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t is clear that early (800-400 bc) political authority resided with one leader - a mlk, or king of his own ethnic tribe ...appointed as mukarrib of a council of tribal leaders. The mukarrib issued edicts that carried out decisions by the council and presided over building projects, ritual hunts, and
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Stuart Munro-Hay writes that the title of mukarrib "indicates something like 'federator', and in southern Arabia was assumed by the ruler who currently held the primacy over a group of tribes linked by a covenant." Thus, mukarrib can be regarded as a South
Arabian hegemon, the head of confederation
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sacrifices. Some of the most famous inscriptions record the military conquests of mukarribs, who were evidently quite successful in confederating tribal groups through the rites of pilgrimage (at Jabal al-Lawdh, for example) and then using such social cohesion to conscript military forces.
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of South
Arabian sha`bs headed by "kings" ('mlk). In the 1st millennium BCE there was usually one mukarrib in South Arabia, but many "kings".
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43:) is a title variously defined as "priest-kings" or "federators"; the mukarribs may have been the first rulers of the early
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Ancient
Yemenite, South Arabian Rulers, immediately descended from South Arabian Hunter Gatherers
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states. Sometime in the fourth century BCE, the title was replaced by
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Ethiopia, the
Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide
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Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies
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Apologia for ‘the
Sabaean cultural-political area’.
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Joy McCorriston took a slightly different viewpoint:
181:Pilgrimage and Household in the Ancient Near East
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215:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995
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105:Languages from the World of the Bible
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53:, typically translated as "king".
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57:Scholarly interpretations
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158:E.g. Korotayev A.
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130:Munro-Hay, Stuart
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20:Mukarrib
178:(2011).
132:(2002).
102:(2011).
75:See also
30:𐩣𐩫𐩧𐩨
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50:Malik
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40:mkrb
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