486:. Now known as Myawaddy Mingyi (Lord of Myawaddy) with a noble style Thiri Maha Zeya Thura, Sa led Burmese diplomatic negotiations with the British resident envoy to Ava, Major Henry Burney. While Sa was unable to get back Arakan and Tenasserim, Sa was able to convince Burney to abandon the British claims on Kabaw Valley as part of Manipur. Starting in the late 1820s, Sa directed translation of English language newspapers for the king and the court.
402:, Sa continued to write plays but spent more time on music. He collected songs from all sources, Siamese, Burmese, Mon, and from all levels: songs sung at court, songs sung by spirit worshipers, songs sung at feasts and folk songs. He continued his experiments in blending the various musical traditions of the country. Ever the curious, Sa taught himself some Hindi and some Latin hymns.
470:.) After a few days of fighting, the Burmese at Mrauk-U were defeated on April 1, coincidentally the same day Maha Bandula fell at Danubyu. Sa and remaining Burmese forces evacuated and left Arakan. The British proceeded to occupy the rest of Arakan. Sa saw firsthand the destructive power and discipline of the British army.
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also wrote three types of songs in Mon style. In 1820, Sa resumed his compilation of the stories of the Thirty-Seven Nats, in collaboration with Kawi Deva Kyaw, a leading Nat medium, and historian U Nu. In the same year he experimented with marionette shows, in consultation with Thabin Wun, Curator of
Dramatic Arts.
494:
In 1836, Prince
Tharrawaddy, who was also a commander in the war, rebelled against his brother King Bagyidaw. As Bagyidaw's secretary, Sa was duly arrested by Tharrawaddy. When Tharrawaddy became king in 1837, he stripped Sa of his lordship and imprisoned him for two more years in road gang. Sa was
394:
music, Sa experimented with different musical styles. He wrote many "Yodaya" (Burmese for
Ayutthaya) style songs: "htat-tunts", "ngu-ngits", "khameins", "frantins", "keet-muns", "htanauks", ale-mes, "phyinchars", "bayet-le-swes", and "phyin-chins;" some are for oboes and others for brass-gongs. He
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One of his first assignments in the royal service was to record the stories of traditional
Burmese spirits Thirty Seven Nats, along with their traditional rituals, dances and music. He accomplished the task with the aid of musicians Tayoke and Myat Tha. In 1789, the 23-year-old Sa was placed in a
461:
in
December 1824, the British turned their sights to Arakan. On 1 February 1825, an invasion force of 11,000 soldiers supported by a flotilla of gun boats and armed cruisers along the coast and a squadron of cavalry under the command of Gen. Morrison attacked Burmese positions in Arakan. Despite
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released from prison in 1839 after he composed songs for a royal marionette show and for he had long been a favorite of
Tharrawaddy's daughter Princess Supayagyi. Sa was then 73 and held no further public office. He continued to write songs for kings Tharrawaddy and
445:
on 17 May 1824. He then joined
Bandula's column on the march to defeat British forces at Gadawpalin, and went on to capture Cox's Bazar. Sa's success caused extreme panic in Chittagong and in Calcutta but a cautious Bandula stopped Sa from proceeding too far ahead.
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in 1767 had been staging performances in the
Burmese court, and training Burmese professional actors in Siamese style.) With the help of Siamese artists, the commission adapted two important epics from Thai to Burmese: the
317:
to a family line of courtiers more than two hundred years old. His father Pauk Kyaw was a son of the Royal
Household Guards, and his mother Nyein Tha was a granddaughter of Binnya Gyandaw, a minister in the court of King
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who was bringing together a circle of innovative young artists in his private court. Still 19, Sa joined the Royal
Service to become a royal page, a kind of apprenticeship only open to members of gentry and nobility.
