43:
302:. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals. Sometimes this move was due to necessary political and military demands, while also due to ideological reasons; such as Akbar's establishment of new capital in Fatehpur Sikri; Another reason was because the marginal cost of establishing a new imperial capital. There were occasions where two imperial capitals existed simultaneously, in Mughal history. Certain cities also served as temporary provincial capitals, such as when Aurangzeb shifting his central government to
257:. However, hierarchial authority of each division could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions. Administrative divisions were also vague in their geographical mapping, as the Mughal state did not have enough resources or authority for detailed survey of land; hence the geographical limits obstructed the empire to formalise the mappings of their territories. The empire instead relying on recorded statistic details about each division to assess the territory's revenue, based on more simple form of land surveys.
38:
1258:
330:
361:(censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. This was due to Persianate influences on Mughal ideology, and the fact that the Mughal Empire governed a non-Muslim majority.
313:
The imperial camp are used for military expeditions and royal entourage which also served as a kind of mobile, "de facto" administrative capital. From the time of Akbar, Mughal camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and
175:
was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. The finance/revenue ministry was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. The ministry of the military
278:. The empire also established "Dastur-ul-Amal", an office responsible for the administration of land revenue. Each cultivator of the land which assigned was known as "Patta", and "Qabuliyat", a status of agreement regarding the said land's revenue.
459:(local tax collector) was another kind of official approached, especially for high-stakes cases. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local
240:
Mughal administrative divisions were not static, as these territories were often changed and reconstituted to suit the evolving physical territories, and to facillitate the better administration of the land cultivation. For example, a
389:
was commissioned by
Emperor Aurangzeb. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context.
392:
The Mughal Empire also drew on
Persianate notions of kingship. Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs.
314:
labourers. All administration and governance was carried out within them. The Mughal
Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps.
654:
Burton-Page, J.; Islam, Riazul; Athar Ali, M.; Moosvi, Shireen; Moreland, W. H.; Bosworth, C. E.; Schimmel, Annemarie; Koch, Ebba; Hall, Margaret (24 April 2012),
373:
system of jurisprudence. In its early years, the empire relied on Hanafi legal references inherited from its predecessor, the Delhi
Sultanate. These included the
727:
An Anglo-indian
Dictionary: A Glossary Of Indian Terms Used In English, And Of Such English Or Other Non-indian Terms As Have Obtained Special Meanings In India
488:
Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists. For example, it is unclear how
481:(provincial governor). In some cases, the emperor themself dispensed justice directly. Jahangir was known to have installed a "chain of justice" in the
233:
level consisted of a Muslim judge (Qadi) and a local tax collector official. Each
Pargana has contained more smaller administrative units which called
260:
The structure of the central government of the empire resembles those Subah provincial units government; To facillitate to government control, each
989:
408:
was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. The
337:
The Mughal Empire's legal system was context-specific and evolved over the course of the empire's rule. Being a Muslim state, the empire employed
1607:
1105:
693:
612:
1082:
1592:
192:
who appointed judges and managed charities and stipends. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works.
2289:
1247:
2197:
1547:
1542:
1415:
529:
1205:
965:
793:
758:
632:
17:
1751:
734:
1049:
656:
2243:
1924:
485:
that any aggrieved subject could shake to get the attention of the emperor and bypass the inefficacy of officials.
218:
1786:
1597:
1562:
1225:
286:
The
Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established over the course of their rule. These were the cities of
167:
was a highly centralised bureaucracy, most of which was instituted during the rule of the third Mughal emperor,
2172:
2089:
1761:
1537:
1014:
2182:
2126:
1405:
524:
117:
1899:
1796:
1240:
420:
did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. For example, the most basic kind was the
1996:
1978:
1766:
1257:
343:(Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the
113:
2016:
1715:
1710:
1557:
1425:
1410:
237:, which in their turn consisted of several villages plus some uninhabited mountain and forest land.
