507:
design tools used in the wind industry today were developed and pioneered by the NASA program. Total cost of the program between 1974 and 1992 was $ 330 million. For reference, the global wind market had reached $ 47 billion annually by 2008. General
Electric, Boeing Engineering and Construction, Westinghouse and United Technologies were the commercial partners on the program, some of whom are involved in the wind industry today. Although it has widely been stated that no commercial designs were produced, NASA's industry partners did indeed produce commercial turbines during this program such as the Boeing Mod-2 (described earlier) and Westinghouse 600 kW turbines at Kahuku wind farm in Hawaii. When oil prices declined by a factor of three from 1980 through the early 1990s during what came to be known as the "
390:
generated electricity of the
Goodnoe Hills turbines and integrated it into the regional power grid. During the periods of May 1981, the three turbines at the Goodnoe Hills site formed the first wind farm in the world. The Goodnoe Hills site was primarily a research project for Boeing, Bonneville Power Administration, NASA and the Battelle Memorial Institute. The Solar Energy Research Institute also evaluated the suitability of megawatt-class wind turbines as a source of electricity. During 1986, the MOD-2 wind turbines of Goodnoe Hills were dismantled. In 1985, the last full year of operation, the combined electrical output of the three turbines was 8,251 megawatt-hours. The Medicine Bow MOD-2 wind turbine was sold for scrap in 1987. In 2008, the
325:
significant blockage of the wind by the complex truss tower structure. This caused the aerodynamic loads on the downwind rotor rapidly change. To correct this blockage, the access stairs were removed from the center of the tower. A major blade material program was started that assessed fiberglass composite, steel, wood and even concrete. NASA approached the
Gougeon Brothers, Inc. of Michigan to apply their boat material technology to wind turbines. The resulting wood and composite blades replaced the aluminum blades on the Mod-0 (and later Mod-0A), eliminating the blade root structural problems. Gougeon Brothers successfully commercialized their products into the wind turbine industry with sales around the world.
99:. NASA research and prototypes demonstrated that there were considerable scaling challenges in structural strength, fatigue, speed control, and aerodynamics. In the 1980s most wind turbines were small units up to 25 kW rating. Studies carried out by NASA's contractors suggested that much larger units would be required, on the order of 1 MW or more, for economic production of electricity by utilities. Although the largest-diameter sets of propeller blades then in use were for helicopters, which spanned only 46 feet, it was projected that large blade sets, covering 200 to 300 feet in diameter, would be feasible to build and would produce the lowest cost of energy.
80:. The two-bladed wind turbine with flexible or teetered rotor hubs characterized the NASA-led program. NASA and its contractors found that two blades can produce essentially equivalent energy as three blades but at a savings of the cost and weight of a blade. Two-blade rotors turn faster than equivalent three-blade rotors, reducing the ratio in the gearbox. Flexibility in the rotor minimizes the transfer of bending loads into the drive train; none of the NASA wind turbines experienced gearbox failures that are often a problem for rigid rotor systems in use today.
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17:
441:. The WTS-4 was placed into operation in Medicine Bow, Wyoming in 1982. It featured a "soft" steel tube tower, fiberglass blades, torsional springs and dashpots in the drivetrain, and a flexible teetered hub. To this day, the WTS-4 is the most powerful wind turbine to have operated in the US and it held the world record for power output for over 20 years. A second commercial prototype with a smaller generator (3 megawatts) designated the WTS-3 was constructed and operated in Sweden.
342:
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511:", many turbine manufacturers, both large and small, left the business. The commercial sales of the NASA/Boeing Mod-5B, for example, came to an end in 1987 when Boeing Engineering and Construction announced they were "planning to leave the market because low oil prices are keeping windmills for electricity generation uneconomical." A summary of the DOE/NASA large wind turbine program was published in 1984.
498:, then to the Makani Uwila Power Corporations (MUPC), and kept in service intermittently until late in 1996. Because of financial difficulties, the wind turbine was shut down, along with the rest of MUPC, and passed to the property owner, Campbell Estates. Campbell Estates decided to disassemble the unit and sell it for scrap. The DOE salvaged the drive train gearbox and generator in July 1998.
