477:). He partakes in a meeting between his master and Tiamat, and later advises him to destroy the younger gods who disturb his sleep. Selena Wisnom suggests that the scene is meant to highlight that Apsu is a bad ruler who possesses no wisdom of his own, and instead must rely on Mummu, in contrast with the epic's protagonist Marduk, whose wisdom is described as innate.
448:
Mummu also occurs in one of the two variants of a list of deities described as "conquered Enlils" in an instruction for the preparation of a ritual drum. The name Enlil is not used as a theonym in this context, but rather as a title, similarly as in the cases of groups of deities referred to as
514:
Mummu is also the thirty-fourth name bestowed upon Marduk in the final section of the composition. He is described as the creator of heaven and earth in the corresponding passage, which reflects the meaning of this title. It is possible that the next name listed, Zulummu, was selected based on
453:
texts. The term "conquered Enlils" is likely to be connected to a tradition pertaining to
Enmesharra and his seven sons. In the second variant of the list Papsukkal replaces Mummu, which according to Lambert likely reflects their shared role as the vizier of another deity.
104:, "creative force". In addition to functioning as a theonym, it is attested as a title of multiple other deities highlighting their respective roles as creators. Ritual texts indicate that Mummu was perceived as an inactive figure, similarly to deities such as
527:
as well, though they are uncommon. Wilfred G. Lambert pointed out that in lists of defeated gods from various rituals Mummu often occurs next to Qingu, and on this basis suggested that in a hitherto lost tradition they might have been vanquished together.
484:), a common metaphor referring to having control over another person. However, it is also possible that a literal lead-rope is meant, as it has been proposed that Mummu was imagined as a wild sheep rather than an
558:
treated as an epithet of Tiamat with the god Mummu, and as a result concluded that he was a son of the primordial couple. Vitali
Bartash nonetheless assumes that Mummu is implicitly a son of Apsu in the
124:, where he is portrayed as a servant of Apsu (uncommonly treated as a personified deity rather than a supernatural body of water) defeated alongside his master by Ea. Attestations from outside
550:, though not identical with it. Eudemus wrote that a deity representing the "rational world", who he refers to as Mōymis, was a son of the primeval couple Apasōn (Apsu) and Tauthē (Tiamat).
356:, and next to the fish-goat the most well known symbolic representation of this god on these artifacts is the head of a horned animal which might be a wild sheep.
492:
explanation for Ea's well attested association with wisdom and skill. It is not known if an independent myth involving Ea and Mummu was in circulation earlier.
217:) and a type of wooden object are unrelated. Eckhart Frahm argues that Mummu accordingly can be viewed as the personification of an abstract creative force.
441:, and a sheep to them. The theonym Ešret-nabnīssu can be translated as "his ten creations", and might correspond to the ten creatures who aid Qingu in the
397:
286:
it has been proposed that Mummu represented mist rising from primordial waters embodied by them. However, this assumption is not universally accepted.
275:, who are well known as servant deities. However, it is not certain if a tradition of portraying Mummu in such a role existed independently from the
1525:
1552:
445:, which might indicate that this grouping reflects the status of all of these figured as defeated enemies of the gods in this poem.
128:
are known too, though they are comparatively uncommon. A late reference to Mummu has been identified in a passage from the works of
418:) from the reign of the Kassite king Nazi-maruttaš, in which he is described as one of the two symbols of Ea, the other being the
601:
In 1916, relying in part on the relevant passage from
Damascius' account and in part on lexical arguments (interpreting the term
322:
Frans
Wiggermann presumes that Mummu was imagined with the head of a ram, and suggests his name might have been linked with the
429:
prescribes the preparation of silver discs for Mummu, Qingu and Ešret-nabnīssu, and the offering of heaps of flour and dates,
1501:
1399:
1368:
1291:
1231:
579:
Apsu was usually regarded as a supernatural body of water, and applying this name to a personified deity instead is uncommon.
