments has been the release of a documentary which identifies a peak within the Jabal al-Lawz mountain range,

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The location of the Mount Sinai described in the Bible remains disputed. The high point of the dispute was in the mid-nineteenth century.

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The biblical description of God's descent seems to be in conflict with the statement shortly after that God spoke to the Israelites from

6136: 5039: 4838: 4296: 3420: 3388: 3321: 3404: 3372: 3353: 3337: 6131: 4999: 4898: 301: 6233: 5032: 4700: 985:/ Ref: 954) and website below, this monastery has been called the 'oldest working Christian monastery' in the world – although the 732:, which belongs to a desert plain in Sinai as well as to a Canaanite city in Syria and perhaps to a city in the northeast Delta of 508: 4883: 2868: 2304:'s assertion in the first century CE that Mount Sinai was in Arabia, although in Paul's time, the Roman administrative region of 282: 2591: 6213: 6074: 6044: 4512:

Bob Cornuke doesn't have a degree in archaeology; he holds a doctorate in Bible and theology from Louisiana Baptist University.

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Comprising a full and exact account of their various rites and ceremonies, from the moment of birth till the hour of death.

2977: 1733: 3235: 2251:. Archaeological artifacts discovered at the top of the mountain indicate that it was once covered by polished shiny blue 1926:("the wide"). Mount Catherine and Jabal Musa are both much higher than any mountains in the Sinaitic desert, or in all of 6064: 6039: 5543: 4248:

de Geus, C. H. J. (1977). "Kadesh Barnea: Some geographical and historical remarks". In Brongers, Hendrik Antonie (ed.).

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Mass-revelation at Mount Sinai in an illustration from a Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Company, 1907

1679: 4537: 4101:(reprint ed.). New York, New York / Westwood, New Jersey: Harper & Row / Barbour & Company. pp. 7–10. 4041: 3482: 3455: 3029: 2915: 2105:, in the west-central part of the peninsula, was proposed to be the biblical Mount Sinai by Menashe Har-El, a biblical 3124: 1902:

were making pilgrimages there, which is indicated in part by inscriptions discovered in the area. In the 6th century,

621: 6198: 5222: 5103: 5095: 4257: 3100: 2172:, and seems to suggest that this equates with Mount Sinai; Mount Seir designates the mountain range in the centre of 2015:, who had in past times made various visits to the area, identified Jabal Musa as the Holy Mount in the 4th century. 1355: 609: 5119: 5079: 5071: 4903: 1068: 389: 306: 6228: 6203: 5498: 5458: 5135: 5127: 5087: 3007: 2733: 2447:; 1313 BCE), and the mountain appears to have been abandoned between 1950 and 1000 BCE, Anati proposed that 2225:. The Jebel al-Madhbah was evidently considered particularly sacred, as the well known ritual building known as 946:, well before the Christian monastic period, Jewish sages equated Jabal Musa with Mount Sinai. Graham Davies of 5722: 5536: 4913: 4831: 1903: 1887: 920: 910: 831:, meaning "with the teeth", and argued to refer to the sustenance of mankind through the virtue of the mountain 316: 3918:. Translated by Gingas, George E. New York, New York / Mahwah, New Jersey: The Newman Press. 1970. p. 57. 720:, the moon-god worshiped at Ur (in his form Nannar) and at Harran, since there is no indication that the name 528:

The biblical account of the giving of the instructions and teachings of the Ten Commandments was given in the

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as being identical to the biblical Mount Sinai; since then other scholars have also made the identification.

2168:, which some textual scholars consider one of the oldest parts of the Bible, portrays God as having dwelt at 1935: 724:

was ever employed by the Canaanites or the Semitic nomads of Palestine. It is much more likely that the name

682: 704:... there is nothing that requires us to explain Him as a modified moon-god. It is improbable that the name 5215: 4412:

The Miracles of Exodus: A scientist's discovery of the extraordinary natural causes of the biblical stories

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Instruction and Interpretation: Studies in Hebrew Language, Palestinian archaeology and biblical exegesis

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Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq (1987). "Canaanites and Egyptians at Serabit el-Khadim". In Rainey, Anson F. (ed.).

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was constructed at the base of this mountain at a site which is claimed to be the site of the biblical

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states, "These distances will not, however, allow of our placing Sinai farther East than Jabal Musa."

597: 6059: 5798: 4824: 4794: 3090: 2579: 247: 4322: 2931: 2855: 2843: 2828: 2816: 2804: 593: 6223: 5682: 4490:"Is Noah's Ark on mount[ain] in Iran? Man scours the world looking for religious artifacts" 4193: 601: 533: 2786: 2502: 744:), the name of a kind of bush where Moses is said to have first witnessed the theophany of Yahweh. 6193: 5816: 4180: 1774: 1722: 1669: 1505: 1452: 1400: 516: 573:

have indicated that the smoke and fire reference from the Bible suggests that Mount Sinai was a

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was actually the mountain in question, if Sinai was to be sited on the Sinai peninsula at all.

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but in wheel-burnished sherds typical of the Kingdom of Judah, belonging to Iron Age II.

5717: 5687: 5515: 5263: 4878: 2570: 2117:, in the north of the peninsula has also been proposed. Another northern Sinai suggestion is 1972: 971: 273: 6188: 5939: 5806: 5007: 4928: 4918: 4494: 4367: 4336: 3504: 1552: 989:, situated across the Red Sea in the desert south of Cairo, also lays claim to that title. 947: 578: 331: 321: 263: 157: 4499: 3767:. translators = editors. London, UK: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 2. 3091:

Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol A.; Perkins, Pheme, eds. (2001).

532:, primarily between chapters 19 and 24, during which Sinai is mentioned by name twice, in 8: 6167: 5758: 5401: 5238: 5196: 4966: 4908: 4067:(reprint ed.). London, UK & New York, New York: AMS Press. p. 99 , 178–179. 3012: 2333: 2110: 2012: 1071:. In particular, numerous references to the mount exist in the Quran, where it is called 1006: 978: 791: 697: 459: 367: 311: 4730:

Ha-Shem: The secret numbers of the Hebrew Bible and the mystery of the Exodus from Egypt

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Egypt, Israel, Sinai: Archaeological and historical relationships in the Biblical period

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Egyptologist Julien Cooper has suggested that the name Sinai corresponds with a toponym

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would indicate that the Israelites journeyed in roughly a straight line from Egypt via

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the location where Moses had brought water from the ground, by striking it with his rod

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have been discovered in southern Sinai, creating a kind of ring around Jabal Musa. The

570: 553: 466:. "Sinai" and "Horeb" are generally considered by scholars to refer to the same place. 4752:

Ancient Israel in Sinai: The evidence for the authenticity of the wilderness tradition

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Aharoni, Yohanan (1962) . "Kadesh-Barnea and Mount Sinai". In Rothenberg, Beno (ed.).

