823:
1157:), in the 18th and 19th centuries, partially using French and Italian words (many of these themselves being earlier borrowings from Latin) as intermediaries, in an effort to modernize the language, often adding concepts that did not exist until then, or replacing words of other origins. These common borrowings and features also essentially serve to raise mutual intelligibility of the Romance languages, particularly in academic/scholarly, literary, technical, and scientific domains. Many of these same words are also found in English (through its numerous borrowings from Latin and French) and other European languages.
655:, which refers to loanwords whose pronunciation, spelling, inflection or gender have not been adapted to the new language such that they no longer seem foreign. Such a separation of loanwords into two distinct categories is not used by linguists in English in talking about any language. Basing such a separation mainly on spelling is (or, in fact, was) not common except amongst German linguists, and only when talking about German and sometimes other languages that tend to adapt foreign spellings, which is rare in English unless the word has been widely used for a long time.
476:
22:
257:
207:
267:
1161:
borrowed from a variety of other languages; in particular
English has become an important source in more recent times. The study of the origin of these words and their function and context within the language can illuminate some important aspects and characteristics of the language, and it can reveal insights on the phenomenon of lexical borrowing in linguistics as a method of enriching a language.
648:(1963) are regarded as the classical theoretical works on loan influence. The basic theoretical statements all take Betz's nomenclature as their starting point. Duckworth (1977) enlarges Betz's scheme by the type "partial substitution" and supplements the system with English terms. A schematic illustration of these classifications is given below.
664:
690:"from the point of view of the bilinguals who perform the transfer, rather than that of the descriptive linguist. Accordingly, the category 'simple' words also includes compounds that are transferred in unanalysed form". After this general classification, Weinreich then resorts to Betz's (1949) terminology.
2263:
Stanforth, Anthony W. (2002): "Effects of language contact on the vocabulary: an overview". In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.) (2002): Lexikologie: ein internationales
Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen/Lexicology: an international handbook on the nature and structure of words
1160:
In addition to Latin loanwords, many words of
Ancient Greek origin were also borrowed into Romance languages, often in part through scholarly Latin intermediates, and these also often pertained to academic, scientific, literary, and technical topics. Furthermore, to a lesser extent, Romance languages
1148:
For most
Romance languages, these loans were initiated by scholars, clergy, or other learned people and occurred in Medieval times, peaking in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance era- in Italian, the 14th century had the highest number of loans. In the case of Romanian, the language underwent
658:
According to the linguist
Suzanne Kemmer, the expression "foreign word" can be defined as follows in English: "hen most speakers do not know the word and if they hear it think it is from another language, the word can be called a foreign word. There are many foreign words and phrases used in English
509:
are often used when two languages interact. However, the meaning of these terms is reasonably well-defined only in second language acquisition or language replacement events, when the native speakers of a certain source language (the substrate) are somehow compelled to abandon it for another target
1140:
Latin is usually the most common source of loanwords in these languages, such as in
Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, etc., and in some cases the total number of loans may even outnumber inherited terms (although the learned borrowings are less often used in common speech, with the most common
2122:
Duckworth, David (1977): "Zur terminologischen und systematischen
Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz: Kritische Übersicht und neuer Vorschlag". In: Kolb, Herbert / Lauffer, Hartmut (eds.) (1977): Sprachliche Interferenz: Festschrift für Werner Betz zum 65.
1118:
that did not evolve or change over time as expected; in addition, there are also semi-learned terms which were adapted partially to the
Romance language's character. Latin borrowings can be known by several names in Romance languages: in French, for example, they are usually referred to as
333:. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).
1173:
and Brian Joseph, "languages and dialects ... do not exist in a vacuum": there is always linguistic contact between groups. The contact influences what loanwords are integrated into the lexicon and which certain words are chosen over others.
477:
681:
show morphemic substitution without importation". Haugen later refined (1956) his model in a review of Gneuss's (1955) book on Old
English loan coinages, whose classification, in turn, is the one by Betz (1949) again.
340:, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from
2234:
Kontaktlinguistik/contact linguistics/linguistique de contact: ein internationales
Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung/an international handbook of contemporary research/manuel international des recherches
685:
Weinreich (1953: 47ff.) differentiates between two mechanisms of lexical interference, namely those initiated by simple words and those initiated by compound words and phrases. Weinreich (1953: 47) defines
980:
have left significant linguistic traces. Though very few Indonesians have a fluent knowledge of Dutch, the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch, both in words for everyday life (e.g.,
1984:
525:
but has been borrowed into languages all over the world. For a sufficiently old Wanderwort, it may become difficult or impossible to determine in what language it actually originated.
