278:(ABM). The goal of an ABM is to search for explanatory insight into the collective behavior of agents (which do not necessarily need to be "intelligent") obeying simple rules, typically in natural systems, rather than in solving specific practical or engineering problems. The terminology of ABM tends to be used more often in the science, and MAS in engineering and technology. Applications where multi-agent systems research may deliver an appropriate approach include online trading, disaster response, target surveillance and social structure modelling.
330:
discreteness (whether the number of possible actions in the environment is finite), episodicity (whether agent actions in certain time periods influence other periods), and dimensionality (whether spatial characteristics are important factors of the environment and the agent considers space in its decision making). Agent actions are typically mediated via an appropriate middleware. This middleware offers a first-class design abstraction for multi-agent systems, providing means to govern resource access and agent coordination.
217:
225:
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577:(MAAI) are used for simulating societies, the purpose thereof being helpful in the fields of climate, energy, epidemiology, conflict management, child abuse, .... Some organisations working on using multi-agent system models include Center for Modelling Social Systems, Centre for Research in Social Simulation, Centre for Policy Modelling, Society for Modelling and Simulation International.
442:
MAS tend to find the best solution for their problems without intervention. There is high similarity here to physical phenomena, such as energy minimizing, where physical objects tend to reach the lowest energy possible within the physically constrained world. For example: many of the cars entering a
550:
MAS have not only been applied in academic research, but also in industry. MAS are applied in the real world to graphical applications such as computer games. Agent systems have been used in films. It is widely advocated for use in networking and mobile technologies, to achieve automatic and dynamic
580:
Vehicular traffic with controlled autonomous vehicles can be modelling as a multi-agent system involving crowd dynamics. Hallerbach et al. discussed the application of agent-based approaches for the development and validation of automated driving systems via a digital twin of the vehicle-under-test
329:
Agent environments can also be organized according to properties such as accessibility (whether it is possible to gather complete information about the environment), determinism (whether an action causes a definite effect), dynamics (how many entities influence the environment in the moment),
368:
and related complex behaviors even when the individual strategies of all their agents are simple. When agents can share knowledge using any agreed language, within the constraints of the system's communication protocol, the approach may lead to a common improvement. Example languages are
541:
Currently though, no standard is actively maintained from FIPA or OMG. Efforts for further development of software agents in industrial context are carried out in IEEE IES technical committee on
Industrial Agents.
516:
multi-agent systems also present possible applications in microrobotics, where the physical interaction between the agents are exploited to perform complex tasks such as manipulation and assembly of passive
1779:
Máhr, T. S.; Srour, J.; De Weerdt, M.; Zuidwijk, R. (2010). "Can agents measure up? A comparative study of an agent-based and on-line optimization approach for a drayage problem with uncertainty".
589:. It simulates traffic interactions between human drivers, pedestrians and automated vehicles. People's behavior is imitated by artificial agents based on data of real human behavior.
196:
385:
Many MAS are implemented in computer simulations, stepping the system through discrete "time steps". The MAS components communicate typically using a weighted request matrix, e.g.
394:
Speed-min:50 but only if weather sunny, Path length:25 for sunny / 46 for rainy
Contract Priority-REGULAR note – ambulance will override this priority and you'll have to wait
434:", where components leave information for other nearby components. These pheromones may evaporate/concentrate with time, that is their values may decrease (or increase).
1392:
294:. However, the agents in a multi-agent system could equally well be robots, humans or human teams. A multi-agent system may contain combined human-agent teams.
951:
2101:
1901:
1992:
574:
3196:
388:
Speed-VERY_IMPORTANT: min=45 mph, Path length-MEDIUM_IMPORTANCE: max=60 expectedMax=40, Max-Weight-UNIMPORTANT Contract
Priority-REGULAR
1670:
203:
599:
111:
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The systems also tend to prevent propagation of faults, self-recover and be fault tolerant, mainly due to the redundancy of components.
527:
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1226:
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1004:
76:
1022:"Distributed Adaptive Time-Varying Group Formation Tracking for Multiagent Systems With Multiple Leaders on Directed Graphs"
2441:
1489:
Yang, Lidong; Li, Zhang (2021). "Motion control in magnetic microrobotics: From individual and multiple robots to swarms".
