Dialect - Knowledge

2118: 788:, are considered siblings. Dutch and German are siblings in the West-Germanic language group. Some language siblings are closer to each other in terms of linguistic distance than to other linguistic siblings. French and Spanish, siblings in the Romance Branch of the Indo-European group, are closer to each other than they are to any of the languages of the West-Germanic group. When languages are close in terms of linguistic distance, they resemble one another, hence why dialects are not considered linguistically distant to their parent language. 852: 776:. For a variety to be considered a dialect, the linguistic distance between the two varieties must be low. Linguistic distance between spoken or written forms of language increases as the differences between the forms are characterized. For example, two languages with completely different syntactical structures would have a high linguistic distance, while a language with very few differences from another may be considered a dialect or a sibling of that language. Linguistic distance may be used to determine 1227:) status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. The term "dialect" used this way implies a political connotation, being mostly used to refer to low-prestige languages (regardless of their actual degree of distance from the national language), languages lacking institutional support, or those perceived as "unsuitable for writing". The designation "dialect" is also used popularly to refer to the unwritten or non-codified languages of developing countries or isolated areas, where the term " 291: 241: 301: 627: 1974:, or French speaker than with an Italian or Sicilian speaker. Meanwhile, a Sicilian-speaking person would have a greater degree of mutual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related Neapolitan language, but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking Sicilian Gallo-Italic, a language that developed in isolated Lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the Sicilian language. 39: 2879:«Parlata propria di un ambiente geografico e culturale ristretto (come la regione, la provincia, la città o anche il paese): contrapposta a un sistema linguistico affine per origine e sviluppo, ma che, per diverse ragioni (politiche, letterarie, geografiche, ecc.), si è imposto come lingua letteraria e ufficiale». Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). 2163:. According to these claims, the differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, in reality the dialects in Ukraine were developing independently from the dialects in the modern Russia for several centuries, and as a result they differed substantially. 867:. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding some questions about their language. For instance, to learn the name of a new invention, or an obscure foreign species of plant, speakers of 800:: two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety has sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other dialect; otherwise, they are said to be different languages. However, this definition has often been criticized, especially in the case of a 2109:. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names. 4327:

Similarly, Bulgarian politicians often argue that Macedonian is simply a dialect of Bulgarian – which is really a way of saying, of course, that they feel Macedonia ought to be part of Bulgaria. From a purely linguistic point of view, however, such arguments are not resolvable, since dialect continua

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Though mostly mutually unintelligible, the exact degree to which all the Italian languages are mutually unintelligible varies, often correlating with geographical distance or geographical barriers between the languages; some regional Italian languages that are closer in geographical proximity to each

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25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the question "what is a language?" is great enough to cast doubt on whether any strictly linguistic definition, without a socio-cultural approach, is possible. This is illustrated by the frequency with which

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used this way implies a political connotation, often being used to refer to non-standardized "low-prestige" languages (regardless of their actual degree of distance from the national language) of limited geographic distribution, languages lacking institutional support, or even those considered to be

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There are three geographical zones in which Arabic is spoken (Jastrow 2002). Zone I is categorized as the area in which Arabic was spoken before the rise of Islam. It is the Arabian Peninsula, excluding the areas where southern Arabian was spoken. Zone II is categorized as the areas to which Arabic

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is defined as a central variety together with a collection of varieties whose speakers can understand the central variety at a specified threshold level (usually between 70% and 85%) or higher. It is not required that peripheral varieties be understood by speakers of the central variety or of other

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National boundaries sometimes make the distinction between "language" and "dialect" an issue of political importance. A group speaking a separate "language" may be seen as having a greater claim to being a separate "people", and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state, while a group

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is credited with having facilitated the diffusion of Italian among the less educated conscripted soldiers, as these men, who had been speaking various regional languages up until then, found themselves forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military.

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Others have argued that mutual intelligibility occurs in varying degrees, and the potential difficulty in distinguishing between intelligibility and prior familiarity with the other variety. However, recent research suggests that there is some empirical evidence in favor of using some form of the

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Sociolinguists agree that in such situations the decision as to whether a particular variety of speech constitutes a language or a dialect is always based on political, rather than linguistic criteria (Trudgill 1974:15). A language, in other words, can be defined "as a dialect with an army and a

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There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. The distinction between dialect and language is therefore subjective and

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The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than in the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment.

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and based on social, political, cultural, or historical considerations or prevalence and prominence. In a similar way, the definitions of the terms "language" and "dialect" may overlap and are often subject to debate, with the differentiation between the two classifications often grounded in

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should be considered "a kind" of English or a different language. This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Central America) by descendants of Jamaican people. The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends upon which university they represent. Another example is

2040:, which regards it as a language in its own right. Before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the South Slavic dialect continuum covering the area of today's North Macedonia were referred to as 1369:

dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation, whereas standard German is only spoken in education, partially in media, and with foreigners not possessing knowledge of Swiss German. Most Swiss German speakers perceive standard German to be a foreign language.

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also known as a "standardized language" is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include any or all of the following: government recognition or designation; formal presentation in schooling as the "correct" form of a language; informal monitoring of everyday

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Today, the majority of Italian nationals are able to speak Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region.

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status of a non-national language to the country's single official language. In other words, these "dialects" are not actual dialects in the same sense as in the first usage, as they do not derive from the politically dominant language and are therefore not one of its

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class, comes to be identified as the "standard" or "proper" version of a language by those seeking to make a social distinction and is contrasted with other varieties. As a result of this, in some contexts, the term "dialect" refers specifically to varieties with low

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has increased the number of Italian speakers and decreased the number of speakers of other languages native to Italy, Italians in different regions have developed variations of standard Italian specific to their region. These variations of standard Italian, known as

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with the latter, "dialects" under this second definition are separate languages from the standard or national language. Under this definition, the standard or national language would not itself be considered a dialect, as it is the dominant language in terms of

3722: 1600:", would thus more appropriately be called dialects in accordance with the first linguistic definition of the term, as they are in fact derived from Italian, with some degree of influence from the local or regional native languages and accents. 1341:

is only used for the traditional regional varieties. That allows them to be distinguished from the regional varieties of modern standard German. The German dialects show a wide spectrum of variation. Some of them are not mutually intelligible.

