859:
531:
873:
543:
831:
519:
40:
845:
1168:
119:
703:
cooperate in order to survive harsh winters by traveling long distances. He did not deny the competitive form of struggle but argued that the cooperative counterpart has been under-emphasized: "There is an immense amount of warfare and extermination going on amidst various species; there is, at the
1171:
686:
Daniel P. Todes, in his account of
Russian naturalism in the 19th century, concludes that Kropotkin's work "cannot be dismissed as the idiosyncratic product of an anarchist dabbling in biology" and that his views "were but one expression of a broad current in Russian evolutionary thought that
690:
Kropotkin emphasizes the distinction between competitive struggle between individual organisms over limited resources and collective struggle between organisms and the environment. He drew from his firsthand observations of
699:, where he saw that animal populations were limited not by food sources, which were abundant, but rather by harsh weather. For example, predatory birds may compete by stealing food from one another while
633:, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead, Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with the
1241:
205:
655:. Kropotkin considers the importance of mutual aid for prosperity and survival in the animal kingdom, in indigenous and early European societies, in the medieval
817:
Includes
Introdution by David Graeber and Andrej Grubaac, Foreward by Ruth Kinna, Postscript by GATS, Afterword by Allan Antliff, and illustrations by N.O.Bonzo
573:
704:
same time, as much, or perhaps even more, of mutual support, mutual aid, and mutual defense... Sociability is as much a law of nature as mutual struggle."
678:, one of the most influential evolutionary biologists of his generation) also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.
929:
1076:
964:
566:
1043:
1157:
974:
941:
810:
786:
1226:
559:
1105:
1236:
1026:
754:
731:. Douglas H. Boucher places Kropotkin's book as a precursor to the development of the biological theory of altruism.
17:
711:
admired
Kropotkin's observations, noting that cooperation, if it increases individual survival, is not ruled out by
618:
435:
234:
74:
1211:
1221:
1216:
1148:
1195:
908:
198:
1231:
249:
621:") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories of
850:
687:
pre-dated, indeed encouraged, his work on the subject and was by no means confined to leftist thinkers."
287:
1094:
999:
445:
102:
667:
for destroying historically important mutual aid institutions, particularly through the imposition of
898:
864:
397:
183:
707:
As a description of biology, Kropotkin's perspective is consistent with contemporary understanding.
663:), and in the late 19th century village, labor movement, and impoverished people. He criticizes the
1186:
626:
455:
994:
723:(when one member of a species aids another) in biology. Examples of altruism in animals include
364:
329:
1125:
648:
605:
239:
188:
630:
498:
430:
193:
178:
138:
715:, and is in fact encouraged. Kropotkin's ideas anticipate the now recognized importance of
903:
334:
173:
8:
728:
720:
716:
644:
614:
412:
407:
269:
259:
244:
229:
153:
110:
1113:
656:
264:
339:
319:
1142:
1022:
970:
937:
806:
782:
750:
712:
708:
675:
488:
294:
254:
163:
1152:
887:
836:
766:
668:
622:
535:
523:
503:
359:
168:
1063:
Darwin
Without Malthus: The Struggle for Existence in Russian Evolutionary Thought
1130:
600:
547:
354:
304:
299:
143:
56:
762:
700:
696:
664:
493:
374:
344:
324:
314:
224:
214:
158:
1205:
778:
724:
483:
450:
369:
309:
1182:
1017:
Boucher, Douglas H., ed. (1985). "The Idea of
Mutualism, Past and Future".
878:
349:
274:
219:
148:
1100:
610:
402:
647:. It presents a scientific basis for communism as an alternative to the
542:
1119:
872:
634:
592:
478:
936:(2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–63,
596:
473:
1137:
1177:
893:
802:
39:
1044:"The radical aristocrat who put kindness on a scientific footing"
692:
652:
133:
761:
Includes
Kropotkin's 1914 preface, Foreword and Bibliography by
844:
746:
609:
between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually beneficial
719:(a beneficial relationship between two different species) and
1242:
Works originally published in
Nineteenth Century (periodical)
660:
379:
603:. The essays, initially published in the English periodical
1161:
591:
is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by
Russian
118:
629:, and against the romantic depictions by writers such as
749:: Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers.