2950:
1298:
653:
604:
477:
151:
61:
1646:
709:
166:
17:
3191:
1168:
Weyns, Danny; Omicini, Amdrea; Odell, James (2007). "Environment as a first-class abstraction in multiagent systems".
801:
Robust
Formation Coordination of Robot Swarms with Nonlinear Dynamics and Unknown Disturbances: Design and Experiments
458:
problem-solving and control architectures for both single-agent and multiple-agent systems." Research topics include:
2339:
1126:
351:
Decentralization: no agent is designated as controlling (or the system is effectively reduced to a monolithic system)
2779:
2242:
890:
734:
668:
535:
116:
2303:
Design of Agent-Based Models : Developing
Computer Simulations for a Better Understanding of Social Processes
3014:
2132:
1095:
Proceedings of the Ninth
International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS'2010)
551:
load balancing, high scalability and self-healing networks. They are being used for coordinated defence systems.
348:
Local views: no agent has a full global view, or the system is too complex for an agent to exploit such knowledge
3232:
2940:
2292:
2017:
Connors, J.; Graham, S.; Mailloux, L. (2018). "Cyber
Synthetic Modeling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Applications".
1818:"Generation Expansion Planning Considering Investment Dynamic of Market Participants Using Multi-agent System"
427:
also considering other components, evolving "contracts" and the restriction sets of the component algorithms.
3348:
3201:
2945:
2392:
729:
683:
567:
71:
1709:
Leitao, Paulo; Karnouskos, Stamatis; Ribeiro, Luis; Lee, Jay; Strasser, Thomas; Colombo, Armando W. (2016).
3521:
3427:
3222:
374:
66:
36:
1769:. International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS), São Paulo, Brazil, 2012: 323–331.
1320:
2211:
1862:"Distributed Multi -Agent System Based Load Frequency Control for Multi- Area Power System in Smart Grid"
253:
189:
1447:
Ahmed, S.; Karsiti, M.N. (2007), "A testbed for control schemes using multi agent nonholonomic robots",
1319:
Albrecht, Stefano; Stone, Peter (2017), "Multiagent
Learning: Foundations and Recent Trends. Tutorial",
3526:
3406:
3328:
2794:
2646:
2217:
2065:
950:
Schurr, Nathan; Marecki, Janusz; Tambe, Milind; Scerri, Paul; Kasinadhuni, Nikhil; Lewis, J.P. (2005).
244:. Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a
86:
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714:
688:
648:
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1263:
1182:
1087:
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2385:
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1793:
907:
663:
171:
454:
The study of multi-agent systems is "concerned with the development and analysis of sophisticated
3411:
615:
531:
455:
301:
Passive agents or "agent without goals" (such as obstacle, apple or key in any simple simulation)
287:
156:
121:
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3002:
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1177:
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724:
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51:
1962:"Simulation-Based Identification of Critical Scenarios for Cooperative and Automated Vehicles"
3490:
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3392:
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3310:
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1815:
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metropolis in the morning will be available for leaving that same metropolis in the evening.
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161:
1937:
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Finally, a contract is set up, usually in several short communication steps between sides,
8:
3252:
3113:
2709:
2602:
800:
507:
scientific communities (e.g., on biological flocking, language evolution, and economics)
3453:
3387:
3323:
3319:
3227:
2839:
2774:
2754:
2744:
2704:
2689:
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2124:
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1547:
1506:
1472:
1422:
1404:
1366:
1276:
1195:
1043:
920:
871:
845:
831:"Agent-based Computing from Multi-agent Systems to Agent-Based Models: A Visual Survey"
759:
472:
466:
305:
1919:
Gong, Xiaoqian; Herty, Michael; Piccoli, Benedetto; Visconti, Giuseppe (May 3, 2023).
240:
or "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting
3154:
2997:
2904:
2819:
2759:
2729:
2654:
2512:
2507:
2431:
2357:
2335:
2321:
2307:
2258:
2235:
Keil, David; Goldin, Dina (2006). Weyns, Danny; Parunak, Van; Michel, Fabien (eds.).