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Aye, daughter of the King's goldsmith Nyun of Sagaing. Sa worked as a goldsmith and dealer. His wife died in 1785, when he was just 19. After the death of his wife, Sa briefly became an itinerant player of
478:
After the war, Sa remained a close adviser to the king. In 1828, Bagyidaw made Sa his Army Minister with Myawaddy as his fief. Sa's fiefdom covered all the land at the confluence of the Made and
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Royal Commission consisted of princes and ministers, charged with translating Siamese and Javanese dramas from Thai to Burmese. (Siamese court musicians and artists captured from
449:
Sa was left to command remaining Burmese troops in Arakan after Bandula and the main battalions were ordered to withdraw from Arakan by Bagyidaw to meet the British invasion in
286:
After the war, he became minister of Army and was given Myawaddy as his fief in 1828. Sa led the Burmese diplomatic efforts to have the British abandon their claims to
418:(secretary) to the new Crown Prince Bagyidaw. In February 1814, Commander Sa with the title Ne Myo Zeya Thura led a Burmese army of 1500 soldiers and 150 cavalry into
466:, Arakan's capital. On 29 March 1825, the British launched their attack on Mrauk-U. (At the same time, Campbell also launched an attack on Bandula's positions in the
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their superior numbers and firearms, the British had to fight Sa's depleted Burmese forces for nearly two months before they reached to the main Burmese garrison at
248:. Multi-talented Sa is best remembered for his innovative contributions to classical Burmese music and drama, as well as for his brilliant military service.
294:, who overthrew Bagyidaw. Sa held no further public office after his release from prison, but continued to write songs and plays for kings Tharrawaddy and
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and Enaung Zatdaw. With Enaung, Sa wrote the dialogue, songs, musical scores, arrangements and stage directions. Sa also updated the 7-string
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331:(brass gongs) in U Tayoke's orchestra in Ava. Sa quickly gained recognition as an accomplished musician, and was noticed by Crown Prince
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Sa composed many songs in various styles drawn from different traditions, wrote several plays and dramas including translated works from
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in August 1824. Sa held on to Arakan throughout 1824 when the main focal point of the war played out in Yangon. After Gen.
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on the Manipuri throne. At 53, Sa became secretary to the king, when Bagyidaw ascended to the Burmese throne in 1819.
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Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
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of 1824–1826, Sa achieved a few battlefield victories in an otherwise disastrous war for the Burmese.
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theater. In May 1824, Sa led a column (about 4000) into Bengal, and defeated British troops in the
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322:. He was schooled at the Parama Monastery in the capital Ava. Still a teenager, Sa married
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in March 1824, Sa was assigned as a general under Supreme Commander Maha Bandula in the
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499:. He died on 6 August 1853 (1st waxing of Wagaung 1215 ME) at age 86, soon after King
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served under four kings in various capacities, and was a longtime secretary to King
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dramas, and brought innovations to Burmese theater. He invented the 13-string
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plays to the Ava court. Sa was also an able military commander who led King
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240:. In a royal service career that spanned over six decades, the Lord of
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Sa was born 28 October 1766 (10th waning of Thadingyut 1128
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735:"Keep on Flowing Ayeyarwaddy: Anthology of Burmese Poetry"
714:
History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824
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in 1813. As the commander of Arakan theater under Gen.
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In 1808, Sa was named Herald and Commander of Warboat
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in 1830. He was imprisoned from 1836 to 1839 by King
482:, including 14 villages and a town, in present-day
729:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
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882:
683:"Konbaung Period Writers: Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa"
799:The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma
359:and the Enao, the Siamese version of Javanese
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588:
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213:; 28 October 1766 – 6 August 1853) was a
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522:, a 2022 Thai-Burmese television series.
876:(in Burmese) (3 ed.). Yangon: Zwe.
816:Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883).
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652:
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313:) at Migyaungtet Chaung village, near
911:People of the First Anglo-Burmese War
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820:(1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
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619:Jankovic, Anthology of Burmese Poetry
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457:finally defeated Gen. Bandula in the
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716:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
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896:Burmese dramatists and playwrights
740:. Dragan Janekovic. Archived from
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14:
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688:. Yangon: Working People's Daily.
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566:Aung Moe, Konbaung Period Writers
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374:He composed over forty classical
210:[mja̰wədìmɪ́ɰ̃dʑíʔúsa̰]
158:Thiri Maha Zeya Thura, Lord of
782:. Cambridge University Press.