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that do not always give hints to their pronunciation. Although the written characters have remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions have developed to an extent that the

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A geographical/regional dialect may be termed a regiolect (alternative terms include 'regionalect', 'geolect', and 'topolect'). According to this definition, any variety of a given language can be classified as "a dialect", including any

585:; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a normative spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature (be it prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.) that uses it. An example of a standardized language is the 1312:. The Egyptian, Sudanese, and Levantine dialects (including the Syrian dialect) are well documented, and widely spoken and studied. Zone III comprises the areas in which Arabic is spoken outside of the continuous Arabic Language area. 838:

as a central variety together with all those varieties whose speakers understand the central variety at a specified threshold level or higher. If the threshold level is high, usually between 70% and 85%, the cluster is designated as a

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in the 1860s, Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the other ones came to be institutionally regarded as "dialects" subordinate to Italian, and negatively associated with a lack of education.

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will operate at different degrees of distance from the standardized written form. Some dialects of a language are not mutually intelligible in spoken form, leading to debate as to whether they are regiolects or separate languages.

2865:«The often used term "Italian dialects" may create the false impression that the dialects are varieties of the standard Italian language.» Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), The Dialects of Italy, Psychology Press, p. 2. 2117: 2092:

translated as literally meaning Dialect in Arabic (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the

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group of languages and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with German, a Yiddish speaker would consult a Yiddish dictionary rather than a German dictionary in such a case, and is classified as its own language.

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There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is

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arbitrary or sociopolitical motives. The term "dialect" is however sometimes restricted to mean "non-standard variety", particularly in non-specialist settings and non-English linguistic traditions. Conversely, some

393:, and a geographical/regional dialect may be termed a regiolect (alternative terms include 'regionalect', 'geolect', and 'topolect'). Any variety of a given language can be classified as a "dialect", including any 1775:

further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people.

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In other situations, a closely related group of varieties possess considerable (though incomplete) mutual intelligibility, but none dominates the others. To describe this situation, the editors of the

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that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The dialects or varieties of a particular language are closely related and, despite their differences, are most often largely

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to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic.

2022:), however, are not mutually intelligible even though they are usually subsumed under Serbo-Croatian. How these dialects should be classified in relation to Shtokavian remains a matter of dispute. 1219:

with the latter. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the national language would not itself be considered a "dialect", as it is the dominant language in a particular state, be it in terms of

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arbitrary or sociopolitical motives, and the term "dialect" is sometimes restricted to mean "non-standard variety", particularly in non-specialist settings and non-English linguistic traditions.

3453:"Tomasz Kamusella. 2016. The History of the Normative Opposition of 'Language versus Dialect:' From Its Graeco-Latin Origin to Central Europe's Ethnolinguistic Nation-States (pp 189-198). 720:

have reserved the term "dialect" for forms that they believed (sometimes wrongly) to be purer forms of the older languages, as in how early dialectologists of English did not consider the

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Muljačić, Ž. (1997). The relationships between the dialect and the standard language. In M. Maiden, M. Maiden, & M. Parry (Eds.), The Dialects of Italy (1st ed.). essay, Routledge.

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intelligibility criterion to distinguish between languages and dialects, though mutuality may not be as relevant as initially thought. The requirement for mutuality is abandoned by the

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came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects and classical Latin. An opposite example is

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dialect and therefore mutually intelligible with differences found mostly in their respective local vocabularies and minor grammatical differences. Certain dialects of Serbia (

2044:. Sociolinguists agree that the question of whether Macedonian is a dialect of Bulgarian or a language is a political one and cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis. 1127:

The terms "language" and "dialect" are not necessarily mutually exclusive, although they are often perceived to be. Thus there is nothing contradictory in the statement "the

1970:-speaking individual. Due to Eastern Lombard's status as a Gallo-Italic language, an Eastern Lombard speaker may, in fact, have more mutual intelligibility with an Occitan, 855:

Local varieties in the West Germanic dialect continuum are oriented towards either Standard Dutch or Standard German depending on which side of the border they are spoken.

804:(or dialect chain), which contains a sequence of varieties, where each mutually intelligible with the next, but may not be mutually intelligible with distant varieties. 1986:

The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent.

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as an autonomous variety in addition to all the varieties that are heteronomous with respect to it, noting that an essentially equivalent definition had been stated by

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Acculturation in the Philippines: Essays on Changing Societies. A Selection of Papers Presented at the Baguio Religious Acculturation Conferences from 1958 to 1968

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language—"everybody speaks a dialect". According to that interpretation, the criteria above merely serve to distinguish whether two varieties are dialects of the

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peripheral varieties. A minimal set of central varieties providing coverage of a dialect continuum may be selected algorithmically from intelligibility data.

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onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the

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non-national language to the country's official language(s). Dialects in this sense do not derive from a dominant language, are therefore not one of its

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as a classificatory unit at the same level as a language. A similar situation, but with a greater degree of mutual unintelligibility, has been termed a

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The most widely spoken languages of Italy, which are not to be confused with regional Italian, fall within a family of which even Italian is part, the

4245:), wherein the Italian people are portrayed by Manzoni as "one by military prowess, by language, by religion, by history, by blood, and by sentiment". 3253: 2799: 2252:

are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including

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The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development.

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is occasionally used popularly to refer to the unwritten or non-codified languages of developing countries or isolated areas, where the term "

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might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject. Thus these varieties are said to be dependent on, or

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of Liverpool to be real dialects, as they had arisen fairly recently in time and partly as a result of influences from Irish migrants.

330: 1966:, would have severely limited mutual intelligibility with a purely Italian speaker and would be nearly completely unintelligible to a 2296:

was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as

2171: 1200:, but instead they evolved in a separate and parallel way and may thus better fit various parties' criteria for a separate language. 2736: 1721:. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 534:. When lexical differences are mostly concentrated in the specialized vocabulary of a profession or other organization, they are 707:. In this case, the distinction between the "standard language" (i.e. the "standard" dialect of a particular language) and the " 4684: 4201: 3113: 1554:, Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak Italian. Proponents of 4145: 4036: 3977: 3823: 3769: 3705: 3184: 3048: 2904: 1074:

speaking a "dialect" may be seen as a sub-group, part of a bigger people, which must content itself with regional autonomy.