2221:
2193:
2174:
2155:
2084:
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1961:
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1817:
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1591:
1551:
1510:
1462:
1222:
1148:
1122:
1108:
1066:"Simulating Organizational Decision-Making Using a Cognitively Realistic Agent Model"
1047:
1000:
952:"The Future of Disaster Response: Humans Working with Multiagent Teams using DEFACTO"
924:
830:
744:
739:
638:
361:
275:
249:
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875:
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2116:
1973:
1932:
1873:
1825:
1816:
Kazemi, Hamidreza; Liasi, Sahand; Sheikh-El-Eslami, Mohammadkazem (November 2018).
1798:
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1730:
1722:
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1454:
1414:
1370:
1358:
1268:
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610:
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3149:
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2502:
2451:
2408:
1565:
1280:
996:
719:
643:
620:
585:
has created a multi-agent simulation environment
Carcraft to test algorithms for
297:
Agents can be divided into types spanning simple to complex. Categories include:
274:
Despite considerable overlap, a multi-agent system is not always the same as an
216:
3463:
3332:
3271:
3093:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2884:
2859:
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2814:
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764:
749:
555:
365:
291:
176:
133:
1802:
1362:
1272:
1191:
1038:
1021:
891:"The Effects of Proxy Bidding and Minimum Bid Increments within eBay Auctions"
859:
3515:
3281:
3217:
3098:
2909:
2824:
2784:
2669:
2492:
2476:
1946:
1877:
1829:
1744:
1656:
1639:
Industrial agents : emerging applications of software agents in industry
1458:
1339:
2301:
2152:
Multiagent
Systems, A Modern Approach to Distributed Artificial Intelligence
2102:"DAI Betwixt and Between: From "Intelligent Agents" to Open Systems Science"
1142:
916:
224:
3357:
2889:
2789:
2714:
2325:
1684:
1542:
1525:
1112:
1065:
754:
559:
502:
338:
The agents in a multi-agent system have several important characteristics:
304:
Active agents with simple goals (like birds in flocking, or wolf–sheep in
3026:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2799:
2539:
2426:
1977:
1592:"A development framework for collaborative robots using feedback control"
785:
Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations.
673:
2293:
Whitestein Series in Software Agent Technologies and Autonomic Computing
2061:
Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations
928:
3479:
3397:
3078:
2894:
2749:
2254:
1735:
563:
2120:
1418:
1409:
814:
Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Foundations and Modern Approaches.
397:
A challenge-response-contract scheme is common in MAS systems, where
3139:
3083:
2559:
2446:
991:. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. pp. 349–355.
867:
803:" IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2021.
658:
633:
526:
Frameworks have emerged that implement common standards (such as the
431:
261:
257:
1902:"AI can predict your future behaviour with powerful new simulations"
1450:
2007 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology
3108:
850:
628:
96:
2377:
1767:
Schedule-driven coordination for real-time traffic network control
1566:"OMG Document – orbos/97-10-05 (Update of Revised MAF Submission)"
2370:
Cao, Longbing, Gorodetsky, Vladimir, Mitkas, Pericles A. (2009).
2207:
2144:
The Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (JAAMAS)
1448:
1061:
788:
2059:
1641:. LeitĂŁo, Paulo,, Karnouskos, Stamatis. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
982:"Agent-Based Information Infrastructure for Disaster Management"
581:
and microscopic traffic simulation based on independent agents.
3484:
3144:
3103:
2416:
2334:(2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
2329:
2171:
Multi-Agent Systems: An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
2083:
Mamadou, Tadiou Koné; Shimazu, A.; Nakajima, T. (August 2000).
1121:(2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
1116:
538:, save time and aid in the standardization of MAS development.
126:
101:
2085:"The State of the Art in Agent Communication Languages (ACL)"
1966:
SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles
1612:
1086:
Kubera, Yoann; Mathieu, Philippe; Picault, SĂ©bastien (2010),
817:
582:
342:
Autonomy: agents at least partially independent, self-aware,
1993:"Inside Waymo's Secret World for Training Self-Driving Cars"
1921:"Crowd Dynamics: Modeling and Control of Multiagent Systems"
1590:
Ahmed, Salman; Karsiti, Mohd N.; Agustiawan, Herman (2007).
