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and both
Armenia and Iberia returned to Byzantine allegiance. After spending the winter in Dvin, Constans left in spring 654. An Arab army invaded and captured the regions on the northern shore of Lake Van soon after. With their assistance, Rshtuni evicted the Byzantine garrisons from Armenia and secured Arab recognition as presiding prince of Armenia and parts of
872:, a Christian king, as the first monarch. The Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate's willingness to recognize the existence of the kingdom stemmed from the need to maintain a buffer state between them. Particularly for the Caliphate, Armenia was more desirable as a buffer rather than a province due to the threat of the
698:
When
Constans' truce with the Arabs ended in 653, however, and a new Arab invasion became likely, Rshtuni voluntarily agreed to submit to Muslim overlordship. In response, Emperor Constantine in person led an army of reportedly 100,000 men into Anatolia and Armenia. The local princes rallied to him,
799:
status). This was, however, not the case in the beginning. The invaders first tried to force the
Armenians to accept Islam, prompting many citizens to flee to Byzantine-held Armenia, which the Muslims had largely left alone due to its rugged and mountainous terrain. The policy also caused several
679:
The
Armenian sources however provide a different narrative, both in chronology and in the details of the events, although the broad thrust of the Arab campaigns is consistent with the Muslim sources. The Armenian historians report that the Arabs first arrived in 642, penetrating up to the central
726:
These events are merged into the single campaign of 645/646 in the Arabic sources, who omit any detail about the internal affairs of
Armenia or the recognition of Byzantine suzerainty there, and portray the country as being firmly under Arab suzerainty since Habib al-Fihri's campaign. Modern
731:) to be more reliable, and have proposed different reconstructions of the early Arab raids between 640 and 650, based on a critical reading of the sources; it is clear, however, that the country did not submit to Arab rule at this time.
592:. A second expedition occurred in 642, when the Muslim army advanced and divided into four corps up to northeastern Anatolia, only to be defeated and pushed out of the country. After this setback, the Arabs only undertook a raid from
684:, and sacked Dvin, returning with over 35,000 captives. In 643, the Arabs invaded again, from the direction of Azerbaijan, ravaged Ayrarat and reached the Anatolian peninsula, but were defeated in battle by the Armenian leader
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
812:
as governors and representatives, who sometimes were of
Armenian origin. The first ostikan, for example, was Theodorus Rshtuni. However, the commander of the 15,000-strong army was always of Armenian origin, often from the
829:
family having the highest number of troops at 10,000. He would either defend the country from foreigners, or assist the Caliph in his military expeditions. For example, the
Armenians helped the Caliphate against
37:
860:
During
Islamic rule, Arabs from other parts of the Caliphate settled in Armenia. By the 9th century, there was a well-established class of Arab emirs, more or less equivalent to the Armenian nakharars.
734:
In 661, however, Mu'awiya, now the victor of the Muslim civil war, ordered the
Armenian princes to re-submit to his authority and pay tribute. In order to avoid another war, the princes complied.
876:, who were allied with Byzantium. Ashot's regime and those who succeeded him ushered in a period of peace, artistic growth, and literary activity. This era is referred to as the second Armenian
784:
creed of
Christianity. He did not succeed in his doctrinal objective, but the new Armenian prefect, Hamazasp, who regarded the taxes imposed by the Muslims as too heavy, yielded to the Emperor.
841:) to the people of Armenia. However, these revolts were sporadic and intermittent. They never had a pan-Armenian character. Arabs used rivalries between the different Armenian
288:
540:
are uncertain, as the various Arabic, Greek, and Armenian sources contradict each other. The main sources for the period are the eyewitness account of the Armenian bishop
1325:
281:
68:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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families were gradually weakened in favor of the Bagratuni and Artsruni families. The rebellions led to the creation of the legendary character,
795:
rule, the Armenian Christians benefited from political autonomy and relative religious freedom, but were considered second-class citizens (
274:
600:, but this only touched the Anatolian borderlands. It was not until 645/646 that a major campaign to subdue the country was undertaken by
704:
707:
tried to recover control of the region, but without success. In 655, even parts Byzantine Armenia was invaded, and the Arabs occupied
476:
780:. The Armenian acceptance of Arab rule irritated the Byzantines. Emperor Constans sent his men to Armenia in order to impose the
723:
in 657, effective Arab authority in the country ceased, and Mamikonian returned to Byzantine overlordship almost immediately.