2408:"monumental blunders" and others. G. Franz published a refutation of this hypothesis. 790:

out of jealousy, due to the Jews being the ones to receive the word of God. Classical

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Based on a number of local names and features, in 1927 Ditlef Nielsen identified the

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version of the Exodus narrative, the Israelites travel in a roughly straight line to

1557: 1344: 689:, and thus Sinai and Horeb would be the mountains of the moon and sun, respectively. 582: 4425: 4274: 3929:

Bimson, John J.; Livingston, David (September–October 1987). "Redating the Exodus".

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would have included both the modern Sinai peninsula and northwestern Saudi Arabia.

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The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures

1141:'s time or earlier. (The Sinai was earlier inhabited by the Monitu and was called 6069: 6013: 5831: 5707: 4808: 3602: 3585: 3474:

Moses in the Holy Scriptures of Judaism, Christianity and Islam: A call for peace

3472: 3443: 3437: 2444: 2361: 2353: 2283: 2165: 2118: 2098: 2064: 1915: 1769: 1447: 1338: 1134: 1111: 1013:. Some of the Georgian manuscripts of Sinai remain there, but others are kept in 1001: 967: 932: 753: 677: 649: 420: 221: 125: 93: 6208: 6126: 6111: 5879: 5863: 5848: 5826: 5748: 5563: 5468: 5423: 5380: 5283: 5111: 4978: 3643: 3378: 3003: 2972: 2435: 2305: 2157: 1883: 1193: 1165: 1064: 1060: 1018: 955: 625: 529: 451: 447: 3682: 3410: 2480: 2097:), and the detour via the south of the Sinai peninsula is only present in the 667:

Horeb is thought to mean "glowing/heat", which seems to be a reference to the

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Stalker, D. M. G. (1963). "Exodus". In Black, Matthew; Rowley, H. H. (eds.).

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Modern scholars differ as to the exact geographical position of Mount Sinai.

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argues that God had lowered the heavens and spread them over Sinai, and the

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The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical books

2999: 2567: 2461: 2341: 2337: 2325: 2301: 2060: 2034: 1907: 1870: 1821: 1601: 1395: 1287: 1235: 1177: 928: 757: 608:. Sinai was also mentioned once by name in the rest of the Hebrew Bible in 493: 478: 470: 455: 109: 1984:, of southern Sinai and discovered the site abounded not only in Nabatean 6116: 5909: 5904: 5889: 5778: 5493: 5433: 5406: 5396: 5189: 5054: 4959: 4954: 3530: 2448: 2439: 2405: 2394: 2387: 2357: 2114: 1977: 1894: 1717: 1499: 1388: 1230: 860: 844: 463: 205: 141: 59: 2763: 6152: 6121: 6095: 5952: 5853: 5793: 5652: 5586: 5428: 5344: 5268: 4983: 4971: 4396:

Koenig, Jean (1971). "Le site de Al-Jaw dans l'ancien pays de Madian".

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are considered by scholars to be unlikely to refer to the stone called

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were used over and over throughout the centuries for various purposes.

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narrative appears to suggest that when it was written, the location of

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Jarvis, C. S. (1938). "The forty years' wandering of the Israelites".

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Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer; Fabry, Heinz-Josef (eds.).

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is interpreted in rabbinical literature as here being a corruption of

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Landscapes of Interesting Localities Mentioned in the Holy Scriptures

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Wilson, John Marius; Finden, Edward Francis; Finden, William (eds.).

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Jameson, John H.; Ehrenhard, John E.; Finn, Christine, eds. (2003).

4141:"The Earliest Mention of the Placename Sinai: The Journeys of Khety" 2700: 736:. It has also been recognized that it may somehow be connected with 5992: 5987: 5982: 5929: 5858: 5732: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5303: 4816: 4662:

The riddle of Mount Sinai: Archaeological discoveries at Har Karkom

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Finding the Mountain of Moses: The Real Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia

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Proceedings of the Multidisciplinary Conference on the Sinai Desert

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Proceedings of the Multidisciplinary Conference on the Sinai Desert

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have suggested that the description fits a storm especially as the

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Mumford, Gregory D. (2001). "Sinai". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

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Christians settled upon this mountain in the 3rd century CE.

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The earliest Christian traditions place this event at the nearby

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Mountain at which the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by God

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The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts & Sciences

481:(1873), have suggested may literally describe the mountain as a 477:

at Mount Sinai in terms which a minority of scholars, following

5702: 5448: 5443: 5349: 5313: 5308: 5293: 5273: 5154: 4776: 3298: 3296: 3294: 2372:

A possible candidate within the Arabia theory has been that of

2248: 2218: 2126: 1927: 1189: 1169: 1153: 1103: 1095: 1052: 1022: 1010: 975: 820: 549: 537: 4601: 3963:. Tel Aviv, Israel: Tel Aviv University Press. pp. 63–65. 2701:"Pillar of Fire or Dust? Jabal Mūsā in the nineteenth century" 2316:

A suggested possible naturalistic explanation of the biblical

807:), meaning "the mountain of God" or "the mountain of the gods" 5967: 5788: 5657: 5647: 5601: 5375: 5318: 5258: 5253: 5164: 4944: 3869:

Containing an account of their manners and customs and rites.

3416: 3400: 3384: 3368: 3349: 3333: 3317: 2425: 2417: 2252: 2190: 2142: 2122: 1985: 1981: 1613: 1181: 1173: 1164:

specifies that it was "between Egypt and Arabia", and within

1030: 959: 880: 733: 641: 589: 497: 443: 362: 4014:. New York, New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons. p. 166. 3364: 3362: 3291: 2300:

Some have suggested a site in Saudi Arabia, also noting the

4674: 2173: 2033:, attested in the itinerary of an Egyptian official of the 1089: 761: 686: 3880:

See also Deut. 12: 2–3, II Chron. 34:3–7 and Exodus 32:20.

3187:

Qanoon-e-Islam: Or, the Customs of the Moosulmans of India

556:

argue that these passages are from different sources, the

4429:

The Exodus Case: New discoveries of the historical Exodus

3258: 3256: 2761: 2554:

Mount Sinai depicted on late medieval Georgian manuscript

2292: 2207: 2050: 668: 588:

Sinai is mentioned by name in ten other locations in the

4894:

Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain

4566:(documentary film). Doubting Thomas Research Foundation. 4311:

The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai – a claim for Petra

3835: 3833: 515:, showing the approach to Mount Sinai, 1839 painting by 4924:

Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour

3587:

The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai: A claim for Petra

3439:

Stories of the Prophets: [قصص الأنبياء [انكليزي

2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 3253: 2156:

Since Moses is described by the Bible as encountering

895:), is another term that means, "The Mountain of Moses" 545:

after returning from the mountain for the first time.