888:
826:
801:(2021 paperback/hardcover ed.). California:
1203:
1019:The Biology of Mutualism: Ecology and Evolution
637:, has been promoted through natural selection.
799:Mutual Aid: An Illuminated Factor of Evolution
1065:. Oxford University Press. pp. 104, 123.
567:
745:(1955 paperback (reprinted 2005) ed.).
1196:Mutual Aid: An Introduction and Evaluation
574:
560:
38:
1012:
1010:
27:1902 essay collection by Peter Kropotkin
1016:
988:
986:
966:Peter Kropotkin and communist anarchism
14:
1204:
1007:
927:
1060:
1041:
992:
962:
765:, and The Struggle for Existence, by
983:
643:is considered a fundamental text in
777:(2009 paperback ed.). London:
206:From each according to his ability,
24:
33:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
25:
1253:
1173:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1158:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1149:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1138:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1126:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1115:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1107:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1096:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1088:
1078:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
775:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
743:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
588:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
441:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
44:The cover of the 1902 edition of
1188:Kropotkin on Mutual Aid — Review
1166:
1042:Syson, Lydia (26 October 2020).
993:Gould, Stephen Jay (June 1988).
963:Kinna, Ruth (24 November 2022).
934:Evolution of the Social Contract
871:
857:
843:
829:
541:
529:
517:
436:Fields, Factories, and Workshops
117:
1003:. No. 106. pp. 12–21.
625:that emphasize competition and
1069:
1054:
1035:
956:
921:
208:to each according to his needs
13:
1:
914:
909:List of books about anarchism
1198:, AK Press, Edinburgh, 2010.
681:
250:Proletarian internationalism
7:
1227:Heinemann (publisher) books
1176:public domain audiobook at
1160:– Plain PDF version at the
995:"Kropotkin was no crackpot"
969:. Loughborough University.
928:Skyrms, Brian, ed. (2014),
851:Evolutionary biology portal
822:
734:
674:Many biologists (including
10:
1258:
1099:, the original edition at
1021:. Croom Helm. p. 17.
446:Anarchism and Other Essays
92:McClure Phillips & Co.
1075:Kropotkin, Peter (1902).
1061:Todes, Daniel P. (1989).
899:Evolutionary anthropology
865:History of science portal
398:Insurrectionary anarchism
184:Consensus decision-making
88:
80:
70:
62:
52:
37:
1237:Works by Peter Kropotkin
1110:at The Anarchist Library
659:(especially through the
627:survival of the fittest
456:Post-Scarcity Anarchism
1212:1902 non-fiction books
1151:– HTML version at the
649:historical materialism
606:The Nineteenth Century
240:Prefigurative politics
189:Co-operative economics
1222:Books about evolution
1217:Books about anarchism
805:. 14 September 2021.
631:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
499:Libertarian socialism
431:The Conquest of Bread
408:Synthesis federations
194:Egalitarian community
139:Anti-authoritarianism
904:Psychological egoism
536:Communism portal
524:Anarchism portal
392:Organizational forms
1232:Mutualism (biology)
729:reciprocal altruism
645:anarchist communism
548:Politics portal
413:Anarcho-syndicalism
245:Primitive communism
230:Market abolitionism
154:Class consciousness
111:Anarchist communism
34:
265:Worker cooperative
32:
1143:Project Gutenberg
976:978-1-108-48134-2
943:978-1-107-07728-7
812:978-1-62963-874-4
788:978-1-90449-110-1
781:. 14 April 2011.