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varieties spoken in Germany are often counted among the German dialects. This reflects the modern situation where they are

1155:", which does not distinguish between dialects, languages, and groups of languages, whether genealogically related or not. 520:). In instances where the salient distinctions are only or mostly to be observed in pronunciation, the more specific term 369:. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as 2202:

There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is

3723:"Taking taxonomy seriously in linguistics: Intelligibility as a criterion of demarcation between languages and dialects" 2101:), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the 1495: 675:

The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as

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With the popular spread of Italian out of the intellectual circles, because of the mass-media and the establishment of

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depends upon the user's preferred frame of reference. For example, there has been discussion about whether or not the

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Christopher D. Land (21 February 2013), "Varieties of the Greek language", in Stanley E. Porter, Andrew Pitts (ed.),

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Handbook Sub-committee Committee of the International African Institute. (1946). "A Handbook of African Languages".

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Cysouw, Michael; Good, Jeff. (2013). "Languoid, Doculect, and Glossonym: Formalizing the Notion 'Language'."

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reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the

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class as well as Italian travelling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of

4543: 3806:(1968). "A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism". In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). 1530: 1112:

By the definition most commonly used by linguists, any linguistic variety can be considered a "dialect" of

940: 739: 2234: 1843: 1459: 4418: 4287: 2954: 2570: 1800: 1220: 934:, though mutually intelligible to a large degree, are considered separate languages. In the framework of 601:

also has a complete grammar and vocabulary, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support.

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back in 15th century. Around that time in Ukraine becoming popular political movements Narodnichestvo (

2062:, a part of the Christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from 1816: 1030: 4375:– Listen to regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website 2662: 2206:. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from 1242:

writes that "Many linguists subsume differences of accent under differences of dialect." In general,

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was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the

2174:, across the so called "Southwestern Krai" of Russian Empire started to spread cultural societies of 2132: 1796: 1780: 1604: 1244: 907: 316: 294: 273: 155: 3948:

Hansford, Keir; Bendor-Samuel, John; Stanford, Ron (1976). "A provisional language map of Nigeria".

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spoken across the peninsula are often colloquially referred to in non-linguistic circles as Italian

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Finally, other languages from a number of different families follow the last two major groups: the

1694:, is considered significantly influenced by the Neapolitan and the below-mentioned language groups; 1541:

in parallel with Italian, long prior to the popular diffusion of the latter throughout what is now

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Schilling-Estes, Natalies (2006). "Dialect variation". In Fasold, R.W.; Connor-Linton, J. (eds.).

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Italy is an often quoted example of a country where the second definition of the word "dialect" (

592: 538:. Differences in vocabulary that are deliberately cultivated to exclude outsiders or to serve as 268: 244: 185: 139: 3851:. Indiana University, Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics. pp. 1–18. 2036:), is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the view in 750: 4558: 3153: 2648: 2094: 1812: 1784: 1725:, and it first spread outside the Tuscan linguistic borders through the works of the so-called 1491: 1427: 1320: 1216: 872: 823: 797: 461: 362: 263: 205: 175: 4322: 1070:

are often called dialects and not languages in China, despite their mutual unintelligibility.

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has been in common use since the late 17th century, associated with the establishment of the

1935: 1911: 1839: 1239: 1197: 1192: 1144: 517: 445: 437: 354: 278: 200: 4568: 4314: 3032: 4503: 4478: 2353: 2249: 2207: 2179: 2160: 1792: 1571: 868: 4603: 3595:(2). The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States: 7–12. 2615: 1893: 1292:

speaking peoples moved as a result of the conquests of Islam. Included in Zone II are the

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Linguistic Diversity in South Asia: Studies in Regional, Social, and Functional Variation

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Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States

2982: 1886: 550:. The particular speech patterns used by an individual are referred to as that person's 4643: 4588: 4573: 4493: 4473: 4463: 4396: 4215: 4094: 3930: 3922: 3887: 3742: 3671: 3604: 3562: 3498: 3247: 3146: 3091: 2792:

Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed

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of its own, separate from the other Neo-Latin groups; it is often subdivided into the

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Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is the

4679: 4674: 4608: 4563: 4548: 4528: 4468: 4453: 4389: 4345: 4315: 4293: 4141: 4032: 3973: 3934: 3819: 3765: 3746: 3701: 3675: 3663: 3390: 3363: 3319: 3292: 3190: 3157: 3119: 3044: 3008: 2960: 2910: 2900: 2826: 2752: 2585: 2575: 2530: 2510: 2461: 2431: 2408: 2393: 2317: 2293: 2203: 2167: 2136: 2125: 2033: 1995: 1967: 1947: 1897: 1890: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1851: 1808: 1702: 1698: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1592: 1567: 1563: 1519: 1515: 1503: 1463: 1451: 1431: 1397: 1224: 1136: 982: 957: 813: 801: 780:

and language siblings. For example, languages with little linguistic distance, like

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This article is about dialects of spoken and written languages. For other uses, see

4653: 4648: 4638: 4633: 4623: 4613: 4498: 4488: 4216:"Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition" 4133: 4084: 3914: 3811: 3734: 3653: 3645: 3596: 3551:"National Languages and Languages of Wider Communication in the Developing Nations" 3529: 3490: 3433: 3081: 2712: 2496: 2486: 2481: 2466: 2426: 2383: 2378: 2348: 2343: 2218: 2152: 1991: 1971: 1931: 1915: 1835: 1804: 1768: 1683: 1659: 1597: 1588: 1471: 1447: 1435: 1413: 1347: 1078: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1026: 582: 576: 522: 95: 4089: 4068: 3633: 3534: 3517: 3494: 3086: 3065: 448:, but they evolved in a separate and parallel way. While they may be historically 4578: 4553: 4533: 4508: 4483: 3844: 3738: 3649: 3384: 3357: 3313: 3286: 2984: 2932: 2820: 2620: 2580: 2525: 2446: 2436: 2398: 2368: 2363: 2083: 2063: 2053: 2037: 1923: 1904: 1831: 1730: 1616: 1455: 1439: 1390: 1338: 1332: 1316: 1212: 927: 919: 887: 880: 860: 785: 777: 755: 721: 644: 586: 547: 531: 457: 129: 114: 4051: 2225:, Ion Bărbuţă, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity". 1215:

as the dominant national language and may even, to a varying degree, share some

851: 4513: 4125: 3235: 2413: 2373: 2281: 2144: 1955: 1908: 1900: 1855: 1820: 1788: 1718: 1612: 1526: 1487: 1479: 1467: 1443: 1040: 891: 781: 562: 109: 4137: 3815: 2070:, Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the 1650:(also known as "Intermediate Meridional Italian"), which encompasses not only 894:, and hence is categorized as a dialect of Dutch instead. Similarly, although 4668: 3667: 2914: 2716: 2629: 2611: 2540: 2520: 2417: 2358: 2273: 2257: 2210: 2191: 1882: 1755: 1400:

spoken in Germany and the Netherlands are excluded from the German dialects.

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In many societies, however, a particular dialect, often the sociolect of the

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One criterion, which is often considered to be purely linguistic, is that of

530:. Differences that are largely concentrated in lexicon may be classified as 401: 160: 3582:"Towards a National Indian Literature: Cultural Authenticity in Nationalism" 1013:. In this secondary sense of "dialect", language varieties are often called 2535: 2421: 2285: 2097:

and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to

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as the dominant national language and may, to a varying degree, share some

386: 378: 370: 61: 3847:(1960). "Introduction". In Ferguson, Charles A.; Gumperz, John J. (eds.). 2894: 2155:(or Polonized dialect) and not a language on its own (same concept as for 1950:

are more or less mutually intelligible. For instance, a speaker of purely

1502:), in light of their distinctive historical development. Yet, most of the 4410: 3875: 3186:

How Myths about Language Affect Education: What Every Teacher Should Know

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Filipino is Not Our Language: Learn why it is Not and Find Out what it is

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and their Sunday schools. Themselves "hromadas" acted in same manner as

1591:, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to Italian. While 1163:

The colloquial meaning of dialect can be understood by example, e.g. in

3926: 3550: 3479:"Ethnic Protest and Social Planning: A Look at Basque Language Revival" 2899:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan. p. 10. 2590: 2515: 2261: 2000: 1658:'s speech but also a variety of related neighboring varieties like the 1523: 1374: 1257: 1228: 1188: 987: 890:

varieties similar to Westphalian would instead consult a dictionary of

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illustrates this point. Serbo-Croatian has two major formal variants (

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if they are rarely or never used in writing (outside reported speech),

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Unlike languages that use alphabets to indicate their pronunciation,

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with one another and have their own local varieties; twelve of them (

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The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world

3918: 2930: 2822:

The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development

3600: 2560: 2555: 1959: 1863: 1760: 1753:

in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula and Sicily as the

1746: 1734: 1691: 1655: 1640: 551: 492:

Features that distinguish dialects from each other can be found in

358: 225: 210: 4372: 4235:

An often quoted paradigm of Italian nationalism is the ode on the

3634:"Mutual intelligibility of Chinese dialects experimentally tested" 3340: 3237: 4031:(5th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 348. 3783: 3781: 2983:

Defenders of the Indigenous Languages of the Archipelago (2007).

2059: 1764: 1687: 1671: 1663: 1365:

is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries. The

1253: 1204: 895: 772:

An important criterion for categorizing varieties of language is

501: 493: 449: 1385:

by standard German. This is different from the situation in the

2896:

Creating languages in Central Europe during the last millennium

2321: 2151:(or Little Russian, per official name) was merely a dialect of 2089: 1667: 1651: 1293: 1280: 1174: 725: 535: 509: 425: 220: 4395: 3856: 3778: 2213:

to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a

616: 3947: 3386:

Analiza dyrektywalna przepisów części ogólnej kodeksu karnego

3315:

Analiza dyrektywalna przepisów części ogólnej kodeksu karnego

2313: 2098: 1542: 1297: 1164: 1005: 543: 409: 731: 636:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

3359:

Teoretyczne, badawcze i dydaktyczne założenia dialektologii

3339:

Perak, Benedikt; Trask, Robert; Mihaljević, Milica (2005).

3311: 3288:

Teoretyczne, badawcze i dydaktyczne założenia dialektologii

2140: 1624: 1309: 1305: 1148: 473:) status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. 4378: 3274:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–341. 2105:

of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the

1203:

Despite this, these "dialects" may often be historically

365:, especially if geographically close to one another in a 353:

The more common usage of the term in English refers to a

4390:

A site for announcements and downloading the SEAL System

4240: 3236:

Benedikt Perak, Robert Trask, Milica Mihaljević (2005).

2852:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. 2850:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2331: 1701:(also known as "Extreme Meridional Italian"), including 1050:

with respect to some other, often standardised, variety.

604:

The distinction between the "standard" dialect and the "

2702: 1930:, while being Romance in nature, is considered to be a 4406:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 155–156. 3878:(1967). "'Abstand languages' and 'ausbau languages'". 3362:(in Polish). Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 24. 3291:(in Polish). Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 24. 1741:. Florentine thus gradually rose to prominence as the 711:" (vernacular) dialects of the same language is often 608:" (vernacular) dialects of the same language is often 4321:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2316:

and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas

1092:"אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט" 4379:

International Dialects of English Archive Since 1997

4105: 3338: 1783:, the second most widespread family in Italy is the 1562:, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform 1039:

if the speakers of the given language do not have a

922:

in 1960. A heteronomous variety may be considered a

569: 4328:

admit of more-or-less but not either-or judgements.