522:

The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia

4444:"In Search of Noah's Ark: Wyatt's quest, Part 8" 3830: 3644:"Pharaoh's war with the Israelites: The untold story" 2994: 462:, these events are described as having transpired at 4624: 3854:

Dr. Robinson’s Biblical Researches, vol. i., p. 188.

2757: 2755: 2715: 2707:. Multidisciplinary Conference on the Sinai Desert. 2472: 2400:

Jabal al-Lawz has been rejected by scholars such as

1188:

are even more vague, specifying only that it was in

4470:

The Mountain of Moses: The discovery of Mount Sinai

3728:"Mount Sinai (and the Peak of Mount Musa or Mousa)" 3666: 488:Mount Sinai is one of the most sacred locations in 3426: 3045: 2196:The valley in which Petra resides is known as the 4558: 4556: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3539:(English ed.). Wien. pp. 215 & 298. 3498: 3496: 3494: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3070:. New York, New York: HarperOne. pp. 20–21. 2927: 2925: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2839: 2837: 2752: 2340:reasonable candidates. In 1873, C. Beke proposed 6180: 3928: 3303:Harrison, R. K. (n.d.). Hoffmeier, J. K. (ed.). 3214:"The World is My Village: A Novel with an Index" 2800: 2798: 2093:", but considered traditionally to refer to the 1087:(both meaning "the Mount"). As for the adjacent 4530:Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt 2438:excavated, and discovered to have been a major 1999:Calculating the travels of the Israelites, the 786:, in reference to the other nations hating the 5237: 4889:Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4553: 4346: 3771: 3747: 3491: 3436:(2013-01-01). al-Ahmad, Mohammad Hilmi (ed.). 3147: 3068:Sinai and Zion: An entry into the Jewish Bible 2922: 2895: 2834: 2822: 2788:The World is My Village: A Novel with an Index 981:. According to the UNESCO report (60 100 5544: 5223: 4832: 3762: 3278: 3276: 3274: 2795: 2689:. Oxford University Press, USA, 2017: p. 108. 397: 4631:. University of Alabama Press. p. 179. 4210:The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus. 4082:. New York, New York: Doubleday. p. 58. 3763:McClure, M. L.; Feltoe, C. L., eds. (1919). 3464: 3287:. Social Science. University of Texas Press. 2784: 890: 874: 854: 838: 814: 802: 777: 700:, an American biblical scholar, had stated: 631: 150: 4523: 3669:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 3603:The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus 3577: 3573:– via Internet Archive (archive.org). 2780: 2778: 2255:, fitting with the biblical description of 2070: 238:Possible locations of biblical Mount Sinai 6137:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm 5551: 5537: 5230: 5216: 4839: 4825: 4062: 4039: 3958: 3839: 3549:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3432: 3271: 2360:in the early 20th century, J. Koenig, and 2320:is that Sinai could have been an erupting 794:mentions the mountain having other names: 404: 390: 6132:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 4899:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 4745: 4409: 2728: 772:tradition, the name "Sinai" derives from 756:discusses the link between Sinai and the 5033:Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain 4467: 4273:The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map. 4165:. New Advent, The Catholic Encyclopedia. 3976:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 3821: 3471:Elhadary, Osman (2016-02-08). "11, 15". 3470: 3302: 3065: 3043: 2961: 2775: 2738:. Oxford University Press. p. 133. 2698: 2291: 2136: 1882: 1046: 914: 866:Also mentioned in most Islamic sources: 507: 182: 166: 86: 4884:Thou shalt have no other gods before me 4628:Ancient Muses: Archaeology and the arts 4526:"Jewish Pilgrimage and Jewish Identity" 4247: 4077: 4009: 3973: 3590:. P. Geuthner – via Google Books. 3583: 3026: 1176:, the Sinai Peninsula and northwestern 899: 640:, the name "Sinai" is only used in the 503: 214: 118: 14: 6181: 4698: 4487: 4395: 4294: 4220: 4138: 4111: 4012:God's Wilderness: Discoveries in Sinai 3262: 3183: 2967: 2075:According to textual scholars, in the 2055:In early Christian times, a number of 2051:Mount Serbal, Southern Sinai Peninsula 1168:(a Roman Province encompassing modern 1125: 5532: 5211: 5025:Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law 5017:Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah 4820: 4724: 4441: 3943: 3784:"Bible Map: Mount Sion (Mount Sinai)" 3638: 3636: 3614: 3529: 3283:Hobbs, Joseph J. (19 February 2014). 3282: 3212:Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad (19 March 1984). 3211: 3061: 3059: 3033:(2nd ed.). Thomas Nelson. §178c. 3020: 2990: 2988: 708:is derived from that of the Sumerian 68: 5003:(Sistine Chapel, 1481-1482 painting) 4846: 4699:Shanks, Hershel (March–April 2014). 4380: 4093: 4040:Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq (May–June 1988). 3706: 3687:Sinai Monastery (sinaimonastery.com) 3563: 2762:Sharīf, J.; Herklots, G. A. (1832). 2530:God Appears to Elijah on Mount Horeb 2277: 1098:of Tuwa), it is considered as being 883:, and it means, "The mount of Sinai" 843:), meaning "the mountain as pure as 577:; despite the absence of ash. Other 102: 6065:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai 4488:Wilson, Jennifer (11 August 2006). 4024: 3992:. Archaeology.tau.ac.il. 2012-08-05 3946:The Bible and the Ancient Near East 3448:دَار الْـكُـتُـب الْـعِـلْـمِـيَّـة 3447: 2460:According to contested research by 1115: 891: 879:), is the term that appears in the 875: 855: 839: 815: 803: 778: 424: 198: 134: 52: 30:For other uses of Mount Sinai, see 24: 5558: 4424: 4099:Great Women of the Christian Faith 3633: 3056: 3044:Albright, William Foxwell (1957). 2985: 675:may have derived from the name of 598:Leviticus 7:38; 25:1; 26:46; 27:34 25: 6245: 4770: 2473:Unidentified or imagined location 1059:The peninsula is associated with 728:is connected with the place-name 327:Thou shalt not bear false witness 4904:Honour thy father and thy mother 4775: 4718: 4692: 4667: 4654: 4645: 4618: 4594: 4570: 4139:Cooper, Julien (February 2023). 