713:natural selection
709:Stephen Jay Gould
676:Stephen Jay Gould
584:
583:
489:Council communism
425:Theoretical works
255:Stateless society
164:Classless society
96:
95:
18:Mutual Aid (book)
16:(Redirected from
1249:
1170:
1169:
1153:Anarchy Archives
1145:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1014:
1005:
1004:
990:
981:
980:
960:
954:
953:
952:
950:
925:
881:
876:
875:
867:
862:
861:
860:
853:
848:
847:
839:
837:Anarchism portal
834:
833:
832:
816:
792:
767:Thomas H. Huxley
760:
669:private property
623:social Darwinism
576:
569:
562:
546:
545:
534:
533:
532:
522:
521:
520:
504:Social anarchism
270:Workers' council
260:Workers' control
199:Free association
174:Common resources
169:Common ownership
121:
98:
97:
42:
35:
31:
21:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1202:
1201:
1167:
1135:
1131:Standard Ebooks
1091:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1015:
1008:
1000:Natural History
991:
984:
977:
961:
957:
948:
946:
944:
926:
922:
917:
877:
870:
863:
858:
856:
849:
842:
835:
830:
828:
825:
820:
813:
797:
789:
773:
757:
741:
737:
701:migratory birds
684:
601:Peter Kropotkin
580:
540:
530:
528:
518:
516:
509:
508:
469:
461:
460:
426:
418:
417:
393:
385:
384:
290:
280:
279:
211:
207:
144:Anti-capitalism
129:
57:Peter Kropotkin
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1180:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1133:
1122:
1111:
1103:
1090:
1089:External links
1087:
1084:
1083:
1068:
1053:
1034:
1027:
1006:
982:
975:
955:
942:
919:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
883:
882:
868:
854:
840:
824:
821:
819:
818:
811:
794:
793:
787:
770:
769:
763:Ashley Montagu
755:
738:
736:
733:
697:Northeast Asia
683:
680:
582:
581:
579:
578:
571:
564:
556:
553:
552:
551:
550:
538:
526:
511:
510:
507:
506:
501:
496:
494:Left communism
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
468:Related topics
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
225:Give-away shop
222:
217:
215:General strike
212:
203:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
159:Class conflict
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
114:
113:
107:
106:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1254:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1028:9780709932383
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1001:
996:
989:
987:
978:
972:
968:
967:
959:
945:
939:
935:
931:
924:
920:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
889:
885:
884:
880:
874:
869:
866:
855:
852:
846:
841:
838:
827:
814:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:
790:
784:
780:
779:Freedom Press
776:
772:
771:
768:
764:
758:
756:0-87558-024-6
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
732:
730:
726:
725:kin selection
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
702:
698:
694:
688:
679:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
577:
572:
570:
565:
563:
558:
557:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
537:
527:
525:
515:
514:
513:
512:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Communization
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
451:Now and After
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
422:
421:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
389:
388:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
284:
283:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
209:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
125:
124:
120:
116:
115:
112:
109:
108:
104:
100:
99:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
1194:Iain McKay,
1187:
1183:Paul Mattick
1172:
1136:
1124:
1114:
1106:
1095:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1037:
1018:
998:
965:
958:
947:, retrieved
933:
930:"Mutual aid"
923:
886:
879:Books portal
798:
774:
742:
706:
689:
685:
673:
640:
639:
604:
599:philosopher
587:
586:
585:
440:
275:Wage slavery
220:Gift economy
149:Anti-statism
45:
29:
1101:archive.org
1080:, Chapter I
657:free cities
615:reciprocity
611:cooperation
403:Platformism
330:Dumartheray
1206:Categories
1120:Libcom.org
915:References
641:Mutual Aid
635:conscience
619:mutual aid
593:naturalist
479:Autonomism
235:Mutual aid
75:mutual aid
46:Mutual Aid
1162:RevoltLib
717:mutualism
682:Reception
597:anarchist
474:Anarchism
360:Malatesta
355:Kropotkin
300:Bleikhman
89:Publisher
81:Published
1178:LibriVox
894:Ethology
823:See also
803:PM Press
735:Editions
721:altruism
653:Marxists
345:Galleani
320:Déjacque
305:Bookchin
128:Concepts
103:a series
101:Part of
63:Language
1191:, 1956.
693:Siberia
651:of the
375:Meltzer
350:Goldman
335:Durruti
315:Covelli
310:Cafiero
295:Berkman
179:Commune
134:Anarchy
71:Subject
66:English
1048:Psyche
1025:
973:
940:
809:
785:
753:
747:Boston
661:guilds
370:Makhno
288:People
53:Author
949:6 May
665:State
617:(or "
380:Volin
365:Magón
340:Faure
325:Dixon
1023:ISBN
971:ISBN
951:2024
938:ISBN
807:ISBN
783:ISBN
751:ISBN
727:and
695:and
613:and
595:and
84:1902
1141:at
1129:at
1118:at
1208::
1185:,
1046:.
1009:^
997:.
985:^
932:,
671:.
105:on
1050:.
1031:.
979:.
815:.
791:.
759:.
575:e
568:t
561:v
210:"
204:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.