1305:
761:, the Byzantine Emperor, sent occasional reinforcements to Armenia, but they were inadequate. The commander of the city of
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historians generally consider the contemporary account of Sebeos (which is partly corroborated by the Byzantine chronicler
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Armenia remained under Arab rule for approximately 200 years, formally starting in 645 CE. Through many years of
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and is manifested in the magnificent churches built and the illustrated manuscripts created during the period.
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According to the Arabic sources, the first Arab expedition reached Armenia in 639/640, on the heels of their
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uprisings until the Armenian Church finally enjoyed greater recognition even more than it experienced under
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The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: The Arab Period in Arminiyah, Seventh to Eleventh Centuries
765:, Smbat, confronted by the fact that he could no longer hold out against the Islamic army, submitted to
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Arab rule was interrupted by many revolts whenever Arabs attempted to enforce Islam, or higher taxes (
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The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
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1032:(in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Ousoumnagan Khorhourti, Athens, Greece. pp. 3–7.
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also provide information about the period, but the main source is the 9th-century scholar
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and forced back. After this success, Rshtuni was recognized as ruler of Armenia by the
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Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
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695:. At some point soon after, the Armenians recognized Byzantine suzerainty.
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1135:. Washington, D.C.: Int'l Business Publications. 2013-09-01. p. 45.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity
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in order to curb the rebellions. Thus, the Mamikonian, Rshtuni,
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and cemented their control of the country by taking Rhstuni to
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of Armenia. Dvin capitulated after a few days of siege, as did
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1050:. Minneapolis, MN: Learner Publishing Group. p. 25.
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624:, Turkey) and defeated a Byzantine army, reinforced with
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Mohammad adil rais-Invasion of Anatolia and Armenia-ar
1160:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 607.
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The Cambridge Medieval History: The Byzantine Empire
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The details of the early conquest of Armenia by the
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1030:Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History), Volume II
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664:. During the same time, another Arab army from
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83:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
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1115:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1101:Herzig, Kurkichayan, Edmund, Marina (2005).
1089:
1174:
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996:
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668:, under Salman ibn Rabi'a, conquered parts
16:Arab Rashidun Caliphate conquest of Armenia
1326:Military history of the Rashidun Caliphate
1213:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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1221:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 634–640.
757:(lords) accepted Arab rule over Armenia.
616:of the country: he besieged and captured
95:{{Translated|ar|الفتح الإسلامي لأرمينية}}
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648:submitted, allowing Habib to march onto
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864:At the end of this period, in 885, the
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640:, where the local Armenian princes of
1272:The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia
1075:. New York: SUNY Press. p. 107.
1014:
270:
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772:In 644, Omar was assassinated by a
13:
808:jurisdiction. The Caliph assigned
564:Arab raids and conquest of Armenia
528:was already conquered in 638–639.
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769:, consenting to pay him tribute.
1227:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0064
23:
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703:. The Byzantines under general
584:, who had previously conquered
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93:You may also add the template
1:
1168:
1156:Hussey, Joan Mervyn (1966).
1105:. Routledge. pp. 42–43.
1071:Blankinship, Khalid (1994).
1028:Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996).
738:Armenia within the Caliphate
652:, the capital of the former
7:
1306:Military history of Armenia
883:
866:Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia
588:, and penetrated as far as
10:
1347:
1251:. Transaction Publishers.
741:
610:Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri
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503:Muslim conquest of Armenia
57:Machine translation, like
905:Muslim conquest of Persia
636:. He then turned towards
578:Muslim conquest of Persia
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38:the corresponding article
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729:Theophanes the Confessor
612:first moved against the
580:. The Arabs were led by
548:. The Arabic historians
1009:Canard & Cahen 1960
997:Canard & Cahen 1960
985:Canard & Cahen 1960
938:Canard & Cahen 1960
709:Theodosiopolis (Arabic
520:had fallen to the Arab
509:after the death of the
104:For more guidance, see
1046:Waters, Bella (2009).