2651: 2590: 2578: 2559: 2547: 2522: 2510: 2491: 2479: 2367: 1192:, which at the time referred to 752:, American Hebrew Bible scholar 307:Honour thy father and thy mother 262: 213: 197: 181: 165: 149: 133: 117: 101: 85: 67: 51: 44: 6234:Theophanies in the Hebrew Bible 5499:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion 4739: 4651:Ex. 16:1, 7, 13; Tal. Kid. 38a. 4528:. In Frankfurter, David (ed.). 4517: 4481: 4461: 4435: 4418: 4403: 4389: 4374: 4359: 4328: 4316: 4303: 4288: 4266: 4241: 4223:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 4214: 4202: 4187: 4169: 4155: 4132: 4105: 4087: 4071: 4056: 4033: 4018: 4003: 3982: 3967: 3952: 3937: 3933:. pp. 40–48, 51–53, 66–68. 3922: 3908: 3883: 3874: 3857: 3848: 3756: 3741: 3720: 3700: 3675: 3660: 3608: 3594: 3557: 3523: 3511: 3228: 3205: 3177: 3117: 3084: 3037: 3030:Peake's Commentary on the Bible 2949: 2937: 2916:Peake's commentary on the Bible 2886: 2861: 2849: 2810: 2768:. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 2540: 2455: 2452:scholars currently place them. 2132: 904: 4914:Thou shalt not commit adultery 3125:"Breslov – Judaism with Heart" 3048:From Stone Age to Christianity 2892:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, p. 41. 2692: 2679: 2670: 2642: 2633: 1106:), and a part of it is called 620:referred directly to Sinai in 317:Thou shalt not commit adultery 288:No graven images or likenesses 13: 1: 6214:Sacred mountains of West Asia 4383:Sinai in Arabia and of Median 3916:Egeria: Diary of a pilgrimage 3570:Sinai in Arabia and of Median 3190:. Parbury, Allen, and Company 2664: 2534:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld 2324:; this has been suggested by 2206:, and at the entrance to the 2020: 1961: the 4th/5th century CE 1957: 1878: 1033:, or in private collections. 954:Saint Catherine's Monastery ( 683:ancient Mesopotamian religion 4476:The Discovery of Mount Sinai 4442:Kelly, Mark (17 June 2005). 3826:. Vol. 25. p. 139. 3822:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (n.d.). 3788:Bible Atlas (bibleatlas.org) 3671:. Vol. 10. p. 235. 2626: 2411: 2311: 2257:paved work of sapphire stone 935:, following the guidance of 923:from the trail to the summit 819:), meaning "the mountain of 32:Mount Sinai (disambiguation) 7: 4755:. Oxford University Press. 4705:Biblical Archaeology Review 4532:. Brill. pp. 212–213. 4524:Kerkeslager, Allen (1998). 4145:The Ancient Near East Today 4118:. BRILL. pp. 254–255. 4046:Biblical Archaeology Review 3978:. Vol. 3. p. 288. 3931:Biblical Archaeology Review 3867:. Ulan Press. p. 352. 3713:The Antiquities of the Jews 3442:. Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyah ( 2971:(1902). "Sinai, Mount". In 2616:Law given to Moses at Sinai 2609: 1904:Saint Catherine's Monastery 1893:The earliest references to 1888:Saint Catherine's Monastery 1067:, who are also regarded as 921:Saint Catherine's Monastery 911:Saint Catherine's Monastery 10: 6250: 4798:– via NewAdvent.org. 4063:Eckenstein, Lina (1980) . 3198:– via Google Books. 2416:While equating Sinai with 2404:who details what he calls 2281: 2121:, some 30 km west of 1040: 987:Monastery of Saint Anthony 962:Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης 960: 908: 29: 6145: 6104: 6083: 6060:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael 6032: 6006: 5938: 5872: 5799:Pillars of fire and cloud 5741: 5640: 5574: 5507: 5389: 5358: 5337: 5246: 5147: 5064: 4992: 4937: 4871: 4854: 4795:The Catholic Encyclopedia 4641:– via Google-books. 4468:Williams, Larry (1997) . 4410:Humphreys, Colin (n.d.). 4252:. Leiden: Brill Archive. 4128:– via Google Books. 4042:"The route through Sinai" 3840:Eckenstien, Lina (1921). 3765:The Pilgrimage of Etheria 3224:– via Google Books. 2978:A Dictionary of the Bible 2748:– via Google Books. 2711:– via Academia.edu. 2699:Manginis, George (2015). 2467: 2259:; biblical references to 2221:stated that Ain Musa was 2210:is the Ain Musa, meaning 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1204: 1201: 632:Etymology and other names 425: 6199:Disputed biblical places 5011:(c. 1513–1515 sculpture) 5001:Descent from Mount Sinai 4235:10.1179/peq.1938.70.1.25 4194:Richard Elliott Friedman 3716:. II, xii, 1; III, v, 1. 3584:Nielsen, Ditlef (1927). 3052:. Doubleday Anchor Book. 2214:; the 13th century Arab 2089:(literally meaning "the 2071:Northern Sinai Peninsula 1205:Original identification 1118:, "The Blessed Place"). 1116:ٱلْبُقْعَة ٱلْمُبَارَكَة 1036: 302:Remember the sabbath day 5019:(c. 1645-1650 painting) 4181:Antiquities of the Jews 4112:Cooper, Julien (2020). 4078:Bentley, James (1986). 3263:Davies, Graham (1979). 3184:Sharīf, Jaʻfar (1832). 2735:Ancient Israel in Sinai 2685:Coogan, Michael David. 1801:29.669217°N 34.633411°E 1532:28.539417°N 33.975417°E 1427:28.646389°N 33.651667°E 1314:28.654167°N 35.305833°E 748:Similarly, in his book 283:No other gods before me 6229:Stations of the Exodus 6204:Hebrew Bible mountains 5900:Stations of the Exodus 4381:Beke, Charles (1878). 4354:Mount Sinai, a Volcano 4297:"The Real Mount Sinai" 4080:Secrets of Mount Sinai 3066:Levenson, Jon (1985). 2791:. Ajanta Publications. 2621:Stations of the Exodus 2297: 2153: 1890: 1108:Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah 1056: 1043:Holiest sites in Islam 924: 746: 638:Documentary hypothesis 565:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer 525: 6075:In Antebellum America 6040:Sources and parallels 5688:High Priest of Israel 5516:The Sign and the Seal 5489:Cathedral of Chartres 5264:High Priest of Israel 5089:Les Dix Commandements 4879:I am the Lord thy God 4784:at Wikimedia Commons 4352:Charles Beke (1873), 4027:Recovery of Jerusalem 3216:. Ajanta Publications 2785:Abbas, K. A. (1984). 2571:Alain Manesson Mallet 2428:desert in Israel, is 2295: 2187:mountain of the Altar 2140: 2043:tradition considered 1886: 1640:30.321944°N 35.4475°E 1584:29.59911°N 35.14342°E 1479:28.511667°N 33.9525°E 1262:28.59674°N 35.33549°E 1050: 918: 871:Tūr Sīnāʾ / Tūr Sīnīn 702: 602:Numbers 1:1; 3:1; 9:1 511: 5402:Biblical Mount Sinai 5160:In Catholic theology 5137:The Ten Commandments 5121:The Ten Commandments 5105:The Ten Commandments 5097:The Ten Commandments 5081:The Ten Commandments 5073:The Ten Commandments 4950:Biblical Mount Sinai 4929:Thou shalt not covet 4919:Thou shalt not steal 4495:Deseret Morning News 4368:Moses and Monotheism 4337:Encyclopedia Biblica 4295:Jacobovici, Simcha. 