1526:"Collaborative Magnetic Agents for 3D Microrobotic Grasping"
889:
Rogers, Alex; David, E.; Schiff, J.; Jennings, N.R. (2007).
3353:
2238:
Indirect Interaction in Environments for Multiagent Systems
1859:
1613:"IEEE IES Technical Committee on Industrial Agents (TC-IA)"
1294:
370:
1959:
1925:
Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems
1778:
1708:
1491:
Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems
812:
Stefano V. Albrecht, Filippos Christianos, Lukas Schäfer.
2019:
In International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security
1960:
Hallerbach, S.; Xia, Y.; Eberle, U.; Koester, F. (2018).
1020:
Hu, Junyan; Bhowmick, Parijat; Lanzon, Alexander (2020).
888:
1918:
1244:"Cooperative Multi-Agent Learning: The State of the Art"
949:
355:
2082:
1637:
LeitĂŁo, Paulo; Karnouskos, Stamatis (March 26, 2015).
1589:
2021:. Academic Conferences International Limited: 594-XI.
2016:
1781:
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
1393:"Cucker–Smale Flocking under Hierarchical Leadership"
1070:
Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
513:
robotics, multi-robot systems (MRS), robotic clusters
2296:, published by Springer Science+Business Media Group
2100:
Hewitt, Carl; Inman, Jeff (November–December 1991).
1085:
2372:
Agent Mining: The Synergy of Agents and Data Mining
1896:
1894:
1711:"Smart Agents in Industrial Cyber–Physical Systems"
1523:
290:. Typically multi-agent systems research refers to
2374:, IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 24, no. 3, 64-72.
2109:IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics
2057:
1337:
1167:
3513:
2190:Architecture-Based Design of Multi-Agent Systems
1891:
1636:
1019:
430:Another paradigm commonly used with MAS is the "
286:Multi-agent systems consist of agents and their
1524:Pinan Basualdo, Franco; Misra, Sarthak (2023).
1026:IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems
1860:Singh, Vijay; Samuel, Paulson (June 6, 2017).
3042:
2393:
2320:
1318:
1107:
197:
1759:
1446:
1081:
1079:
828:
822:
799:Hu, J.; Turgut, A.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., "
2099:
1866:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
1134:
600:Comparison of agent-based modeling software
575:Multi-agent Systems Artificial Intelligence
3056:
3049:
3035:
2400:
2386:
2331:Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
2234:
2058:Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2008).
2034:
1669:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1241:
1212:
1147:. Repin: Bruckner Publishing. p. 22.
1118:Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
204:
190:
1936:
1792:
1734:
1541:
1408:
1262:
1251:Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
1181:
1170:Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
1076:
1037:
989:Intelligent Systems for Crisis Management
906:
849:
694:Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language
3202:society as information processing system
3197:humans as information processing systems
1060:
534:MASIF standards). These frameworks e.g.
315:Agent environments can be divided into:
223:
215:
2299:
1772:
1140:
679:Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
311:Cognitive agents (complex calculations)
14:
3514:
2168:
1488:
558:, logistics, graphics, manufacturing,
412:Only the relevant components respond:
391:and a weighted response matrix, e.g.
3438:philosophy of artificial intelligence
3030:
2381:
2347:
2213:Cognition and Multi-Agent Interaction
2187:
2149:
2037:An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems
1938:10.1146/annurev-control-060822-123629
1853:
1809:
1503:10.1146/annurev-control-032720-104318
1215:An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems
371:Knowledge Query Manipulation Language
3009:
1990:
1912:
1765:Xiao-Feng Xie, S. Smith, G. Barlow.
1583:
1390:
979:
364:as well as self-direction and other
356:Self-organisation and self-direction
27:Built of multiple interacting agents
3128:information processing abstractions
2951:Systems theory in political science
2407:
2206:
1299:University of Massachusetts Amherst
829:Niazi, Muaz; Hussain, Amir (2011).
793:
654:Distributed artificial intelligence
605:Agent-based computational economics
478:distributed constraint optimization
462:agent-oriented software engineering
380:
248:to solve. Intelligence may include
152:Distributed artificial intelligence
62:Agent-based computational economics
24:
2028:
1242:Panait, Liviu; Luke, Sean (2005).
980:Genc, Zulkuf; et al. (2013).