1426:
480:
After Ea defeats Apsu, he also gains control over Mummu. He is subsequently described as held by him on a lead-rope (
1272:"Creation and the Divine Spirit in Babel and Bible: Reflections on mummu in Enūma eliš I 4 and rûaḥ in Genesis 1:2"
221:
554:
itself does not explain Mummu's origin or parentage. Manfred
Krebernik assumes that Eudemus might have confused
1494:
Weapons of words. Intertextual competition in
Babylonian poetry: a study of Anzū, Enūma eliš, and Erra and Išum
511:). In early, now obsolete, translations it was erroneously assumed that Mummu is mentioned alongside Tiamat.
411:
364:
According to
Wilfred G. Lambert the earliest evidence for the worship of Mummu are two theophoric names,
407:
states it is uncertain if these attestations refer to the same deity as Mummu known from later sources.
198:("wisdom" or "skill"), though the latter was never used as a theonym. As an alternative derivation from
1542:
425:
A ritual for the opening of a river from the first millennium BCE known from a fragmentary tablet from
629:
in 1948, though he did note the association with creation makes
Damscius description of Mummu valid.
1409:
Rubio, Gonzalo (2013). "Time before Time: Primeval
Narratives in Early Mesopotamian Literature".
206:, "to (let) grow", has been proposed. The two homonymous words referring to noise (from Sumerian
614:
618:
232:, and he was typically kept separate from gods understood as still active in the present, like
20:
1547:
450:
402:
178:
writing DÉ is also attested. It is presumed that Mummu's name is identical with the common
8:
1519:
1457:
1322:
335:
1185:
Baragli, Beatrice; Gabbay, Uri (2023). "The Ritual for
Opening a Canal from Nineveh".
174:, was not applied to it consistently. In addition to phonetic syllabic spellings, the
1507:
1497:
1449:
1422:
1395:
1374:
1364:
1314:
1287:
1258:
1227:
1202:
588:
An example has been identified in a prayer comparing her to Ea, as well as Enlil and
532:
191:
179:
129:
97:
64:
1214:
Bartash, Vitali (2010). "Puhru: Assembly as a Political Institution in Enuma eliš".
1414:
1279:
1250:
1219:
1194:
626:
488:
figure. Ea then imprisons Mummu in his dwelling. This episode is presumed to be an
485:
473:, though his role in this composition is minor. He is introduced as Apsu's vizier (
93:
1341:
507:, "mother", as the relevant passage describes her as the "begetter of them all" (
503:. It is possible that this was influenced by the phonetic similarity to the word
365:
245:
120:
1254:
347:
343:
1511:
1418:
1283:
1223:
1536:
1453:
1388:""Let Us Sleep!": The Motif of Disturbing Resting Deities in Cuneiform Texts"
1378:
1318:
1262:
1206:
161:
388:
186:, which can be translated as "creative power" or "creative spirit". It is a
540:
323:
489:
393:
116:
1461:
1392:
Studia Mesopotamica. Jahrbuch für altorientalische Geschichte und Kultur
220:
In ritual texts Mummu was treated as a primordial deity residing in the
1437:
1198:
606:
339:
229:
105:
1326:
1302:
543:
536:
268:
145:
133:
77:
1387:
314:
and Tiamat; it was consistently used to designate them as creators.
1476:
1271:
434:
378:("Mummu is a god"; known from a tablet dated to the fourth year of
237:
187:
175:
546:. Lambert assumed that it was based on an account related to the
523:
References to Mummu's defeat are known from texts other than the
426:
410:
After a gap in attestations, Mummu occurs in an inscription on a
379:
352:
299:
272:
171:
438:
372:
311:
303:
283:
255:
250:
166:
60:
35:
1216:
Proceedings of the 53e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale
796:
794:
792:
622:
327:
233:
225:
109:
818:
940:
928:
789:
307:
264:
39:
1150:
979:
767:
765:
763:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
1092:
1090:
1027:
957:
955:
918:
916:
901:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
718:
589:
382:'s reign). Additionally, a mace head dedicated to Mummu (
338:
proposed that in art Mummu might have been depicted as a
1448:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 8–20.