498:
loanwords are typically spread by word-of-mouth, technical or academic loanwords tend to be first used in written language, often for scholarly, scientific, or literary purposes.
2227:
Lexicology: An International on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies/Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen
805:. This often leads to divergence when many speakers anglicize pronunciations as other speakers try to maintain the way the name would sound in the original language, as in the
576:
also comes from French. Many loanwords come from prepared food, drink, fruits, vegetables, seafood and more from languages around the world. In particular, many come from
1110:) from Latin. These words can be distinguished by lack of typical sound changes and other transformations found in descended words, or by meanings taken directly from
699:
968:
publications use more words adopted from Indo-European languages such as Persian and French, while centrist publications use more native Turkish root words.
1948:
1988:
854:, considerably differing from the everyday spoken Turkish of the time. Many such words were adopted by other languages of the empire, such as
659:
such as bon vivant (French), mutatis mutandis (Latin), and Schadenfreude (German)." This is not how the term is used in this illustration:
1560:
296:
669:
On the basis of an importation-substitution distinction, Haugen (1950: 214f.) distinguishes three basic groups of borrowings: "(1)
2102:
Betz, Werner (1959): "Lehnwörter und Lehnprägungen im Vor- und Frühdeutschen". In: Maurer, Friedrich / Stroh, Friedrich (eds.):
2285:
2254:
2216:
2195:
1764:
1739:
1622:
1466:
1350:
911:
1154:
1041:
517:
is a word that has been borrowed across a wide range of languages remote from its original source; an example is the word
1009:
2225:
Koch, Peter (2002): "Lexical Typology from a Cognitive and Linguistic Point of View". In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.):
1141:
vocabulary being of inherited, orally transmitted origin from Vulgar Latin). This has led to many cases of etymological
2049:
Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics
1570:
1586:
Fiedler, Sabine (May 2017). "Phraseological borrowing from English into German: Cultural and pragmatic implications".
1896:
1380:
1059:
1886:
2323:
1509:
Chesley, Paula; Baayen, R. Harald (2010). "Predicting New Words from Newer Words: Lexical Borrowings in French".
801:
Pronunciation often differs from the original language, occasionally dramatically, especially when dealing with
723:
is used by geologists to specify lava that is thick, chunky, and rough. The Hawaiian spelling indicates the two
2333:
289:
1191:
1077:
918:
roots. That was part of the ongoing cultural reform of the time, in turn a part in the broader framework of
907:
1656:
822:
2232:
Oksaar, Els (1996): "The history of contact linguistics as a discipline". In: Goebl, Hans et al. (eds.):
806:
156:
100:
779:, were used in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the verbal suffix
585:
329:(the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of
2343:
709:
Some English loanwords remain relatively faithful to the original phonology even though a particular
282:
260:
239:
121:
1182:
In some cases, the original meaning shifts considerably through unexpected logical leaps, creating
502:
470:
2110:
1868:
2308:
1282:
992:
for (green) beans) and as well in administrative, scientific or technological terminology (e.g.,
698:
The English language has borrowed many words from other cultures or languages. For examples, see
380:
into existing words or word-forming roots of the recipient language. Loanwords, in contrast, are
330:
234:
210:
151:
105:
1685:
Compare the two survey articles by Oksaar (1992: 4f.), Stanforth (2021) and Grzega (2003, 2018).
919:
229:
171:
141:
2206:
1451:
1242:
primarily means "base layer", "inner bolero", or "detachable sleeve", while its French etymon
1107:
2267:
2137:
2029:
1699:
1142:
529:
369:
244:
166:
1370:
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origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.
2338:
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589:
8:
2109:
Bloom, Dan (2010): "What's That Pho?". French Loan Words in Vietnam Today; Taipei Times,
1397:
1013:
883:
569:
224:
636:
Loanwords are adapted from one language to another in a variety of ways. The studies by
2328:
2277:
1717:
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843:
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270:
161:
146:
1312:
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1734:(Revised and enlarged ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 389.