4198:Who wrote the Bible? 3648:Azure (azure.org.il) 3505:Encyclopedia Biblica 3173:Jewish Encyclopedia. 2566:Published by French 2499:Moses on Mount Sinai 2344:which he called the 2269:in modern times, as 2164:. Additionally, the 1806:29.669217; 34.633411 1749:30.653°N 34.028861°E 1553:Jabal Ahmad al Baqir 1537:28.539417; 33.975417 1432:28.646389; 33.651667 1319:28.654167; 35.305833 1180:with its capital in 1147:Country of Turquoise 948:Cambridge University 900:Religious traditions 656:is only used by the 504:Biblical description 378:In Catholic theology 332:Thou shalt not covet 322:Thou shalt not steal 158:Jabal Ahmad al Baqir 6168:Zipporah at the inn 5930:Yam Suph (Reed Sea) 5759:Ark of the Covenant 5239:Ark of the Covenant 5197:Ethics in the Bible 4967:Ark of the Covenant 4909:Thou shalt not kill 4804:"The Lost Mountain" 4782:Mount Sinai (Bible) 4747:Hoffmeier, James K. 3990:"Serabit el-Khadem" 3944:Rendsburg, Gary A. 3536:Im nördlichen Hegaz 3013:Jewish Encyclopedia 2956:Deuteronomy 4:10–12 2730:Hoffmeier, James K. 2334:Immanuel Velikovsky 2111:Tel Aviv University 1853:33.4162°N 35.8570°E 1849: / 1797: / 1745: / 1691: / 1636: / 1580: / 1528: / 1475: / 1423: / 1367: / 1310: / 1258: / 1126:Suggested locations 979:World Heritage Site 792:rabbinic literature 698:William F. Albright 473:texts describe the 460:Book of Deuteronomy 450:, according to the 368:Ark of the Covenant 312:Thou shalt not kill 18:Mount Sinai (bible) 6045:Textual variations 5885:Massah and Meribah 5803:Priestly clothing 5723:Pharaoh's daughter 5180:Seven Laws of Noah 4749:(6 October 2005). 4334:Cheyne and Black, 4277:. Megalithic.co.uk 4065:A History of Sinai 3891:"Centre for Sinai" 3842:A History of Sinai 3502:Cheyne and Black, 3305:Bible Encyclopedia 2532:, 1860 woodcut by 2356:, as advocated by 2298: 2154: 1918:and Ras Sufsafeh. 1891: 1645:30.321944; 35.4475 1589:29.59911; 35.14342 1484:28.511667; 33.9525 1267:28.59674; 35.33549 1172:, southern modern 1057: 925: 696:deity assumption, 594:Exodus 31:18; 34:2 534:Exodus 19:2; 24:16 526: 426:הַר סִינַי‬ 6176: 6175: 5925:Wilderness of Sin 5915:Battle of Refidim 5812:golden head plate 5728:Shiphrah and Puah 5526: 5525: 5205: 5204: 5185:Great Commandment 5107:(2006 miniseries) 4780:Media related to 4762:978-0-19-988260-1 4679:www.harkarkom.com 4638:978-0-8173-1274-9 4125:978-90-04-42221-6 3865:The Jewish Nation 3708:Josephus, Flavius 3617:"Hashem El Tarif" 3267:. pp. 23–24. 3077:978-0-06-254828-3 2969:Harris, J. Rendel 2745:978-0-19-515546-4 2350:mountain of light 2278:Arabian Peninsula 2149:, at the foot of 1876: 1875: 1754:30.653; 34.028861 1695:29.671°N 32.961°E 1558:Aqaba Governorate 1345:Al Madinah Region 1007:David the Builder 951:Mt. Sinai." 919:View down to the 876:طور سيناء / سينين 636:According to the 554:biblical scholars 414: 413: 16:(Redirected from 6241: 6163:Ten Commandments 6158:Plagues of Egypt 6033:Textual analysis 5784:Incense offering 5754:Ark of bulrushes 5553: 5546: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5479:Dome of the Rock 5371:Ten Commandments 5366:Tablets of Stone 5232: 5225: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5175:613 commandments 5051:(1968 sculptures 5043:(1962 sculpture) 4865:Ritual Decalogue 4857:Tablets of Stone 4848:Ten Commandments 4841: 4834: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4799: 4779: 4766: 4734: 4733: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4671: 4665: 4660:Emmanuel Anati, 4658: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4498:. Archived from 4485: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4350: 4344: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4309:Ditlef Nielsen, 4307: 4301: 4300: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4218: 4212: 4208:Menashe Har-El, 4206: 4200: 4191: 4185: 4176:Flavius Josephus 4173: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3893:. Archived from 3887: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3819: 3810: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3780: 3769: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3612: 3606: 3600:Menashe Har-El, 3598: 3592: 3591: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3548: 3540: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3500: 3489: 3488: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3449: 3430: 3424: 3414: 3408: 3398: 3392: 3382: 3376: 3366: 3357: 3347: 3341: 3331: 3325: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3300: 3289: 3288: 3280: 3269: 3268: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3181: 3175: 3170: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3131:. Archived from 3121: 3115: 3114: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2912: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2726: 2713: 2712: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2594: 2582: 2563: 2551: 2526: 2514: 2503:Jean-Léon Gérôme 2495: 2483: 2288:Midian Mountains 2182:Jebel al-Madhbah 2151:Jebel al-Madhbah 2141:The Siq, facing 2103:Mount Sin Bishar 2025: 2022: 1980:, the principal 1962: 1959: 1936:Antoninus Martyr 1864: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858:33.4162; 35.8570 1854: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1665:Mount Sin Bishar 1651: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1609:Jebel al-Madhbah 1595: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1199: 1198: 1186:Pauline Epistles 1117: 965: 964: 963: 894: 893: 878: 877: 858: 857: 842: 841: 818: 817: 806: 805: 781: 780: 750:Sinai & Zion 618:Paul the Apostle 606:Deuteronomy 33:2 543:tablets of stone 440:Ten Commandments 429: 427: 406: 399: 392: 353:Ritual Decalogue 348:Tablets of Stone 340:Related articles 296: 277: 266: 256:Ten Commandments 243: 242: 217: 216: 201: 200: 190:Mount Sin Bishar 185: 184: 174:Jebel al-Madhbah 169: 168: 153: 152: 137: 136: 121: 120: 105: 104: 89: 88: 79: 71: 70: 55: 54: 48: 21: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6224:Sinai Peninsula 6179: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6141: 6100: 