787:Cambridge University Press, 2009.
710:Multi-agent reinforcement learning
465:beliefs, desires, and intentions (
333:
167:Multi-agent reinforcement learning
25:
3538:
3072:information processes by function
2089:Knowledge and Information Systems
961:from the original on June 3, 2013
783:Yoav Shoham, Kevin Leyton-Brown.
510:dependability and fault-tolerance
360:Multi-agent systems can manifest
3192:nature as information processing
3008:
2996:
2985:
2984:
1822:2018 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)
1391:Shen, Jackie (Jianhong) (2008).
1064:; Naveh, Isaac (June 30, 2004).
735:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
669:Friendly artificial intelligence
2350:Agent-technology for E-commerce
2010:
1984:
1953:
1702:
1677:
1630:
1605:
1558:
1517:
1482:
1440:
1384:
1351:Japanese Journal of Mathematics
1331:
1312:
1287:
1235:
1206:
1161:
1101:
545:
2941:Systems theory in anthropology
1344:"The Mathematics of Emergence"
1054:
1013:
973:
943:
882:
806:
789:http://www.masfoundations.org/
777:
13:
1:
3349:information processing theory
2946:Systems theory in archaeology
2241:. LNCS 3830. Vol. 3830.
1991:Madrigal, Story by Alexis C.
1295:"The Multi-Agent Systems Lab"
771:
730:Scientific community metaphor
684:Human-based genetic algorithm
521:
437:
112:Platforms for software agents
77:Agent-based modeling software
72:Agent-based social simulation
3428:computational theory of mind
2150:Weiss, Gerhard, ed. (1999).
2035:Wooldridge, Michael (2002).
1972:(2). SAE International: 93.
1530:Advanced Intelligent Systems
1213:Wooldridge, Michael (2002).
1144:Design of Agent-Based Models
997:10.1007/978-3-642-33218-0_26
473:cooperation and coordination
375:Agent Communication Language
67:Agent-based model in biology
7:
895:ACM Transactions on the Web
592:
554:Other applications include
493:distributed problem solving
449:
10:
3543:
3329:computational neuroscience
3233:human–computer interaction
2218:Cambridge University Press
2066:Cambridge University Press
1727:10.1109/JPROC.2016.2521931
1088:"Everything can be Agent!"
818:https://www.marl-book.com/
281:
87:Agent-oriented programming
3472:
3446:
3433:philosophy of information
3420:
3380:
3341:
3303:
3294:
3241:
3210:
3184:
3177:
3127:
3071:
3064:
2980:
2959:
2933:
2645:
2578:
2530:
2521:
2485:
2442:Coupled human–environment
2415:
1803:10.1016/j.trc.2009.04.018
1363:10.1007/s11537-007-0647-x
1273:10.1007/s10458-005-2631-2
1192:10.1007/s10458-006-0012-0
1039:10.1109/TCNS.2019.2913619
860:10.1007/s11192-011-0468-9
715:Pattern-oriented modeling
689:Hybrid intelligent system
649:Discrete event simulation
3223:brain–computer interface
2169:Ferber, Jacques (1999).
1878:10.1109/TIE.2017.2668983
1830:10.1109/SGC.2018.8777904
1459:10.1109/EIT.2007.4374547
664:Evolutionary computation
409:question is distributed.
172:Self-propelled particles
3412:artificial intelligence
3342:in cognitive psychology
3295:Information processing
2775:Charles A. S. Hall
2306:. Bruckner Publishing.
2300:Salamon, Tomas (2011).
1715:Proceedings of the IEEE
1141:Salamon, Tomas (2011).
917:10.1145/1255438.1255441
616:Artificial intelligence
157:Multi-agent pathfinding
3407:computational circuits
3402:information structures
3258:bio-inspired computing
3178:Information processors
3058:Information processing
2695:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1543:10.1002/aisy.202300365
725:Reinforcement learning
700:Microbial intelligence
269:reinforcement learning
229:
221:
52:Multi-agent simulation
3491:Decoding the Universe
3363:cognitive informatics
3297:theories and concepts
3065:Information processes
2972:Principia Cybernetica
2685:Anthony Stafford Beer
2555:Sociotechnical system
2354:John Wiley & Sons
2348:Fasli, Maria (2007).