2818: 1346:traditionally names the major dialect groups after 926:of a language defined in this way. In these terms, 3548: 3265: 3263: 3145: 1323:as their common prestige dialect used in writing. 3632:Tang, Chaoju; van Heuven, Vincent J. (May 2009). 1389:when Low German had strong tendencies towards an 1337:When talking about the German language, the term 691:. A dialect that is associated with a particular 683:. A dialect that is associated with a particular 385:, a dialect that is associated with a particular 377:. A dialect that is associated with a particular 4666: 4312: 3862: 3787: 3476: 3382: 1582:of Italian men from all throughout Italy during 1510:, since most of them, including the prestigious 1482:to a varying degree (ranging from the currently 1422:) is most prevalent. Italy is in fact home to a 1350:from which they were assumed to have descended. 1158: 951: 898:is classified by linguists as a language in the 758:, which even, for a time, had its own ISO code. 4386:– Compilation of Dialects from around the globe 3839: 3627: 3625: 3269: 3260: 3631: 3579: 2159:). That concepted was enrooted soon after the 2028:, although largely mutually intelligible with 846: 647:to make improvements to the overall structure. 557:Languages are classified as dialects based on 542:are known as cryptolects or cant, and include 4426: 4289:Phonological Theory and the Dialects of Italy 3687: 3685: 3412:Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 3284: 2931:Peter G. Gowing, William Henry Scott (1971). 2066:and not merely a dialect thereof. During the 1270:Mesoamerican languages § Language vs. dialect 1248:refers to variations in pronunciation, while 1191:undertone and underlines the politically and 1097:A language is a dialect with an army and navy 1090: 744:A language is a dialect with an army and navy 436:undertone and underlines the politically and 324: 4199: 3622: 3410:Aveyard, Edward (2022). "What is Dialect?". 3252:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3208: 3206: 3189:. University of Michigan Press. p. 75. 3039:(6 ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 2875: 2873: 2871: 2788: 2772:Wolfram, Walt and Schilling, Natalie. 2016. 2304:is still the most commonly-used language in 2122:The Books of Genesis of the Ukrainian Nation 1537:. However, all these languages evolved from 1490:Greek to the vigorous promotion of Germanic 886:In contrast, speakers in the Netherlands of 590: 346:refers to two distinctly different types of 60:. There might be a discussion about this on 3272:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics 3002: 2952: 2776:West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, p. 184. 1087:A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot 617:Dialect as linguistic variety of a language 4440: 4433: 4419: 4344:. Princeton University Press. p. 67. 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 3798: 3796: 3720: 3682: 3178: 3176: 2235:Varieties of Chinese § Classification 1494:), but have been officially recognized as 331: 317: 4257:Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani 4254: 4088: 4001: 3657: 3533: 3389:(in Polish). Wolters Kluwer. p. 32. 3318:(in Polish). Wolters Kluwer. p. 32. 3212: 3203: 3085: 3035:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 2948: 2946: 2944: 2892: 2868: 2774:American English: Dialects and Variation. 2324:as an important local language alongside 2172:Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius 791: 732:Difference between dialects and languages 663:Learn how and when to remove this message 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 4339: 4313:Chambers, Jack; Trudgill, Peter (1998). 4275:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3139: 3137: 3135: 3026: 3024: 2998: 2996: 2978: 2976: 2843: 2841: 2116: 2032:and certain dialects of Serbo-Croatian ( 1319:share the same writing system and share 1252:also encompasses specific variations in 850: 4285: 4279: 4262: 4186: 4132:, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 851–896, 4126:"50. Arabic Dialects (general article)" 4026: 4020: 4004:"There's No Such Thing as a 'Language'" 3802: 3793: 3430:Language Documentation and Conservation 3409: 3182: 3173: 3107: 3105: 3030: 2926: 2924: 2881:Grande dizionario della lingua italiana 2861: 2859: 2814: 2812: 2784: 2782: 2768: 2766: 2747: 2745: 2687: 1713:Modern Italian is heavily based on the 1151:" is another. A more general term is " 428:, much of East Central Europe, and the 4667: 4270: 4165: 4123: 4066: 3972:. SIL International. pp. 17, 22. 3967: 3759: 3691: 3515: 3152:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3063: 2941: 2088:In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the 1627:, with the addition of some distantly 938:, these are described as languages by 761: 4414: 4111: 3874: 3808:Readings in the Sociology of Language 3509: 3383:Dąbrowska-Kardas, Małgorzata (2012). 3143: 3132: 3021: 2993: 2973: 2838: 2737:Oxford Living Dictionaries – English. 2645:), 'discourse', in turn derived from 2332:Selected list of articles on dialects 1946:other or closer to each other on the 1566:in order to better create an Italian 1234: 3355: 3312:Małgorzata Dąbrowska-Kardas (2012). 3111: 3102: 2953:Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (1997). 2921: 2856: 2809: 2779: 2763: 2742: 999: 620: 561:. The dialects of a language with a 32: 2610:The word has multiple derivations: 1791:'s languages and dialects (such as 1231:" would be preferred by linguists. 1091: 489:" would be preferred by linguists. 13: 2937:. New Day Publishers. p. 157. 2883:, UTET, Torino, V. IV, pp.321–322. 883:, which is said to be autonomous. 14: 4706: 4366: 4267:(in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino. 4168:"From dialect to variation space" 4124:Watson, Janet C.E. (2011-12-21), 3764:. SIL International. p. 17. 3516:Haugen, Einar (August 28, 1966). 1104:the army-navy aphorism is cited. 570:Standard and nonstandard dialects 400:The other usage, which refers to 3810:. De Gruyter. pp. 531–545. 3345:(in Serbo-Croatian). p. 81. 3242:(in Serbo-Croatian). p. 81. 3213:McWhorter, John (Jan 19, 2016). 2250:varieties of the spoken language 2228: 1424:vast array of separate languages 625: 299: 290: 289: 240: 239: 37: 4333: 4306: 4248: 4229: 4208: 4202:"Che lingua parla un italiano?" 