6079: 6070:Song of the Sea 6028: 6002: 5934: 5868: 5737: 5708:Nadab and Abihu 5636: 5570: 5569: 5557: 5527: 5522: 5503: 5385: 5354: 5333: 5242: 5236: 5206: 5201: 5143: 5060: 5027:(1659 painting) 4988: 4933: 4867: 4850: 4845: 4802: 4788: 4773: 4763: 4742: 4737: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4610: 4608: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4584: 4582:Sinai in Arabia 4576: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4561: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4522: 4518: 4505: 4503: 4486: 4482: 4474:Reprint title: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4436: 4423: 4419: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4390: 4379: 4375: 4365:Sigmund Freud, 4364: 4360: 4351: 4347: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4308: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4278: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4246: 4242: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4192: 4188: 4174: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4092: 4088: 4076: 4072: 4061: 4057: 4038: 4034: 4025:Holland, F. W. 4023: 4019: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3972: 3968: 3957: 3953: 3942: 3938: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3838: 3831: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3781: 3772: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3730:. Touregypt.net 3726: 3725: 3721: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3625: 3623: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3595: 3582: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3542: 3541: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3501: 3492: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3431: 3427: 3415: 3411: 3399: 3395: 3383: 3379: 3367: 3360: 3348: 3344: 3332: 3328: 3316: 3312: 3301: 3292: 3281: 3272: 3261: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3103: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3064: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3025: 3021: 2993: 2986: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2944:Exodus 20:18–19 2942: 2938: 2930: 2923: 2913: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2873:www.sefaria.org 2867: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2796: 2783: 2776: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2727: 2716: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2612: 2605: 2595: 2586: 2583: 2574: 2564: 2555: 2552: 2543: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2515: 2506: 2496: 2487: 2484: 2475: 2470: 2458: 2445:Hebrew calendar 2414: 2402:J. K. Hoffmeier 2370: 2362:Colin Humphreys 2314: 2290: 2284:Hijaz Mountains 2280: 2212:spring of Moses 2204:valley of Moses 2166:Song of Deborah 2135: 2119:Hashem el-Tarif 2099:Priestly Source 2073: 2065:Mount Catherine 2053: 2023: 1960: 1916:Mount Catherine 1881: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1770:Hashem el-Tarif 1753: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1712:Menashe Har-El 1699: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1448:Mount Catherine 1431: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1347:, Saudi Arabia 1318: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1290:, Saudi Arabia 1266: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1238:, Saudi Arabia 1135:Sinai peninsula 1128: 1045: 1039: 1002:Sinai Peninsula 968:Sinai Peninsula 961: 933:Mount Catherine 913: 907: 902: 754:Jon D. Levenson 650:Priestly source 634: 583:Song of Deborah 506: 410: 297:'s name in vain 294: 275: 241: 240: 239: 237: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 227: 226: 225: 224: 222:Hashem el-Tarif 218: 210: 209: 208: 202: 194: 193: 192: 186: 178: 177: 176: 170: 162: 161: 160: 154: 146: 145: 144: 138: 130: 129: 128: 126:Mount Catherine 122: 114: 113: 112: 106: 98: 97: 96: 90: 82: 81: 80: 75: 72: 64: 63: 62: 56: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6247: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6194:Book of Exodus 6191: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6127:Eye for an eye 6124: 6119: 6114: 6112:I Am that I Am 6108: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5940:Torah readings 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5864:Temple menorah 5861: 5856: 5851: 5849:Staff of Moses 5846: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5564:Book of Exodus 5559: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5469:Kiriath-Jearim 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5424:Holy of Holies 5421: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Tribe of Judah 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5109: 5101: 5099:(2004 musical) 5093: 5091:(2000 musical) 5085: 5077: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5045: 5037: 5029: 5021: 5013: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4979:Book of Exodus 4976: 4975: 4974: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4800: 4772: 4771:External links 4769: 4768: 4767: 4761: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4717: 4691: 4666: 4653: 4644: 4637: 4617: 4593: 4569: 4552: 4539:978-9004111271 4538: 4516: 4480: 4460: 4434: 4417: 4402: 4388: 4373: 4358: 4345: 4327: 4315: 4302: 4287: 4265: 4258: 4240: 4213: 4201: 4186: 4168: 4154: 4131: 4124: 4104: 4086: 4070: 4055: 4032: 4029:. p. 524. 4017: 4002: 3981: 3966: 3951: 3948:. p. 171. 