2188:Weyns, Danny (2010).
2041:John Wiley & Sons
1219:John Wiley & Sons
625:Artificial philosophy
227:
219:
3497:information overload
3372:behavior informatics
3263:ubiquitous computing
2835:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
2810:Edward Norton Lorenz
2765:Jay Wright Forrester
2570:World-systems theory
2545:Earth system science
1978:10.4271/2018-01-1066
705:Multi-agent planning
498:multi-agent learning
416:I can, at this price
162:Multi-agent planning
3522:Multi-agent systems
3381:in computer science
3320:genetic informatics
2710:Kenneth E. Boulding
2138:on August 31, 2017.
1322:IJCAI-17 conference
306:prey-predator model
220:Simple reflex agent
45:Multi-agent systems
3454:information theory
3393:computation theory
3388:neural computation
3324:cellular computing
3228:physical computing
2840:James Grier Miller
2795:Faina M. Kirillova
2755:Heinz von Foerster
2745:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2705:Alexander Bogdanov
2690:Richard E. Bellman
2665:William Ross Ashby
2322:Russell, Stuart J.
2255:10.1007/11678809_5
2173:. Addison-Wesley.
1397:SIAM J. Appl. Math
1109:Russell, Stuart J.
760:Swarm intelligence
242:intelligent agents
234:multi-agent system
230:
222:
18:Multiagent systems
3527:Management theory
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3447:interdisciplinary
3290:
3289:
3173:
3172:
3155:stream processing
3145:signal processing
3140:sign processesing
3024:
3023:
2905:Manuela M. Veloso
2820:Humberto Maturana
2760:Stephanie Forrest
2730:C. West Churchman
2655:Russell L. Ackoff
2641:
2640:
2513:Positive feedback
2508:Negative feedback
2363:978-0-470-03030-1
2313:978-80-904661-1-1
2264:978-3-540-32614-4
2227:978-0-521-83964-8
2199:978-3-642-01063-7
2180:978-0-201-36048-6
2161:978-0-262-23203-6
2121:10.1109/21.135685
2075:978-0-521-89943-7
2050:978-0-471-49691-5
1839:978-1-7281-1138-4
1617:tcia.ieee-ies.org
1468:978-1-4244-0940-2
1419:10.1137/060673254
1228:978-0-471-49691-5
1154:978-80-904661-1-1
1006:978-3-642-33217-3
816:MIT Press, 2024.
745:Social simulation
740:Simulated reality
639:Blackboard system
587:self-driving cars
366:control paradigms
362:self-organisation
276:agent-based model
246:monolithic system
214:
213:
16:(Redirected from
3534:
3367:neuroinformatics
3301:
3300:
3268:artificial brain
3182:
3181:
3165:state processing
3160:agent processing
3135:event processing
3069:
3068:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2900:Francisco Varela
2632:Systems thinking
2565:Urban metabolism
2528:
2527:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2344:
2317:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2231:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2139:
2137:
2131:. Archived from
2115:(6): 1409–1419.
2106:
2096:
2079:
2054:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1872:(6): 5151–5160.
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1824:. pp. 1–6.
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1738:
1721:(5): 1086–1101.
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1412:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1348:
1338:Cucker, Felipe;
1335:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1266:
1248:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1185:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1017:
1011:
1010:
986:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
960:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
931:on April 2, 2010
927:. Archived from
910:
886:
880:
879:
853:
835:
826:
820:
810:
804:
797:
791:
781:
611:Artificial brain
381:System paradigms
206:
199:
192:
32:
31:
21:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3468:
3459:decision theory
3442:
3416:
3376:
3337:
3315:systems biology
3296:
3286:
3277:virtual reality
3237:
3206:
3169:
3150:data processing
3123:
3119:decision-making
3060:
3055:
3025:
3020:
2976:
2955:
2929:
2870:Anatol Rapoport
2855:Talcott Parsons
2830:Donella Meadows
2805:Allenna Leonard
2725:Mary Cartwright
2720:Kathleen Carley
2680:Gregory Bateson
2675:Béla H. Bánáthy
2637:
2574:
2523:
2517:
2503:Limiting factor
2498:Leverage points
2481:
2419:
2411:
2409:Systems science
2406:
2364:
2356:. p. 480.