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90:
85:
35:
1816:
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1427:
1208:, was opened in 1958 by the Imperial Hotel under the name "Viking". The German word
651:
The phrase "foreign word" used in the image below is a mistranslation of the German
1930:
1925:
1913:
1668:
1595:
1518:
1272:
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1205:
1040:. Many Dutch naval terms have been incorporated in the Russian vocabulary, such as
923:
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61:
48:
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21:
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Deutsch und Lateinisch: Die Lehnbildungen der althochdeutschen Benediktinerregel
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16:
Word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language
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126:
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and vocabularies. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 805–813.
1842:
1471:. Society for Pure English Tract No. 42. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 75
988:
1694:
The following comments and examples are taken from Grzega, Joachim (2004),
1267:
1183:
1103:
724:
641:
487:
414:
349:
2138:"Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology"
1949:"Chjapitre 10: Histoire du français - Les emprunts et la langue française"
1700:"Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology"
1522:
1000:
1287:
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1233:
895:
637:
506:
377:
1216:
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might not exist or have contrastive status in English. For example, the
485:
Loans of multi-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term
2157:
1985:"Diccionario Critico Etimologico castellano A-CA - Corominas, Joan.PDF"
961:
802:
514:
181:
2117:
Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
1277:
1037:
977:
965:
621:
136:
1398:"Language Borrowing and the Indices of Adaptability and Receptivity"
1200:), meaning "buffet", because the first restaurant in Japan to offer
757:
2047:
Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph., Brian D. (2009). "Lexical Borrowing".
609:
601:
533:
326:
191:
1966:
581:
1491:
1033:
756:, contains at most one. The English spelling usually removes the
710:
617:
573:
553:
522:
341:
131:
719:
393:
1201:
1155:
Romanian language § French, Italian, and English loanwords
847:
625:
561:
404:
361:
337:
186:
1869:"Definiciones de Cultismo, Semicultismo y Palabra Patrimonial"
491:, are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings.
2142:
1704:
838:, the literary and administrative language of the empire was
826:
Backgammon and Dominos numbers in Ottoman Turkish, 1907 (see
748:
736:
605:
597:
549:
541:
373:
960:
Word usage in modern Turkey has acquired a political tinge:
2051:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 241–78.
780:
677:
show morphemic substitution as well as importation.... (3)
545:
322:
26:
2303:
1698:, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 139, and Grzega, Joachim (2003),
2273:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1914:"On the Genealogical Structure of the Spanish Vocabulary"
1815:
UCR; Department of Comparative Literature and Languages.
902:
was founded, the Turkish language underwent an extensive
742:
2298:
1375:(Online ed.). Google Books: OUP Oxford. p. 1.
673:
show morphemic importation without substitution.... (2)
1967:"Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales"
1657:"Issues in loanword adaptation: A case study from Thai"
1357:
Linguistic 'borrowing' is really nothing but imitation.
1149:
a "re-Latinization" process later than the others (see
1004:
for office). The Professor of Indonesian Literature at
964:
publications tend to use more Arabic-originated words,
700:
Lists of English words by country or language of origin
423:, which literally means "children's garden"). The word
2229:. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1142–1178.
2115:
Cannon, Garland (1999): "Problems in studying loans",
1195:
39:
2111:[ SOCIETY ] What's that 'pho'? - Taipei Times
2010:
1032:, eager to improve his navy, studied shipbuilding in
817:
408:
2188:
The Secret Life of Words: How English Became English
2123:
Geburtstag. Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 36–56.
2090:
Entlehnungen und Fremdwörter: Quantitative Aspekte.
1866:
1757:
The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success
1562:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
1492:"Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com"
733:
441:("tracing; imitation; close copy"); while the word
2242:
2128:Lehnbildungen und Lehnbedeutungen im Altenglischen
2011:"dex.ro - Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române"
976:Almost 350 years of Dutch presence in what is now
922:, which also included the introduction of the new
376:is adopted from another language by word-for-word
2237:. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1–12.
2106:. 2nd ed. Berlin: Schmidt, vol. 1, 127–147.
2088:Best, Karl-Heinz, Kelih, Emmerich (eds.) (2014):
1372:Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English
2315:
1428:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Calque"
2204:
1426:Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing.
914:were replaced with new formations derived from
812:
1730:Elbert, Samuel H.; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1986).