3936: 3921: 3907: 3882: 3873: 3856: 3847: 3829: 3811: 3799: 3770: 3755: 3740: 3719: 3699: 3674: 3659: 3632: 3607: 3593: 3576: 3556: 3522: 3510: 3490: 3484:978-1483563039 3483: 3463: 3457:978-2745151360 3456: 3425: 3409: 3393: 3377: 3358: 3342: 3326: 3310: 3290: 3270: 3252: 3227: 3204: 3176: 3146: 3116: 3101: 3083: 3076: 3055: 3036: 3019: 2984: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2921: 2894: 2885: 2869:"Exodus 19:20" 2860: 2848: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2794: 2774: 2751: 2744: 2714: 2691: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2596: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2565: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2528: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2509: 2507: 2497: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2457: 2454: 2436:Emmanuel Anati 2413: 2410: 2369: 2366: 2318:devouring fire 2313: 2310: 2306:Arabia Petraea 2279: 2276: 2134: 2131: 2072: 2069: 2052: 2049: 2017:Empress Helena 1978:tell of Feiran 1973:Proto-Sinaitic 1880: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1700:29.671; 32.961 1675: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1658:Ditlef Nielsen 1655: 1652: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1371:27.25°N 37.2°E 1351: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1194:Arabia Petraea 1166:Arabia Petraea 1127: 1124: 1041:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1019:St. Petersburg 972:Greek Orthodox 966:) lies on the 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 896: 884: 864: 863: 848: 832: 808: 692:Regarding the 633: 630: 622:Galatians 4:24 579:bible scholars 530:Book of Exodus 505: 502: 452:Book of Exodus 442:were given to 412: 411: 409: 408: 401: 394: 386: 383: 382: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 342: 341: 337: 336: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 293:Not take the L 290: 285: 280: 268: 267: 259: 258: 252: 251: 234: 233: 220: 219: 212: 211: 204: 203: 196: 195: 188: 187: 180: 179: 172: 171: 164: 163: 156: 155: 148: 147: 140: 139: 132: 131: 124: 123: 116: 115: 108: 107: 100: 99: 92: 91: 84: 83: 74: 73: 66: 65: 58: 57: 50: 49: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6246: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6055:Exodus Rabbah 6053: 6051: 6050:Covenant Code 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5837:undergarments 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5484:Well of Souls 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5299:Tribe of Levi 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5228: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 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4541: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4502:on 2012-07-07 4501: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4449: 4448:Baptist Press 4445: 4438: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4312: 4306: 4298: 4291: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4259:90-04-05433-2 4255: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4164: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3897:on 2016-05-17 3896: 3892: 3886: 3877: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3843: 3836: 3834: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3759: 3752:. p. 36. 3751: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3572: 3571: 3566: 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2092: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2081:Kadesh Barnea 2078: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2024: 330 CE 2018: 2014: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1885: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1502:(Jabal Musa) 1501: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1283:Jabal al-Lawz 1281: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1208: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1027:New York City 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1000:moved to the 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 977: 973: 969: 957: 952: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 922: 917: 912: 888: 885: 882: 872: 869: 868: 867: 862: 852: 849: 846: 836: 833: 830: 826: 822: 812: 809: 800: 797: 796: 795: 793: 789: 785: 775: 771: 768:According to 766: 763: 759: 755: 751: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 701: 699: 695: 690: 688: 685:deity of the 684: 680: 679: 674: 670: 665: 663: 662:Deuteronomist 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614:New Testament 611: 610:Nehemiah 9:13 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571:bible critics 567: 566: 561: 560: 555: 551: 546: 544: 539: 535: 531: 524: 523: 518: 517:David Roberts 514: 510: 501: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438:at which the 437: 433: 422: 418: 407: 402: 400: 395: 393: 388: 387: 385: 384: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 358:Finger of God 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 344: 343: 339: 338: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 272: 271: 270: 269: 265: 261: 260: 257: 254: 253: 249: 245: 244: 236: 223: 207: 191: 175: 159: 143: 127: 111: 95: 78: 77:Jabal al-Lawz 61: 47: 33: 19: 6091:Nash Papyrus 5894: 5774:Burning bush 5769:Bronze laver 5764:Asherah pole 5562: 5514: 5474:Temple Mount 5464:Beth Shemesh 5419:Jordan River 5170:Alternatives 5136: 5128: 5123:(2007 film) 5120: 5112: 5104: 5096: 5088: 5080: 5072: 5048: 5040: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4949: 4872:Commandments 4807: 4793: 4774: 4751: 4740:Bibliography 4729: 4720: 4708:. Retrieved 4704: 4694: 4682:. Retrieved 4678: 4669: 4661: 4656: 4647: 4627: 4620: 4609:. Retrieved 4605: 4596: 4585:. Retrieved 4581: 4572: 4563: 4543:. Retrieved 4529: 4519: 4511: 4504:. Retrieved 4500:the original 4493: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4451:. Retrieved 4447: 4437: 4428: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4382: 4376: 4366: 4361: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4330: 4323:Exodus 24:10 4318: 4310: 4305: 4290: 4279:. Retrieved 4268: 4249: 4243: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4179: 4171: 4157: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4079: 4073: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4026: 4020: 4011: 4005: 3994:. Retrieved 3984: 3975: 3969: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3939: 3930: 3924: 3915: 3910: 3899:. Retrieved 3895:the original 3885: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3823: 3791:. Retrieved 3787: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3732:. Retrieved 3722: 3711: 3702: 3690:. Retrieved 3686: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3651:. Retrieved 3647: 3624:. Retrieved 3620: 3610: 3601: 3596: 3586: 3579: 3569: 3559: 3535: 3525: 3518:1 Kings 19:8 3513: 3503: 3477:. BookBaby. 