4159: 4117: 4060: 4045: 4029:Language: Its Structure and Use 3995: 3986: 3970:Language Survey Reference Guide 3961: 3941: 3898: 3868: 3833: 3762:Language Survey Reference Guide 3753: 3714: 3573: 3542: 3470: 3445: 3422: 3403: 3376: 3349: 3332: 3305: 3278: 3229: 3057: 2886: 2805:from the original on 2010-06-12 2077: 1928:language indigenous to Sardinia 1676:Northern Calabrian or Cosentino 1607:. This wide category includes: 1578:In the early 20th century, the 1500:minoranze linguistiche storiche 979:Language Survey Reference Guide 810:Language Survey Reference Guide 512:) as well as in pronunciation ( 4237:Piedmontese revolution of 1821 4002:McWhorter, John (2016-01-19). 3863:Chambers & Trudgill (1998) 3788:Chambers & Trudgill (1998) 3183:Johnson, David (27 May 2008). 3003:Fodde Melis, Luisanna (2002). 2730: 2604: 2223:Academy of Sciences of Moldova 2184:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1981: 1787:, spanning throughout much of 1107: 1: 4685:Language varieties and styles 4292:. John Benjamins Publishing. 4265:Dialetto, dialetti e italiano 4090:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 3968:Grimes, Joseph Evans (1995). 3760:Grimes, Joseph Evans (1995). 3535:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 3495:10.1525/can.1988.3.4.02a00030 3342:Temeljni lingvistički pojmovi 3239:Temeljni lingvistički pojmovi 3115:Language and Symbolic Systems 3087:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 2680: 2170:in Europe and efforts of the 1159:Colloquial meaning of dialect 964:Handbook of African Languages 952:Dialect and language clusters 944:(development) rather than by 4340:Danforth, Loring M. (1997). 4259:(in Italian). Bari: Laterza. 4079:New Series, Vol. 68, No. 4. 3739:10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103068 3650:10.1016/j.lingua.2008.10.001 3215:"What's a Language, Anyway?" 3118:. CUP archive. p. 130. 3076:New Series, Vol. 68, No. 4. 3007:. FrancoAngeli. p. 35. 2215:Moldovan–Romanian dictionary 1223:, social or political (e.g. 740:Abstand and ausbau languages 469:, social or political (e.g. 7: 4255:Loporcaro, Michele (2009). 4069:"Dialect, Language, Nation" 3880:Anthropological Linguistics 3700:. Routledge. pp. 2–3. 3698:The World's Major Languages 3696:. In Bernard Comrie (ed.). 3555:Anthropological Linguistics 3549:Fishman, Joshua A. (1969). 3518:"Dialect, Language, Nation" 3066:"Dialect, Language, Nation" 2571:Register (sociolinguistics) 2503: 2139:. In the 19th century, the 1486:displayed by Sardinian and 1263: 1062:, whose variations such as 847:Sociolinguistic definitions 478:"unsuitable for writing". 10: 4711: 3721:Tamburelli, Marco (2021). 3168:language standard dialect. 2893:Kamusella, Tomasz (2015). 2739:Retrieved 18 January 2019. 2661: 2647: 2633: 2232: 2197: 2112: 2081: 2051: 2047: 1932:specific linguistic family 1407: 1330: 1284: 1278: 1267: 1085:published the expression, 955: 765: 737: 589:which is supported by the 408:, in a few countries like 25: 18: 4449: 4138:10.1515/9783110251586.851 3816:10.1515/9783110805376.531 3477:Urla, Jacqueline (1988). 2704:Oxford English Dictionary 2492:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects 2133:Modern Ukrainian language 1998:). Both are based on the 1781:Italo-Dalmatian languages 1326: 1274: 591: 274:Sociocultural linguistics 4384:thedialectdictionary.com 4271:Posner, Rebecca (1996). 4027:Finegan, Edward (2007). 3692:Comrie, Bernard (2018). 3148:Language and Linguistics 2959:. Routledge. p. 2. 2597: 1848:Rhaeto-Romance languages 1617:Central Italian dialects 1403: 1120:language or dialects of 26:Not to be confused with 21:Dialect (disambiguation) 4695:Linguistics terminology 4403:Encyclopædia Britannica 4263:Marcato, Carla (2007). 4166:Danvas, Kegesa (2016). 4077:American Anthropologist 4073:American Anthropologist 3580:Simon J. Ortiz (1981). 3522:American Anthropologist 3356:Gala, Sławomir (1998). 3112:Chao, Yuen Ren (1968). 3074:American Anthropologist 3070:American Anthropologist 3031:Crystal, David (2008). 2753:"Definition of DIALECT" 2709:Oxford University Press 2614: 1860:Ibero-Romance languages 1828:Gallo-Romance languages 1315:Spoken dialects of the 906:Within this framework, 526:may be used instead of 269:Linguistic anthropology 186:Phono-semantic matching 4286:Repetti, Lori (2000). 4067:Haugen, Einar (1966). 3285:Sławomir Gala (1998). 3064:Haugen, Einar (1966). 2825:, BRILL, p. 250, 2717:10.1093/OED/8666306791 2623: 2128: 1428:mutual intelligibility 1321:Modern Standard Arabic 1217:mutual intelligibility 873:East Franconian German 856: 824:registration authority 798:mutual intelligibility 792:Mutual intelligibility 705:standardized varieties 462:mutual intelligibility 395:standardized varieties 264:Historical linguistics 206:Linguistic description 176:Homophonic translation 4273:The Romance languages 4130:The Semitic Languages 3483:Cultural Anthropology 3455:Colloquia Humanistica 2956:The Dialects of Italy 2472:Slavic microlanguages 2320:has been accepted in 2276:often show traces of 2180:Orthodox fraternities 2120: 1912:Slavomolisano dialect 1840:Vivaro-Alpine dialect 1639:) spoken in Northern 1605:Italo-Dalmatian group 1426:, most of which lack 1193:socially subordinated 854: 724:of Birmingham or the 438:socially subordinated 363:mutually intelligible 279:Sociology of language 16:Variant of a language 4357:navy" (Nash 1989:6). 3841:Ferguson, Charles A. 3144:Lyons, John (1981). 2354:Varieties of Chinese 2243:have developed from 2161:partitions of Poland 1705:and centro-southern 1631:-derived varieties ( 1572:unification of Italy 1308:, and some parts of 966:introduced the term 865:linguistic authority 816:, publishers of the 751:Limón Creole English 481:A third designation 404:settings, typically 50:confusing or unclear 3804:Stewart, William A. 2757:Merriam-webster.com 2457:Portuguese dialects 2404:Malayalam languages 2389:Varieties of French 2339:Varieties of Arabic 2300:(regional speech). 2157:Belarusian language 2103:liturgical language 1964:Bergamasque dialect 1920:Gail Valley dialect 1611:the complex of the 1558:, like the Lombard 1556:Italian nationalism 1344:German dialectology 1287:Varieties of Arabic 1229:vernacular language 1221:linguistic prestige 916:Charles A. Ferguson 774:linguistic distance 768:Linguistic distance 762:Linguistic distance 645:editing the article 599:nonstandard dialect 559:linguistic distance 487:vernacular language 467:linguistic prestige 259:Applied linguistics 58:clarify the article 4200:Domenico Cerrato. 3569:– via JSTOR. 3505:– via JSTOR. 