696:
694:
692:
690:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
1162:
1126:
1114:
777:
760:
750:
748:
666:
1102:
1087:
1075:
1051:
967:
952:
913:
878:
866:
854:
806:
735:
733:
89:
81:
1138:
1015:
1003:
991:
830:
687:
643:
1477:"The Mesopotamian Pandemonium. A Provisional Census"
1063:
842:
745:
706:
1218:. Penn State University Press. pp. 1079–1109.
730:
1039:
294:In addition to functioning as a theonym, the term
282:Due to his association with Apsu and by extension
625:. However, this proposal was already rejected by
495:In addition to designating a separate character,
289:
1534:
1438:"A šu-íl-lá to Ištar (Ebeling, Handerhebung 60)"
1278:. Penn State University Press. pp. 97–116.
350:states that he could serve as a symbol of Ea on
302:of other deities, most commonly Ea, though also
1413:. Penn State University Press. pp. 3–18.
1276:Literature as Politics, Politics as Literature
96:. His name is presumed to be derived from the
1303:"The Meaning of Mummu in Akkadian Literature"
1241:Böhl, Franz M. Th. (1916). "Mummu = Logos?".
1184:
946:
934:
800:
617:suggested defining Mummu a precursor of the
1481:Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni
539:beliefs, preserved by the sixth century CE
1524:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1474:
1313:(2). University of Chicago Press: 98–105.
907:
1411:Time and History in the Ancient Near East
1339:
824:
771:
681:
346:onward. An inscription from the reign of
1435:
872:
499:also occurs as a title of Tiamat in the
1358:
1213:
1168:
1156:
1108:
1096:
1081:
1057:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
961:
922:
895:
860:
812:
724:
700:
660:
249:, Mummu fulfills the roles of a divine
1535:
1491:
1385:
1300:
1144:
1132:
1033:
836:
754:
712:
1408:
1363:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
1269:
1069:
1045:
848:
783:
739:
267:. He could be sometimes equated with
139:
1240:
1120:
194:, most likely derived from the word
13:
14:
1564:
1243:Orientalistische Literaturzeitung
144:Mummu's name could be written in
1475:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011).
518:
1307:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1178:
595:
582:
573:
317:
290:As an epithet of other deities
1:
636:
462:
115:Mummu is best known from the
1553:Characters in the Enūma Eliš
1359:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1346:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
457:
371:("Mummu is a mountain") and
224:, similarly to figures like
42:, personified creative force
7:
1436:Sperling, S. David (1981).
1340:Krebernik, Manfred (1997),
1255:10.1524/olzg.1916.19.16.141
531:Mummu is also mentioned in
170:), a sign used to identify
10:
1569:
1386:Oshima, Takayoshi (2014).
1301:Heidel, Alexander (1948).
359:
18:
1419:10.1515/9781575068565-003
1361:Babylonian creation myths
1284:10.1515/9781575068671-008
1224:10.1515/9781575066394-049
947:Baragli & Gabbay 2023
935:Baragli & Gabbay 2023
801:Baragli & Gabbay 2023
55:
47:
33:
28:
1348:(in German), vol. 8
566:
1492:Wisnom, Selena (2020).
298:is also attested as an
1270:Frahm, Eckart (2013).
21:Mummu (disambiguation)
515:phonetic similarity.
469:Mummu appears in the
392:period is known from
1442:Die Welt des Orients
615:Frans de Liagre Böhl
19:For other uses, see
1159:, pp. 422–423.
1123:, pp. 266–268.
1036:, pp. 188–189.
988:, pp. 212–213.
827:, pp. 415–416.
786:, pp. 111–112.
727:, pp. 218–219.
509:mu’allidat gimrīšun
202:, "to produce", or
51:possibly wild sheep
1199:10.1017/irq.2024.3
437:vessel, a juniper
342:at least from the
336:Wilfred G. Lambert
140:Name and character
88:; logographically
16:Mesopotamian deity
1543:Mesopotamian gods
1503:978-90-04-41297-2
1401:978-3-86835-076-0
1394:. Ugarit Verlag.