3473: 3466: 3438: 3428: 3412: 3396: 3380: 3345: 3329: 3313: 3304: 3284: 3264: 3243:. Retrieved 3239: 3230: 3218:. Retrieved 3207: 3199: 3192:. Retrieved 3186: 3179: 3172: 3137:. Retrieved 3133:the original 3128: 3119: 3092: 3086: 3067: 3047: 3039: 3028: 3022: 3011: 2976: 2973:Hastings, J. 2963: 2951: 2939: 2932:Judges 5:4–5 2914: 2888: 2876:. Retrieved 2872: 2863: 2856:Exodus 20:22 2851: 2844:Exodus 19:20 2829:Exodus 24:17 2824: 2817:Exodus 19:18 2812: 2805:Exodus 19:16 2787: 2769: 2764: 2734: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2686: 2681: 2672: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2597: 2585:16th century 2568:cartographer 2529: 2498: 2459: 2456:Mount Hermon 2429: 2415: 2399: 2392: 2373: 2371: 2354:Hala-'l Badr 2349: 2345: 2342:Jebel Baggir 2338:Saudi Arabia 2326:Charles Beke 2317: 2315: 2302:Apostle Paul 2299: 2270: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2244: 2240: 2237:colloquially 2228:The Treasury 2226: 2211: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2155: 2146: 2133:Edom/Nabatea 2084: 2074: 2061:Mount Serbal 2054: 2039: 2035:11th Dynasty 2030: 2028: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1969: 1965: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1932: 1923: 1912: 1908:burning bush 1892: 1871:Israel Knohl 1827:Anti-Lebanon 1822:Mount Hermon 1602:Charles Beke 1396:Mount Serbal 1339:Hala-'l Badr 1288:Tabuk Region 1236:Tabuk Region 1219:Coordinates 1178:Saudi Arabia 1157: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1129: 1120: 1107: 1099: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1058: 991: 953: 941: 929:Mount Serbal 926: 905:Christianity 886: 870: 865: 850: 835:Har Gebnunim 834: 828: 824: 823:"; however, 810: 799:Har HaElohim 798: 783: 773: 767: 758:burning bush 749: 747: 741: 737: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:), Akkadian 713: 709: 705: 703: 693: 691: 676: 672: 666: 653: 635: 587: 563: 557: 547: 527: 520: 512: 494:Christianity 487: 479:Charles Beke 471:Hebrew Bible 468: 456:Hebrew Bible 431: 416: 415: 372: 235: 110:Mount Serbal 94:Hala-'l Badr 6189:Mount Sinai 6117:Baal-zephon 6084:Manuscripts 5910:Pi-Ramesses 5905:Pi-HaHiroth 5895:Mount Sinai 5890:Mount Horeb 5807:breastplate 5779:Golden calf 5749:Aaron's rod 5519:(1992 book) 5494:Tana Qirqos 5407:Mount Horeb 5397:Mount Sinai 5381:Aaron's rod 5190:Golden Rule 5139:(2016 film) 5131:(2010 film) 5115:(2007 film) 5083:(1956 film) 5075:(1923 film) 4960:Mount Horeb 4955:Mount Sinai 4606:Jabal Maqla 4506:19 December 4095:Deen, Edith 3683:"Home page" 3615:PeakVisor. 3285:Mount Sinai 3240:Daily Times 3129:breslov.org 2770:koh-e-toor. 2604:, 1570–1572 2598:Mount Sinai 2505:, 1895–1900 2449:Jabal Ideid 2440:Paleolithic 2395:Jabal Maqla 2382:as well as 2358:Alois Musil 2115:Mount Helal 2059:settled on 2001:Bible Atlas 1856: / 1804: / 1775:North Sinai 1752: / 1723:North Sinai 1718:Mount Helal 1698: / 1670:North Sinai 1643: / 1587: / 1535: / 1506:South Sinai 1500:Mount Sinai 1482: / 1453:South Sinai 1430: / 1401:South Sinai 1389:Alois Musil 1376:27.25; 37.2 1374: / 1317: / 1265: / 1231:Jabal Maqla 1216:Height (m) 861:Mount Horeb 845:goat cheese 782:), meaning 513:Mount Sinai 464:Mount Horeb 417:Mount Sinai 373:Mount Sinai 206:Mount Helal 142:Mount Sinai 60:Jabal Maqla 6183:Categories 6153:The Exodus 6122:El Shaddai 6096:Papyrus 18 5854:Tabernacle 5794:Mercy seat 5653:Israelites 5429:Tabernacle 5345:Mercy seat 5269:Israelites 4984:The Exodus 4611:2019-03-04 4587:2019-03-04 4453:3 December 4426:Möller, L. 4281:2014-12-01 3996:2014-12-01 3901:2014-12-01 3793:2014-12-01 3734:2014-12-01 3653:2021-01-06 3626:2023-12-12 3434:Ibn Kathir 3265:Wilderness 3004:Bacher, W. 2996:Jacobs, J. 2676:Exodus 19. 2665:References 2541:Jabal Musa 2431:Har Karkom 2388:R. Cornuke 2282:See also: 2243:, meaning 2241:Zibb 'Atuf 2216:chronicler 2202:, meaning 2170:Mount Seir 2107:geographer 2057:Anchorites 2045:Jabal Musa 1942:Groups of 1900:Nabataeans 1895:Jabal Musa 1879:Jabal Musa 1844:35°51′25″E 1841:33°24′58″N 1829:, Lebanon 1792:34°38′00″E 1789:29°40′09″N 1740:34°01′44″E 1737:30°39′11″N 1686:32°57′40″E 1683:29°40′16″N 1631:35°26′51″E 1628:30°19′19″N 1575:35°08′36″E 1572:29°35′57″N 1523:33°58′32″E 1520:28°32′22″N 1470:33°57′09″E 1467:28°30′42″N 1418:33°39′06″E 1415:28°38′47″N 1341:(volcano) 1305:35°18′21″E 1302:28°39′15″N 1253:35°20′08″E 1250:28°35′48″N 1055:at the top 909:See also: 887:Jabal Mūsa 840:הר גבנונים 811:Har Bashan 652:, whereas 274:I am the L 5973:Mishpatim 5963:Beshalach 5844:Showbread 5459:Philistia 5454:Eben-Ezer 5390:Locations 5329:Menelik I 4726:Knohl, I. 4229:: 25–40. 3621:PeakVisor 3545:cite book 3533:(1926) . 3531:Musil, A. 3389:7:103–156 2627:Footnotes 2412:The Negev 2406:Cornuke's 2380:L. Möller 2364:in 2003. 2348:(meaning 2312:A volcano 2239:known as 2199:Wadi Musa 2185:(meaning 2083:from the 1924:er Rachah 1616:, Jordan 1560:, Jordan 1332:Ron Wyatt 1202:Location 1077:Ṭūr Sīnīn 1073:Ṭūr Sīnā’ 996:from the 994:Georgians 974:and is a 851:Har Horeb 804:הר האלהים 612:. In the 475:theophany 458:. In the 434:) is the 432:Har Sīnay 6014:Priestly 5993:Vayakhel 5988:Ki Tissa 5983:Tetzaveh 5859:Tefillin 5733:Zipporah 5575:Chapters 5359:Contents 5304:Jeremiah 4728:(2012). 4710:28 March 4684:19 March 4097:(1959). 4052:(3): 37. 3692:19 March 3567:(1878). 3565:Beke, C. 3421:79:15–25 3245:19 March 3220:19 March 3194:19 March 3139:19 March 3111:46381226 3006:(1906). 2732:(2005). 2610:See also 2602:El Greco 2462:I. Knohl 2434:, which 2384:R. 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While 436:mountain 248:a series 246:Part of 6219:Shavuot 6105:Phrases 6024:Elohist 6019:Jahwist 6007:Sources 5998:Pekudei 5978:Terumah 5953:Va'eira 5742:Objects 5718:Pharaoh 5713:Oholiab 5693:Ithamar 5678:Gershom 5668:Eliezer 5663:Bezalel 5508:Related 5414:Jericho 5324:Solomon 5289:Oholiab 5279:Bezalel 5274:Levites 5259:Kohanim 5148:Related 5113:The Ten 4790:"Sinai" 4664:(2001). 4545:1 April 4371:(1939). 4342:Hoshen. 4313:(1927). 4184:, 2:12. 4163:"Sinai" 3405:20:9–99 3373:28:3–86 3354:2:63–93 2975:(ed.). 2878:Oct 14, 2322:volcano 2095:Red Sea 2041:Bedouin 1954:Etheria 1950:nawamis 1945:nawamis 1920:Etheria 1362:37°12′E 1359:27°15′N 1225:Author 1213:Region 1184:). 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