2030:"Loan-words and lexical borrowing in Romance"
1508:
1132:
1126:
1028:had a leading position in shipbuilding. Czar
355:
290:
2304:AfBo: A world-wide survey of affix borrowing
2027:
1943:
1941:
1468:The German Influence on the English Language
1120:
971:
727:in the word, but the English pronunciation,
631:
460:
454:
436:
418:
398:
2046:
1729:
1615:Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems
1049:
957:), most of them pronounced very similarly.
1847:UC Berkeley: Institute of European Studies
1654:
1552:
1548:. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
297:
283:
47:in which it is itself a loanword from the
2182:
1938:
1929:
1911:
1612:
1345:. New York: Norton Library. p. 208.
1337:
1019:
1016:words can be traced back to Dutch words.
1912:Patterson, William T. (1 January 1968).
1843:"A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia"
1543:
1214:, meaning "tile", became the Dutch word
821:
20:
1585:
1579:
929:Turkish also has taken many words from
530:technical vocabulary of classical music
348:that are similar because they share an
2316:
2240:
2205:Kersley, Leo; Sinclair, Janet (1979),
2158:"The analysis of linguistic borrowing"
1884:
1395:
1368:
2151:Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu?
1841:Maier, Hendrik M. (8 February 2005).
1840:
1754:
1696:Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu?
1558:
1204:-style meals, inspired by the Nordic
1098:A large percentage of the lexicon of
469:
325:at least partly assimilated from one
1885:Posner, Rebecca (5 September 1996).
1464:
1220:meaning "stove", as a shortening of
1093:
1759:. London: Oxford University Press.
1425:
1405:Intercultural Communication Studies
1177:
1164:
1008:, and of Comparative Literature at
368:), which is a word or phrase whose
360:A loanword is distinguished from a
13:
2249:, New York: Simon & Schuster,
834:During more than 600 years of the
818:Transmission in the Ottoman Empire
14:
2355:
2292:
1655:Kenstowicz, Michael (June 2006).
1546:Language Contact: An Introduction
1489:
344:, which are words in two or more
336:Loanwords may be contrasted with
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662:
265:
256:
255:
206:
205:
2056:
2040:
2021:
2003:
1977:
1959:
1905:
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1648:
1645:Kersley & Sinclair 1979: 3.
1639:
1630:
1617:, New York: Mouton Publishers,
1606:
1559:Algeo, John (2 February 2009).
1108:learned or scholarly borrowings
1106:, consists of loanwords (later
2299:World Loanword Database (WOLD)
1931:10.1080/00437956.1968.11435535
1891:. Cambridge University Press.
1537:
1502:
1483:
1458:
1419:
1389:
1362:
1331:
1305:
1024:In the late 17th century, the
894:. After the empire fell after
767:Most English affixes, such as
427:is a loanword, while the word
1:
1720:by S. Kemmer, Rice University
1298:
1012:, argues that roughly 20% of
693:
413:, which means "market"), and
387:Examples of loanwords in the
2208:A Dictionary of Ballet Terms
2034:Revue de linguistique romane
1673:10.1016/j.lingua.2005.05.006
1600:10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.002
1369:Dunkin, Philip (2014). "1".
1102:, themselves descended from
908:Turkish Language Association
813:Languages other than English
510:language (the superstrate).
7:
2309:Daghestanian loans database
1544:Thomason, Sarah G. (2001).
1251:
1196:
807:pronunciation of Louisville
471:[ˈleːnʔybɐˌzɛt͡sʊŋ]
435:comes from the French noun
409:
40:
10:
2360:
2082:
1613:Weinreich, Uriel (1979) ,
356:Examples and related terms
2171:Haugen, Einar. (1956): .
2064:"The Imperial Viking Sal"
1901:– via Google Books.
1867:Ángel Luis Gallego Real.
1856:– via eScholarship.
1465:Carr, Charles T. (1934).
1396:Hoffer, Bates L. (2005).
972:Dutch words in Indonesian
906:led by the newly founded
790:comes from Greek -ιζειν (
632:Linguistic classification
403:, which means "coffee"),
240:Sociocultural linguistics
2149:Grzega, Joachim (2004):
2092:Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag.
1817:"Faculty: Hendrik Maier"
1755:Lewis, Geoffrey (2002).