2789:Daniel. W. Bruhn, 2659:), 'through', and 2477:Slovenian dialects 2452:Dialects of Polish 2442:Norwegian dialects 2409:Varieties of Malay 2241:Chinese characters 2143:Government of the 2129: 2042:Bulgarian dialects 1962:that includes the 1914:; and the various 1785:Gallo-Italic group 1759:among the Italian 1739:Giovanni Boccaccio 1729:("three crowns"): 1715:Florentine dialect 1560:Alessandro Manzoni 1531:reference language 1504:regional languages 1496:minority languages 1410:Languages of Italy 1235:Dialect and accent 1133:Pennsylvania Dutch 857: 593:Académie Française 305:Linguistics portal 201:Language varieties 196:Discourse analysis 181:Macaronic language 4662: 4661: 4174:. Cutewriters Inc 4147:978-3-11-025158-6 4038:978-1-4130-3055-6 3979:978-0-88312-609-7 3825:978-3-11-080537-6 3771:978-0-88312-609-7 3707:978-1-317-29049-0 3050:978-1-4051-5296-9 2906:978-1-137-50783-9 2586:Regional language 2576:Literary language 2531:Dialect levelling 2511:Accent perception 2462:Romanian dialects 2432:Japanese dialects 2394:Georgian dialects 2294:Standard Mandarin 2290:Republic of China 2168:Spring of Nations 2137:Cossack Hetmanate 2126:Mykola Kostomarov 1948:dialect continuum 1916:Slovene languages 1894:Arbëresh language 1879:Southern Bavarian 1593:dialect levelling 1568:national identity 1564:national language 1398:Frisian languages 1357:The situation in 1000:Political factors 983:SIL International 958:Dialect continuum 879:with respect to, 814:SIL International 802:dialect continuum 778:language families 695:can be termed an 673: 672: 665: 638:layout guidelines 389:can be termed an 367:dialect continuum 341: 340: 125:Language planning 120:Language ideology 90: 89: 82: 28:diaspora language 4702: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4373:Sounds Familiar? 4360: 4359: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4320: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4246: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4218:. Ethnologue.com 4212: 4206: 4205: 4197: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4092: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3845:Gumperz, John J. 3837: 3831: 3829: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3661: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3586: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3151: 3141: 3130: 3129: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3089: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3038: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2950: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2890: 2884: 2877: 2866: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2797: 2786: 2777: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2691: 2674: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2608: 2497:Yiddish dialects 2487:Swedish dialects 2482:Spanish dialects 2467:Russian dialects 2427:Italian dialects 2384:Finnish dialects 2379:English dialects 2349:Catalan dialects 2344:Bengali dialects 2219:Romanian Academy 1954:, a language in 1918:, including the 1887:Mòcheno language 1844:Franco-Provençal 1819:Gallo-Italic in 1797:Emilian-Romagnol 1769:Late Middle Ages 1684:Cilentan dialect 1660:Irpinian dialect 1648:Neapolitan group 1598:regional Italian 1589:public education 1488:southern Italian 1484:endangered state 1460:Franco-Provençal 1414:Regional Italian 1135:is a dialect of 1094: 1093: 1025:if they have no 972:language cluster 834:. They define a 687:can be termed a 668: 661: 657: 654: 648: 629: 628: 621: 596: 595: 577:standard dialect 381:can be termed a 350:relationships. 333: 326: 319: 303: 293: 292: 243: 242: 96:Sociolinguistics 92: 91: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 41: 40: 33: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4445: 4439: 4397:"Dialect" 4394: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4352: 4338: 4334: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4253: 4249: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4198: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4065: 4061: 4056:Glottopedia.com 4050: 4046: 4039: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4010: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3966: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3919:10.2307/1156320 3903: 3899: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3758: 3754: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3690: 3683: 3630: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3547: 3543: 3514: 3510: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3427: 3423: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3354: 3350: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3283: 3279: 3268: 3261: 3245: 3244: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3197: 3181: 3174: 3164: 3142: 3133: 3126: 3110: 3103: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3001: 2994: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2951: 2942: 2929: 2922: 2907: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2847: 2846: 2839: 2833: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2795: 2787: 2780: 2771: 2764: 2759:. 30 July 2023. 2751: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2621:Classical Latin 2609: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2581:Nation language 2526:Creole language 2506: 2501: 2447:Nguni languages 2437:Korean dialects 2399:German dialects 2369:Danish dialects 2364:Cypriot Turkish 2334: 2237: 2231: 2200: 2115: 2095:Literary Arabic 2086: 2084:Maghrebi Arabic 2080: 2056: 2054:Lebanese Arabic 2050: 2038:North Macedonia 2010:) and Croatia ( 1984: 1960:Lombardy region 1952:Eastern Lombard 1940:Centro-Northern 1936:Centro-Southern 1924:Istrian dialect 1905:Calabrian Greek 1779:Aside from the 1731:Dante Alighieri 1522:, have adopted 1416: 1408:Main articles: 1406: 1391:ausbau language 1348:Germanic tribes 1339:German dialects 1335: 1333:German dialects 1329: 1317:Arabic language 1289: 1283: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1237: 1161: 1110: 1002: 993:dialect cluster 968:dialect cluster 960: 954: 920:John J. Gumperz 881:Standard German 861:sociolinguistic 849: 836:dialect cluster 794: 770: 764: 746: 734: 718:dialectologists 669: 658: 652: 649: 643:Please help by 642: 630: 626: 619: 597:institution. A 587:French language 572: 452:with and share 337: 130:Multilingualism 115:Language change 86: 75: 69: 66: 55: 42: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4708: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4619:Serbo-Croatian 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4438: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4376: 4368: 4367:External links 4365: 4362: 4361: 4351:978-0691043562 4350: 4332: 4305: 4298: 4278: 4247: 4228: 4207: 4204:. Treccani.it. 4185: 4158: 4146: 4116: 4114:, p. 268. 