1370:978-1-57506-861-9
1293:978-1-57506-867-1
1233:978-1-57506-639-4
1135:, pp. 98–99.
533:Eudemus of Rhodes
398:Manfred Krebernik
130:Eudemus of Rhodes
71:
70:
65:Eudemus of Rhodes
1560:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1488:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1432:
1405:
1382:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1297:
1266:
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1210:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
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1007:
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995:
989:
983:
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938:
932:
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905:
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840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
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775:
769:
758:
752:
743:
737:
728:
722:
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710:
704:
698:
685:
679:
664:
658:
630:
627:Alexander Heidel
599:
593:
586:
580:
577:
406:
94:Mesopotamian god
91:
83:
26:
25:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1533:
1532:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1466:
1464:
1429:
1402:
1371:
1351:
1349:
1331:
1329:
1294:
1234:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1171:, p. 1098.
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
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1076:
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1028:
1020:
1016:
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1004:
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992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
914:
908:Wiggermann 2011
906:
902:
894:
879:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
823:
819:
811:
807:
799:
790:
782:
778:
770:
761:
753:
746:
738:
731:
723:
719:
711:
707:
699:
688:
680:
667:
659:
644:
639:
634:
633:
613:, "to speak"),
600:
596:
587:
583:
578:
574:
569:
521:
486:anthropomorphic
467:
460:
400:
386:) dated to the
362:
320:
292:
259:) and advisor (
215:
211:
142:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1502:
1489:
1472:
1433:
1427:
1406:
1400:
1383:
1369:
1356:
1337:
1298:
1292:
1267:
1238:
1232:
1211:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1147:, p. 101.
1137:
1125:
1113:
1111:, p. 432.
1101:
1099:, p. 422.
1086:
1084:, p. 447.
1074:
1072:, p. 106.
1062:
1060:, p. 129.
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
976:, p. 216.
966:
964:, p. 212.
951:
939:
927:
925:, p. 220.
912:
910:, p. 303.
900:
898:, p. 219.
877:
865:
863:, p. 446.
853:
851:, p. 104.
841:
839:, p. 108.
829:
825:Krebernik 1997
817:
815:, p. 217.
805:
788:
776:
774:, p. 416.
772:Krebernik 1997
759:
757:, p. 116.
744:
742:, p. 111.
729:
717:
715:, p. 278.
705:
703:, p. 218.
686:
684:, p. 415.
682:Krebernik 1997
665:
663:, p. 221.
641:
640:
638:
635:
632:
631:
594:
581:
571:
570:
568:
565:
520:
517:
466:
461:
459:
456:
412:boundary stone
361:
358:
344:Kassite period
319:
316:
291:
288:
213:
209:
160:. The "divine
141:
138:
69:
68:
63:(according to
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
34:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1565:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:(2): 298–322.
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1428:9781575068565
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
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1165:
1158:
1153:
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1098:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1024:, p. 55.
1023:
1018:
1012:, p. 53.
1011:
1006:
1000:, p. 51.
999:
994:
987:
982:
975:
970:
963:
958:
956:
949:, p. 73.
948:
943:
937:, p. 79.
936:
931:
924:
919:
917:
909:
904:
897:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
875:, p. 15.
874:
873:Sperling 1981
869:
862:
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
826:
821:
814:
809:
803:, p. 80.
802:
797:
795:
793:
785:
780:
773:
768:
766:
764:
756:
751:
749:
741:
736:
734:
726:
721:
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709:
702:
697:
695:
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683:
678:
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608:
604:
598:
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585:
576:
572:
564:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
535:' account of
534:
529:
526:
519:Other sources
516:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
465:
455:
452:
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444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
422:(fish-goat).