494:Although colloquial and
2241:Shanet, Howard (1956),
2190:, London: John Murray,
2126:Gneuss, Helmut (1955):
2104:Deutsche Wortgeschichte
1283:Phono-semantic matching
644:(1958, also 1956), and
235:Linguistic anthropology
152:Phono-semantic matching
2324:Historical linguistics
2156:Haugen, Einar (1950):
2066:. Imperial Hotel Tokyo
1779:Sneddon (2003), p.162.
1496:germanenglishwords.com
1243:
1237:
1236:. The Indonesian word
1133:
1127:
1121:
1050:
1020:Dutch words in Russian
831:
784:(American English) or
521:, which originated in
461:
455:
437:
419:
399:
230:Historical linguistics
172:Linguistic description
142:Homophonic translation
55:
2334:Cultural assimilation
2095:Betz, Werner (1949):
2028:K.A. Goddard (1969).
1888:The Romance Languages
1588:Journal of Pragmatics
1523:10.1515/ling.2010.043
828:Tables game#Languages
825:
245:Sociology of language
24:
1565:. Cengage Learning.
1407:. Trinity University
1186:. The English word
1145:in these languages.
1131:, and in Italian as
1116:Ecclesiastical Latin
449:are translated from
2268:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
2245:Learn to Read Music
2168:(2), 210–231.
2153:Heidelberg: Winter.
2143:Onomasiology Online
1953:axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1732:Hawaiian Dictionary
1705:Onomasiology Online
556:) is borrowed from
225:Applied linguistics
2278:Palgrave Macmillan
2130:. Berlin: Schmidt.
2119:25, 326–336.
1450:has generic name (
912:many adopted words
900:Republic of Turkey
850:loanwords, called
832:
271:Linguistics portal
167:Language varieties
162:Discourse analysis
147:Macaronic language
56:
2286:978-1-4039-3869-5
2256:978-0-671-21027-4
2218:978-0-306-80094-8
2211:, Da Capo Press,
2197:978-0-7195-6454-3
1766:978-0-19-925669-3
1741:978-0-8248-0703-0
1636:Shanet 1956: 155.
1624:978-90-279-2689-0
1490:Knapp, Robbin D.
1352:978-0-393-00229-4
1319:. Merriam-Webster
1171:Hans Henrich Hock
1100:Romance languages
1094:Romance languages
1006:Leiden University
920:Atatürk's Reforms
788:(British English)
496:informal register
346:related languages
307:
306:
91:Language planning
86:Language ideology
2351:
2344:Sociolinguistics
2259:
2248:
2221:
2200:
2184:Hitchings, Henry
2099:. Bonn: Bouvier.
2076:
2075:
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2054:
2052:
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2019:
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2007:
2001:
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1996:
1987:. Archived from
1981:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1924:(1–3): 309–339.
1909:
1903:
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1273:Language contact
1199:
1190:became Japanese
1178:Leaps in meaning
1165:Cultural aspects
1136:
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1125:, in Spanish as
1124:
1053:
924:Turkish alphabet
794:) through Latin
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572:of the sport of
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62:Sociolinguistics
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2146:4, 22–42.
2134:Grzega, Joachim
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2045:
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1994:
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1991:on 29 July 2018
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1796:. 26 April 2017
1790:"Hendrik Maier"
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1339:Jespersen, Otto
1336:
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1180:
1167:
1096:
1056:topgallant sail
1030:Peter the Great
1022:
974:
910:, during which
904:language reform
852:Ottoman Turkish
820:
815:
747:
741:
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728:
696:
646:Uriel Weinreich
634:
475:
474:
466:
462:Lehnübersetzung
445:and the phrase
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2293:External links
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1667:(7): 921–949.
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1248:means "cuff".
1226:, from German
1179:
1176:
1166:
1163:
1151:Romanian lexis
1095:
1092:
1026:Dutch Republic
1021:
1018:
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836:Ottoman Empire
819:
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814:
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640:(1971, 1901),
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578:French cuisine
568:. Much of the
560:, and that of
407:(from Persian
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1316:
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1268:Inkhorn term
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1187:
1181:
1168:
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1139:
1122:mots savants
1104:Vulgar Latin
1097:
1090:for sailor.
1085:
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999:
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718:
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688:simple words
687:
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674:
670:
668:
661:
657:
652:
650:
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635:
590:crème brûlée
528:Most of the
527:
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512:
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493:
486:
484:
446:
442:
432:
428:
424:
420:Kindergarten
415:kindergarten
392:
386:
384:translated.