763:. Cambridge University Press.
613:
542:Thuta, Sahsodaw-Mya Ahtouppati
1:
801:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
759:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003).
674:
519:From Chao Phraya to Irrawaddy
301:
473:
429:When war broke out with the
390:. Influenced by Siamese and
141:Annexation of Manipur (1814)
7:
489:
10:
942:
871:စာဆိုတော်များ အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ
780:The Making of Modern Burma
15:
870:
868:Sahsodaw-Mya Ahtouppati (
721:Htin Aung, Maung (1967).
695:Theatre in Southeast Asia
693:Brandon, James R (1967).
578:Myint-U (2001), pp. 69–70
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825:Thaw Kaung (July 2003).
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797:Myint-U, Thant (2006).
778:Myint-U, Thant (2001).
681:Aung Moe (1988-05-16).
400:First Anglo-Burmese War
281:First Anglo-Burmese War
144:First Anglo-Burmese War
901:Burmese civil servants
853:Cite journal requires
827:"Myanmar Perspectives"
712:Harvey, G. E. (1925).
667:Myint-U (2001), p. 100
628:Htin Aung, pp. 230–231
592:Myint-U (2006), p. 135
371:into a 13-string one.
866:Thuta, Maung (1968).
503:ascended the throne.
109:Years of service
82:, Kingdom of Myanmar
58:Migyaungtet Chaung,
40:Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa
697:. Harvard College.
640:Phayre, pp. 236–247
441:, 10 miles east of
725:A History of Burma
507:In popular culture
455:Archibald Campbell
406:Military commander
154:Ne Myo Zeya Thura
103:Royal Burmese Army
64:Kingdom of Myanmar
891:Burmese musicians
808:978-0-374-16342-6
789:978-0-521-79914-0
770:978-0-521-80496-7
658:Htin Aung, p. 212
468:Battle of Danubyu
271:'s annexation of
202:မြဝတီမင်းကြီး ဦးစ
187:
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156:Maha Thiha Thura
45:မြဝတီမင်းကြီး ဦးစ
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916:Konbaung dynasty
906:Burmese generals
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288:Kabaw Valley
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277:Maha Bandula
261:Burmese harp
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189:
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138:Battles/wars
75:(1853-08-06)
39:
21:
18:Burmese name
926:1853 deaths
921:1766 births
443:Cox's Bazar
365:Yama Zatdaw
361:Panji tales
292:Tharrawaddy
146:(1824–1826)
133:(1828–1836)
128:(1814–1828)
123:(1808–1814)
885:Categories
837:2009-09-04
751:2009-09-03
675:References
610:Thaw Kaung
412:Pye Lon Yu
398:After the
302:Early life
265:marionette
230:playwright
206:pronounced
178:playwright
174:songwriter
87:Allegiance
30:given name
474:Statesman
422:to place
352:Ayutthaya
329:kye-waing
269:Bodawpaya
238:statesman
121:Commander
112:1808–1836
26:honorific
490:Prisoner
416:atwinwun
257:Javanese
246:Bagyidaw
242:Myawaddy
226:composer
215:Konbaung
182:diplomat
170:musician
160:Myawaddy
97:Service/
28:, not a
16:In this
464:Mrauk-U
431:British
420:Manipur
388:patpyos
315:Sagaing
279:in the
273:Manipur
234:general
219:Burmese
198:Burmese
126:General
805:
786:
767:
701:
501:Mindon
451:Yangon
435:Arakan
345:Artist
340:Career
320:Thalun
151:Awards
99:branch
24:is an
745:(PDF)
738:(PDF)
686:(PDF)
527:Notes
514:Daung
497:Pagan
307:Maung
296:Pagan
217:-era
859:help
803:ISBN
784:ISBN
765:ISBN
699:ISBN
386:and
384:bwes
380:kyos
255:and
253:Thai
236:and
222:poet
117:Rank
70:Died
53:Born
516:in
392:Mon
80:Ava
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