494:, it weighed 426,000 kg (939,000 lb) and had a 97.53 m (320.0 ft) diameter two-blade rotor on a 60 m (200 ft) steel tower. Early operation of the Mod-5B demonstrated a good availability of 95 percent for the new first-unit wind turbine. Early in 1988, operation of the turbine was transferred to
332:
Operating experience with the prototype MOD-0 provided the basis for construction of several demonstration units designated the MOD-0A. These were similar to the prototype with the same rotor size, but rated at 200 kW at slightly higher wind speed. Westinghouse was appointed as prime contractor
328:
Many experiments were done with MOD-0, including brief operation with the rotor blades upwind of the tower, and a trial of a single blade for the turbine rotor. It tested the first variable speed generators as well prior to their use in the 3.2 MW Mod-5B and later throughout the industry. The Mod-0
91:
generated 200 kW for 11 years, and used a three-bladed upwind rotor with a lattice tower and blades supported partly by internal guy wires. The effort produce research data on its aerodynamic, electrical, and mechanical characteristics. An important result of this effort was the development of
40:
for electric power, in response to the increase in oil prices. A number of the world's largest wind turbines were developed and tested under this pioneering program. The program was an attempt to leap well beyond the then-current state of the art of wind turbine generators, and developed a number of
389:
for the first three turbines was held on April 11, 1980, at
Goodnoe Hills, Washington, to mark the start of construction. The first turbine was to become operational in December. On September 2, 1982, a fourth began operating at Medicine Bow, Wyoming. The Bonneville Power Administration bought the
354:
with a hub height of 46 meters above the ground, a larger rotor and a rating at a higher wind speed, had a capacity of 2000 kW but never achieved 2 MW power output of the Mod-1. The Mod-1's design weight prevented it from becoming a competitive commercial product, but a prototype was installed
320:
The first design was MOD-0, built near the Lewis
Research Center in Sandusky, Ohio and operational in September 1975. It served as a test bed for development of many concepts for use in larger units. This design had a 38-metre diameter downwind two-bladed rotor, coupled to a synchronous generator,
324:
The initial MOD-0 blades were made by
Lockheed, out of aluminum. Structural problems surfaced almost immediately at the root end of the blades. Several significant changes and efforts were performed to address this. An investigation revealed that unexpectedly high cyclic loads were the result of a
506:
None of the NASA prototypes became commonly produced as commercial generators because the purpose of the program was to develop the technology and support the emerging industry. Many of the technologies such as doubly fed variable speed generators, light weight tubular towers, and the engineering
815:
The Mod-5B, awarded to Boeing in 1983, is to be installed on the island of Oahu in 1986. The 3.2 MW Mod-5B design has benefitted from the Mod-2 operational and test experience. In addition, major performance improvements have been incorporated in the design. The Mod-5B is designed to produce 43
359:
near Boone, North
Carolina. The quick design cycle to multi-megawatt size based on the first generation Mod-0 caused technical and operational challenges. Low-frequency noise from the heavy truss tower blocking the wind to the downwind rotor caused problems to residences located close by. With
878:
The Energy
Department has also financed such overpriced, unrealistic projects as the MOD-5B, a wind turbine that weighed 470 tons and stood 20 stories tall: it looked like a gigantic propeller intended to push the earth to a new star system. It ended up being sold for
384:
In 1977 Boeing won the NASA and US-DOE contract for the design, fabrication, construction, installation and testing of several 2.5-megawatt wind turbine models in the United States. The first four MOD-2 models went into operation during the early 1980s. The
349:
NASA contracted with
General Electric in 1978 to scale up from the MOD-0A with a 10-fold increase in power. The Mod-1 was the first wind turbine in the world to produce 2 megawatts and also General Electric's first wind turbine. The Danish
329:
was also used to test the first steel shell towers, now the dominant tower design. The design challenge was to take weight and cost out of the tower while safely passing through a resonance of the soft structure during startup.