721:First Muslim Civil War
570:conquest of the Levant
498:
300:Early Muslim conquests
213:Commanders and leaders
123:Early Muslim conquests
1311:7th-century conflicts
868:was established with
608:. Mu'awiya's general
576:and the start of the
496:
251:Casualties and losses
106:Knowledge:Translation
77:copyright attribution
1331:Invasions of Armenia
1267:Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram
776:and was replaced by
1316:Arab–Byzantine wars
1048:Armenia in Pictures
999:, pp. 636–637.
950:Ter-Ghewondyan 1976
910:Arab–Byzantine wars
825:families, with the
751:and other Armenian
477:Visigothic Hispania
1196:Lévi-Provençal, E.
952:, pp. 1, 5–6.
604:, the governor of
522:Rashidun Caliphate
505:was a part of the
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186:Rashidun Caliphate
161:Armenian highlands
135:Arab invasions of
85:interlanguage link
1281:Livraria Bertrand
900:Bagratuni dynasty
895:Byzantine Armenia
690:Byzantine emperor
660:further north in
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598:Salman ibn Rabiah
594:Caucasian Albania
586:Upper Mesopotamia
526:Byzantine Armenia
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171:Caliphate victory
137:Byzantine Armenia
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81:edit summary
72:
45:(April 2019)
43:
35:
1208:Pellat, Ch.
1200:Schacht, J.
767:Caliph Omar
759:Constans II
693:Constans II
524:by 645 CE.
518:Persarmenia
516:in 632 CE.
472:Transoxiana
419:Afghanistan
232:Constans II
139:in Anatolia
1300:Categories
1279:. Lisbon:
1184:"Armīniya"
1082:0791418278
878:Golden Age
847:Kamsarakan
834:invaders.
815:Mamikonian
680:region of
574:Byzantines
1289:490638192
1269:(1976) .
1235:495469456
1217:Volume I:
1204:Lewis, B.
1111:cite book
843:nakharars
819:Bagratuni
802:Byzantine
754:nakharars
705:Maurianos
634:Euphrates
572:from the
550:al-Tabari
99:talk page
40:in Arabic
1321:Arminiya
1245:(2011).
1210:(eds.).
1182:(1960).
884:See also
823:Artsruni
810:Ostikans
806:Sassanid
744:Arminiya
717:Damascus
711:Qaliqala
638:Lake Van
602:Mu'awiya
514:Muhammad
425:Caucasus
414:Khorasan
238:Strength
156:Location
75:provide
1169:Sources
874:Khazars
870:Ashot I
827:Rshtuni
793:Abbasid
789:Umayyad
701:Albania
682:Ayrarat
622:Erzurum
554:Ya'qubi
532:Sources
431:Armenia
351:Georgia
347:Armenia
323:Quraysh
256:Unknown
246:100,000
243:Unknown
151:639-645
97:to the
79:in the
42:.
1287:
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832:Khazar
797:dhimmi
658:Tiflis
642:Akhlat
626:Khazar
590:Bitlis
546:Łewond
542:Sebeos
409:Sistan
399:Kerman
376:Sicily
361:Cyprus
312:Arabia
168:Result
1186:. In
916:Notes
851:Gnuni
839:jizya
674:Arran
606:Syria
538:Arabs
371:Crete
342:Egypt
337:Syria
318:Mecca
59:DeepL
1285:OCLC
1253:ISBN
1231:OCLC
1137:ISBN
1117:link
1077:ISBN
1052:ISBN
849:and
791:and
763:Dvin
666:Iraq
650:Dvin
646:Moks
644:and
630:Alan
628:and
552:and
501:The
464:and
394:Fars
378:and
349:and
148:Date
73:must
71:You
1223:doi
1219:A–B
821:or
804:or
676:).
466:2nd
462:1st
61:or
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1198:;
1194:;
1190:;
1113:}}
1109:{{
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1038:^
1016:^
957:^
924:^
857:.
817:,
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283:t
276:v
108:.
101:.
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