2110:
1705:
1680:
1620:
1587:
1532:
2044:
1988:
1817:
1685:
1675:
1567:
266:
2021:
1973:
1625:
1233:
475:(an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the
2120:
2074:
2036:
200:
The territory of the empire was divided into provincial level administrative units known as
2157:
1650:
1090:
624:
8:
1938:
1837:
1695:
1670:
1398:
1367:
548:
Blake, Stephen P. (November 1979), "The
Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals",
534:
385:
129:
125:
121:
274:, and finance minister that reported directly to the central government rather than the
188:
system. The ministry in charge of law/religious patronage was the responsibility of the
2001:
1791:
1730:
1700:
1635:
1527:
1377:
1347:
1312:
1176:
983:
936:
897:
858:
573:
565:
172:
1117:
705:
2263:
2084:
2079:
2059:
2026:
1904:
1832:
1771:
1725:
1720:
1690:
1645:
1211:
1201:
1180:
1168:
1010:
971:
961:
928:
889:
850:
789:
730:
669:
628:
577:
400:
Various kinds of courts existed in the Mughal empire. One such court was that of the
42:
1061:
2064:
2054:
1889:
1801:
1776:
1746:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1640:
1430:
1158:
1150:
1113:
1057:
781:
701:
665:
620:
557:
383:(religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). During the Mughal Empire's peak, the
2253:
2177:
2162:
2152:
2115:
2049:
2011:
1894:
1869:
1630:
1502:
1487:
1393:
1332:
1269:
1255:
1004:
810:
785:
519:
503:
133:
103:
1552:
2258:
2248:
2223:
2192:
2105:
1859:
1781:
1756:
1615:
1572:
1357:
1317:
1297:
514:
299:
155:
1215:
2283:
2167:
1577:
1477:
1342:
1337:
1322:
1261:
1172:
975:
932:
893:
854:
412:
also had additional importance with regards to documents, as the seal of the
318:
93:
1139:"Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law"
37:
2187:
2006:
1963:
1849:
1842:
1827:
1492:
1467:
1362:
1327:
317:
After
Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of
2238:
2147:
1958:
1909:
1874:
1497:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1138:
750:
329:
182:, who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the
178:
1154:
940:
916:
901:
877:
862:
838:
2268:
2233:
2213:
1919:
1854:
1582:
1507:
1452:
1352:
1302:
1163:
569:
490:
375:
303:
184:
1195:
762:
2228:
2069:
1953:
1914:
1307:
955:
482:
561:
434:(judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the
1968:
1822:
1372:
1292:
477:
455:
357:
208:
812:
Medieval
History (Emergence of Islam to downfall of mughal empire)
1884:
1282:
471:
422:
225:
223:
which further divided into smaller administrative units known as
1879:
653:
465:
370:
307:
295:
151:
1443:
1287:
1277:
351:
291:
206:(provinces), each was controlled by official governor called
202:
168:
147:
1864:
724:
345:
339:
287:
143:
585:
Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps
176:(army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled
216:were subdivided into administrative units known as
134:
Ministry of the imperial household and public works
1002:
655:
2281:
416:was required to validate deeds and tax records.
1200:. University of California Press. p. 272.
917:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
878:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
839:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
494:(village councils) operated in the Mughal era.
430:. More prestigious positions were those of the
450:was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
446:(chief of charities). The jurisdiction of the
1241:
442:were usually appointed by the emperor or the
1197:India in the Persianate Age : 1000-1765
988:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
617:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1110:Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
1009:. Cambridge University Press. p. 292.
749:
698:Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
333:Police in Delhi under Bahadur Shah II, 1842
1248:
1234:
1136:
1047:
497:
195:
1162:
1103:
808:
691:
1441:
914:
875:
836:
610:
328:
1048:Chatterjee, Nandini (1 December 2019),
953:
780:. Anthem Press. p. 69, 75, 77-78.
778:Statemaking and Territory in South Asia
775:
755:The Making Of British India - 1756-1858
14:
2282:
1006:Architecture of Mughal India, Volume 4
662:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
530:Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire
1229:
1193:
1080:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
547:
369:The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni
1104:Conermann, Stephan (4 August 2015),
957:Historic cities of the Islamic world
954:Edmund., Bosworth, Clifford (2008).
832:
830:
725:y George Clifford Whitworth (2016).
692:Conermann, Stephan (4 August 2015),
687:
685:
625:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
606:
604:
602:
130:Ministry of law/religious patronage
24:
1030:
540:
48:Flag and Seal of the Mughal Empire
25:
2301:
1118:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206
827:
706:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206
682:
599:
364:
1256:
1003:Catherine B. Asher (1992). "7".
670:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0778
395:
245:could changed its status into a
41:
36:
2290:Government of the Mughal Empire
1553:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion
1187:
1130:
1097:
1074:
1062:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_25171
996:
947:
908:
253:often transferred into another
165:government of the Mughal Empire
2090:List of tombs of Mughal Empire
1548:Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)
1543:Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)
869:
802:
769:
743:
718:
647:
463:. Such officials included the
13:
1:
1087:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
1054:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
776:Michael, Bernardo A. (2012).
729:. Palala Press. p. 301.