321:
with a power rating of 100 kW at 8 m/s wind speed. A speed increaser stepped up the 40 r/min of the turbine to drive an 1800 r/min generator. The power output of the machine was regulated by pitching the rotor blades.
333:
responsible for the overall construction. Units were installed at
Clayton New Mexico in 1977, Culebra, Puerto Rico in 1978, Block Island, Rhode Island in 1979 and the fourth at Kahaku Point Hawaii in 1980.
457:
B.V. together with Martin Jakubowski and Silvestro Caruso to deploy a new generation of floating wind technologies based upon system design modifications to the WTS-4 wind turbine and subsequent 1.5 MW
41:
technologies later adopted by the wind turbine industry. The development of the commercial industry however was delayed by a significant decrease in competing energy prices during the 1980s.
775:
1194:
902:
69:) was assigned the task of coordination of development by large contractors such as General Electric, Westinghouse, United Technologies and Boeing.
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1234:
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This 97.53 m (320.0 ft) diameter, two-bladed wind turbine was the largest operating wind turbine in the world during the early 1990s.
83:
The NASA program hosted technical conferences, inviting international partners. NASA even helped refurbish and operate the Danish three-bladed
54:
1187:
87:
between 1977 and 1979, so that its operation and characteristics could be studied as a model for larger units. This 1957 unit designed by
668:
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The NASA/DOI/United Technologies 4 MW WTS-4 wind turbine at Medicine Bow Wyoming held the world power output record for over 20 years.
698:
1843:
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449:'s System Design Manager for the WTS-4 project and was hired by the Swedish government to initiate the WTS-3 project. In 2014,
72:
In 1975 NASA designed and built its first prototype wind turbine, the 100 kW Mod-0 in Sandusky Ohio, with funding from the
940:. Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 2002-04-15. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24
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61:, appointed a department under the direction of Louis Divone to fund research into utility-scale wind turbines.
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797:
Bovarnick, M. L.; Engle, W. W. (1985). "The evolution of the Mod-2 and Mod-5B Wind Turbine Systems".
373:
345:
The NASA/GE MOD-1 wind turbine in Boone, North Carolina was the world's first turbine to produce 2 MW
1019:
Reaping the wind: how mechanical wizards, visionaries, and profiteers helped shape our energy future
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additional pressure of a reduction in federal program funding, the turbine was dismantled in 1983.
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974:"Hawaiians Get Boeing's Last Wind Machine: Makani Ho'Olapa Will Bring Power to 1,140 Residences"
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One turbine installed at Medicine Bow, Wyoming and another smaller 3 MW WTS 3 version in Sweden
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and ERDA. The Mod-0 was modeled after the light weight two-bladed research turbine by Austrian
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Enabling innovation: a practical guide to understanding and fostering technological change
8:
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84:
973:
810:
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1662:
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1166:"Wind Turbines: "Wind: An Energy Alternative" (Department of Energy Documentary, 1980)"
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The WTS-4 (4 megawatt) wind turbine in Wyoming was designed by United Technologies (
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Division), under the technical management of NASA and with funding from the
92:
an engineering design model used by the industry for passive power control.
16:
1158:"Wind Turbines: "Those Magnificent Wind Machines" (NASA Documentary, 1980)"
1119:
Theoretical and Experimental power From Large Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
1024:
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in the world in the 1990s. The contract to build the Mod-5B was awarded to
479:
402:
37:
341:
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470:
49:
In 1974, partially in response to the increase in oil price after the
1721:
1142:
1083:
Linscott, Bradford S.; Perkins, Porter; Dennett, Joann (1984-03-01).
491:
226:
1480:
768:"Seawind steps up development of radical two-blade offshore turbine"
425:
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399:
377:
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The MOD-5B wind turbine, built in 1987, was the largest operating
1756:
1711:
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65:, through its Lewis Research Center in Sandusky Ohio (now the
705:. 2009-12-31. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008
905:. AFP. 2009-02-02. Archived from the original on 2014-01-31
816:
percent more energy than the Mod-2 as originally delivered.
487:
62:
25:
799:
20th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference
805:. Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference.