359:
350:etymological
335:
318:
314:
310:
308:
176:
68:Key concepts
52:
44:
25:
18:
2339:Translation
1821:UCR Faculty
1511:Linguistics
1475:25 February
1448:|last=
1288:Reborrowing
1263:Hybrid word
1234:cocklestove
1206:smörgåsbord
1069:dommekracht
998:from Dutch
986:from Dutch
896:World War I
888:Montenegrin
803:place names
638:Werner Betz
570:terminology
507:superstrate
378:translation
2318:Categories
1826:10 October
1800:10 October
1594:: 89–102.
1317:Dictionary
1313:"loanword"
1299:References
1229:Kachelofen
1223:kacheloven
1014:Indonesian
962:right-wing
933:, such as
884:Macedonian
694:In English
679:Loanshifts
675:Loanblends
515:Wanderwort
501:The terms
182:Pragmatics
2329:Etymology
1995:2 October
1794:IDWRITERS
1718:Loanwords
1323:2 October
1278:Neologism
1245:manchette
1134:latinismi
1128:cultismos
1112:Classical
1042:бра́мсель
1038:Amsterdam
978:Indonesia
966:left-wing
876:Hungarian
864:Bulgarian
671:Loanwords
653:Fremdwort
622:chow mein
586:Chantilly
532:(such as
503:substrate
331:borrowing
319:loan-word
315:loan word
137:Diglossia
106:Variation
2270:(2003),
2186:(2008),
2173:Language
2162:Language
2136:(2003):
2070:30 March
1971:cnrtl.fr
1852:29 March
1531:51733037
1440:cite web
1343:Language
1341:(1964).
1252:See also
1197:baikingu
1143:doublets
1060:домкра́т
1054:for the
1051:bramzeil
1046:brámselʹ
989:boontjes
943:pantalon
939:trousers
935:pantolon
898:and the
868:Croatian
856:Albanian
715:Hawaiian
610:espresso
602:linguine
534:concerto
456:Lehnwort
443:loanword
429:loanword
391:include
342:cognates
327:language
313:(also a
311:loanword
261:Category
192:Soramimi
177:Loanword
157:Register
101:Prestige
36:Japanese
2083:Sources
1411:10 June
1087:matroos
1078:матро́с
1064:domkrát
1034:Zaandam
1001:kantoor
955:comique
892:Serbian
860:Bosnian
844:Persian
840:Turkish
711:phoneme
618:dim sum
614:Chinese
612:), and
594:Italian
574:fencing
558:Italian
554:soprano
538:allegro
523:Hokkien
488:déjà vu
467:German:
370:meaning
338:calques
321:) is a
132:Dialect
49:Chinese
32:English
2284:
2253:
2215:
2194:
2015:dex.ro
1895:
1763:
1738:
1661:Lingua
1621:
1569:
1529:
1379:
1349:
1239:manset
1217:kachel
1211:Kachel
1202:buffet
1188:Viking
1082:matrós
1076:, and
995:kantor
983:buncis
945:) and
931:French
916:Turkic
880:Ladino
848:Arabic
796:-izare
792:-izein
775:, and
762:macron
758:ʻokina
626:wonton
566:French
562:ballet
552:, and
453:nouns
451:German
438:calque
433:calque
425:calque
405:bazaar
362:calque
200:People
187:Pidgin
122:Accent
53:dòufu.
30:is an
1872:(PDF)
1527:S2CID
1401:(PDF)
1192:バイキング
951:funny
947:komik
872:Greek
717:word
606:pizza
598:pasta
582:crêpe
564:from
550:opera
542:tempo
410:bāzār
374:idiom
51:word
38:word
2282:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2072:2019
1997:2018
1918:Word
1893:ISBN
1854:2015
1828:2021
1802:2021
1761:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1477:2016
1452:help
1413:2022
1377:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1325:2022
1232:, a
1074:jack
1072:for
1036:and
949:for
937:for
890:and
846:and
782:-ize
773:-ing
760:and
720:ʻaʻā
702:and
546:aria
505:and
459:and
400:café
394:café
364:(or
323:word
41:tōfu
27:Tofu
2280:, (
1926:doi
1669:doi
1665:116
1596:doi
1592:113
1519:doi
1114:or
1010:UCR
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382:not
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