421:
417:
413:
408:
404:
399:
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
357:
355:
354:
349:
348:Nazi-maruttaš
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:'s bleating,
329:
325:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
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205:
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177:
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169:
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162:determinative
159:
155:
151:
147:
137:
135:
132:preserved by
131:
127:
123:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
87:
79:
75:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1465:. Retrieved
1445:
1441:
1410:
1391:
1360:
1350:, retrieved
1345:
1330:. Retrieved
1310:
1306:
1275:
1246:
1242:
1215:
1190:
1186:
1179:Bibliography
1169:Bartash 2010
1164:
1157:Lambert 2013
1152:
1140:
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1109:Lambert 2013
1104:
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1048:, p. 5.
1041:
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1017:
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661:Lambert 2013
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541:neoplatonist
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451:astronomical
449:"Enlils" in
447:
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409:
387:
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375:
368:
366:Old Akkadian
363:
351:
331:
324:onomatopoeia
321:
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92:, DÉ) was a
85:
73:
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1548:Wisdom gods
1145:Heidel 1948
1133:Heidel 1948
1034:Wisnom 2020
837:Heidel 1948
755:Wisnom 2020
713:Oshima 2014
619:Hellenistic
490:etiological
401: [
396:. However,
376:mu-mu-ì-lum
369:mu-mu-sa-tu
318:Iconography
176:logographic
1537:Categories
1512:1120783834
1496:. Leiden.
1467:2024-08-30
1352:2024-08-28
1332:2024-08-30
1070:Frahm 2013
1046:Rubio 2013
849:Frahm 2013
784:Frahm 2013
740:Frahm 2013
637:References
607:participle
561:Enūma Eliš
552:Enūma Eliš
548:Enūma Eliš
537:Babylonian
525:Enūma Eliš
501:Enūma Eliš
471:Enūma Eliš
464:Enūma Eliš
443:Enūma Eliš
433:dishes, a
389:šakkanakku
340:wild sheep
277:Enūma Eliš
246:Enūma Eliš
230:Enmesharra
222:underworld
126:Enūma Eliš
121:Enūma Eliš
106:Enmesharra
1520:cite book
1454:0043-2547
1379:861537250
1342:"Mum(m)u"
1319:0022-2968
1263:2196-6877
1207:0021-0889
1193:: 73–84.
1121:Böhl 1916
563:as well.
544:Damascius
458:Mythology
420:suḫurmašû
269:Papsukkal
146:cuneiform
134:Damascius
117:epic poem
78:Cuneiform
59:Apsu and
1462:25683002
621:idea of
435:libation
192:Sumerian
188:loanword
180:Akkadian
172:theonyms
158:mu-um-mu
98:Akkadian
86:mu-um-mu
82:𒀭𒈬𒌝𒈬
1249:(1–6).
482:ṣerretu
427:Nineveh
416:kudurru
380:Shu-Sin
360:Worship
353:kudurru
332:muh-muh
300:epithet
273:Ilabrat
261:tamlaku
243:In the
56:Parents
48:Animals
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475:sukkal
439:censer
373:Ur III
326:for a
312:Marduk
304:Ishtar
284:Tiamat
256:sukkal
251:vizier
167:dingir
61:Tiamat
36:Sukkal
1458:JSTOR
1323:JSTOR
623:logos
603:mummu
567:Notes
556:mummu
497:mummu
431:mirsu
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384:mu-mu
328:sheep
296:mummu
263:) of
234:Enlil
226:Qingu
190:from
184:mummu
182:noun
154:mu-um
150:mu-mu
110:Qingu
102:mummu
100:word
74:Mummu
29:Mummu
1526:link
1508:OCLC
1498:ISBN
1450:ISSN
1423:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1375:OCLC
1365:ISBN
1315:ISSN
1288:ISBN
1259:ISSN
1228:ISBN
1203:ISSN
1187:Iraq
505:ummu
394:Mari
308:Nabu
265:Apsu
196:umun
90:𒀭𒌣
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1415:doi
1280:doi
1251:doi
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1195:doi
611:amû
609:of
590:Anu
271:or
236:or
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