592:
1137:Chatterjee, Nandini (2014).
786:10.7135/upo9780857285324.005
525:Economy of the Mughal Empire
379:(the best guidance) and the
7:
1598:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts
1143:Journal of Law and Religion
915:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
876:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
837:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
757:. Read Books. p. 289.
619:, Oxford University Press,
508:
281:
10:
2306:
1997:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad
1194:Eaton, Richard M. (2019).
611:Robinson, Francis (2009),
501:
2206:
2140:
2098:
2035:
2017:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
1987:
1946:
1937:
1810:
1739:
1606:
1520:
1386:
1268:
386:Al-Fatawa al-'Alamgiriyya
139:
109:
99:
89:
74:
59:
54:
35:
31:
1588:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1533:Mughal conquest of Malwa
550:Journal of Asian Studies
321:(modern day Old Delhi).
229:. The government at the
126:Ministry of the military
1563:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
1083:"Mughal Empire and Law"
1050:"Courts of law, Mughal"
498:List of Mughal Emperors
381:Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya
196:Administrative division
960:. Brill. p. 127.
815:. Blue Rose Publishers
334:
324:
2075:Tomb of Salim Chishti
1558:Ahom–Mughal conflicts
1308:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
438:(judge of the army).
332:
18:Mughal Administration
2037:Tombs and mausoleums
1093:on 13 December 2021.
927:(2): 296 & 298.
469:(local police), the
355:(jurisconsult), and
2002:Jama Masjid (Delhi)
1568:Mughal–Maratha wars
1155:10.1017/jlr.2014.20
535:Islam in South Asia
122:Ministry of finance
2254:Nizam of Hyderabad
1528:Mughal-Rajput wars
1348:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
1313:Muhammad Azam Shah
1081:Khalfaoui, Mouez.
921:Asian Perspectives
882:Asian Perspectives
843:Asian Perspectives
809:I.A. Khan (2022).
335:
173:central government
2277:
2276:
2264:Kingdom of Mysore
2198:Foreign relations
2136:
2135:
2085:Tomb of Nur Jahan
2080:Tomb of Aurangzeb
2027:Wazir Khan Mosque
1947:Forts and palaces
1933:
1932:
1905:Guru Gobind Singh
1833:Bayazid of Sylhet
1516:
1515:
1416:Foreign relations
1207:978-0-520-97423-4
967:978-90-04-15388-2
795:978-0-85728-532-4
634:978-0-19-530513-5
161:
160:
82:21 September 1857
78:21 September 1857
16:(Redirected from
2297:
2244:Nawabs of Bengal
2207:Successor states
2111:Shalimar Gardens
2055:Gardens of Babur
1944:
1943:
1890:Lachit Borphukan
1604:
1603:
1593:Mughal–Sikh wars
1538:Gujarat conquest
1439:
1438:
1431:Mughal artillery
1260:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1227:
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1191:
1185:
1184:
1166:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:. Archived from
1078:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1045:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1000:
994:
993:
987:
979:
951:
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906:
905:
873:
867:
866:
834:
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824:
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800:
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722:
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715:
714:
712:
689:
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679:
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659:
651:
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608:
580:
85:
83:
70:
68:
45:
40:
29:
28:
21:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2249:Nawabs of Awadh
2202:
2183:Persian Mughals
2132:
2116:Achabal Gardens
2094:
2065:Jahangir's Tomb
2050:Bibi Ka Maqbara
2031:
2012:Badshahi Mosque
1983:
1929:
1895:Khushal Khattak
1870:Maharana Pratap
1806:
1735:
1716:Thanesar (1710)
1711:Thanesar (1567)
1602:
1512:
1437:
1382:
1378:Bahadur Shah II
1333:Rafi ud-Darajat
1264:
1254:
1224:
1223:
1208:
1192:
1188:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1106:"Mughal Empire"
1102:
1098:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1046:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1001:
997:
981:
980:
968:
952:
948:
913:
909:
874:
870:
835:
828:
818:
816:
807:
803:
796:
774:
770:
748:
744:
737:
723:
719:
710:
708:
694:"Mughal Empire"
690:
683:
674:
672:
652:
648:
639:
637:
635:
613:"Mughal Empire"
609:
600:
595:
590:
562:10.2307/2053505
543:
541:Further reading
520:Mughal emperors
511:
506:
504:Mughal emperors
500:
436:qadi-yi lashkar
398:
367:
327:
284:
198:
154:
150:
146:
132:
128:
124:
120:
81:
79:
66:
64:
50:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2303:
2293:
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2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:Maratha Empire
2221:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
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2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Fatehpur Sikri
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Humayun's Tomb
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2022:Sunehri Masjid
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:Jahangir Mahal
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
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1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Sher Shah Suri
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
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1830:
1825:
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1728:
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1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Panipat (1761)
1683:
1681:Panipat (1556)
1678:
1676:Panipat (1526)
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
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1621:Badli-ki-Serai
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1401:
1390:
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1387:Administration
1384:
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1375:
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1365:
1360:
1358:Shah Jahan III
1355:
1350:
1345:
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1318:Bahadur Shah I
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1266:
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1252:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1206:
1186:
1149:(3): 396–415.