20:
NASA experimental wind turbines drawn to the same scale
1082:
999:
903:"Wind energy gathers steam, US biggest market: survey"
759:
742:"History of the Development of the Seawind Technology"
684:"Wind generators to help— Ceremonies mark beginning",
637:"Winds of Change: American Federal Projects 1975–1985"
316:
The NASA MOD-0 research wind turbine in Sandusky, Ohio
202:. World's first turbine to achieve 2 MW power output.
1116:
Viterna, Larry A.; Janetzke, David C. (1982-09-01).
1202:
376:during 1981 had a total generation capacity of 7.5
1043:
1016:
639:. Winds of Change (Danish Wind Power History Site)
1825:
584:National Council for Science and the Environment
372:The three MOD-2 wind turbines pictured above in
1115:
607:
796:
691:
55:Energy Research and Development Administration
1188:
965:
229:. Fourth and fifth units sold to utilities,
938:"History of Wind Energy Projects in Hawaii"
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699:"U.S. Wind Energy Projects – Washington"
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225:Three installed near Goodnoe Hills as a
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739:
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490:in 1987. With a rated capacity of 3.2
175:Four units installed for field trials
1176:
1168:. Jeff Quitney (YouTube). 2016-08-26.
1160:. Jeff Quitney (YouTube). 2015-09-12.
1096:
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612:
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1086:Large, Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
1041:
1000:Linscott, Perkins & Dennett 1984
623:
439:United States Department of Interior
34:United States Department of Interior
688:(Coos Bay, OR), April 19, 1980, p14
572:Cleveland, Cutler J. (2008-08-24).
307:
13:
1130:
862:"The Dirty War Against Clean Coal"
778:from the original on June 21, 2020
95:Larger wind turbine units achieve
59:United States Department of Energy
30:United States Department of Energy
14:
1855:
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501:
143:NASA design with Lockheed blades
44:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1479:
1225:United States Wind Energy Policy
1215:American Wind Energy Association
766:de Vries, Eize (April 1, 2020).
703:American Wind Energy Association
486:in 1980 and it was installed on
394:opened on the same site with 47
140:Two blades, downwind and upwind
1844:Wind power in the United States
1204:Wind power in the United States
993:
850:
531:Wind power in the United States
1633:Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind
678:
662:
629:
301:One installed at Oahu, Hawaii
1:
1235:Offshore wind farms in the US
673:Spokane (WA) Spokesman-Review
541:
352:da:Vindkraftværket Tvindkraft
834:"MOD-2/MOD-5B Wind Turbines"
496:Hawaiian Electric Industries
7:
608:Viterna & Janetske 1982
514:
103:NASA/DOE/DOI Wind Turbines
74:National Science Foundation
10:
1860:
1834:NASA spin-off technologies
1137:Douthwaite, M. B. (2002).
1097:Spera, David, ed. (2009).
979:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
576:. In Lawrence, Tom (ed.).
28:managed a program for the
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1692:Aermotor Windmill Company
1684:
1614:
1488:
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1069:Johnson, Gary L. (2006).
972:Gapay, Les (1987-08-27).
957:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
922:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
722:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
536:Smith–Putnam wind turbine
465:
413:owns the wind farm, with
36:to develop utility-scale
1737:NextEra Energy Resources
1046:Wind Energy Comes of Age
455:Seawind Ocean Technology
420:
417:as the power purchaser.
363:
336:
231:Pacific Gas and Electric
1742:Ørsted US Offshore Wind
1099:Wind Turbine Technology
392:Goodnoe Hills Wind Farm
57:(ERDA), later part of
1628:Block Island Wind Farm
1078:(electronic ed.).
772:Windtech International
669:"Windmill Idea Tilted"
475:
430:
381:
346:
317:
21:
1788:Wind power portal
1240:Wind Powering America
1015:Asmus, Peter (2001).
774:. Windtech Offshore.
579:Encyclopedia of Earth
526:History of wind power
473:
460:Gamma 60 wind turbine
428:
371:
344:
315:
247:Two blades, downwind
189:Two blades, downwind
166:Two blades, downwind
67:Glenn Research Center
19:
1685:Wind power companies
1677:(Under construction)
1671:(Under construction)
1230:Wind farms in the US
1092:. DOE/NASA/20320-58.