2342:
2314:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2228:
2200:
2181:
2162:
2135:
2104:
2076:
2068:. p. 496.
2051:
2043:. p. 366.
2031:
2029:Further reading
2026:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1958:
1954:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1814:
1810:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1685:"Film showcase"
1683:
1682:
1678:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1522:
1518:
1487:
1483:
1469:
1453:, p. 459,
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1346:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1264:10.1.1.307.6671
1246:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1221:. p. 366.
1211:
1207:
1183:10.1.1.154.4480
1166:
1162:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1059:
1055:
1018:
1014:
1007:
984:
978:
974:
964:
962:
958:
948:
944:
934:
932:
887:
883:
833:
827:
823:
811:
807:
798:
794:
782:
778:
774:
769:
720:PlatBox Project
644:Complex systems
621:Artificial life
595:
548:
524:
452:
440:
395:
389:
383:
358:
336:
334:Characteristics
292:software agents
284:
210:
181:
138:
81:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3540:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3464:systems theory
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3333:neurocomputing
3326:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:mind uploading
3265:
3260:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2925:Anthony Wilden
2922:
2920:Jennifer Wilby
2917:
2915:Norbert Wiener
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:Claude Shannon
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:Ilya Prigogine
2857:
2852:
2850:Howard T. Odum
2847:
2845:Radhika Nagpal
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Niklas Luhmann
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:George Dantzig
2737:
2735:Manfred Clynes
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Margaret Boden
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Victor Aladjev
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Living systems
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Control theory
2531:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2345:
2340:
2318:
2312:
2297:
2289:
2281:|journal=
2263:
2232:
2226:
2204:
2198:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2147:
2140:
2097:
2080:
2074:
2055:
2049:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2009:
1983:
1952:
1931:(1): 261–282.
1911:
1890:
1852:
1838:
1808:
1794:10.1.1.153.770
1771:
1758:
1701:
1676:
1648:978-0128003411
1647:
1629:
1604:
1582:
1557:
1516:
1481:
1467:
1439:
1403:(3): 694–719.
1383:
1330:
1311:
1286:
1257:(3): 387–434.
1234:
1227:
1205:
1160:
1153:
1133:
1127:
1100:
1075:
1053:
1012:
1005:
972:
942:
908:10.1.1.65.4539
881:
844:(2): 479–499.
838:Scientometrics
821:
805:
792:
775:
773:
770:
768:
767:
765:Swarm robotics
762:
757:
752:
750:Software agent
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
596:
594:
591:
556:transportation
547:
544:
523:
520:
519:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
500:
495:
490:
487:
484:
481:
475:
470:
463:
451:
448:
439:
436:
425:
424:
421:
410:
393:
387:
382:
379:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
346:
335:
332:
327:
326:
323:
320:
313:
312:
309:
302:
283:
280:
228:Learning agent
212:
211:
209:
208:
201:
194:
186:
183:
182:
180:
179:
177:Swarm robotics
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
148:
145:
144:
140:
139:
137:
136:
134:Software agent
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
109:
104:
99:
93:
90:
89:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3539:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:in philosophy
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:computational
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3283:
3282:virtual world
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:mixed reality
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:communication
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3017:
3016:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:Organizations
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Kevin Warwick
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Margaret Mead
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Lydia Kavraki
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Barbara Grosz
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Ruzena Bajcsy
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Doubling time
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2341:0-13-790395-2
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2326:Norvig, Peter
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:. MIT Press.
2153:
2148:
2146:
2145:
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2865:Qian Xuesen
2800:George Klir
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2540:Cybernetics
2522:Theoretical
2472:Recommender
2462:Multi-agent
2457:Information
2245:. pp.
1736:10198/15438
1570:www.omg.org
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1304:October 16,
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1032:: 140–150.
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517:components.
489:negotiation
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262:algorithmic
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3480:infosphere
3398:algorithms
3304:in biology
3249:processors
3242:artificial
3079:perception
2895:Eric Trist
2750:Fred Emery
2647:Scientists
2623:Psychology
2618:Philosophy
2447:Ecological
2432:Biological
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