1129:
1096:
1073:
1029:
1015:
995:
966:
946:
907:
888:(2): 304–305.
868:
849:(2): 294–295.
826:
801:
794:
768:
742:
736:978-1354764114
735:
717:
681:
646:
633:
597:
596:
594:
591:
589:
588:
583:Habib, Irfan.
581:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
515:Mughal dynasty
510:
507:
502:Main article:
499:
496:
432:qadi al-quddat
397:
394:
366:
365:Legal ideology
363:
326:
323:
300:Fatehpur Sikri
283:
280:
197:
194:
159:
158:
156:Fatehpur Sikri
141:
137:
136:
111:
107:
106:
104:Mughal emperor
101:
97:
96:
91:
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72:
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61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
46:
33:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Rajput states
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
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1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
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1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
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1831:
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1813:
1809:
1803:
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1798:
1795:
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1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
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1748:
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1744:
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1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
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1694:
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1679:
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1669:
1667:
1664:
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1659:
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1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Carnatic wars
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
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1529:
1526:
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1523:
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1509:
1506:
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1501:
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1494:
1491:
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1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
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1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Shah Jahan IV
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:Muhammad Shah
1341:
1339:
1338:Shah Jahan II
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Jahandar Shah
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:Mughal Empire
1259:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1007:
999:
991:
985:
977:
973:
969:
963:
959:
958:
950:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
814:
813:
805:
797:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
738:
732:
728:
721:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
671:
667:
663:
658:
650:
636:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
605:
603:
598:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
545:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
505:
495:
493:
492:
486:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
467:
462:
458:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:. The Mughal
403:
396:Courts of law
393:
390:
388:
387:
382:
378:
377:
372:
362:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
331:
322:
320:
319:Shahjahanabad
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
268:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
238:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
204:
193:
191:
190:sadr as-sudr,
187:
186:
181:
180:
174:
170:
166:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
94:Mughal Empire
92:
88:
77:
73:
67:21 April 1526
63:21 April 1526
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
39:
34:
30:
27:
19:
2217:
2125:
2121:Shahi Bridge
2045:Akbar's Tomb
2007:Chawk Mosque
1979:Sheesh Mahal
1964:Lalbagh Fort
1939:Architecture
1925:Hector Munro
1900:Josiah Child
1850:Ibrahim Lodi
1843:Pratapaditya
1828:Khwaja Usman
1626:Bhuchar Mori
1442:
1420:
1363:Shah Alam II
1328:Farrukhsiyar
1196:
1189:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1121:, retrieved
1109:
1099:
1091:the original
1086:
1076:
1065:, retrieved
1053:
1020:. Retrieved
1005:
998:
956:
949:
924:
920:
910:
885:
881:
871:
846:
842:
817:. Retrieved
811:
804:
777:
771:
754:
745:
726:
720:
709:, retrieved
697:
673:, retrieved
661:
649:
638:, retrieved
616:
584:
556:(1): 77–94,
553:
549:
489:
487:
476:
470:
464:
460:
454:
452:
447:
444:sadr-us-sudr
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
399:
391:
384:
380:
374:
368:
356:
350:
344:
338:
336:
316:
312:
285:
275:
272:sadr as-sudr
271:
265:
264:had its own
261:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
234:
230:
224:
217:
213:
207:
201:
199:
189:
183:
177:
164:
162:
140:Headquarters
118:Grand vizier
47:
26:
2239:Sikh Empire
2218:interrupted
1959:Lahore Fort
1910:Henry Every
1875:Malik Ambar
1818:Baro-Bhuyan
1811:Adversaries
1797:Ranthambore
1752:Chittorgarh
1573:Child's war
1399:family tree
1164:10871/15975
1067:13 December
751:Ramsay Muir
657:"Mug̲h̲als"
426:(district)
179:mir bakhshi
60:Established
2269:Rohilkhand
2214:Sur Empire
1920:Nader Shah
1855:Rana Sanga
1767:Daulatabad
1651:Haldighati
1583:Bengal war
1421:Government
1353:Alamgir II
1303:Shah Jahan
1216:1243310832
1016:0521267285
763:1406723789
593:References
491:panchayats
304:Aurangabad
185:mansabdari
110:Ministries
2070:Taj Mahal
1954:Agra Fort
1915:Bajirao I
1838:Musa Khan
1792:Purandhar
1696:Raj Mahal
1671:Najafgarh
1521:Conflicts
1488:Hyderabad
1444:Provinces
1181:143513602
1173:0748-0814
1112:, Brill,
1056:, Brill,
984:cite book
976:231801473
933:0066-8435
894:0066-8435
855:0066-8435
700:, Brill,
664:, Brill,
578:154527305
483:Agra fort
376:al-Hidaya
349:(judge),
75:Dissolved
2284:Category
2259:Carnatic
2178:Painting
2173:Language
2141:See also
1969:Red Fort
1823:Isa Khan
1787:Kandahar
1772:Golconda
1701:Samugarh
1636:Chanderi
1426:Military
1373:Akbar II
1298:Shahryar
1293:Jahangir
1270:Emperors
1123:25 March
941:42928323
902:42928323
863:42928323
753:(2006).