740:Jakubowski, Martin.
675:, April 23, 1980, p6
411:enXco/Power Holdings
250:United Technologies
1615:Offshore wind farms
1249:Wind power by state
1072:Wind Energy Systems
1052:John Wiley and Sons
1042:Gipe, Paul (1995).
811:1985iece....3S...3B
292:Two blades, upwind
270:Two blades, upwind
233:demolished in 1988
216:Two blades, upwind
104:
85:Gedser wind turbine
1767:Wind Capital Group
1220:NASA wind turbines
1145:. pp. 96–101.
858:Easterbrook, Gregg
746:Seawind Technology
626:, pp. 103–106
476:
431:
407:nameplate capacity
382:
347:
318:
149:Prototype only at
114:Swept diameter, m
102:
97:economies of scale
24:Starting in 1975,
22:
1821:
1820:
1752:UGE International
1586:San Gorgonio Pass
1108:978-0-7918-0260-1
860:(June 28, 2009).
447:Hamilton Standard
435:Hamilton Standard
305:
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273:General Electric
198:One installed at
192:General Electric
123:Years in service
120:Prime contractor
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1125:. NASA TM-82944.
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308:MOD-0 and MOD-0A
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1101:. ASME Press.
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1004:
1003:
992:
964:
929:
894:
883:
867:New York Times
849:
820:
789:
758:
729:
690:
677:
661:
659:, pp. 1–8
649:
628:
611:
600:
564:
551:
550:
549:
548:
543:
540:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
516:
513:
509:1980s oil glut
503:
502:Program legacy
500:
467:
464:
422:
419:
387:groundbreaking
365:
362:
338:
335:
309:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
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196:
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147:
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138:
135:
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112:
109:
46:
45:Program origin
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1856:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:Wind turbines
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1813:
1804:
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1801:
1792:
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1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
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1728:
1727:National Wind
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1675:Vineyard Wind
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:Aqua Ventus I
1620:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
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1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Panther Creek
1564:
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1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Biglow Canyon
1504:
1502:
1501:Altamont Pass
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:West Virginia
1459:
1457:
1454:
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1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
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1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:New Hampshire
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Massachusetts
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
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1284:
1282:
1279:
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1254:
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1228:
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1218:
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1213:
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1191:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
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1163:
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1121:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1061:0-471-10924-X
1057:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1034:1-55963-707-2
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1001:
996:
981:
980:
975:
968:
960:
954:
939:
933:
925:
919:
904:
898:
892:
887:
880:
869:
868:
863:
859:
853:
839:
835:
829:
827:
825:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