4104: 4059: 4044: 4037: 4019: 3994: 3985: 3978: 3960: 3940: 3913:(3): 156–159. 3897: 3867: 3855: 3832: 3824: 3792: 3777: 3770: 3752: 3713: 3706: 3694:"Introduction" 3681: 3644:(5): 709–732. 3621: 3601:10.2307/467143 3572: 3561:(4): 111–135. 3541: 3528:(4): 922–935. 3508: 3489:(4): 379–394. 3469: 3444: 3432:. 7. 331–359. 3421: 3402: 3395: 3375: 3368: 3348: 3331: 3324: 3304: 3297: 3277: 3259: 3228: 3217:. The Atlantic 3202: 3196:978-0472032877 3195: 3172: 3162: 3131: 3124: 3101: 3056: 3049: 3020: 3013: 2992: 2972: 2965: 2940: 2920: 2905: 2885: 2867: 2855: 2837: 2832:978-9004234772 2831: 2808: 2778: 2762: 2741: 2729: 2711:. July 2023 . 2699:), Etymology'" 2685: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2566:Koiné language 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2414:Connacht Irish 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2374:Dutch dialects 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2282:Middle Chinese 2233:Main article: 2230: 2227: 2199: 2196: 2166:Following the 2145:Russian Empire 2114: 2111: 2079: 2076: 2049: 2046: 1988:Serbo-Croatian 1983: 1980: 1956:Northern Italy 1909:Serbo-Croatian 1901:Griko language 1821:southern Italy 1789:Northern Italy 1711: 1710: 1699:Sicilian group 1695: 1644: 1480:Italianization 1405: 1402: 1379:Low Franconian 1328: 1325: 1279:Main article: 1276: 1273: 1265: 1262: 1236: 1233: 1160: 1157: 1109: 1106: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1037: 1034: 1001: 998: 985:, who produce 953: 950: 948:(separation). 892:Standard Dutch 848: 845: 832:language codes 793: 790: 766:Main article: 763: 760: 733: 730: 671: 670: 633: 631: 624: 618: 615: 571: 568: 563:writing system 432:, may carry a 339: 338: 336: 335: 328: 321: 313: 310: 309: 308: 307: 297: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 253: 252: 251:Related fields 248: 247: 245:Sociolinguists 236: 235: 231: 230: 229: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 150: 149: 148:Areas of study 145: 144: 143: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 110:Code-switching 104: 103: 99: 98: 88: 87: 45: 43: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4707: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 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3006: 2999: 2997: 2989:. p. 26. 2988: 2987: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2966:9781134834365 2962: 2958: 2957: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2844: 2842: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2801: 2798:, p. 8, 2794: 2793: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2733: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2673:), 'I speak'. 2671: 2666: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2630:Ancient Greek 2627: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2612:Middle French 2607: 2603: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2541:Dialectometry 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2521:Colloquialism 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 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1246: 1241: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209:genetic roots 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1083:Max Weinreich 1080: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1046:if they lack 1045: 1043:of their own, 1042: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011:social status 1007: 997: 994: 990: 989: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 959: 949: 947: 943: 942: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:W. 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Stewart 904: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 853: 844: 842: 837: 833: 830:standard for 829: 825: 821: 820: 815: 811: 805: 803: 799: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 769: 759: 757: 752: 745: 741: 736: 729: 727: 723: 719: 714: 710: 706: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 667: 664: 656: 646: 640: 639: 634:This section 632: 623: 622: 614: 611: 607: 602: 600: 594: 588: 584: 579: 578: 567: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 479: 476: 472: 468: 463: 459: 455: 454:genetic roots 451: 447: 443: 442:autochthonous 440:status of an 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422: 417: 416: 411: 407: 403: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 334: 329: 327: 322: 320: 315: 314: 312: 311: 306: 302: 298: 296: 288: 287: 286: 285: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 254: 250: 249: 246: 238: 237: 233: 232: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 161:Bilingual pun 159: 157: 154: 153: 152: 151: 147: 146: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 101: 100: 97: 94: 93: 84: 81: 73: 63: 62:the talk page 59: 53: 51: 46:This article 44: 35: 34: 29: 22: 4444:of languages 4401: 4355: 4341: 4335: 4326: 4317:Dialectology 4316: 4308: 4288: 4281: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4250: 4241: 4231: 4220:. 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Retrieved 2703: 2696: 2689: 2669: 2660: 2655: 2646: 2641: 2632: 2606: 2536:Dialectology 2422:Ulster Irish 2297: 2286:Ming dynasty 2238: 2201: 2165: 2130: 2087: 2078:North Africa 2072:Latin script 2057: 2024: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1985: 1976: 1944: 1825: 1817:Basilicata's 1778: 1754: 1742: 1726: 1723:12th century 1712: 1680:Bari dialect 1602: 1580:conscription 1577: 1551:Risorgimento 1549: 1547: 1539:Vulgar Latin 1507: 1499: 1478:) underwent 1419: 1417: 1395: 1372: 1367:Swiss German 1356: 1352: 1336: 1314: 1302:North Africa 1290: 1249: 1243: 1238: 1211:in the same 1202: 1187:, carries a 1178: 1168: 1162: 1152: 1141: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1100: 1086: 1076: 1072: 1053: 1018: 1017:rather than 1014: 1003: 992: 986: 978: 976: 971: 967: 963: 961: 945: 939: 923: 911: 905: 885: 877:heteronomous 858: 840: 835: 817: 809: 806: 795: 771: 747: 735: 701: 693:ethnic group 685:social class 677:social class 674: 659: 650: 635: 603: 575: 573: 556: 527: 521: 516:, including 491: 482: 480: 474: 456:in the same 419: 413: 399: 387:ethnic group 379:social class 371:social class 352: 343: 342: 165: 102:Key concepts 76: 67: 56:Please help 47: 4479:Azerbaijani 4172:Cutewriters 2695:"'dialect ( 2551:Eye dialect 2284:. 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