711:28 March
675:31 March
640:28 March
509:See also
478:subahdar
456:jagirdar
358:muhtasib
282:Capitals
276:subahdar
251:Parganas
209:subahdar
55:Overview
2193:Weapons
2168:Gardens
2163:Fashion
2158:Culture
2153:Cuisine
1989:Mosques
1885:Shivaji
1802:Sambhal
1777:Hooghly
1747:Bijapur
1721:Tukaroi
1706:Sirhind
1691:Plassey
1608:Battles
1478:Gujarat
1406:Economy
1394:Dynasty
1283:Humayun
1022:27 July
819:26 July
587:(1982).
570:2053505
472:faujdar
423:pargana
306:in the
267:bakhshi
255:Sarkars
231:Pargana
226:Pargana
219:Sarkars
171:. The
80: (
65: (
2099:Others
1880:Gokula
1740:Sieges
1731:Bhulua
1666:Khanwa
1661:Khajwa
1656:Karnal
1646:Ghagra
1641:Chausa
1503:Multan
1493:Lahore
1468:Bengal
1214:
1204:
1179:
1171:
1013:
974:
964:
939:
931:
900:
892:
861:
853:
792:
761:
733:
631:
576:
568:
466:kotwal
371:Hanafi
308:Deccan
298:, and
296:Lahore
249:, and
243:sarkar
235:Tarafs
214:Subahs
203:Subahs
152:Lahore
100:Leader
2188:Tribe
1782:Jinji
1762:Daman
1757:Delhi
1726:Bakla
1631:Buxar
1498:Malwa
1483:Delhi
1473:Berar
1463:Awadh
1458:Ajmer
1288:Akbar
1278:Babur
1177:S2CID
937:JSTOR
898:JSTOR
859:JSTOR
574:S2CID
566:JSTOR
440:Qadis
418:Qadis
352:mufti
292:Delhi
262:subah
247:subah
169:Akbar
148:Delhi
114:Vakil
90:State
2234:Jats
2127:more
1865:Hemu
1616:Agra
1508:Sira
1453:Agra
1411:Flag
1212:OCLC
1202:ISBN
1169:ISSN
1125:2022
1069:2021
1024:2024
1011:ISBN
990:link
972:OCLC
962:ISBN
929:ISSN
890:ISSN
851:ISSN
821:2024
790:ISBN
759:ASIN
731:ISBN
713:2022
677:2022
642:2022
629:ISBN
461:qadi
453:The
448:qadi
428:qadi
414:qadi
410:qadi
406:qadi
402:qadi
346:qadi
340:fiqh
288:Agra
163:The
144:Agra
2148:Art
1159:hdl
1151:doi
1114:doi
1058:doi
782:doi
702:doi
666:doi
621:doi
558:doi
325:Law
2286::
1210:.
1175:.
1167:.
1157:.
1147:29
1145:.
1141:.
1108:,
1085:.
1052:,
1032:^
986:}}
982:{{
970:.
935:.
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923:.
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896:.
886:33
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2216:(
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1161::
1153::
1116::
1060::
1026:.
992:)
978:.
943:.
904:.
865:.
823:.
798:.
784::
765:.
739:.
704::
668::
623::
560::
221:,
84:)
69:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