777:
773:
769:
762:
747:
743:
736:
734:
725:
719:
704:
700:
694:
687:
681:
674:
670:
665:
658:
653:
638:
632:
625:
620:
618:
616:
609:
604:
590:on 2012-10-13
589:
585:
581:
580:
575:
568:
561:
556:
552:
546:
545:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
521:Enercon E-126
519:
518:
512:
510:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
472:
463:
461:
456:
452:
451:Glidden Doman
448:
444:
443:Glidden Doman
440:
436:
427:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:wind turbines
401:
397:
393:
388:
379:
375:
374:Goodnoe Hills
370:
361:
358:
357:Howard's Knob
353:
343:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
277:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
201:
200:Howard's Knob
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
174:
171:
169:Westinghouse
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
100:
98:
93:
90:
89:Johannes Juul
86:
81:
79:
78:Ulrich Hütter
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
42:
39:
38:wind turbines
35:
31:
27:
18:
1810:
1798:
1779:
1541:Horse Hollow
1531:Fowler Ridge
1426:South Dakota
1421:Rhode Island
1416:Pennsylvania
1396:North Dakota
1219:
1138:
1118:
1098:
1085:
1071:
1045:
1025:Island Press
1018:
995:
984:. Retrieved
982:. p. B7
977:
967:
942:. Retrieved
932:
907:. Retrieved
897:
886:
877:
871:. Retrieved
865:
852:
841:. Retrieved
814:
802:
798:
792:
780:. Retrieved
771:
761:
749:. Retrieved
745:
707:. Retrieved
693:
685:
680:
672:
664:
657:Johnson 2006
652:
641:. Retrieved
631:
603:
592:. Retrieved
588:the original
577:
567:
555:
505:
480:wind turbine
477:
432:
383:
348:
331:
327:
323:
319:
278:Never built
117:Description
94:
82:
71:
48:
23:
1732:Native Wind
1639:Empire Wind
1556:Meadow Lake
1551:Los Vientos
1521:Cedar Creek
1511:Buffalo Gap
1281:Connecticut
453:co-founded
355:and run at
1828:Categories
1669:South Fork
1665:(proposed)
1659:(proposed)
1657:Ocean Wind
1653:(proposed)
1647:(proposed)
1641:(proposed)
1601:Sweetwater
1581:Rush Creek
1526:Flat Ridge
1456:Washington
1381:New Mexico
1376:New Jersey
1271:California
986:2011-03-28
944:2016-08-25
909:2016-08-25
891:Spera 2009
873:2009-06-30
843:2016-08-24
751:January 7,
709:2010-03-14
643:2016-08-25
594:2016-08-25
560:Asmus 2001
542:References
415:PacifiCorp
409:of 94 MW.
298:1987–1996
253:1982–1994
222:1982–1988
195:1979–1981
172:1977–1984
146:1975–1982
111:Rating kW
1722:Invenergy
1466:Wisconsin
1431:Tennessee
1346:Minnesota
1143:Zed Books
918:cite news
686:The World
624:Gipe 1995
492:megawatts
462:in 1991.
378:megawatts
227:wind farm
1800:Category
1697:Avangrid
1663:Skipjack
1591:Sherbino
1571:Peñascal
1536:Highland
1451:Virginia
1406:Oklahoma
1386:New York
1361:Nebraska
1351:Missouri
1341:Michigan
1331:Maryland
1321:Kentucky
1301:Illinois
1286:Delaware
1276:Colorado
1266:Arkansas
953:cite web
782:July 24,
776:Archived
718:cite web
515:See also
151:Sandusky
126:Remarks
32:and the
1812:Commons
1757:US Wind
1712:GE Wind
1645:Marwind
1635:(pilot)
1624:(pilot)
1471:Wyoming
1446:Vermont
1356:Montana
1306:Indiana
1261:Arizona
1009:Sources
807:Bibcode
396:REpower
295:Boeing
283:MOD 5B
261:MOD 5A
219:Boeing
157:MOD 0A
1762:Vestas
1576:Roscoe
1411:Oregon
1366:Nevada
1316:Kansas
1291:Hawaii
1256:Alaska
1105:
1058:
1031:
879:scrap.
838:Boeing
484:Boeing
466:MOD-5B
267:121.5
238:WTS 4
207:MOD 2
180:MOD 1
131:MOD 0
108:Model
53:, the
1546:Limon
1436:Texas
1326:Maine
1296:Idaho
1123:(PDF)
1090:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
547:Notes
421:WTS-4
364:MOD-2
337:MOD-1
289:97.5
286:3200
264:7300
244:79.2
241:4000
210:2500
183:2000
1496:Alta
1441:Utah
1401:Ohio
1311:Iowa
1103:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1029:ISBN
959:link
924:link
784:2020
753:2017
724:link
488:Oahu
445:was
398:2.0
160:200
134:100
63:NASA
26:NASA
1707:CIP
213:91
186:61
163:38
137:38
1830::
1141:.
1054:.
1050:.
1027:.
1023:.
976:.
955:}}
951:{{
920:}}
916:{{
876:.
864:.
836:.
823:^
813:.
801:.
770:.
744:.
732:^
720:}}
716:{{
701:.
671:,
614:^
582:.
400:MW
1196:e
1189:t
1182:v
1111:.
1064:.
1037:.
989:.
961:)
947:.
926:)
912:.
846:.
809::
803:3
786:.
755:.
726:)
712:.
646:.
597:.
380:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
